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Imai D, Nakanishi N, Shinagawa N, Yamamoto S, Ichikawa T, Sumi M, Matsui T, Hosomi Y, Hasegawa Y, Munekawa C, Miyoshi T, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Hashimoto Y, Okada H, Sakui N, Sasano R, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Association of Elevated Serum Branched-chain Amino Acid Levels With Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle Loss. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvad178. [PMID: 38213909 PMCID: PMC10783241 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are substrates for protein synthesis. Although their intake may contribute to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, elevated serum BCAA levels have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, potentially resulting in decreased skeletal muscle mass. Objective This study aimed to explore the association between elevated serum BCAA levels and longitudinal skeletal muscle loss. Design and Setting A cohort analysis was conducted, in which serum amino acids were analyzed in healthy individuals who underwent a medical health checkup at Kameoka Municipal Hospital (HOZUGAWA study), Japan. Patients Seventy-one participants (37 men and 34 women) underwent follow-up checkups after the baseline visit. The follow-up duration was 1.2 ± .4 years. Main Outcome Measures The relationship between fasting baseline serum BCAA levels and lifestyle factors, body composition, blood test results, dietary history, and changes in skeletal muscle mass was evaluated. Results In both men and women, serum BCAA levels were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and serum triglycerides but inversely correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In men, fasting serum BCAA levels were inversely associated with the rate of change in SMI (adjusted β = -.529, P = .006), and elevated BCAA levels were independently associated with a longitudinal decrease in skeletal muscle mass (odds ratio: 1.740; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-2.960 per 50 nmol/mL serum BCAAs increase). Conclusion Increased circulating BCAAs could be an indicator of skeletal muscle loss in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Imai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Natsuko Shinagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinta Yamamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Madoka Sumi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukako Hosomi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuka Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Munekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoki Miyoshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kyoto Okamoto Memorial Hospital, Kyoto, 613-0034, Japan
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kyoto, 621-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, 570-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Mizukami Y, Onishi H, Mifuku Y, Kubota M, Ikeda R, Hayashi H, Yamamura O. The role of fat indices as factors leading to sarcopenia in older adults residing in underpopulated areas. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:70-73. [PMID: 38292122 PMCID: PMC10822752 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Simplifying the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia is key to establishing effective interventions. Herein, we aimed to clarify novel diagnostic factors. We calculated novel fat indices [total fat index (TFI) and limb fat index (LFI)] and clarified factors leading to pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia in 594 enrolled older adults. Physical measurements [height, weight, body mass index (BMI), gait speed, grip strength, and skeletal muscle mass] were performed. Sarcopenia was determined using established diagnostic criteria (pre-sarcopenia, n = 102; sarcopenia, n = 42). Age was associated with sarcopenia status. BMI, TFI, and LFI were lower in patients with pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia. Logistic regression analysis showed the following odds ratios (ORs) for pre-sarcopenia: BMI [OR: 0.787, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7-0.885], LFI (OR: 0.589, 95% CI: 0.402-0.863), and age (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.1). ORs for sarcopenia (vs pre-sarcopenia) were as follows: LFI (OR: 50.6, 95% CI: 10.2-250.0), age (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2), and BMI (OR: 0.418, 95% CI: 0.28-0.608). Our findings contribute to informing medical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Mizukami
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1104, Japan
- Fukui Kosei Hospital, Fukui, Fukui 918-8135, Japan
| | - Hidenori Onishi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yuta Mifuku
- Department of Rehabilitation, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1104, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kubota
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Ryouko Ikeda
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Studies, Jin-ai University, Echizen, Fukui 915-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1104, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamura
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Batterson PM, McGowan EM, Borowik AK, Kinter MT, Miller BF, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. High-fat diet increases electron transfer flavoprotein synthesis and lipid respiration in skeletal muscle during exercise training in female mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15840. [PMID: 37857571 PMCID: PMC10587055 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) and exercise remodel skeletal muscle mitochondria. The electron transfer flavoproteins (ETF) transfer reducing equivalents from β-oxidation into the electron transfer system. Exercise may stimulate the synthesis of ETF proteins to increase lipid respiration. We determined mitochondrial remodeling for lipid respiration through ETF in the context of higher mitochondrial abundance/capacity seen in female mice. We hypothesized HFD would be a greater stimulus than exercise to remodel ETF and lipid pathways through increased protein synthesis alongside increased lipid respiration. Female C57BL/6J mice (n = 15 per group) consumed HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) for 4 weeks then remained sedentary (SED) or completed 8 weeks of treadmill training (EX). We determined mitochondrial lipid respiration, RNA abundance, individual protein synthesis, and abundance for ETFα, ETFβ, and ETF dehydrogenase (ETFDH). HFD increased absolute and relative lipid respiration (p = 0.018 and p = 0.034) and RNA abundance for ETFα (p = 0.026), ETFβ (p = 0.003), and ETFDH (p = 0.0003). HFD increased synthesis for ETFα and ETFDH (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.002). EX increased synthesis of ETFβ and ETFDH (p = 0.008 and p = 0.006). Higher synthesis rates of ETF were not always reflected in greater protein abundance. Greater synthesis of ETF during HFD indicates mitochondrial remodeling which may contribute higher mitochondrial lipid respiration through enhanced ETF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Batterson
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erin M. McGowan
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Agnieszka K. Borowik
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Michael T. Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
- Oklahoma City VAOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Sean A. Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Matthew M. Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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5
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Axelrod CL, Dantas WS, Kirwan JP. Sarcopenic obesity: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Metabolism 2023:155639. [PMID: 37380015 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity, or the loss of muscle mass and function associated with excess adiposity, is a largely untreatable medical condition associated with diminished quality of life and increased risk of mortality. To date, it remains somewhat paradoxical and mechanistically undefined as to why a subset of adults with obesity develop muscular decline, an anabolic stimulus generally associated with retention of lean mass. Here, we review evidence surrounding the definition, etiology, and treatment of sarcopenic obesity with an emphasis on emerging regulatory nodes with therapeutic potential. We review the available clinical evidence largely focused on diet, lifestyle, and behavioral interventions to improve quality of life in patients with sarcopenic obesity. Based upon available evidence, relieving consequences of energy burden such as oxidative stress, myosteatosis, and/or mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising area for therapeutic development in the treatment and management of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wagner S Dantas
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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El Ghoch M, Rossi AP, Verde L, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Savastano S, Colao A. Understanding sarcopenic obesity in young adults in clinical practice: a review of three unsolved questions. Panminerva Med 2022; 64:537-547. [PMID: 36533664 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.22.04784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our aim was to summarize the available literature on three yet unsolved questions, namely: 1) the dilemma surrounding definition of sarcopenic obesity (SO), especially in young adults; 2) the potential impact of this phenotype on weight-loss programme outcomes; and 3) the strategies for optimum management (prevention/treatment) of SO in clinical practice. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review using the PubMed/Medline database was conducted, and data were summarized based on a narrative approach. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Firstly, SO can be screened by the 30-sec sit-to-stand test; ≤25 and ≤21; and confirmed by the ratio of (appendicular lean mass/Body Mass Index) ≤0.789 and 0.512 in males and females, respectively. Secondly, SO is associated with impaired physical fitness, reduced resting energy expenditure and an inactive lifestyle, that seems to negatively impact on weight-management outcomes, namely increasing early dropout and difficulty in maintaining weight loss in the long term. Finally, prevention/treatment of SO in young adults must be realized through tailored lifestyle intervention (diet+exercise) to preserve and improve strength and muscle mass, even where weight loss is necessary. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have clinical implications since they may help in screening, managing and improving the weight-loss outcomes of patients with SO in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan El Ghoch
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arab University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Ospedale Ca' Foncello ULSS2 Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy -
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Endocrinology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Davis AR, Goodenough CG, Westerlind KC, Strange R, Deaver JW, Ryan PJ, Riechman SE, Fluckey JD. Myokines derived from contracting skeletal muscle suppress anabolism in MCF7 breast cancer cells by inhibiting mTOR. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1033585. [PMID: 36388131 PMCID: PMC9644210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1033585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that physical activity has a profound protective effect against multiple types of cancer. Here, we show that this effect may be mediated by factors released from skeletal muscle during simulated exercise, in situ, which suppress canonical anabolic signaling in breast cancer. We report attenuated growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells in the presence of a rodent-derived exercise conditioned perfusate, independent of prior exercise training. This reduction was concomitant with increased levels of DEPTOR protein and reduced mTOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Davis
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chelsea G. Goodenough
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kim C. Westerlind
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Robert Strange
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John W. Deaver
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Patrick J. Ryan
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Steven E. Riechman
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James D. Fluckey
- Texas A&M University, School of Education and Human Development, College Station, TX, United States
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Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are increased in chronically exercised skeletal muscle despite decreased anabolic signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7553. [PMID: 35534615 PMCID: PMC9085756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular responses to acute resistance exercise are well characterized. However, how cellular signals change over time to modulate chronic adaptations to more prolonged exercise training is less well understood. We investigated anabolic signaling and muscle protein synthesis rates at several time points after acute and chronic eccentric loading. Adult rat tibialis anterior muscle was stimulated for six sets of ten repetitions, and the muscle was collected at 0 h, 6 h, 18 h and 48 h. In the last group of animals, 48 h after the first exercise bout a second bout was conducted, and the muscle was collected 6 h later (54 h total). In a second experiment, rats were exposed to four exercise sessions over the course of 2 weeks. Anabolic signaling increased robustly 6 h after the first bout returning to baseline between 18 and 48 h. Interestingly, 6 h after the second bout mTORC1 activity was significantly lower than following the first bout. In the chronically exercised rats, we found baseline anabolic signaling was decreased, whereas myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) was substantially increased, 48 h after the last bout of exercise. The increase in MPS occurred in the absence of changes to muscle fiber size or mass. In conclusion, we find that anabolic signaling is already diminished after the second bout of acute resistance type exercise. Further, chronic exposure to resistance type exercise training results in decreased basal anabolic signaling but increased overall MPS rates.
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Lim S, Deaver JW, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lee DE, Morena da Silva F, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Saling LW, Washington TA, Fluckey JD, Greene NP. Muscle miR-16 deletion results in impaired insulin sensitivity and contractile function in a sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E278-E292. [PMID: 35068192 PMCID: PMC8897019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00333.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are linked to various human diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and emerging evidence suggests that miRs may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Lower miR-16 content is consistent across different models of T2DM; however, the role of miR-16 in muscle metabolic health is still elusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how deletion of miR-16 in mice affects skeletal muscle metabolic health and contractile function in both sexes. This study was conducted using both 1) in vitro and 2) in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, we used C2C12 myoblasts to test if inhibition or overexpression of miR-16 affected insulin-mediated glucose handling. In in vivo experiments, we generated muscle-specific miR-16 knockout (KO) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to assess how miR-16 content impacts metabolic and contractile properties including glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, muscle contractile function, protein anabolism, and mitochondrial network health. In in vitro experiments, although inhibition of miR-16 induced impaired insulin signaling (P = 0.002) and glucose uptake (P = 0.014), overexpression of miR-16 did not attenuate lipid overload-induced insulin resistance using the diacylglycerol analog 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. In in vivo experiments, miR-16 deletion induced both impaired muscle contractility (P = 0.031-0.033), and mitochondrial network health (P = 0.008-0.018) in both sexes. However, although males specifically exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity following miR-16 deletion (P = 0.030), female KO mice showed pronounced glucose intolerance (P = 0.046), corresponding with lower muscle weights (P = 0.015), and protein hyperanabolism (P = 0.023). Our findings suggest distinct sex differences in muscle adaptation in response to miR-16 deletion and miR-16 may serve as a key regulator for metabolic dysregulation in T2DM.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We set to investigate the role of miR-16 in skeletal muscle during diet-induced insulin resistance. Our data provide novel evidence that the lack of miR-16 induced multiple aberrations in insulin sensitivity, muscle contractility, mitochondrial network health, and protein turnover in a sex-dependent manner. Interestingly, miR-16 deletion leads to insulin resistance in males and exacerbated glucose intolerance in females, suggesting different mechanisms of metabolic dysregulation with a lack of miR-16 between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - J William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - David E Lee
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Landen W Saling
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:811751. [PMID: 35250869 PMCID: PMC8892203 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.811751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is defined as a multifactorial disease in aging with decreased body muscle, decreased muscle strength, decreased independence, increased fat mass, due to decreased physical activity, changes in adipokines and myokines, and decreased satellite cells. People with sarcopenic obesity cause harmful changes in myokines and adipokines. These changes are due to a decrease interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-15 (IL-15), insulin-like growth factor hormone (IGF-1), irisin, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), adiponectin, and apelin. While factors such as myostatin, leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and resistin increase. The consequences of these changes are an increase in inflammatory factors, increased degradation of muscle proteins, increased fat mass, and decreased muscle tissue, which exacerbates sarcopenia obesity. In contrast, exercise, especially strength training, reverses this process, which includes increasing muscle protein synthesis, increasing myogenesis, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing brown fat, reducing white fat, reducing inflammatory factors, and reducing muscle atrophy. Since some people with chronic diseases are not able to do high-intensity strength training, exercises with blood flow restriction (BFR) are newly recommended. Numerous studies have shown that low-intensity BFR training produces the same increase in hypertrophy and muscle strength such as high-intensity strength training. Therefore, it seems that exercise interventions with BFR can be an effective way to prevent the exacerbation of sarcopenia obesity. However, due to limited studies on adipokines and exercises with BFR in people with sarcopenic obesity, more research is needed.
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11
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Wilburn D, Ismaeel A, Machek S, Fletcher E, Koutakis P. Shared and distinct mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101463. [PMID: 34534682 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is an incredibly nuanced balance of anabolism and catabolism that can become distorted within different pathological conditions. In this paper we intend to discuss the distinct intracellular signaling events that regulate muscle protein atrophy for a given clinical occurrence. Aside from the common outcome of muscle deterioration, several conditions have at least one or more distinct mechanisms that creates unique intracellular environments that facilitate muscle loss. The subtle individuality to each of these given pathologies can provide both researchers and clinicians with specific targets of interest to further identify and increase the efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Steven Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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12
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O'Reilly CL, Uranga S, Fluckey JD. Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:70-86. [PMID: 34630911 PMCID: PMC8473417 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise despite the amount of research dedicated to finding the culprits of this debilitating disease. Skeletal muscle is arguably the most important contributor to glucose disposal making it a clear target in insulin resistance and T2D research. Within skeletal muscle there is a clear link to metabolic dysregulation during the progression of T2D but the determination of culprits vs consequences of the disease has been elusive. Emerging evidence in skeletal muscle implicates influential cross talk between a key anabolic regulatory protein, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and the well-described canonical signaling for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This new understanding of cellular signaling crosstalk has blurred the lines of what is a culprit and what is a consequence with regard to insulin resistance. Here, we briefly review the most recent understanding of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and how anabolic responses favoring anabolism directly impact cellular glucose disposal. This review highlights key cross-over interactions between protein and glucose regulatory pathways and the implications this may have for the design of new therapeutic targets for the control of glucoregulatory function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selina Uranga
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
| | - James D Fluckey
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, United States
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13
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Impaired skeletal muscle hypertrophy signaling and amino acid deprivation response in Apoe knockout mice with an unhealthy lipoprotein distribution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16423. [PMID: 34385572 PMCID: PMC8360952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores if unhealthy lipoprotein distribution (LPD) impairs the anabolic and amino acid sensing responses to whey-protein feeding. Thus, if impairment of such anabolic response to protein consumption is seen by the LPD this may negatively affect the skeletal muscle mass. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was measured by puromycin labeling in Apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe KO), characterized by an unhealthy LPD, and wild type mice post-absorptive at 10 and 20 weeks, and post-prandial after whey-protein feeding at 20 weeks. Hypertrophy signaling and amino acid sensing mechanisms were studied and gut microbiome diversity explored. Surprisingly, whey-protein feeding did not affect MPS. p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 was increased 2 h after whey-protein feeding in both genotypes, but with general lower levels in Apoe KO compared to wild type. At 20 weeks of age, Apoe KO had a greater mRNA-expression for SNAT2, CD98, ATF4 and GCN2 compared to wild type. These responses were not associated with gut microbiota compositional differences. Regardless of LPD status, MPS was similar in Apoe KO and wild type. Surprisingly, whey-protein did not stimulate MPS. However, Apoe KO had lower levels of hypertrophy signaling, was amino acid deprived, and had impaired amino acid sensing mechanisms.
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14
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Huwatibieke B, Yin W, Liu L, Jin Y, Xiang X, Han J, Zhang W, Li Y. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway Regulates Mitochondrial Quality Control of Brown Adipocytes in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638352. [PMID: 34335285 PMCID: PMC8317026 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important protein kinase that senses changes in extracellular and intracellular energy levels and plays a key role in regulating energy metabolism. Brown adipose tissue, which can be converted to white adipose tissue, contains a large number of mitochondria and regulates energy expenditure through thermogenesis. Because obesity is a process of fat accumulation due to chronic excessive energy intake, we attempted to determine whether the mTOR signaling pathway can affect the mitochondrial quality control of brown adipocytes through sensing energy status, thereby regulating brown/white adipocyte transformation. In the present study, through activation or inhibition of mTOR signaling, we detected mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and autophagy-related markers in brown adipocytes. We found that activation of mTOR signaling downregulated the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and autophagy-relevant markers and inhibited the mitochondrial quality control of brown adipocytes, indicating a phenotypic transformation of brown to white adipocytes. In contrast, inhibition of mTOR signaling upregulated the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy-relevant markers and strengthened mitochondrial quality control, suggesting an inhibition of the phenotypic transformation of brown to white adipocytes. In conclusion, the mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in modulating the transformation of adipocytes by regulating mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahetiyaer Huwatibieke
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingchao Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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15
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Use of deuterium oxide ( 2H 2O) to assess muscle protein synthesis in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed complete, and valine-deficient diets. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1431-1439. [PMID: 34232398 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of 2H2O in tank water to assess protein synthesis rates in fish is a relatively novel methodology that could allow for a better understanding of the effects of particular nutritional and environmental variables on rates of protein accretion. As such, this study involved an assessment and comparison of protein synthesis rates in the muscle of juvenile red drum fed a control diet (nutritionally complete) versus a valine (Val)-deficient diet. Six groups of 12 juvenile red drum, initially weighing ~ 4.5 g/fish, were stocked in six separate 38-L aquaria operating as a recirculating system. Fish were acclimatized to experimental conditions for 2 weeks while being fed the control diet. Just prior to initiating the protein synthesis assay, one aquarium of fish was fed the control diet while a second aquarium of fish was fed the Val-deficient diet. Immediately after consuming the experimental diets, each group of fish was moved to an independent aquarium containing 2H2O, and the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of protein synthesis was obtained at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after feeding by collecting two fish per treatment at each time point. This protein synthesis assay procedure was performed in three separate sessions, and considered as replicates over time (n = 3) for fish fed the control or Val-deficient diets immediately before initiating the session. Results indicated that a one-time feeding of a diet deficient in Val significantly reduced protein synthesis rates in the muscle of red drum. In addition, a significant effect of time after feeding was found, where observed FSR values peaked at 12 h after feeding and decreased as time progressed. In conclusion, deuterium methodologies were applicable to red drum, and this approach had the sensitivity to assess differences in protein synthesis rates when dietary perturbations were introduced.
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16
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Okun JG, Rusu PM, Chan AY, Wu Y, Yap YW, Sharkie T, Schumacher J, Schmidt KV, Roberts-Thomson KM, Russell RD, Zota A, Hille S, Jungmann A, Maggi L, Lee Y, Blüher M, Herzig S, Keske MA, Heikenwalder M, Müller OJ, Rose AJ. Liver alanine catabolism promotes skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Nat Metab 2021; 3:394-409. [PMID: 33758419 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both obesity and sarcopenia are frequently associated in ageing, and together may promote the progression of related conditions such as diabetes and frailty. However, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning this association. Here we show that systemic alanine metabolism is linked to glycaemic control. We find that expression of alanine aminotransferases is increased in the liver in mice with obesity and diabetes, as well as in humans with type 2 diabetes. Hepatocyte-selective silencing of both alanine aminotransferase enzymes in mice with obesity and diabetes retards hyperglycaemia and reverses skeletal muscle atrophy through restoration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Mechanistically, liver alanine catabolism driven by chronic glucocorticoid and glucagon signalling promotes hyperglycaemia and skeletal muscle wasting. We further provide evidence for amino acid-induced metabolic cross-talk between the liver and skeletal muscle in ex vivo experiments. Taken together, we reveal a metabolic inter-tissue cross-talk that links skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen G Okun
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia M Rusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Y Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuqin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yann W Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Sharkie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonas Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin V Schmidt
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine M Roberts-Thomson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan D Russell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Health Professions, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Annika Zota
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital and Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludovico Maggi
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Young Lee
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital and Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Swaminathan A, Fokin A, Venckūnas T, Degens H. Methionine restriction plus overload improves skeletal muscle and metabolic health in old mice on a high fat diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1260. [PMID: 33441954 PMCID: PMC7806605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MR) has been shown to reduce the age-induced inflammation. We examined the effect of MR (0.17% methionine, 10% kCal fat) and MR + high fat diet (HFD) (0.17% methionine, 45% kCal fat) on body mass, food intake, glucose tolerance, resting energy expenditure, hind limb muscle mass, denervation-induced atrophy and overload-induced hypertrophy in young and old mice. In old mice, MR and MR + HFD induced a decrease in body mass. Muscle mass per body mass was lower in old compared to young mice. MR restored some of the HFD-induced reduction in muscle oxidative capacity. The denervation-induced atrophy of the m. gastrocnemius was larger in animals on MR than on a control diet, irrespective of age. Old mice on MR had larger hypertrophy of m. plantaris. Irrespective of age, MR and MR + HFD had better glucose tolerance compared to the other groups. Young and old mice on MR + HFD had a higher resting VO2 per body mass than HFD group. Mice on MR and MR + HFD had a resting respiratory quotient closer to 0.70, irrespective of age, indicating an increased utilization of lipids. In conclusion, MR in combination with resistance training may improve skeletal muscle and metabolic health in old age even in the face of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandini Swaminathan
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrej Fokin
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckūnas
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hans Degens
- grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XInstitute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania ,grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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18
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Chakravarthy MV, Siddiqui MS, Forsgren MF, Sanyal AJ. Harnessing Muscle-Liver Crosstalk to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592373. [PMID: 33424768 PMCID: PMC7786290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions, affecting an estimated one-quarter of the world's adult population. Multiple organ systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of NAFLD; however, the role of skeletal muscle has until recently been largely overlooked. A growing body of evidence places skeletal muscle-via its impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation-and the muscle-liver axis at the center of the NAFLD pathogenic cascade. Population-based studies suggest that sarcopenia is an effect-modifier across the NAFLD spectrum in that it is tightly linked to an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced liver fibrosis, all independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies suggest that increases in skeletal muscle mass over time may both reduce the incidence of NAFLD and improve preexisting NAFLD. Adverse muscle composition, comprising both low muscle volume and high muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis), is highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD. The risk of functional disability conferred by low muscle volume in NAFLD is further exacerbated by the presence of myosteatosis, which is twice as common in NAFLD as in other chronic liver diseases. Crosstalk between muscle and liver is influenced by several factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, ectopic fat deposition, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory mediators. In this perspective review, we discuss key pathophysiological processes driving sarcopenia in NAFLD: anabolic resistance, insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility and systemic inflammation. Interventions that modify muscle quantity (mass), muscle quality (fat), and physical function by simultaneously engaging multiple targets and pathways implicated in muscle-liver crosstalk may be required to address the multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and provide effective and durable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad S. Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mikael F. Forsgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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19
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Deaver JW, López SM, Ryan PJ, Nghiem PP, Riechman SE, Fluckey JD. Regulation of cellular anabolism by mTOR: or how I learned to stop worrying and love translation. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:195-201. [PMID: 35782997 PMCID: PMC9219308 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. William Deaver
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, 107 Gilchrist Building, 2929 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sara Mata López
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, 402 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy Building 2, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Patrick J. Ryan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, 107 Gilchrist Building, 2929 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Peter P. Nghiem
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, 402 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy Building 2, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven E. Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, 107 Gilchrist Building, 2929 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - James D. Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, 107 Gilchrist Building, 2929 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Health and Kinesiology, 107 Gilchrist Building, Room 313, 2929 Research Parkway, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA.
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20
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Chao YP, Chen WL, Peng TC, Wu LW, Liaw FY, Kao TW. Examining the association between muscle mass, muscle function, and fat indexes in an elderly population. Nutrition 2020; 83:111071. [PMID: 33360504 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skeletal muscle mass with function decline indicated as sarcopenia, which may cause disability in elderly adults. Studies regarding fat composition in sarcopenia have gained attraction recently; however, different fat indexes have yielded different findings. It is necessary to explore the association between muscle mass, muscle function, and fat indexes among elderly adults. METHODS Community-dwelling elderly adults ages 65 and older who received annual health examination or outpatient services were enrolled. Hand grip strength and gait speed were measured. Muscle and fat mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Presarcopenia was defined as loss of muscle mass only; sarcopenia was loss of muscle mass accompanied by low grip strength or/and slow gait speed. The relationships between sarcopenia parameters and different fat indexes among elderly adults were analyzed. RESULTS There were 295 participants recruited. The presarcopenia group showed lower fat indexes compared to the sarcopenia group. Negative correlations existed between sarcopenia parameters (skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, gait speed) and fat indexes (body-fat percentage, fat-to-muscle ratio). In the multiple hierarchical regression model, gait speed was negatively associated with body-fat percentage (β = -0.255, P = 0.009) and fat-to-muscle ratio (β = -0.272, P = 0.005) in the male group. In the female group, grip strength was inversely associated with body-fat percentage (β = -0.232, P = 0.009) and fat-to-muscle ratio (β = -0.195, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Individuals in the presarcopenia group had lower fat indexes than those in the sarcopenia group. Gait speed in men and hand grip strength in women-but not muscle mass for either- were negatively associated with body-fat percentage and fat-to-muscle ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Chao
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tao-Chun Peng
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yih Liaw
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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21
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Dysregulated Autophagy Mediates Sarcopenic Obesity and Its Complications via AMPK and PGC1α Signaling Pathways: Potential Involvement of Gut Dysbiosis as a Pathological Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186887. [PMID: 32961822 PMCID: PMC7555990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SOB), which is closely related to being elderly as a feature of aging, is recently gaining attention because it is associated with many other age-related diseases that present as altered intercellular communication, dysregulated nutrient sensing, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Along with insulin resistance and inflammation as the core pathogenesis of SOB, autophagy has recently gained attention as a significant mechanism of muscle aging in SOB. Known as important cellular metabolic regulators, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) signaling pathways play an important role in autophagy, inflammation, and insulin resistance, as well as mutual communication between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver. Furthermore, AMPK and PGC-1α signaling pathways are implicated in the gut microbiome-muscle axis. In this review, we describe the pathological link between SOB and its associated complications such as metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver disease, falls and fractures, osteoarthritis, pulmonary disease, and mental health via dysregulated autophagy controlled by AMPK and/or PGC-1α signaling pathways. Here, we propose potential treatments for SOB by modulating autophagy activity and gut dysbiosis based on plausible pathological links.
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Lee Y, Chakraborty S, Muthuchamy M. Roles of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase pump in the impairments of lymphatic contractile activity in a metabolic syndrome rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12320. [PMID: 32704072 PMCID: PMC7378550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic lymphatic contractile activity is necessary for proper lymph transport. Mesenteric lymphatic vessels from high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) rats exhibited impairments in its intrinsic phasic contractile activity; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the weaker lymphatic pumping activity in MetSyn conditions are unknown. Several metabolic disease models have shown that dysregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump is one of the key determinants of the phenotypes seen in various muscle tissues. Hence, we hypothesized that a decrease in SERCA pump expression and/or activity in lymphatic muscle influences the diminished lymphatic vessel contractions in MetSyn animals. Results demonstrated that SERCA inhibitor, thapsigargin, significantly reduced lymphatic phasic contractile frequency and amplitude in control vessels, whereas, the reduced MetSyn lymphatic contractile activity was not further diminished by thapsigargin. While SERCA2a expression was significantly decreased in MetSyn lymphatic vessels, myosin light chain 20, MLC20 phosphorylation was increased in these vessels. Additionally, insulin resistant lymphatic muscle cells exhibited elevated intracellular calcium and decreased SERCA2a expression and activity. The SERCA activator, CDN 1163 partially restored lymphatic contractile activity in MetSyn lymphatic vessel by increasing phasic contractile frequency. Thus, our data provide the first evidence that SERCA2a modulates the lymphatic pumping activity by regulating phasic contractile amplitude and frequency, but not the lymphatic tone. Diminished lymphatic contractile activity in the vessels from the MetSyn animal is associated with the decreased SERCA2a expression and impaired SERCA2 activity in lymphatic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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França GDO, Frantz EDC, Magliano DC, Bargut TCL, Sepúlveda-Fragoso V, Silvares RR, Daliry A, Nascimento ARD, Borges JP. Effects of short-term high-intensity interval and continuous exercise training on body composition and cardiac function in obese sarcopenic rats. Life Sci 2020; 256:117920. [PMID: 32522571 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the effects of high-intensity interval and continuous short-term exercise on body composition and cardiac function after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in obese rats. METHODS Rats fed with a standard chow diet (SC) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks underwent systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycemia and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analyses. Then, animals fed with HFD were subdivided into three groups: sedentary (HFD-SED); moderate-intensity continuous training (HFD-MICT); and high-intensity interval training (HFD-HIIT). Exercised groups underwent four isocaloric aerobic exercise sessions, in which HFD-MICT maintained the intensity continuously and HFD-HIIT alternated it. After exercise sessions, all groups underwent global IRI and myocardial infarct size (IS) was determined histologically. Fat and muscle mass were weighted, and protein levels involved in muscle metabolism were assessed in skeletal muscle. RESULTS HFD-fed versus SC-fed rats reduced lean body mass by 31% (P < 0.001), while SBP, glycemia and body fat percentage were increased by 10% (P = 0.04), 30% (P = 0.006) and 54% (P < 0.001); respectively. HFD-induced muscle atrophy was restored in exercised groups, as only HFD-SED presented lower gastrocnemius (32%; P = 0.001) and quadriceps mass (62%; P < 0.001) than SC. PGC1-α expression was 2.7-fold higher in HFD-HIIT versus HFD-SED (P = 0.04), whereas HFD-HIIT and HFD-MICT exhibited 1.7-fold increase in p-mTORSer2481 levels compared to HFD-SED (P = 0.04). Although no difference was detected among groups for IS (P = 0.30), only HFD-HIIT preserved left-ventricle developed pressure after IRI (+0.7 mmHg; P = 0.9). SIGNIFICANCE Short-term exercise, continuous or HIIT, restored HFD-induced muscle atrophy and increased mTOR expression, but only HIIT maintained myocardial contractility following IRI in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme de Oliveira França
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Department of Morphology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology - INCT (In)activity and Exercise, CNPq - Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Department of Morphology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Sepúlveda-Fragoso
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Department of Morphology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rangel Silvares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Pereira Borges
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Miller BF, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Mitochondrial adaptations to exercise do not require Bcl2-mediated autophagy but occur with BNIP3/Parkin activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:4602-4618. [PMID: 32030805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902594rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial respiratory function and adaptations to metabolic challenges, such as exercise and high dietary fat, is necessary to promote skeletal muscle health and attenuate metabolic disease. Autophagy is a constitutively active degradation pathway that promotes mitochondrial turnover and transiently increases postexercise. Recent evidence indicates Bcl2 mediates exercise-induced autophagy and skeletal muscle adaptions to training during high-fat diet. We determined if improvements in mitochondrial respiration due to exercise training required Bcl2-mediated autophagy using a transgenic mouse model of impaired inducible autophagy (Bcl2AAA ). Mitochondrial adaptations to a treadmill exercise training protocol, in either low-fat or high-fat diet fed mice, did not require Bcl2-mediated autophagy activation. Instead, training increased protein synthesis rates and basal autophagy in the Bcl2AAA mice, while acute exercise activated BNIP3 and Parkin autophagy. High-fat diet stimulated lipid-specific mitochondrial adaptations. These data demonstrate increases in basal mitochondrial turnover, not transient activation with exercise, mediate adaptations to exercise and high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Targeting Age-Dependent Functional and Metabolic Decline of Human Skeletal Muscle: The Geroprotective Role of Exercise, Myokine IL-6, and Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031010. [PMID: 32033000 PMCID: PMC7037081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the elderly, whole-body health largely relies on healthy skeletal muscle, which controls body stability, locomotion, and metabolic homeostasis. Age-related skeletal muscle structural/functional deterioration is associated with a higher risk of severe comorbid conditions and poorer outcomes, demanding major socioeconomic costs. Thus, the need for efficient so-called geroprotective strategies to improve resilience and ensure a good quality of life in older subjects is urgent. Skeletal muscle senescence and metabolic dysregulation share common cellular/intracellular mechanisms, potentially representing targets for intervention to preserve muscle integrity. Many factors converge in aging, and multifaceted approaches have been proposed as interventions, although they have often been inconclusive. Physical exercise can counteract aging and metabolic deficits, not only in maintaining tissue mass, but also by preserving tissue secretory function. Indeed, skeletal muscle is currently considered a proper secretory organ controlling distant organ functions through immunoactive regulatory small peptides called myokines. This review provides a current perspective on the main biomolecular mechanisms underlying age-dependent and metabolic deterioration of skeletal muscle, herein discussed as a secretory organ, the functional integrity of which largely depends on exercise and myokine release. In particular, muscle-derived interleukin (IL)-6 is discussed as a nutrient-level biosensor. Overall, exercise and vitamin D are addressed as optimal geroprotective strategies in view of their multi-target effects.
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Saitoh M, Ogawa M, Kondo H, Suga K, Takahashi T, Itoh H, Tabata Y. Sarcopenic obesity and its association with frailty and protein-energy wasting in hemodialysis patients: preliminary data from a single center in Japan. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-019-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity and their association with frailty and protein-energy wasting (PEW) in hemodialysis patients.
Methods
The present study enrolled 117 adult hemodialysis patients (35% female, 64 ± 12 years old) from single units of a hemodialysis center. The patients were divided into four groups: normal, obese, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria, and obesity was defined as an extensive percent body fat mass greater than 40% in females and 30% in males. Skeletal muscle mass and percent fat mass were evaluated by multifrequency whole-body bioimpedance electrical analysis after a midweek dialysis session. Handgrip strength and a short physical performance battery (SPPB) were assessed before a dialysis session as indicators of muscle strength and physical performance. Moreover, participants completed the Kihon Checklist and the criteria proposed by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism expert panel to classify frailty and PEW. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify the clinical risk of frailty and PEW in patients with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity.
Results
Forty-six (39.3%) patients were classified as normal; 18 (15.4%), as obese; 35 (29.9%), as having sarcopenia; and 18 (15.4%), as having sarcopenic obesity. The sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity group had significantly lower handgrip strength than the normal or obesity group (all p < 0.05). In addition, the sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity groups had significantly lower SPPB scores than the normal group (p < 0.05, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, the sarcopenic obesity group had a significantly higher risk of frailty than the normal group in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for age and gender (OR 4.518, 95%CI 1.218–16.752, p = 0.024). However, sarcopenic obesity was not associated with a higher likelihood of PEW, and sarcopenia imposed a significantly higher risk of PEW (OR 4.272, 95%CI 1.157–15.778, p = 0.029) than that in the normal group after adjusting for confounding factors.
Conclusion
Sarcopenic obesity was closely associated with frailty compared with the normal condition in HD patients. However, sarcopenic obesity was not associated with a higher likelihood of PEW.
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Impact of dietary protein intake and obesity on lean mass in middle-aged individuals after a 12-year follow-up: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Br J Nutr 2019; 122:322-330. [PMID: 31177993 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between protein intake and lean mass according to obesity status over a 12-year period. Data on 4412 participants aged 40-69 years were obtained from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The usual dietary protein intake of these participants was assessed at baseline using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline and after a 12-year follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between lean mass after a 12-year follow-up and protein intake at baseline. After adjusting for covariates and lean mass at baseline, comparisons between the highest and lowest tertiles revealed that dietary protein intake was positively associated with lean mass in both men (β = 0·79, P = 0·001) and women (β = 0·28, P = 0·082) after the 12-year period; however, those differences were attenuated after additional adjustment for fat mass at baseline and were stronger in the normal-weight group (men, β = 0·85, P = 0·002; women, β = 0·97, P < 0·001) but were not detected in the obese group. In the obese group, age (men, β = 4·08, P < 0·001; women, β = 2·61, P < 0·001) and regular physical activity (men, β = 0·88, P = 0·054; women, β = 0·76, P < 0·001) were significantly associated with lean mass after 12 years of follow-up. The results of the present study showed that protein intake may contribute to the prevention of ageing-related lean mass loss; however, the impact of this intake may vary depending on obesity status. Therefore, the maintenance of a healthy body weight during ageing through enhanced protein intake is likely to confer health benefits.
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Rubio-Ruiz ME, Guarner-Lans V, Pérez-Torres I, Soto ME. Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Syndrome-Related Sarcopenia and Possible Therapeutic Measures. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030647. [PMID: 30717377 PMCID: PMC6387003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several reviews that report the interrelationship between sarcopenia and obesity and insulin resistance, the relation between sarcopenia and the other signs that compose the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been extensively revised. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying MetS-related sarcopenia and discuss the possible therapeutic measures proposed. A vicious cycle between the loss of muscle and the accumulation of intramuscular fat might be associated with MetS via a complex interplay of factors including nutritional intake, physical activity, body fat, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, hormonal changes, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The enormous differences in lipid storage capacities between the two genders and elevated amounts of endogenous fat having lipotoxic effects that lead to the loss of muscle mass are discussed. The important repercussions of MetS-related sarcopenia on other illnesses that lead to increased disability, morbidity, and mortality are also addressed. Additional research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of MetS-related sarcopenia and its consequences. Although there is currently no consensus on the treatment, lifestyle changes including diet and power exercise seem to be the best options.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - María Elena Soto
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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Zhong VW, Bancks MP, Schreiner PJ, Lewis CE, Steffen LM, Meigs JB, Schrader LA, Schorr M, Miller KK, Sidney S, Carnethon MR. Insulin resistance since early adulthood and appendicular lean mass in middle-aged adults without diabetes: 20 years of the CARDIA study. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:84-90. [PMID: 30270020 PMCID: PMC6324968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the association between 20-year trajectories in insulin resistance (IR) since young adulthood and appendicular lean mass (ALM) at middle-age in adults without diabetes. METHODS A prospective cohort study was designed among young and middle-aged US men (n = 925) and women (n = 1193). Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured five times in 1985-2005. IR was determined using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). ALM was measured in 2005 and ALM adjusted for BMI (ALM/BMI) was the outcome. Sex-specific analyses were performed. RESULTS Three HOMA-IR trajectories were identified. Compared to the low-stable group, the adjusted ALM/BMI difference was -0.041 (95% CI: -0.060 to -0.022) and -0.114 (-0.141 to -0.086) in men, and -0.052 (-0.065 to -0.039) and -0.043 (-0.063 to -0.023) in women, respectively, for the medium-increase and high-increase groups. Further adjusting for the treadmill test duration attenuated these estimates to -0.022 (-0.040 to -0.004) and -0.061 (-0.089 to -0.034) in men and -0.026 (-0.038 to -0.014) and -0.007 (-0.026 to 0.012) in women. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the low-stable insulin resistance trajectory between early and middle adulthood, the high-increase trajectory was associated with lower ALM/BMI in middle-aged men, but not women, without diabetes, after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Zhong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Michael P Bancks
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Population and Medical Genetics, Broad Institute, USA
| | - Lauren A Schrader
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melanie Schorr
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mercedes R Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Caron A, Briscoe DM, Richard D, Laplante M. DEPTOR at the Nexus of Cancer, Metabolism, and Immunity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1765-1803. [PMID: 29897294 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DEP domain-containing mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-interacting protein (DEPTOR) is an important modulator of mTOR, a kinase at the center of two important protein complexes named mTORC1 and mTORC2. These highly studied complexes play essential roles in regulating growth, metabolism, and immunity in response to mitogens, nutrients, and cytokines. Defects in mTOR signaling have been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer and diabetes, and approaches aiming at modulating mTOR activity are envisioned as an attractive strategy to improve human health. DEPTOR interaction with mTOR represses its kinase activity and rewires the mTOR signaling pathway. Over the last years, several studies have revealed key roles for DEPTOR in numerous biological and pathological processes. Here, we provide the current state of the knowledge regarding the cellular and physiological functions of DEPTOR by focusing on its impact on the mTOR pathway and its role in promoting health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - David M Briscoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts ; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval , Québec , Canada ; and Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval , Québec , Canada
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31
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Brown JL, Lee DE, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Brown LA, Perry RA, Haynie WS, Huseman K, Sataranatarajan K, Van Remmen H, Washington TA, Wiggs MP, Greene NP. Protein imbalance in the development of skeletal muscle wasting in tumour-bearing mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:987-1002. [PMID: 30328290 PMCID: PMC6204589 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia occurs in approximately 80% of cancer patients and is a key contributor to cancer-related death. The mechanisms controlling development of tumour-induced muscle wasting are not fully elucidated. Specifically, the progression and development of cancer cachexia are underexplored. Therefore, we examined skeletal muscle protein turnover throughout the development of cancer cachexia in tumour-bearing mice. METHODS Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was injected into the hind flank of C57BL6/J mice at 8 weeks age with tumour allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks and compared with PBS injected control. Muscle size was measured by cross-sectional area analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained tibialis anterior muscle. 2 H2 O was used to assess protein synthesis throughout the development of cancer cachexia. Immunoblot and RT-qPCR were used to measure regulators of protein turnover. TUNEL staining was utilized to measure apoptotic nuclei. LLC conditioned media (LCM) treatment of C2C12 myotubes was used to analyse cancer cachexia in vitro. RESULTS Muscle cross-sectional area decreased ~40% 4 weeks following tumour implantation. Myogenic signalling was suppressed in tumour-bearing mice as soon as 1 week following tumour implantation, including lower mRNA contents of Pax7, MyoD, CyclinD1, and Myogenin, when compared with control animals. AchRδ and AchRε mRNA contents were down-regulated by ~50% 3 weeks following tumour implantation. Mixed fractional synthesis rate protein synthesis was ~40% lower in 4 week tumour-bearing mice when compared with PBS controls. Protein ubiquitination was elevated by ~50% 4 weeks after tumour implantation. Moreover, there was an increase in autophagy machinery after 4 weeks of tumour growth. Finally, ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylations were fourfold and threefold greater than control muscle 4 weeks following tumour implantation, respectively. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK MAPK, in vitro partially rescued LCM-induced loss of myotube diameter. CONCLUSIONS Our findings work towards understanding the pathophysiological signalling in skeletal muscle in the initial development of cancer cachexia. Shortly following the onset of the tumour-bearing state alterations in myogenic regulatory factors are apparent, suggesting early onset alterations in the capacity for myogenic induction. Cancer cachexia presents with a combination of a loss of protein synthesis and increased markers of protein breakdown, specifically in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Also, p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target to combat cancer cachexia via a p38-FOX01-atrogene-ubiquitin-proteasome mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - David E Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lemuel A Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kendra Huseman
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Kavithalakshmi Sataranatarajan
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Integrated Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Batsis
- Sections of General Internal Medicine and Weight and Wellness, and the Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, The Health Promotion Research Center and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Dennis T Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Shimkus KL, Shirazi-Fard Y, Wiggs MP, Ullah ST, Pohlenz C, Gatlin DM, Carroll CC, Hogan HA, Fluckey JD. Responses of skeletal muscle size and anabolism are reproducible with multiple periods of unloading/reloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1456-1467. [PMID: 30091665 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00736.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical unloading has long been understood to contribute to rapid and substantial adaptations within skeletal muscle, most notably, muscle atrophy. Studies have often demonstrated that many of the alterations resulting from disuse are reversed with a reintroduction of load and have supported the concept of muscle plasticity. We hypothesized that adaptations during disuse and recovery were a repeatable/reproducible phenomenon, which we tested with repeated changes in mechanical load. Rats were assigned to one of the following five groups: animals undergoing one or two bouts of hindlimb unloading (28 days), with or without recovery (56 day), or control. Following the completion of their final time point, posterior crural muscles were studied. Muscle sizes were lower following 28 days of disuse but fully recovered with a 56-day reloading period, regardless of the number of disuse/recovery cycles. Mixed protein fractional synthesis rates consistently reflected mass and loading conditions (supported by anabolic signaling), whereas the myofibrillar protein synthesis response varied among muscles. Amino acid concentrations were assessed in the gastrocnemius free pool and did not correlate with muscle atrophy associated with mechanical unloading. Muscle collagen concentrations were higher following the second unloading period and remained elevated following 56 days of recovery. Anabolic responses to alterations in load are preserved throughout multiple perturbations, but repeated periods of unloading may cause additive strain to muscle structure (collagen). This study suggests that whereas mass and anabolism are reproducibly reflective of the loading environment, repeated exposure to unloading and/or reloading may impact the overall structural integrity of muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Repeatability should be considered a component of skeletal muscle plasticity during atrophy and recovery. Muscle anabolism is equally affected during a first or second disuse bout and returns equally with adequate recovery. Elevated muscle collagen concentrations observed after the second unloading period suggest altered structural integrity with repeated disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Shimkus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Shaik T Ullah
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Camilo Pohlenz
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Harry A Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Skeletal muscle autophagy remains responsive to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia at higher plasma insulin concentrations in insulin-resistant mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13810. [PMID: 30047243 PMCID: PMC6060106 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle autophagy is suppressed by insulin, but it is not clear if such suppression is altered with insulin resistance. We investigated if the inhibitory action of insulin on autophagy remains intact despite insulin resistance to glucose metabolism. C57BL/6J mice consumed either a low-fat (10% fat) diet as control or high-fat (60% fat) diet for 12 weeks to induce insulin resistance. Following a 5-hour fast, mice underwent either hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic, or saline infusion to test the effect of insulin on autophagy markers in the quadriceps muscle (n = 8-10 per diet and clamp condition). Mice were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital for tissue collection after 2 h of infusion. Despite the high-fat group having lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, both low-fat and high-fat groups had similar autophagosome abundance during hyperinsulinemic conditions. The lipidation of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II/LC3I) was decreased in hyperinsulinemia versus saline control (P < 0.01) in low-fat (-54%) and high-fat groups (-47%), demonstrating similar suppression of autophagy between diet groups. Mitochondrial-associated LC3II was greater in the high-fat compared to the low-fat group (P = 0.045) across clamp conditions, suggesting a greater localization of autophagosomes with mitochondria. L6 myotubes were treated with insulin and rapamycin to determine the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) in insulin-mediated suppression of autophagy. Inhibition of mTORC1 blunted the decline of LC3II/LC3I with insulin by 40%, suggesting mTORC1 partially mediates the insulin action to suppress autophagy. Collectively, autophagy remained responsive to the suppressive effects of insulin in otherwise insulin-resistant and obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Ehrlicher
- College of Public Health and Human SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | | | - Sean A. Newsom
- College of Public Health and Human SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Matthew M. Robinson
- College of Public Health and Human SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
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Trouwborst I, Verreijen A, Memelink R, Massanet P, Boirie Y, Weijs P, Tieland M. Exercise and Nutrition Strategies to Counteract Sarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients 2018; 10:E605. [PMID: 29757230 PMCID: PMC5986485 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population is aging rapidly, there is a strong increase in the number of individuals with chronic disease and physical limitations. The decrease in skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) and the increase in fat mass (obesity) are important contributors to the development of physical limitations, which aggravates the chronic diseases prognosis. The combination of the two conditions, which is referred to as sarcopenic obesity, amplifies the risk for these negative health outcomes, which demonstrates the importance of preventing or counteracting sarcopenic obesity. One of the main challenges is the preservation of the skeletal muscle mass and function, while simultaneously reducing the fat mass in this population. Exercise and nutrition are two key components in the development, as well as the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity. The main aim of this narrative review is to summarize the different, both separate and combined, exercise and nutrition strategies so as to prevent and/or counteract sarcopenic obesity. This review therefore provides a current update of the various exercise and nutritional strategies to improve the contrasting body composition changes and physical functioning in sarcopenic obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Trouwborst
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amely Verreijen
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Memelink
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pablo Massanet
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Nimes University Hospital, place du Pr Debré, 30029 Nimes, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Nimes University Hospital, place du Pr Debré, 30029 Nimes, France.
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Nutrition Clinique, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Peter Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelenlaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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de Oliveira Silva A, Dutra MT, de Moraes WMAM, Funghetto SS, Lopes de Farias D, Dos Santos PHF, Vieira DCL, Nascimento DDC, Orsano VSM, Schoenfeld BJ, Prestes J. Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:411-417. [PMID: 29588579 PMCID: PMC5858549 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s156174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscle strength, and functional capacity in elderly women with and without sarcopenic obesity (SO). Methods A total of 49 women (aged ≥60 years) were divided in two groups: without SO (non-SO, n=41) and with SO (n=8). Both groups performed a periodized RT program consisting of two weekly sessions for 16 weeks. All measures were assessed at baseline and postintervention, including anthropometry and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength (one repetition maximum) for chest press and 45° leg press, and functional capacity (stand up, elbow flexion, timed "up and go"). Results After the intervention, only the non-SO group presented significant reductions in percentage body fat (-2.2%; P=0.006), waist circumference (-2.7%; P=0.01), waist-to-hip ratio (-2.3; P=0.02), and neck circumference (-1.8%; P=0.03) as compared with baseline. Muscle strength in the chest press and biceps curl increased in non-SO only (12.9% and 11.3%, respectively), while 45° leg press strength increased in non-SO (50.3%) and SO (40.5%) as compared with baseline. Performance in the chair stand up and timed "up and go" improved in non-SO only (21.4% and -8.4%, respectively), whereas elbow flexion performance increased in non-SO (23.8%) and SO (21.4%). Effect sizes for motor tests were of higher magnitude in the non-SO group, and in general, considered "moderate" compared to "trivial" in the SO group. Conclusion Results suggest that adaptations induced by 16 weeks of RT are attenuated in elderly woman with SO, compromising improvements in adiposity indices and gains in muscle strength and functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Oliveira Silva
- University Center of Brasilia (UniCEUB), Brasília, Brazil.,Integrated Colleges of the Central Plateau Educational Union (FACIPLAC), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dahan da Cunha Nascimento
- Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília, Brazil.,University Center of the Federal District (UDF), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
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The effect of blood glucose regulation on sarcopenia parameters in obese and diabetic patients. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 64:72-79. [PMID: 31453492 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate the effect of blood glucose regulation on sarcopenia parameters in sarcopenic, obese, and poorly- regulated diabetic patients. Patients and methods Between June 2013 and December 2013, a total of 147 patients (64 males, 83 females; mean age 70.3±6.3 years; range, 60 to 90 years) who were diagnosed with sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criteria were included in the study. All patients were obese with a body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m2 and their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were above 8%. Sarcopenia parameters including the gait speed, muscle strength, muscle mass, and handgrip strength were assessed. After a six-month treatment period, the patients were divided into two groups according to their HbA1c levels as having <8% or >8%. Sarcopenia parameters were evaluated before and after receiving treatment. Results The mean disease duration was 16±6.2 years. Sixty patients were found to have a HbA1c level of <8% and 45 patients with a HbA1c level of ≥8% at sixth months of follow-up. In better regulated group, sarcopenia parameters such as gait speed, muscle mass, and handgrip strength improved; however, only the change in the muscle mass was found to be statistically significant (p=0.041). There was no significant change in the parameters of sarcopenia in the patient group with a HbA1c level ≥8%. A negative correlation was found between the muscle mass and HbA1c levels in good- and poorly-regulated groups (p=0.039 r:-0.327 and p=0.044 r:-0.183, respectively). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that lowering HbA1c levels may have positive effects on the muscle mass even in diabetic and sarcopenic obese elderly individuals.
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38
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Newsom SA, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Robinson MM. Long-term rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis are increased in mouse skeletal muscle with high-fat feeding regardless of insulin-sensitizing treatment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E552-E562. [PMID: 28698283 PMCID: PMC5792140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis is regulated in part by insulin. The development of insulin resistance with diet-induced obesity may therefore contribute to impairments to protein synthesis and decreased mitochondrial respiration. Yet the impact of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance on mitochondrial energetics is controversial, with reports varying from decreases to increases in mitochondrial respiration. We investigated the impact of changes in insulin sensitivity on long-term rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis as a mechanism for changes to mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. Insulin resistance was induced in C57BL/6J mice using 4 wk of a high-fat compared with a low-fat diet. For 8 additional weeks, diets were enriched with pioglitazone to restore insulin sensitivity compared with nonenriched control low-fat or high-fat diets. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis was measured using deuterium oxide labeling during weeks 10-12 High-resolution respirometry was performed using palmitoyl-l-carnitine, glutamate+malate, and glutamate+malate+succinate as substrates for mitochondria isolated from quadriceps. Mitochondrial protein synthesis and palmitoyl- l-carnitine oxidation were increased in mice consuming a high-fat diet, regardless of differences in insulin sensitivity with pioglitazone treatment. There was no effect of diet or pioglitazone treatment on ADP-stimulated respiration or H2O2 emission using glutamate+malate or glutamate+malate+succinate. The results demonstrate no impairments to mitochondrial protein synthesis or respiration following induction of insulin resistance. Instead, mitochondrial protein synthesis was increased with a high-fat diet and may contribute to remodeling of the mitochondria to increase lipid oxidation capacity. Mitochondrial adaptations with a high-fat diet appear driven by nutrient availability, not intrinsic defects that contribute to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon;
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Margolis LM, Lessard SJ, Ezzyat Y, Fielding RA, Rivas DA. Circulating MicroRNA Are Predictive of Aging and Acute Adaptive Response to Resistance Exercise in Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1319-1326. [PMID: 27927764 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNA (c-miRNA) have the potential to function as novel noninvasive markers of the underlying physiological state of skeletal muscle. This investigation sought to determine the influence of aging on c-miRNA expression at rest and following resistance exercise in male volunteers (Young: n = 9; Older: n = 9). Primary findings were that fasting c-miRNA expression profiles were significantly predictive of aging, with miR-19b-3p, miR-206, and miR-486 distinguishing between age groups. Following resistance exercise, principal component analysis revealed a divergent response in expression of 10 c-miRNA, where expression profiles were upregulated in younger and downregulated in older participants. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to test c-miRNA-to-mRNA interactions in skeletal muscle, it was found that response of c-miRNA to exercise was indicative of an anabolic response in younger but not older participants. These findings were corroborated with a positive association observed with the phosphorylation status of p-AktSer473 and p-S6K1Thr389 and expression of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-143-3p, and miR-195-5p. These important findings provide compelling evidence that dysregulation of c-miRNA expression with aging may not only serve as a predictive marker, but also reflect underlying molecular mechanisms resulting in age-associated declines in skeletal muscle mass, increased fat mass, and "anabolic resistance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Section of Clinical Research, Joslin Diabetes Center.,Brigham and Women's Hospital.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yassine Ezzyat
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Brown JL, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lee DE, Brown LA, Perry RA, Shimkus KL, Blackwell TA, Fluckey JD, Carson JA, Dridi S, Washington TA, Greene NP. PGC-1α4 gene expression is suppressed by the IL-6-MEK-ERK 1/2 MAPK signalling axis and altered by resistance exercise, obesity and muscle injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:275-288. [PMID: 27809412 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM PGC-1α4 is a novel regulator of muscle hypertrophy; however, there is limited understanding of the regulation of its expression and role in many (patho)physiological conditions. Therefore, our purpose was to elicit signalling mechanisms regulating gene expression of Pgc1α4 and examine its response to (patho)physiological stimuli associated with altered muscle mass. METHODS IL-6 knockout mice and pharmacological experiments in C2C12 myocytes were used to identify regulation of Pgc1α4 transcription. To examine Pgc1α4 gene expression in (patho)physiological conditions, obese and lean Zucker rats with/without resistance exercise (RE), ageing mice and muscle regeneration from injury were examined. RESULTS In IL-6 knockout mice, Pgc1α4mRNA was ~sevenfold greater than wild type. In C2C12 cells, Pgc1α4mRNA was suppressed ~70% by IL-6. Suppression of Pgc1α4 by IL-6 was prevented by MEK-ERK-MAPK inhibition. RE led to ~260% greater Pgc1α4mRNA content in lean rats. However, obese Zucker rats exhibited ~270% greater Pgc1α4mRNA than lean, sedentary with no further augmentation by RE. No difference was seen in IL-6mRNA or ERK-MAPK phosphorylation in Zucker rats. Aged mice demonstrated ~50% lower Pgc1α4mRNA and ~fivefold greater ERK-MAPK phosphorylation than young despite unchanged Il-6mRNA. During muscle regeneration, Pgc1α4 content is ~30% and IL-6mRNA >threefold of uninjured controls 3 days following injury; at 5 days, Pgc1α4 was >twofold greater in injured mice with no difference in IL-6mRNA. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a novel mechanism suppressing Pgc1α4 gene expression via IL-6-ERK-MAPK and suggest this signalling axis may inhibit Pgc1α4 in some, but not all, (patho)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - M. E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - D. E. Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - L. A. Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - R. A. Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - K. L. Shimkus
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health & Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - T. A. Blackwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - J. D. Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health & Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - J. A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Exercise Science; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC USA
| | - S. Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - T. A. Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
| | - N. P. Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville AR USA
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Shao A, Campbell WW, Chen CYO, Mittendorfer B, Rivas DA, Griffiths JC. The emerging global phenomenon of sarcopenic obesity: Role of functional foods; a conference report. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Cleasby ME, Jamieson PM, Atherton PJ. Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R67-81. [PMID: 26931135 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key defect mediating the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, a disease that typically affects people in later life. Sarcopenia (age-related loss of muscle mass and quality) is a risk factor for a number of frailty-related conditions that occur in the elderly. In addition, a syndrome of 'sarcopenic obesity' (SO) is now increasingly recognised, which is common in older people and is applied to individuals that simultaneously show obesity, IR and sarcopenia. Such individuals are at an increased risk of adverse health events compared with those who are obese or sarcopenic alone. However, there are no licenced treatments for sarcopenia or SO, the syndrome is poorly defined clinically and the mechanisms that might explain a common aetiology are not yet well characterised. In this review, we detail the nature and extent of the clinical syndrome, highlight some of the key physiological processes that are dysregulated and discuss some candidate molecular pathways that could be implicated in both metabolic and anabolic defects in skeletal muscle, with an eye towards future therapeutic options. In particular, the potential roles of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, AMP-activated protein kinase, myostatin, urocortins and vitamin D are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pauline M Jamieson
- Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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Rosa TS, Simões HG, Rogero MM, Moraes MR, Denadai BS, Arida RM, Andrade MS, Silva BM. Severe Obesity Shifts Metabolic Thresholds but Does Not Attenuate Aerobic Training Adaptations in Zucker Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:122. [PMID: 27148063 PMCID: PMC4835489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe obesity affects metabolism with potential to influence the lactate and glycemic response to different exercise intensities in untrained and trained rats. Here we evaluated metabolic thresholds and maximal aerobic capacity in rats with severe obesity and lean counterparts at pre- and post-training. Zucker rats (obese: n = 10, lean: n = 10) were submitted to constant treadmill bouts, to determine the maximal lactate steady state, and an incremental treadmill test, to determine the lactate threshold, glycemic threshold and maximal velocity at pre and post 8 weeks of treadmill training. Velocities of the lactate threshold and glycemic threshold agreed with the maximal lactate steady state velocity on most comparisons. The maximal lactate steady state velocity occurred at higher percentage of the maximal velocity in Zucker rats at pre-training than the percentage commonly reported and used for training prescription for other rat strains (i.e., 60%) (obese = 78 ± 9% and lean = 68 ± 5%, P < 0.05 vs. 60%). The maximal lactate steady state velocity and maximal velocity were lower in the obese group at pre-training (P < 0.05 vs. lean), increased in both groups at post-training (P < 0.05 vs. pre), but were still lower in the obese group at post-training (P < 0.05 vs. lean). Training-induced increase in maximal lactate steady state, lactate threshold and glycemic threshold velocities was similar between groups (P > 0.05), whereas increase in maximal velocity was greater in the obese group (P < 0.05 vs. lean). In conclusion, lactate threshold, glycemic threshold and maximal lactate steady state occurred at similar exercise intensity in Zucker rats at pre- and post-training. Severe obesity shifted metabolic thresholds to higher exercise intensity at pre-training, but did not attenuate submaximal and maximal aerobic training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Rosa
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Herbert G Simões
- Graduate Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Department of Nephrology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Arida
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília S Andrade
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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Pittner S, Ehrenfellner B, Monticelli FC, Zissler A, Sänger AM, Stoiber W, Steinbacher P. Postmortem muscle protein degradation in humans as a tool for PMI delimitation. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1547-1555. [PMID: 26951243 PMCID: PMC5055573 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forensic estimation of time since death relies on diverse approaches, including measurement and comparison of environmental and body core temperature and analysis of insect colonization on a dead body. However, most of the applied methods have practical limitations or provide insufficient results under certain circumstances. Thus, new methods that can easily be implemented into forensic routine work are required to deliver more and discrete information about the postmortem interval (PMI). Following a previous work on skeletal muscle degradation in the porcine model, we analyzed human postmortem skeletal muscle samples of 40 forensic cases by Western blotting and casein zymography. Our results demonstrate predictable protein degradation processes in human muscle that are distinctly associated with temperature and the PMI. We provide information on promising degradation markers for certain periods of time postmortem, which can be useful tools for time since death delimitation. In addition, we discuss external influencing factors such as age, body mass index, sex, and cause of death that need to be considered in future routine application of the method in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pittner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Bianca Ehrenfellner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabio C Monticelli
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Neuropsychiatry, University of Salzburg, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Zissler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra M Sänger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Walter Stoiber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Steinbacher
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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McLeod M, Breen L, Hamilton DL, Philp A. Live strong and prosper: the importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. Biogerontology 2016; 17:497-510. [PMID: 26791164 PMCID: PMC4889643 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to improved health care, diet and infrastructure in developed countries, since 1840 life expectancy has increased by approximately 2 years per decade. Accordingly, by 2050, a quarter of Europe’s population will be over 65 years, representing a 10 % rise in half a century. With this rapid rise comes an increased prevalence of diseases of ageing and associated healthcare expenditure. To address the health consequences of global ageing, research in model systems (worms, flies and mice) has indicated that reducing the rate of organ growth, via reductions in protein synthetic rates, has multi-organ health benefits that collectively lead to improvements in lifespan. In contrast, human pre-clinical, clinical and large cohort prospective studies demonstrate that ageing leads to anabolic (i.e. growth) impairments in skeletal muscle, which in turn leads to reductions in muscle mass and strength, factors directly associated with mortality rates in the elderly. As such, increasing muscle protein synthesis via exercise or protein-based nutrition maintains a strong, healthy muscle mass, which in turn leads to improved health, independence and functionality. The aim of this review is to critique current literature relating to the maintenance of muscle mass across lifespan and discuss whether maintaining or reducing protein synthesis is the most logical approach to support musculoskeletal function and by extension healthy human ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McLeod
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Andrew Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Lee DE, Brown JL, Rosa ME, Brown LA, Perry RA, Wiggs MP, Nilsson MI, Crouse SF, Fluckey JD, Washington TA, Greene NP. microRNA-16 Is Downregulated During Insulin Resistance and Controls Skeletal Muscle Protein Accretion. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1775-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Jacob L. Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Megan E. Rosa
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Lemuel A. Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Richard A. Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Michael P. Wiggs
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
| | - Mats I. Nilsson
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
| | - Stephen F. Crouse
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
| | - James D. Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
| | - Tyrone A. Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory; Human Performance Laboratory; Department of Health; Human Performance and Recreation; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
- Muscle Biology Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory; Department of Health and Kinesiology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas 77843
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Rivas DA, McDonald DJ, Rice NP, Haran PH, Dolnikowski GG, Fielding RA. Diminished anabolic signaling response to insulin induced by intramuscular lipid accumulation is associated with inflammation in aging but not obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R561-9. [PMID: 26764052 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass is observed in many pathophysiological conditions, including aging and obesity. The loss of muscle mass and function with aging is defined as sarcopenia and is characterized by a mismatch between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Characteristic metabolic features of both aging and obesity are increases in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content in muscle. IMCL accumulation may play a mechanistic role in the development of anabolic resistance and the progression of muscle atrophy in aging and obesity. In the present study, aged and high-fat fed mice were used to determine mechanisms leading to muscle loss. We hypothesized the accumulation of bioactive lipids in skeletal muscle, such as ceramide or diacylglycerols, leads to insulin resistance with aging and obesity and the inability to activate protein synthesis, contributing to skeletal muscle loss. We report a positive association between bioactive lipid accumulation and the loss of lean mass and muscle strength. Obese and aged animals had significantly higher storage of ceramide and diacylglycerol compared with young. Furthermore, there was an attenuated insulin response in components of the mTOR anabolic signaling pathway. We also observed differential increases in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the phosphorylation of IκBα with aging and obesity. These data challenge the accepted role of increased inflammation in obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we have now established IκBα with a novel function in aging-associated muscle loss that may be independent of its previously understood role as an NF-κB inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato A Rivas
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Devin J McDonald
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Nicholas P Rice
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Prashanth H Haran
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Mass Spectrometry Unit; Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Molino S, Dossena M, Buonocore D, Verri M. Sarcopenic Obesity: An Appraisal of the Current Status of Knowledge and Management in Elderly People. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:780-8. [PMID: 27499312 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Today's increased life expectancy highlights both age-related changes in body composition and a higher prevalence of obesity. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is assuming a prominent role in cardio-metabolic risk because of the double metabolic burden derived from low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and excess adiposity (obesity). This review evaluates the related studies that have been published over the past 10 years in order to give an updated overview of this new syndrome. There is no consensus on the definition of SO due to the wide heterogeneity of diagnostic criteria and choice of body composition components needed to assess this phenotype. There is a growing body of evidence that the ethio-pathogenesis of SO is complex and multi-factorial, as the consequences are a combination of the outcomes of both sarcopenia and obesity, where the effects are maximised. In order to manage SO, it is important to make lifestyle changes that incorporate weight loss, physical exercise and protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Molino
- Dr. Manuela Verri, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy, Tel.: +39-0382-986423, fax: +39-0382-986385, e-mail:
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Williamson DL, Dungan CM, Mahmoud AM, Mey JT, Blackburn BK, Haus JM. Aberrant REDD1-mTORC1 responses to insulin in skeletal muscle from Type 2 diabetics. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R855-63. [PMID: 26269521 PMCID: PMC4666944 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish whether alterations in the REDD1-mTOR axis underlie skeletal muscle insensitivity to insulin in Type 2 diabetic (T2D), obese individuals. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from lean, control and obese, T2D subjects under basal and after a 2-h hyperinsulinemic (40 mU·m(-2)·min(-1))-euglycemic (5 mM) clamp. Muscle lysates were examined for total REDD1, and phosphorylated Akt, S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), 4E-BP1, ERK1/2, and MEK1/2 via Western blot analysis. Under basal conditions [(-) insulin], T2D muscle exhibited higher S6K1 and ERK1/2 and lower 4E-BP1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), as well as elevations in blood cortisol, glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (P < 0.05) vs. lean controls. Following insulin infusion, whole body glucose disposal rates (GDR; mg/kg/min) were lower (P < 0.05) in the T2D vs. the control group. The basal-to-insulin percent change in REDD1 expression was higher (P < 0.05) in muscle from the T2D vs. the control group. Whereas, the basal-to-insulin percent change in muscle Akt, S6K1, ERK1/2, and MEK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the T2D vs. the control group. Findings from this study propose a REDD1-regulated mechanism in T2D skeletal muscle that may contribute to whole body insulin resistance and may be a target to improve insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Williamson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Cory M Dungan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian K Blackburn
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob M Haus
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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