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Beckett HAA, Bryant C, Neeman T, Mencuccini M, Ball MC. Plasticity in branch water relations and stem hydraulic vulnerability enhances hydraulic safety in mangroves growing along a salinity gradient. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:854-870. [PMID: 37975319 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Coping with water stress depends on maintaining cellular function and hydraulic conductance. Yet measurements of vulnerability to drought and salinity do not often focus on capacitance in branch organs that buffer hydraulic function during water stress. The relationships between branch water relations, stem hydraulic vulnerability and stem anatomy were investigated in two co-occurring mangroves Aegiceras corniculatum and Rhizophora stylosa growing at low and high salinity. The dynamics of branch water release acted to conserve water content in the stem at the expense of the foliage during extended drying. Hydraulic redistribution from the foliage to the stem increased stem relative water content by up to 21%. The water potentials at which 12% and 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity occurred decreased by ~1.7 MPa in both species between low and high salinity sites. These coordinated tissue adjustments increased hydraulic safety despite declining turgor safety margins at higher salinity sites. Our results highlight the complex interplay of plasticity in organ-level water relations with hydraulic vulnerability in the maintenance of stem hydraulic function in mangroves distributed along salinity gradients. These results emphasise the importance of combining water relations and hydraulic vulnerability parameters to understand vulnerability to water stress across the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A A Beckett
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Callum Bryant
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Biological Data Science Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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2
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Zhang W, Wang SC, Li Y. Molecular mechanism of thiamine in mitigating drought stress in Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera): Insights from transcriptomics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115307. [PMID: 37499386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Urban garden plants are frequently affected by drought, which can hinder their growth, development, and greening effect. Previous studies have indicated that Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) responds to drought stress by increasing the expression of thiamine synthesis genes. In this study, it was found that exogenous thiamine can effectively alleviate the negative effects of drought stress on plants. Forward transcriptome sequencing and physiological tests were further conducted to reveal the molecular mechanism of thiamine in alleviating drought stress. Results showed that exogenous thiamine activated the expression of eight chlorophyll synthesis genes in Chinese wingnut under drought stress. Moreover, physiological indicators proved that chlorophyll content increased in leaves of Chinese wingnut with thiamine treatment under drought stress. Photosynthesis genes were also activated in Chinese wingnut treated with exogenous thiamine under drought stress, as supported by photosynthetic indicators PIabs and PItotal. Additionally, exogenous thiamine stimulated the expression of genes in the auxin-activated signaling pathway, thus attenuating the effects of drought stress. This study demonstrates the molecular mechanism of thiamine in mitigating the effects of drought stress on non-model woody plants lacking transgenic systems. This study also provides an effective method to mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- Innovation Platform of Molecular Biology, College of Landscape and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
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3
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Fickle JC, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Xylem structure and hydraulic function in roots and stems of chaparral shrub species from high and low elevation in the Sierra Nevada, California. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13970. [PMID: 37401910 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Xylem structure and hydraulics were compared between individuals at lower and upper elevation distribution limits for five chaparral shrub species along a steep transect in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Higher-elevation plants experienced frequent winter freeze-thaw events and increased precipitation. We hypothesized that environmental differences would lead to xylem trait differences between high and low elevations, but predictions were complicated because both water stress (low elevation) and freeze-thaw events (high elevation) may select for similar traits, such as narrow vessel diameter. We found significant changes in the ratio of stem xylem area to leaf area (Huber value) between elevations, with more xylem area required to support leaves at low elevations. Co-occurring species significantly differed in their xylem traits, suggesting diverse strategies to cope with the highly seasonal environment of this Mediterranean-type climate region. Roots were more hydraulically efficient and more vulnerable to embolism relative to stems, potentially due to roots being buffered from freeze-thaw stress, which allows them to maintain wider diameter vessels. Knowledge of the structure and function of both roots and stems is likely important in understanding whole-plant response to environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaycie C Fickle
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, California, USA
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4
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Rowland L, Ramírez-Valiente JA, Hartley IP, Mencuccini M. How woody plants adjust above- and below-ground traits in response to sustained drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37306017 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Future increases in drought severity and frequency are predicted to have substantial impacts on plant function and survival. However, there is considerable uncertainty concerning what drought adjustment is and whether plants can adjust to sustained drought. This review focuses on woody plants and synthesises the evidence for drought adjustment in a selection of key above-ground and below-ground plant traits. We assess whether evaluating the drought adjustment of single traits, or selections of traits that operate on the same plant functional axis (e.g. photosynthetic traits) is sufficient, or whether a multi-trait approach, integrating across multiple axes, is required. We conclude that studies on drought adjustments in woody plants might overestimate the capacity for adjustment to drier environments if spatial studies along gradients are used, without complementary experimental approaches. We provide evidence that drought adjustment is common in above-ground and below-ground traits; however, whether this is adaptive and sufficient to respond to future droughts remains uncertain for most species. To address this uncertainty, we must move towards studying trait integration within and across multiple axes of plant function (e.g. above-ground and below-ground) to gain a holistic view of drought adjustments at the whole-plant scale and how these influence plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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5
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Feng F, Wagner Y, Klein T, Hochberg U. Xylem resistance to cavitation increases during summer in Pinus halepensis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1849-1859. [PMID: 36793149 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation resistance has often been viewed as a relatively static trait, especially for stems of forest trees. Meanwhile, other hydraulic traits, such as turgor loss point (Ψtlp ) and xylem anatomy, change during the season. In this study, we hypothesized that cavitation resistance is also dynamic, changing in coordination with Ψtlp . We began with a comparison of optical vulnerability (OV), microcomputed tomography (µCT) and cavitron methods. All three methods significantly differed in the slope of the curve,Ψ12 and Ψ88 , but not in Ψ50 (xylem pressures that cause 12%, 88%, 50% cavitation, respectively). Thus, we followed the seasonal dynamics (across 2 years) of Ψ50 in Pinus halepensis under Mediterranean climate using the OV method. We found that Ψ50 is a plastic trait with a reduction of approximately 1 MPa from the end of the wet season to the end of the dry season, in coordination with the dynamics of the midday xylem water potential (Ψmidday ) and the Ψtlp . The observed plasticity enabled the trees to maintain a stable positive hydraulic safety margin and avoid cavitation during the long dry season. Seasonal plasticity is vital for understanding the actual risk of cavitation to plants and for modeling species' ability to tolerate harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Hochberg
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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6
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Knüver T, Bär A, Ganthaler A, Gebhardt T, Grams TEE, Häberle K, Hesse BD, Losso A, Tomedi I, Mayr S, Beikircher B. Recovery after long-term summer drought: Hydraulic measurements reveal legacy effects in trunks of Picea abies but not in Fagus sylvatica. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1240-1253. [PMID: 35611757 PMCID: PMC10084041 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of summer droughts. Sufficient drought resistance, the ability to acclimate to and/or recover after drought, is thus crucial for forest tree species. However, studies on the hydraulics of mature trees during and after drought in natura are scarce. In this study, we analysed trunk water content (electrical resistivity: ER) and further hydraulic (water potential, sap flow density, specific hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to embolism) as well as wood anatomical traits (tree ring width, conduit diameter, conduit wall reinforcement) of drought-stressed (artificially induced summer drought via throughfall-exclusion) and unstressed Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica trees. In P. abies, ER indicated a strong reduction in trunk water content after 5 years of summer drought, corresponding to significantly lower pre-dawn leaf water potential and xylem sap flow density. Vulnerability to embolism tended to be higher in drought-stressed trees. In F. sylvatica, only small differences between drought-stressed and control trees were observed. Re-watering led to a rapid increase in water potentials and xylem sap flow of both drought-stressed trees, and to increased growth rates in the next growing season. ER analyses revealed lower trunk water content in P. abies trees growing on throughfall-exclusion plots even 1 year after re-watering, indicating a limited capacity to restore internal water reserves. Results demonstrated that P. abies is more susceptible to recurrent summer drought than F. sylvatica, and can exhibit long-lasting and pronounced legacy effects in trunk water reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Knüver
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - A. Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - A. Ganthaler
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - T. Gebhardt
- Technical University of MunichSchool of Life SciencesProfessorship for Land Surface‐Atmosphere Interactions AG Ecophysiology of PlantsFreisingGermany
| | - T. E. E. Grams
- Technical University of MunichSchool of Life SciencesProfessorship for Land Surface‐Atmosphere Interactions AG Ecophysiology of PlantsFreisingGermany
| | - K.‐H. Häberle
- Technical University of MunichSchool of Life SciencesChair of Restoration EcologyFreisingGermany
| | - B. D. Hesse
- Technical University of MunichSchool of Life SciencesProfessorship for Land Surface‐Atmosphere Interactions AG Ecophysiology of PlantsFreisingGermany
| | - A. Losso
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityRichmondAustralia
| | - I. Tomedi
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - S. Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - B. Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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7
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Limousin JM, Roussel A, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Torres-Ruiz JM, Moreno M, Garcia de Jalon L, Ourcival JM, Simioni G, Cochard H, Martin-StPaul N. Drought acclimation of Quercus ilex leaves improves tolerance to moderate drought but not resistance to severe water stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1967-1984. [PMID: 35394675 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperature and drought can result in leaf dehydration and defoliation even in drought-adapted tree species such as the Mediterranean evergreen Quercus ilex L. The stomatal regulation of leaf water potential plays a central role in avoiding this phenomenon and is constrained by a suite of leaf traits including hydraulic conductance and vulnerability, hydraulic capacitance, minimum conductance to water vapour, osmotic potential and cell wall elasticity. We investigated whether the plasticity in these traits may improve leaf tolerance to drought in two long-term rainfall exclusion experiments in Mediterranean forests. Osmotic adjustment was observed to lower the water potential at turgor loss in the rainfall-exclusion treatments, thus suggesting a stomatal closure at more negative water potentials and a more anisohydric behaviour in drier conditions. Conversely, leaf hydraulic conductance and vulnerability did not exhibit any plasticity between treatments so the hydraulic safety margins were narrower in the rainfall-exclusion treatments. The sequence of leaf responses to seasonal drought and dehydration was conserved among treatments and sites but trees were more likely to suffer losses of turgor and hydraulic functioning in the rainfall-exclusion treatments. We conclude that leaf plasticity might help the trees to tolerate moderate drought but not to resist severe water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amélie Roussel
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Myriam Moreno
- Unité Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR629), INRAE Avignon Cedex 9, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Simioni
- Unité Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR629), INRAE Avignon Cedex 9, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, University Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Martin-StPaul
- Unité Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR629), INRAE Avignon Cedex 9, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, France
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8
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Miranda MT, Espinoza-Núñez E, Silva SF, Pereira L, Hayashi AH, Boscariol-Camargo RL, Carvalho SA, Machado EC, Ribeiro RV. Water stress signaling and hydraulic traits in three congeneric citrus species under water deficit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111255. [PMID: 35487664 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morpho-physiological strategies to deal with water deficit vary among citrus species and the chemical signaling through ABA and anatomical, hydraulic, and physiological traits were evaluated in saplings of Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Valencia sweet orange. Trunk and roots of Swingle citrumelo presented lower vessel diameter and higher vessel frequency as compared to the other species. However, relative water content at the turgor loss point (RWCTLP), the osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψ0), the osmotic potential at the turgor loss point (ΨTLP), bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) and the xylem water potential when hydraulic conductivity is reduced by 50% (Ψ50) and 88% (Ψ88) indicated similar hydraulic traits among citrus species, with Rangpur lime showing the highest hydraulic safety margin. Roots of Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo were more water conductive than ones of Valencia sweet orange, which was linked to higher stomatal conductance. Chemical signaling through ABA prevented shoot dehydration in Rangpur lime under water deficit, with this species showing a more conservative stomatal behavior, sensing, and responding rapidly to low soil moisture. Taken together, our results suggest that Rangpur lime - the drought tolerant species - has an improved control of leaf water status due to chemical signaling and effective stomatal regulation for reducing water loss as well as decreased root hydraulic conductivity for saving water resources under limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela T Miranda
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", P.O. Box 28, Campinas 13012-970, SP, Brazil; University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Erick Espinoza-Núñez
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", P.O. Box 28, Campinas 13012-970, SP, Brazil; Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Department of Horticulture, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Simone F Silva
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil; Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adriana H Hayashi
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Anatomia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio A Carvalho
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Center of Citriculture Sylvio Moreira, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Machado
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", P.O. Box 28, Campinas 13012-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Weithmann G, Link RM, Banzragch BE, Würzberg L, Leuschner C, Schuldt B. Soil water availability and branch age explain variability in xylem safety of European beech in Central Europe. Oecologia 2022; 198:629-644. [PMID: 35212818 PMCID: PMC8956530 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Xylem embolism resistance has been identified as a key trait with a causal relation to drought-induced tree mortality, but not much is known about its intra-specific trait variability (ITV) in dependence on environmental variation. We measured xylem safety and efficiency in 300 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees across 30 sites in Central Europe, covering a precipitation reduction from 886 to 522 mm year−1. A broad range of variables that might affect embolism resistance in mature trees, including climatic and soil water availability, competition, and branch age, were examined. The average P50 value varied by up to 1 MPa between sites. Neither climatic aridity nor structural variables had a significant influence on P50. However, P50 was less negative for trees with a higher soil water storage capacity, and positively related to branch age, while specific conductivity (Ks) was not significantly associated with either of these variables. The greatest part of the ITV for xylem safety and efficiency was attributed to random variability within populations. We conclude that the influence of site water availability on P50 and Ks is low in European beech, and that the high degree of within-population variability for P50, partly due to variation in branch age, hampers the identification of a clear environmental signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roman M Link
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bat-Enerel Banzragch
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Würzberg
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht Von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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Benson MC, Miniat CF, Oishi AC, Denham SO, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Missik JE, Phillips RP, Wood JD, Novick KA. The xylem of anisohydric Quercus alba L. is more vulnerable to embolism than isohydric codominants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:329-346. [PMID: 34902165 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of plant leaf water potential (ΨL ) regulation and xylem vulnerability to embolism is fundamental for understanding the tradeoffs between carbon uptake and risk of hydraulic damage. There is a general consensus that trees with vulnerable xylem more conservatively regulate ΨL than plants with resistant xylem. We evaluated if this paradigm applied to three important eastern US temperate tree species, Quercus alba L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Liriodendron tulipifera L., by synthesizing 1600 ΨL observations, 122 xylem embolism curves and xylem anatomical measurements across 10 forests spanning pronounced hydroclimatological gradients and ages. We found that, unexpectedly, the species with the most vulnerable xylem (Q. alba) regulated ΨL less strictly than the other species. This relationship was found across all sites, such that coordination among traits was largely unaffected by climate and stand age. Quercus species are perceived to be among the most drought tolerant temperate US forest species; however, our results suggest their relatively loose ΨL regulation in response to hydrologic stress occurs with a substantial hydraulic cost that may expose them to novel risks in a more drought-prone future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Benson
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew C Oishi
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sander O Denham
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR 1391 ISPA, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justine E Missik
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- University of Missouri, School of Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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11
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Wang Z, Ding X, Li Y, Xie J. The compensation effect between safety and efficiency in xylem and role in photosynthesis of gymnosperms. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13617. [PMID: 35199364 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The classical theory of safety-efficiency trade-off is a common theme in plant sciences. Despite safety and efficiency partly compensating for each other physiologically (namely, there is a compensation effect, CE, among traits from the "whole" organism perspective), they are always mathematically described as a trade-off against one another. However, the compensation effect has never been defined and quantified, let alone its role in the xylem water transport and subsequently photosynthesis. Here, we developed an alternative theory to define the CE as a positive relationship between safety and efficiency, and further define a new trade-off index, SETO, that is expressed as CE multiplied by a trade-off factor (differing from the classical average trade-off value). Then, we tested SETO- and CE-photosynthetic rate relationships across different levels based on a common garden experiment using nine conifers and published data for gymnosperms. The results demonstrated that the compensation effect in xylem functions was the dominant force in facilitating photosynthetic rates from species- to phylum-scale. By integrating the compensation effect into the xylem hydraulic functional strategy, our study clearly indicated that the compensation effect is the evolutionary basis for the coordination of xylem hydraulic and photosynthesis physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang, China
| | - Jiangbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Beikircher B, Sack L, Ganthaler A, Losso A, Mayr S. Hydraulic-stomatal coordination in tree seedlings: tight correlation across environments and ontogeny in Acer pseudoplatanus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1297-1310. [PMID: 34176137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance is recognized as a major determinant of gas exchange and productivity. However, whether this also applies to seedlings, a critically important stage for vegetation regeneration, has been largely unknown. We analyzed the hydraulic and stomatal conductance of leaves and shoots for 6-wk-old Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings emerging in different lowland and treeline habitats and under glasshouse conditions, respectively, as well as on 9-, 15- and 18-wk-old plants, and related findings to leaf and xylem anatomical traits. Treeline seedlings had higher leaf area-specific shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot-L ), and stomatal conductance (gs ), associated with wider xylem conduits, lower leaf area and higher stomatal density than lowland and glasshouse-grown plants. Across the first 18 wk of development, seedlings increased four-fold in absolute shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and declined by half in Kshoot-L , with correlated shifts in xylem and leaf anatomy. Distal leaves had higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) and gs compared to basal leaves. Seedlings show strong variation across growth environments and ontogenetic shifts in hydraulic and anatomical parameters. Across growth sites, ontogenetic stages and leaf orders, gs was tightly correlated with Kshoot-L and Kleaf , balancing hydraulic supply with demand for the earliest stages of seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California (UCLA), 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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13
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Jupa R, Krabičková D, Plichta R, Mayr S, Gloser V. Do angiosperm tree species adjust intervessel lateral contact in response to soil drought? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2048-2058. [PMID: 33876443 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During soil drought (i.e. limited soil water availability to plants), woody species may adjust the structure of their vessel network to improve their resistance against future soil drought stress. Impacts of soil drought on intervessel lateral contact remain poorly understood despite of its significance to xylem transport efficiency and safety. Here, we analysed drought-induced modifications in xylem structures of temperate angiosperm trees with a focus on intervessel lateral contact. Anatomical analyses were performed both in stems of seedlings cultivated under different substrate water availability and annual rings of mature individuals developed during years of low and high soil drought intensities. In response to limited water availability, a decrease in vessel diameter (up to -20%) and simultaneous increase in vessel density (up to +60%) were observed both in seedlings and mature trees. Conversely, there were only small and inconsistent drought-induced changes in intervessel contact frequency and intervessel contact fraction (typically up to ±15%) observed across species, indicating that intervessel lateral contact is a conservative trait. The small adjustments in intervessel lateral contacts were primarily driven by changes in the contact frequencies between neighbouring vessels (i.e. vessel grouping) rather than by changes in proportions of shared cell walls. Our results demonstrate that angiosperm tree species, despite remarkable adjustments in vessel dimensions and densities upon soil drought, exhibit surprisingly invariant intervessel lateral contact architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Krabičková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vít Gloser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Bonetti S, Breitenstein D, Fatichi S, Domec JC, Or D. Persistent decay of fresh xylem hydraulic conductivity varies with pressure gradient and marks plant responses to injury. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:371-386. [PMID: 32964494 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Defining plant hydraulic traits is central to the quantification of ecohydrological processes ranging from land-atmosphere interactions, to tree mortality and water-carbon budgets. A key plant trait is the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Kx ), that describes the plant's vascular system capacity to transport water. While xylem's vessels and tracheids are dead upon maturity, the xylem is neither inert nor deadwood, various components of the sapwood and surrounding tissue remaining alive and functional. Moreover, the established definition of Kx assumes linear relations between water flux and pressure gradient by tacitly considering the xylem as a "passive conduit". Here, we re-examine this notion of an inert xylem by systematically characterizing xylem flow in several woody plants using Kx measurements under constant and cyclic pressure gradients. Results show a temporal and pressure gradient dependence of Kx . Additionally, microscopic features in "living branches" are irreversibly modified upon drying of the xylem, thus differentiating the macroscopic definition of Kx for living and dead xylem. The findings highlight the picture of the xylem as a complex and delicate conductive system whose hydraulic behaviour transcends a passive gradient-based flow. The study sheds new light on xylem conceptualization, conductivity measurement protocols, in situ long-distance water transport and ecosystem modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Resources, Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London, London, UK
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Breitenstein
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA ISPA, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dani Or
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA
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15
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Unterholzner L, Carrer M, Bär A, Beikircher B, Dämon B, Losso A, Prendin AL, Mayr S. Juniperus communis populations exhibit low variability in hydraulic safety and efficiency. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1668-1679. [PMID: 32785622 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance and distribution of woody species strongly depend on their adjustment to environmental conditions based on genotypic and phenotypic properties. Since more intense and frequent drought events are expected due to climate change, xylem hydraulic traits will play a key role under future conditions, and thus, knowledge of hydraulic variability is of key importance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the variability in hydraulic safety and efficiency of the conifer shrub Juniperus communis based on analyses along an elevational transect and a common garden approach. We studied (i) juniper plants growing between 700 and 2000 m a.s.l. Innsbruck, Austria, and (ii) plants grown in the Innsbruck botanical garden (Austria) from seeds collected at different sites across Europe (France, Austria, Ireland, Germany and Sweden). Due to contrasting environmental conditions at different elevation and provenance sites and the wide geographical study area, pronounced variation in xylem hydraulics was expected. Vulnerability to drought-induced embolisms (hydraulic safety) was assessed via the Cavitron and ultrasonic acoustic emission techniques, and the specific hydraulic conductivity (hydraulic efficiency) via flow measurements. Contrary to our hypothesis, relevant variability in hydraulic safety and efficiency was neither observed across elevations, indicating a low phenotypic variation, nor between provenances, despite expected genotypic differences. Interestingly, the provenance from the most humid and warmest site (Ireland) and the northernmost provenance (Sweden) showed the highest and the lowest embolism resistance, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity was correlated with plant height, which indicates that observed variation in hydraulic traits was mainly related to morphological differences between plants. We encourage future studies to underlie anatomical traits and the role of hydraulics for the broad ecological amplitude of J. communis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TeSAF, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (PD) 35122, Italy
| | - Andreas Bär
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Dämon
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Mayr
- Institut für Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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16
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Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, da Costa ACL, Giles AL, Coughlin I, Costa PB, Bartholomew DC, Ferreira LV, Vasconcelos SS, Barros FV, Junior JAS, Oliveira AAR, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Rowland L. Amazonia trees have limited capacity to acclimate plant hydraulic properties in response to long-term drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3569-3584. [PMID: 32061003 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The fate of tropical forests under future climate change is dependent on the capacity of their trees to adjust to drier conditions. The capacity of trees to withstand drought is likely to be determined by traits associated with their hydraulic systems. However, data on whether tropical trees can adjust hydraulic traits when experiencing drought remain rare. We measured plant hydraulic traits (e.g. hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance) and plant hydraulic system status (e.g. leaf water potential, native embolism and safety margin) on >150 trees from 12 genera (36 species) and spanning a stem size range from 14 to 68 cm diameter at breast height at the world's only long-running tropical forest drought experiment. Hydraulic traits showed no adjustment following 15 years of experimentally imposed moisture deficit. This failure to adjust resulted in these drought-stressed trees experiencing significantly lower leaf water potentials, and higher, but variable, levels of native embolism in the branches. This result suggests that hydraulic damage caused by elevated levels of embolism is likely to be one of the key drivers of drought-induced mortality following long-term soil moisture deficit. We demonstrate that some hydraulic traits changed with tree size, however, the direction and magnitude of the change was controlled by taxonomic identity. Our results suggest that Amazonian trees, both small and large, have limited capacity to acclimate their hydraulic systems to future droughts, potentially making them more at risk of drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Andre L Giles
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Patricia B Costa
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David C Bartholomew
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Fernanda V Barros
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joao A S Junior
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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17
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Matzner SL, Ronning N, Hawkinson J, Cummiskey T, Buchanan J, Miller E, Carlisle G. Does acclimation in cavitation resistance due to mechanical perturbation support the pit area or conduit reinforcement hypotheses in Phaseolus vulgaris? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:378-390. [PMID: 30537192 PMCID: PMC6557702 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars were exposed to reduced water and stem mechanical perturbation treatments (flexing) to determine if acclimation to these treatments induced hydraulic changes, altered cavitation resistance and changed stem mechanical properties. Additionally, this study sought to determine if changes in cavitation resistance would support the pit area or conduit reinforcement hypotheses. Flexing reduced biomass, leaf area, xylem vessel area and hydraulic conductivity. One cultivar had greater measures of stem strength and cavitation resistance. Flexing increased cavitation resistance (P50 ) but did not increase Young's modulus, rigidity or flexural strength on dried stems. Stem rigidity and basal diameter were correlated with leaf mass. The ratio of conduit wall thickness to span [(t/b)h 2 ] increased under high water and flexing treatments while rigidity decreased for one cultivar exposed to both flexing and lower water suggesting an inability to compensate for two simultaneous stresses. Although P50 was not correlated with measures of mechanical strength, P50 was correlated with vessel diameter, consistent with the pit area hypothesis. This study confirmed that mechanical perturbation can impact xylem structural properties and result in altered plant water flow characteristics and cavitation resistance. Long-term hydraulic acclimation in these herbaceous annuals was constrained by similar tradeoffs that constrain hydraulic properties across species.
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18
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Hillabrand RM, Hacke UG, Lieffers VJ. Defoliation constrains xylem and phloem functionality. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1099-1108. [PMID: 30901057 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliation contributes to tree mortality under drought conditions. Defoliation-induced alterations to the vascular transport structure may increase tree vulnerability to drought; however, this has been rarely studied. To evaluate the response of tree vascular function following defoliation, 2-year-old balsam poplar were manually defoliated, and both physiological and anatomical measurements were made after allowing for re-foliation. Hydraulic conductivity measurements showed that defoliated trees had both increased vulnerability to embolism and decreased water transport efficiency, likely due to misshapen xylem vessels. Anatomical measurements revealed novel insights into defoliation-induced alterations to the phloem. Phloem sieve tube diameter was reduced in the stems of defoliated trees, suggesting reduced transport capability. In addition, phloem fibers were absent, or reduced in number, in stems, shoot tips and petioles of new leaves, potentially reducing the stability of the vascular tissue. Results from this study suggest that the defoliation leads to trees with increased risk for vascular dysfunction and drought-induced mortality through alterations in the vascular structure, and highlights a route through which carbon limitation can influence hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Victor J Lieffers
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Beikircher B, Losso A, Gemassmer M, Jansen S, Mayr S. Does fertilization explain the extraordinary hydraulic behaviour of apple trees? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1915-1925. [PMID: 30793193 PMCID: PMC6436149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization of woody plants plays a central role in agriculture and forestry, but little is known about how plant water relations are thereby affected. Here we investigated the impact of fertilization on tree hydraulics, and xylem and pit anatomy in the high-yield apple cultivars Golden and Red Delicious. In fertilized trees of Golden Delicious, specific hydraulic conductivity of branch xylem, hydraulic conductance of the root system, and maximum stomatal conductance increased considerably. In Red Delicious, differences between fertilized and control trees were less pronounced. In both cultivars, xylem embolism resistance of fertilized trees was significantly lower and stomatal closure occurred at lower water potentials. Furthermore, water potential at turgor loss point and osmotic potential at full saturation were higher and cell wall elasticity was lower in fertilized plants, suggesting reduced drought tolerance of leaves. Anatomical differences were observed regarding conduit diameters, cell wall reinforcement, pit membrane thickness, pit chamber depth, and stomatal pore length, with more pronounced differences in Golden Delicious. The findings reveal altered hydraulic behaviour in both apple cultivars upon fertilization. The increased vulnerability to hydraulic failure might pose a considerable risk for apple productivity under a changing climate, which should be considered for future cultivation and management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marilena Gemassmer
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse, Innsbruck, Austria
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20
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Losso A, Bär A, Dämon B, Dullin C, Ganthaler A, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Tromba G, Nardini A, Mayr S, Beikircher B. Insights from in vivo micro-CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1831-1842. [PMID: 30347122 PMCID: PMC6492020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The seedling stage is the most susceptible one during a tree's life. Water relations may be crucial for seedlings due to their small roots, limited water buffers and the effects of drought on water transport. Despite obvious relevance, studies on seedling xylem hydraulics are scarce as respective methodical approaches are limited. Micro-CT scans of intact Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings dehydrated to different water potentials (Ψ) allowed the simultaneous observation of gas-filled versus water-filled conduits and the calculation of percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) in stems, roots and leaves (petioles or main veins). Additionally, anatomical analyses were performed and stem PLC measured with hydraulic techniques. In A. pseudoplatanus, petioles showed a higher Ψ at 50% PLC (Ψ50 -1.13MPa) than stems (-2.51 MPa) and roots (-1.78 MPa). The main leaf veins of F. sylvatica had similar Ψ50 values (-2.26 MPa) to stems (-2.74 MPa) and roots (-2.75 MPa). In both species, no difference between root and stems was observed. Hydraulic measurements on stems closely matched the micro-CT based PLC calculations. Micro-CT analyses indicated a species-specific hydraulic architecture. Vulnerability segmentation, enabling a disconnection of the hydraulic pathway upon drought, was observed in A. pseudoplatanus but not in the especially shade-tolerant F. sylvatica. Hydraulic patterns could partly be related to xylem anatomical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Losso
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Birgit Dämon
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Christian Dullin
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyUniversity Medical Center GoettingenRobert‐Koch‐Straße 40Göttingen37075Germany
- Max‐Plank‐Institute for Experimental MedicineHermann‐Rein‐Straße 3Göttingen37075Germany
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Crop SciencesDivision of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaKonrad Lorenzstrasse 24TullnA‐3430Austria
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
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21
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Toscano S, Ferrante A, Tribulato A, Romano D. Leaf physiological and anatomical responses of Lantana and Ligustrum species under different water availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:380-392. [PMID: 29665510 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant characteristics that support tolerance to water stress is important in choosing plants in arid or semi-arid environments, such as the Mediterranean. In particular, leaf characteristics can affect the response of plants to water stress. In order to understand how plants with different leaf features can overcome water stress, four water regimes were adopted on two species that are widespread in the Mediterranean environment, Lantana camara and Ligustrum lucidum. The four treatments were: control (C), in which the pot substrate moisture was maintained close to water container capacity (WCC), light deficit irrigation (LDI) irrigated at 75% of WCC, moderate deficit irrigation (MDI) at 50% of WCC, and severe deficit irrigation (SDI) at 25% of WCC. To better understand the action mechanisms, the trial was repeated twice (from January to May, and from May to September). Morphological, anatomical and physiological data were measured to identify the action mechanisms. Water deficit significantly decreased the biomass accumulation in both species during the experimental growth period. In Lantana, significant variations in total leaf area and leaf number were registered between C and SDI, while in Ligustrum, the differences were significant only for total leaf area. The water deficit treatments reduced the leaf thickness especially in Ligustrum. In both species, photosynthesis reduction was related to stomatal closure. Ligustrum showed a higher variability among treatments indicating a faster and more efficient response to water limitations compared to Lantana, as also demonstrated by the lower biomass reduction in the most severe water stress treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toscano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 1-20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tribulato
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Romano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy; CNR - Trees and Timber Institute (IVALSA), Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy.
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22
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K. The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:161-171. [PMID: 29570227 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent research has highlighted the importance of living tissue in wood. Polyploidization can impact amounts and arrangements of living cells in wood, potentially leading to increased drought tolerance. Tetraploid variants were created from the apple cultivar Malus ×domestica 'Gala' (Gala-4x), and their vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and their hydraulic capacitance were compared to those of their diploid predecessors (Gala-2x). Assuming a positive correlation between polyploidy and drought tolerance, we hypothesized lower vulnerability and higher capacitance for the tetraploid. METHODS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and the hydraulic capacitance were quantified through acoustic emission and continuous weighing of shoots during a bench-top dehydration experiment. To underpin the hydraulic trait results, anatomical variables such as vessel area, conduit diameter, cell wall reinforcement, and ray and vessel-associated parenchyma were measured. KEY RESULTS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation was intrinsically equal for both ploidy variants, but Gala-4x proved to be more vulnerable than Gala-2x during the early phase of desiccation as was indicated by its significantly lower air entry value. Higher change in water content of the leafy shoot, higher amount of parenchyma, and larger vessel area and size resulted in a significantly higher hydraulic capacitance and efficiency for Gala-4x compared to Gala-2x. CONCLUSIONS Both ploidy variants were typified as highly sensitive to drought-induced cavitation, with no significant difference in their overall drought vulnerability. But, when water deficit is short and moderate, Gala-4x may delay a drought-induced decrease in performance by trading hydraulic safety for increased release of capacitively stored water from living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Hias
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Hudson PJ, Limousin JM, Krofcheck DJ, Boutz AL, Pangle RE, Gehres N, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Impacts of long-term precipitation manipulation on hydraulic architecture and xylem anatomy of piñon and juniper in Southwest USA. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:421-435. [PMID: 29215745 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic architecture imposes a fundamental control on water transport, underpinning plant productivity, and survival. The extent to which hydraulic architecture of mature trees acclimates to chronic drought is poorly understood, limiting accuracy in predictions of forest responses to future droughts. We measured seasonal shoot hydraulic performance for multiple years to assess xylem acclimation in mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) after 3+ years of precipitation manipulation. Our treatments consisted of water addition (+20% ambient precipitation), partial precipitation-exclusion (-45% ambient precipitation), and exclusion-structure control. Supplemental watering elevated leaf water potential, sapwood-area specific hydraulic conductivity, and leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity relative to precipitation exclusion. Shifts in allocation of leaf area to sapwood area enhanced differences between irrigated and droughted KL in piñon but not juniper. Piñon and juniper achieved similar KL under ambient conditions, but juniper matched or outperformed piñon in all physiological measurements under both increased and decreased precipitation treatments. Embolism vulnerability and xylem anatomy were unaffected by treatments in either species. Absence of significant acclimation combined with inferior performance for both hydraulic transport and safety suggests piñon has greater risk of local extirpation if aridity increases as predicted in the southwestern USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - J M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - D J Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - A L Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - R E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N G McDowell
- Earth Systems Analysis and Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - W T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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24
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Tomasella M, Beikircher B, Häberle KH, Hesse B, Kallenbach C, Matyssek R, Mayr S. Acclimation of branch and leaf hydraulics in adult Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a forest through-fall exclusion experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:198-211. [PMID: 29177459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing water availability due to climate change poses the question of whether and to what extent tree species are able to hydraulically acclimate and how hydraulic traits of stems and leaves are coordinated under drought. In a through-fall exclusion experiment, hydraulic acclimation was analyzed in a mixed forest stand of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. In drought-stressed (TE, through-fall exclusion over 2 years) and control (CO) trees, hydraulic vulnerability was studied in branches as well as in leaves (F. sylvatica) and end-twigs (P. abies, entirely formed during the drought period) sampled at the same height in sun-exposed portions of the tree crown. In addition, relevant xylem anatomical traits and leaf pressure-volume relations were analyzed. The TE trees reached pre-dawn water potentials down to -1.6 MPa. In both species, water potentials at 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity were ~0.4 MPa more negative in TE than in CO branches. Foliage hydraulic vulnerability (expressed as water potential at 50% loss of leaf/end-twig hydraulic conductance) and water potential at turgor loss point were also, respectively, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa lower in TE trees. Minor differences were observed in conduit mean hydraulic diameter and cell wall reinforcement. Our findings indicate significant and fast hydraulic acclimation under relatively mild drought in both tree species. Acclimation was well coordinated between branches and foliage, which might be essential for survival and productivity of mature trees under future drought periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tomasella
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hesse
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Kallenbach
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Bourne AE, Creek D, Peters JMR, Ellsworth DS, Choat B. Species climate range influences hydraulic and stomatal traits in Eucalyptus species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:123-133. [PMID: 28369162 PMCID: PMC5737682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant hydraulic traits influence the capacity of species to grow and survive in water-limited environments, but their comparative study at a common site has been limited. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether selective pressures on species originating in drought-prone environments constrain hydraulic traits among related species grown under common conditions. METHODS Leaf tissue water relations, xylem anatomy, stomatal behaviour and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were measured on six Eucalyptus species growing in a common garden to determine whether these traits were related to current species climate range and to understand linkages between the traits. KEY RESULTS Hydraulically weighted xylem vessel diameter, leaf turgor loss point, the water potential at stomatal closure and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were significantly ( P < 0·05) correlated with climate parameters from the species range. There was a co-ordination between stem and leaf parameters with the water potential at turgor loss, 12 % loss of conductivity and the point of stomatal closure significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of hydraulic, stomatal and anatomical traits with climate variables from the species' original ranges suggests that these traits are genetically constrained. The conservative nature of xylem traits in Eucalyptus trees has important implications for the limits of species responses to changing environmental conditions and thus for species survival and distribution into the future, and yields new information for physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Bourne
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. R. Peters
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Cosme LHM, Schietti J, Costa FRC, Oliveira RS. The importance of hydraulic architecture to the distribution patterns of trees in a central Amazonian forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:113-125. [PMID: 28369998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Species distributions and assemblage composition may be the result of trait selection through environmental filters. Here, we ask whether filtering of species at the local scale could be attributed to their hydraulic architectural traits, revealing the basis of hydrological microhabitat partitioning in a Central Amazonian forest. We analyzed the hydraulic characteristics at tissue (anatomical traits, wood specific gravity (WSG)), organ (leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area : sapwood area ratio) and whole-plant (height) levels for 28 pairs of congeneric species from 14 genera restricted to either valleys or plateaus of a terra-firme forest in Central Amazonia. On plateaus, species had higher WSG, but lower mean vessel area, mean vessel hydraulic diameter, sapwood area and SLA than in valleys; traits commonly associated with hydraulic safety. Mean vessel hydraulic diameter and mean vessel area increased with height for both habitats, but leaf area and leaf area : sapwood area ratio investments with tree height declined in valley vs plateau species. [Correction added after online publication 29 March 2017: the preceding sentence has been reworded.] Two strategies for either efficiency or safety were detected, based on vessel size or allocation to sapwood. In conclusion, contrasting hydrological conditions act as environmental filters, generating differences in species composition at the local scale. This has important implications for the prediction of species distributions under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza H M Cosme
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
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Lens F, Vos RA, Charrier G, van der Niet T, Merckx V, Baas P, Aguirre Gutierrez J, Jacobs B, Chacon Dória L, Smets E, Delzon S, Janssens SB. Scalariform-to-simple transition in vessel perforation plates triggered by differences in climate during the evolution of Adoxaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1043-1056. [PMID: 27498812 PMCID: PMC5055826 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Angiosperms with simple vessel perforations have evolved many times independently of species having scalariform perforations, but detailed studies to understand why these transitions in wood evolution have happened are lacking. We focus on the striking difference in wood anatomy between two closely related genera of Adoxaceae, Viburnum and Sambucus, and link the anatomical divergence with climatic and physiological insights. Methods After performing wood anatomical observations, we used a molecular phylogenetic framework to estimate divergence times for 127 Adoxaceae species. The conditions under which the genera diversified were estimated using ancestral area reconstruction and optimization of ancestral climates, and xylem-specific conductivity measurements were performed. Key Results Viburnum, characterized by scalariform vessel perforations (ancestral), diversified earlier than Sambucus, having simple perforations (derived). Ancestral climate reconstruction analyses point to cold temperate preference for Viburnum and warm temperate for Sambucus. This is reflected in the xylem-specific conductivity rates of the co-occurring species investigated, showing that Viburnum lantana has rates much lower than Sambucus nigra. Conclusions The lack of selective pressure for high conductive efficiency during early diversification of Viburnum and the potentially adaptive value of scalariform perforations in frost-prone cold temperate climates have led to retention of the ancestral vessel perforation type, while higher temperatures during early diversification of Sambucus have triggered the evolution of simple vessel perforations, allowing more efficient long-distance water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timo van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, 3209, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Vincent Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Baas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Aguirre Gutierrez
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Computation Geo-Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Larissa Chacon Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450 Talence, France
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Chmura DJ, Guzicka M, McCulloh KA, Żytkowiak R. Limited variation found among Norway spruce half-sib families in physiological response to drought and resistance to embolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:252-66. [PMID: 26786539 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Projections of future climates suggest that droughts (Ds) may become more frequent and severe in many regions. Genetic variation, especially within populations in traits related to D resistance, is poorly investigated in forest trees, but this knowledge is necessary to better understand how forests will respond to water shortages. In this study, we investigated variability among seven open-pollinated half-sib families of a single population and two population-level progenies of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in their gas exchange response to imposed D and xylem vulnerability to embolism. During their third growing season, saplings were subjected to three treatments-control (C), D (for 19 weeks) and broken drought (BD, 54 days without watering starting in mid-July, then well-watered). In response to D, all families reduced their stomatal conductance (gs) and light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (Amax) in a similar way. After rewatering, the xylem water potential (Ψ) recovered in the BD treatment, but gs and Amax remained lower than in C. Needle starch concentration was altered in both D treatments compared with C. Xylem of D-exposed trees was more vulnerable to embolism than in C. The minimum attained safety margin remained positive for all families, indicating that no catastrophic hydraulic failure occurred in stem xylem during D. Significant family variation was found for Ψ early in the D (midday Ψ between -1.2 and -1.8 MPa), and for needle damage, but not for sapling mortality. Family variation found at the initial stages of D, and not afterward, suggests that all families responded similarly to greater D intensity, exhibiting the species-specific response. Limited variation at the family level indicates that the response to D and the traits we examined were conservative within the species. This may limit breeding opportunities for increased D resistance in Norway spruce in light of expected climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marzenna Guzicka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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Ganthaler A, Mayr S. Dwarf shrub hydraulics: two Vaccinium species (Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea) of the European Alps compared. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:424-34. [PMID: 25677081 PMCID: PMC4949559 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea are two dwarf shrubs widespread in the European Alps. We studied the hydraulics of these species hypothesizing that (1) the hydraulic architecture of dwarf shrubs differs from trees, (2) hydraulic properties reflect the species' ecological amplitude and (3) hydraulic properties vary spatially and seasonally. Key hydraulic parameters (osmotic potential, turgor loss point, xylem hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, stomata closure, drought-induced cell damage and embolism repair) and related wood anatomical traits (conduit diameter and conduit wall reinforcement) were analyzed at four sites in Tyrol, Austria. Both species exhibited low hydraulic safety as well as low hydraulic efficiency. Fifty percentage embolism accumulated at -2.08 (V. myrtillus) and -1.97 MPa (V. vitis-idaea), 88% stomata closure was at -2.19 and -2.35 MPa, respectively. After drought, both species showed embolism repair on re-watering. Site-specific variation within species was low, while seasonal changes in embolism resistance and turgor loss point were observed. Results indicate that studied Vaccinium species have a high risk for embolism formation. This is balanced by refilling capacities, which are probably based on the small growth height of dwarf shrubs. V. vitis-idaea, which occurs on drier sites, showed more efficient repair and a lower turgor loss point than V. myrtillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ganthaler
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fichot R, Brignolas F, Cochard H, Ceulemans R. Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars: synthesis and future opportunities. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1233-51. [PMID: 25444560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. Here, we summarize the available literature on vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars (Populus spp.), a genus of agronomic, ecological and scientific importance. Vulnerability curves and vulnerability parameters (including the water potential inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity, P50) were collected from 37 studies published between 1991 and 2014, covering a range of 10 species and 12 interspecific hybrid crosses. Results of our meta-analysis confirm that poplars are among the most vulnerable woody species to drought-induced cavitation (mean P50 = -1.44 and -1.55 MPa across pure species and hybrids, respectively). Yet, significant variation occurs among species (P50 range: 1.43 MPa) and among hybrid crosses (P50 range: 1.12 MPa), within species and hybrid crosses (max. P50 range reported: 0.8 MPa) as well as in response to environmental factors including nitrogen fertilization, irradiance, temperature and drought (max. P50 range reported: 0.75 MPa). Potential implications and gaps in knowledge are discussed in the context of poplar cultivation, species adaptation and climate modifications. We suggest that poplars represent a valuable model for studies on drought-induced cavitation, especially to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of cavitation resistance in Angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- UMR547 PIAF, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- UMR547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence, Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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Martorell S, Medrano H, Tomàs M, Escalona JM, Flexas J, Diaz-Espejo A. Plasticity of vulnerability to leaf hydraulic dysfunction during acclimation to drought in grapevines: an osmotic-mediated process. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:381-91. [PMID: 25132228 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported correlation of leaf hydraulic vulnerability with pressure-volume parameters related to cell turgor. This link has been explained on the basis of the effects of turgor on connectivity among cells and tissue structural integrity, which affect leaf water transport. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that osmotic adjustment to water stress would shift the leaf vulnerability curve toward more negative water potential (Ψ leaf ) by increasing turgor at low Ψ leaf . We measured leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf ), K leaf vulnerability [50 and 80% loss of K leaf (P50 and P80 ); |Ψ leaf | at 50 and 80% loss of K leaf , respectively), bulk leaf water relations, leaf gas exchange and sap flow in two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Tempranillo and Grenache), under two water treatments. We found that P50 , P80 and maximum K leaf decreased seasonally by more than 20% in both cultivars and watering treatments. However, K leaf at 2 MPa increased threefold, while osmotic potential at full turgor and turgor loss point decreased. Our results indicate that leaf resistance to hydraulic dysfunction is seasonally plastic, and this plasticity may be mediated by osmotic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Martorell
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, 07122, Spain
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Savi T, Bertuzzi S, Branca S, Tretiach M, Nardini A. Drought-induced xylem cavitation and hydraulic deterioration: risk factors for urban trees under climate change? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1106-1116. [PMID: 25354036 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees help towns to cope with climate warming by cooling both air and surfaces. The challenges imposed by the urban environment, with special reference to low water availability due to the presence of extensive pavements, result in high rates of mortality of street trees, that can be increased by climatic extremes. We investigated the water relations and xylem hydraulic safety/efficiency of Quercus ilex trees growing at urban sites with different percentages of surrounding impervious pavements. Seasonal changes of plant water potential and gas exchange, vulnerability to cavitation and embolism level, and morpho-anatomical traits were measured. We found patterns of increasing water stress and vulnerability to drought at increasing percentages of impervious pavement cover, with a consequent reduction in gas exchange rates, decreased safety margins toward embolism development, and increased vulnerability to cavitation, suggesting the occurrence of stress-induced hydraulic deterioration. The amount of impermeable surface and chronic exposure to water stress influence the site-specific risk of drought-induced dieback of urban trees under extreme drought. Besides providing directions for management of green spaces in towns, our data suggest that xylem hydraulics is key to a full understanding of the responses of urban trees to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Salvatore Branca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB, Davis SD, Tobin MF. Geographic And Seasonal Variation In Chaparral Vulnerability To Cavitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3120/0024-9637-61.4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Nolf M, Pagitz K, Mayr S. Physiological acclimation to drought stress in Solidago canadensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:529-39. [PMID: 24024793 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solidago canadensis is an invasive species from North America that is spreading across Europe, Australia and temperate Asia. We hypothesized that the species' wide ecological amplitude is also based on its potential in hydraulic acclimation, and analyzed hydraulic and anatomical properties along a transect with decreasing soil humidity. Stem hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, stomatal closure during dehydration and xylem-anatomical parameters were quantified at three sites. At the humid site, specific hydraulic conductivity of stems (1.0 ± 0.2 kg m(-1) MPa(-1) s(-1)) was about twofold higher, and leaf-specific conductivity about 1.5 times higher (3.1 ± 0.5 kg m(-1) MPa(-1) s(-1)) than at the dry site. Water potential (Ψ) at 50% loss of conductivity was -3.7 ± 0.1 MPa at the dry site and -3.1 ± 0.2 MPa at the humid site (September). Vulnerability to drought-induced embolism decreased along the transect and over the vegetation period. At drier sites, stomata started closing at lower Ψ while complete stomatal closure was reached at less negative Ψ (12% of maximum stomatal conductance: -2.5 ± 0.0 and -3.0 ± 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid site). The safety margin between stomatal closure and 50% loss of conductivity was 1.2 and 0.2 MPa at the dry and humid sites. The observed variability indicated an efficient acclimation in hydraulic conductivity and safety: plants at dry sites exhibited lower specific hydraulic conductivity, higher embolism resistance and broader safety margins, signifying a trade-off between the hydraulic safety and efficiency. The observed intraspecific plasticity in hydraulic and anatomical traits may help to explain the invasive potential of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nolf
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lamy JB, Delzon S, Bouche PS, Alia R, Vendramin GG, Cochard H, Plomion C. Limited genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity detected for cavitation resistance in a Mediterranean pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:874-886. [PMID: 24180459 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to cavitation is a major determinant of plant survival under severe drought and can be used to quantify species adaptive potential. Interspecific variation in this key trait is well defined in woody species, but intraspecific variation (level and structure) resulting from standing genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity has never been determined. Combining for the first time in situ characterization of natural populations and two reciprocal common gardens in dry and wet sites, we estimated variance components (phenotypic, genetic, environmental, and genetic × environmental) of cavitation resistance based on 513 genotypes of a Mediterranean pine, Pinus pinaster. Despite the selected populations being climatically contrasted, phenotypic plasticity in resistance to cavitation remained low and was essentially attributed to family level. Between-population variation in cavitation resistance for both phenotypic and genetic variation was limited. These results strongly suggest that cavitation resistance is buffered against genetic and to a lesser extent environmental variation (canalization) in maritime pine. Consequently, in a drier world, the increasing drought tolerance of Pinus species might be severely constrained by the low level of cavitation resistance variation, resulting in a large-scale loss of productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Lamy
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Pauline S Bouche
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Ricardo Alia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, CIFOR - INIA, Carretera de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin
- Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Sezione di Firenze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405, Talence, France
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Beikircher B, De Cesare C, Mayr S. Hydraulics of high-yield orchard trees: a case study of three Malus domestica cultivars. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1296-307. [PMID: 24319028 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The drought tolerance of three economically important apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Braeburn and Red Delicious, was analysed. The work offers insights into the hydraulics of these high-yield trees and indicates a possible hydraulic limitation of carbon gain. The hydraulic safety and efficiency of branch xylem and leaves were quantified, drought tolerance of living tissues was measured and stomatal regulation, turgor-loss point and osmotic potential at full turgor were analysed. Physiological measurements were correlated with anatomical parameters, such as conduit diameter, cell-wall reinforcement, stomatal density and stomatal pore length. Hydraulic safety differed considerably between the three cultivars with Golden Delicious being significantly less vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than Braeburn and Red Delicious. In Golden Delicious, leaves were less resistant than branch xylem, while in the other cultivars leaves were more resistant than branch xylem. Hydraulic efficiency and xylem anatomical measurements indicate differences in pit properties, which may also be responsible for variations in hydraulic safety. In all three cultivars, full stomatal closure occurred at water potentials where turgor had already been lost and severe loss of hydraulic conductivity as well as damage to living cells had been induced. The consequential negative safety margins pose a risk for hydraulic failure but facilitate carbon gain, which is further improved by the observed high stomatal conductance. Maximal stomatal conductance was clearly seen to be related to stomatal density and size. Based on our results, these three high-yield Malus domestica Borkh. cultivars span a wide range of drought tolerances, appear optimized for maximal carbon gain and, thus, all perform best under well-managed growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Beikircher B, Mayr S. Winter peridermal conductance of apple trees: lammas shoots and spring shoots compared. TREES (BERLIN, GERMANY : WEST) 2013; 27:707-715. [PMID: 23794789 PMCID: PMC3688303 DOI: 10.1007/s00468-012-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lammas shoots are flushes formed by some woody species later in the growing season. Having less time to develop, tissue formation is suggested to be incomplete leading to a higher peridermal water loss during consecutive months. In this study, we analysed morphological and anatomical parameters, peridermal conductance to water vapour and the level of native embolism in mid-winter and late-winter of lammas shoots and normal spring shoots of the apple varieties Malus domestica 'Gala' and 'Nicoter'. Lammas shoots showed a significantly higher shoot cross-sectional area due to larger pith and corticular parenchyma areas. In contrast, phloem was significantly thicker in spring shoots. No pronounced differences were observed in xylem and collenchyma thickness or mean hydraulic conduit diameter. The phellem of spring shoots was composed of more suberinised cells compared to lammas shoots, which led to a significantly higher peridermal conductance in the latter. The amount of native embolism in mid-winter did not differ between shoot types, but in late-winter lammas shoots were more embolised than spring shoots. Data show that the restricted vegetation period of lammas shoots affects their development and, in consequence, their transpiration shield. This may also pose a risk for winter desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Bryukhanova M, Fonti P. Xylem plasticity allows rapid hydraulic adjustment to annual climatic variability. TREES 2013. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00468-012-0802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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López R, López de Heredia U, Collada C, Cano FJ, Emerson BC, Cochard H, Gil L. Vulnerability to cavitation, hydraulic efficiency, growth and survival in an insular pine (Pinus canariensis). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1167-79. [PMID: 23644361 PMCID: PMC3662524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is widely accepted that hydraulic failure due to xylem embolism is a key factor contributing to drought-induced mortality in trees. In the present study, an attempt is made to disentangle phenotypic plasticity from genetic variation in hydraulic traits across the entire distribution area of a tree species to detect adaptation to local environments. METHODS A series of traits related to hydraulics (vulnerability to cavitation and hydraulic conductivity in branches), growth performance and leaf mass per area were assessed in eight Pinus canariensis populations growing in two common gardens under contrasting environments. In addition, the neutral genetic variability (FST) and the genetic differentiation of phenotypic variation (QST) were compared in order to identify the evolutionary forces acting on these traits. KEY RESULTS The variability for hydraulic traits was largely due to phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, the vulnerability to cavitation displayed a significant genetic variability (approx. 5 % of the explained variation), and a significant genetic × environment interaction (between 5 and 19 % of the explained variation). The strong correlation between vulnerability to cavitation and survival in the xeric common garden (r = -0·81; P < 0·05) suggests a role for the former in the adaptation to xeric environments. Populations from drier sites and higher temperature seasonality were less vulnerable to cavitation than those growing at mesic sites. No trade-off between xylem safety and efficiency was detected. QST of parameters of the vulnerability curve (0·365 for P50 and the slope of the vulnerability curve and 0·452 for P88) differed substantially from FST (0·091), indicating divergent selection. In contrast, genetic drift alone was found to be sufficient to explain patterns of differentiation for xylem efficiency and growth. CONCLUSIONS The ability of P. canariensis to inhabit a wide range of ecosystems seemed to be associated with high phenotypic plasticity and some degree of local adaptations of xylem and leaf traits. Resistance to cavitation conferred adaptive potential for this species to adapt successfully to xeric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana López
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Unai López de Heredia
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cano
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63177, Aubière, France
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Plavcová L, Hacke UG. Phenotypic and developmental plasticity of xylem in hybrid poplar saplings subjected to experimental drought, nitrogen fertilization, and shading. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6481-91. [PMID: 23095999 PMCID: PMC3504499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Variation in xylem structure and function has been extensively studied across different species with a wide taxonomic, geographical, and ecological coverage. In contrast, our understanding of how xylem of a single species can adjust to different growing condition remains limited. Here phenotypic and developmental plasticity in xylem traits of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa×deltoides) was studied. Clonally propagated saplings were grown under experimental drought, nitrogen fertilization, and shade for >30 d. Xylem hydraulic and anatomical traits were subsequently examined in stem segments taken from two different vertical positions along the plant's main axis. The experimental treatments affected growth and development and induced changes in xylem phenotype. Across all treatments, the amount of leaf area supported by stem segments (A(L)) scaled linearly with stem native hydraulic conductivity (K (native)), suggesting that the area of assimilating leaves is constrained by the xylem transport capacity. In turn, K (native) was mainly driven by the size of xylem cross-sectional area (A(X)). Moreover, the structural and functional properties of xylem varied significantly. Vulnerability to cavitation, measured as the xylem pressure inducing 50% loss of conductivity (P50), ranged from -1.71 MPa to -0.15 MPa in saplings subjected to drought and nitrogen fertilization, respectively. Across all treatments and stem segment positions, P50 was tightly correlated with wood density. In contrast, no relationship between P50 and xylem-specific conductivity (K (S)) was observed. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of plant hydraulic acclimation and provide insights into common trade-offs that exist in xylem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E3.
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Bucci SJ, Scholz FG, Campanello PI, Montti L, Jimenez-Castillo M, Rockwell FA, Manna LL, Guerra P, Bernal PL, Troncoso O, Enricci J, Holbrook MN, Goldstein G. Hydraulic differences along the water transport system of South American Nothofagus species: do leaves protect the stem functionality? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:880-93. [PMID: 22684354 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic traits were studied for six Nothofagus species from South America (Argentina and Chile), and for three of these species two populations were studied. The main goal was to determine if properties of the water conductive pathway in stems and leaves are functionally coordinated and to assess if leaves are more vulnerable to cavitation than stems, consistent with the theory of hydraulic segmentation along the vascular system of trees in ecosystems subject to seasonal drought. Vulnerability to cavitation, hydraulic conductivity of stems and leaves, leaf water potential, wood density and leaf water relations were examined. Large variations in vulnerability to cavitation of stems and leaves were observed across populations and species, but leaves were consistently more vulnerable than stems. Water potential at 50% loss of maximum hydraulic efficiency (P(50)) ranged from -0.94 to -2.44 MPa in leaves and from -2.6 to -5.3 MPa in stems across species and populations. Populations in the driest sites had sapwood and leaves more vulnerable to cavitation than those grown in the wettest sites. Stronger diurnal down-regulation in leaf hydraulic conductance compared with stem hydraulic conductivity apparently has the function to slow down potential water loss in stems and protect stem hydraulics from cavitation. Species-specific differences in wood density and leaf hydraulic conductance (K(Leaf)) were observed. Both traits were functionally related: species with higher wood density had lower K(Leaf). Other stem and leaf hydraulic traits were functionally coordinated, resulting in Nothofagus species with an efficient delivery of water to the leaves. The integrity of the more expensive woody portion of the water transport pathway can thus be maintained at the expense of the replaceable portion (leaves) of the stem-leaf continuum under prolonged drought. Compensatory adjustments between hydraulic traits may help to decrease the rate of embolism formation in the trees more vulnerable to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, (9000) Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina.
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Homolka A, Eder T, Kopecky D, Berenyi M, Burg K, Fluch S. Allele discovery of ten candidate drought-response genes in Austrian oak using a systematically informatics approach based on 454 amplicon sequencing. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:175. [PMID: 22472016 PMCID: PMC3420255 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rise of temperatures and shortening of available water as result of predicted climate change will impose significant pressure on long-lived forest tree species. Discovering allelic variation present in drought related genes of two Austrian oak species can be the key to understand mechanisms of natural selection and provide forestry with key tools to cope with future challenges. Results In the present study we have used Roche 454 sequencing and developed a bioinformatic pipeline to process multiplexed tagged amplicons in order to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and allelic sequences of ten candidate genes related to drought/osmotic stress from sessile oak (Quercus robur) and sessile oak (Q. petraea) individuals. Out of these, eight genes of 336 oak individuals growing in Austria have been detected with a total number of 158 polymorphic sites. Allele numbers ranged from ten to 52 with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.115 to 0.640. All loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium was found among six combinations of loci. Conclusions We have characterized 183 alleles of drought related genes from oak species and detected first evidences of natural selection. Beside the potential for marker development, we have created an expandable bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of next generation sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Homolka
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, A-3430, Austria.
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Wortemann R, Herbette S, Barigah TS, Fumanal B, Alia R, Ducousso A, Gomory D, Roeckel-Drevet P, Cochard H. Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1175-82. [PMID: 21989814 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem cavitation resistance is a key physiological trait correlated with species tolerance to extreme drought stresses. Little is known about the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of this trait in natural tree populations. Here we measured the cavitation resistance of 17 Fagus sylvatica populations representative of the full range of the species in Europe. The trees were grown in three field trials under contrasting climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that the genotypic variability of cavitation resistance is high between genotypes of a given population. By contrast, no significant differences were found for this trait across populations, the mean population cavitation resistance being remarkably constant in each trial. We found a significant site effect and a significant site × population interaction, suggesting that cavitation resistance has a high phenotypic plasticity and that this plasticity is under genetic control. The implications of our findings for beech forest management in a context of climate change are discussed.
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Bauerle TL, Centinari M, Bauerle WL. Shifts in xylem vessel diameter and embolisms in grafted apple trees of differing rootstock growth potential in response to drought. PLANTA 2011; 234:1045-54. [PMID: 21710199 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated responses of plant growth rate, hydraulic resistance, and xylem cavitation in scion-rootstock-combinations of Malus domestica L. cv. Honeycrisp scions grafted onto a high-shoot vigor (HSV) rootstock, (semi-dwarfing Malling111), or onto a low-shoot vigor (LSV) rootstock, (dwarfing Budagovsky 9), in response to substrate moisture limitation. Adjustments in xylem vessel diameter and frequency were related to hydraulic resistance measurements for high- versus low- vigor apple trees. We observed a greater tolerance to water deficit in the high-shoot compared to the low-shoot vigor plants under water deficit as evidenced by increased growth in several plant organs, and greater scion anatomical response to limited water availability with ca. 25% increased vessel frequency and ca. 28% narrower current season xylem ring width. Whereas water limitation resulted in greater graft union hydraulic resistance of high-shoot vigor trees, the opposite was true when water was not limiting. The graft union of the low-shoot vigor rootstock exhibited higher hydraulic resistance under well-watered conditions. Scions of high-shoot vigor rootstocks had fewer embolisms at low plant water status compared to scions of low-shoot vigor rootstocks, presumably as a result of large differences in xylem vessel diameter. Our results demonstrated that anatomical differences were related to shifts in hydraulic conductivity and cavitation events, a direct result of grafting, under limited soil water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn L Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, 134A Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Drought-tolerance of an invasive alien tree, Acacia mearnsii and two native competitors in fynbos riparian ecotones. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Charra-Vaskou K, Mayr S. The hydraulic conductivity of the xylem in conifer needles (Picea abies and Pinus mugo). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4383-4390. [PMID: 21593348 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Main resistances of the plant water transport system are situated in leaves. In contrast to angiosperm leaves, knowledge of conifer needle hydraulics and of the partitioning of resistances within needles is poor. A new technique was developed which enabled flow-meter measurements through needles embedded in paraffin and thus quantification of the specific hydraulic conductivity (K(s)) of the needle xylem. In Picea abies, xylem K(s) of needle and axes as well as in needles of different age were compared. In Pinus mugo, resistance partitioning within needles was estimated by measurements of xylem K(s) and leaf conductance (K(leaf), measured via 'rehydration kinetics'). Mean K(s) in P. abies needles was 3.5×10(-4) m(2) s(-1) MPa(-1) with a decrease in older needles, and over all similar to K(s) of corresponding axes xylem. In needles of P. mugo, K(s) was 0.9×10(-4) m(2) s(-1) MPa(-1), and 24% of total needle resistance was situated in the xylem. The results indicate species-specific differences in the hydraulic efficiency of conifer needle xylem. The vascular section of the water transport system is a minor but relevant resistance in needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katline Charra-Vaskou
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Hamanishi ET, Raj S, Wilkins O, Thomas BR, Mansfield SD, Plant AL, Campbell MM. Intraspecific variation in the Populus balsamifera drought transcriptome. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1742-1755. [PMID: 20525001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major limitation to the growth and productivity of trees in the ecologically and economically important genus Populus. The ability of Populus trees to contend with drought is a function of genome responsiveness to this environmental insult, involving reconfiguration of the transcriptome to appropriately remodel growth, development and metabolism. Here we test hypotheses aimed at examining the extent of intraspecific variation in the drought transcriptome using six different Populus balsamifera L. genotypes and Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Within a given genotype there was a positive correlation between the magnitude of water-deficit induced changes in transcript abundance across the transcriptome, and the capacity of that genotype to maintain growth following water deficit. Genotypes that had more similar drought-responsive transcriptomes also had fewer genotypic differences, as determined by microarray-derived single feature polymorphism (SFP) analysis, suggesting that responses may be conserved across individuals that share a greater degree of genotypic similarity. This work highlights the fact that a core species-level response can be defined; however, the underpinning genotype-derived complexities of the drought response in Populus must be taken into consideration when defining both species- and genus-level responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Hamanishi
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
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Fichot R, Barigah TS, Chamaillard S, LE Thiec D, Laurans F, Cochard H, Brignolas F. Common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits do not hold among unrelated Populus deltoides x Populus nigra hybrids. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1553-68. [PMID: 20444213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between xylem resistance to cavitation and 16 structural and functional traits across eight unrelated Populus deltoides x Populus nigra genotypes grown under two contrasting water regimes. The xylem water potential inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (Psi(50)) varied from -1.60 to -2.40 MPa. Drought-acclimated trees displayed a safer xylem, although the extent of the response was largely genotype dependent, with Psi(50) being decreased by as far as 0.60 MPa. At the tissue level, there was no clear relationship between xylem safety and either xylem water transport efficiency or xylem biomechanics; the only structural trait to be strongly associated with Psi(50) was the double vessel wall thickness, genotypes exhibiting a thicker double wall being more resistant. At the leaf level, increased cavitation resistance was associated with decreased stomatal conductance, while no relationship could be identified with traits associated with carbon uptake or bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, a surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency. At the whole-plant level, increased safety was associated with higher shoot growth potential under well-irrigated regime only. We conclude that common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits that are observed across species may not necessarily hold true at narrower scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, UFR-Faculté des Sciences, UPRES EA 1207 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, BP 6759, France
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Limousin JM, Longepierre D, Huc R, Rambal S. Change in hydraulic traits of Mediterranean Quercus ilex subjected to long-term throughfall exclusion. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1026-36. [PMID: 20621974 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean tree species experience unpredictable climate environments and severe summer droughts and they may be impaired by the trend of decline in precipitation projected as a consequence of global climate change. The response of Quercus ilex to drought was studied by measuring hydraulic traits of trees growing in a mature forest subjected to partial throughfall exclusion for 6 years. We measured hydraulic conductivity, xylem vulnerability to embolism, and anatomical features in branches and roots. Xylem vulnerability to embolism was higher in the dry treatment than in the control treatment, P₅₀ of branches was on average -3.88 +/- 0.80 MPa for the control treatment compared with -3.41 +/- 0.80 MPa for the dry treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant. A similar difference between treatments was observed for roots, which exhibited lower P₅₀ values. This change of xylem vulnerability to embolism was not linked to modification of the hydraulic conductivity or vessel anatomy, which remained unaffected by the throughfall exclusion treatment. The xylem density of branches was lower in the dry treatment. The hydraulic conductivity was correlated with the mean vessel diameter of xylem, but the P₅₀ was not. The main response of trees from the dry treatment to reduced water availability appeared to be a reduction in the transpiring leaf area, which resulted in significantly increased leaf-specific conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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