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Insenser MR, Nattero-Chávez L, Luque-Ramírez M, Quiñones SDL, Quintero-Tobar A, Samino S, Amigó N, Dorado Avendaño B, Fiers T, Escobar-Morreale HF. Investigating the Link between Intermediate Metabolism, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Metabolites 2024; 14:436. [PMID: 39195532 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism influences cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes (T1D), with women facing a higher relative risk of macrovascular events compared to men, especially after menopause. This study hypothesizes that abnormalities in intermediate metabolism may be associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in T1D. We aim to assess low molecular weight metabolites (LMWM) as markers of CAN in T1D, considering the effects of sexual dimorphism and age. In this cross-sectional study, we included 323 subjects with T1D (147 women and 176 men), with a mean age of 41 ± 13 years. A total of 44 women and 41 men were over 50 years old. CAN was assessed using Ewing's tests, and serum metabolites were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Patients with CAN had lower levels of valine, isoleucine, and threonine, and higher levels of lactate, compared to those without CAN. These differences persisted after adjusting for BMI and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). In a logistic regression model (R² = 0.178, p < 0.001), the main determinants of CAN included isoleucine [Exp(β) = 0.972 (95% CI 0.952; 0.003)], age [Exp(β) = 1.031 (95% CI 1.010; 1.053)], A1c [Exp(β) = 1.361 (95% CI 1.058; 1.752)], and microangiopathy [Exp(β) = 2.560 (95% CI 1.372; 4.778)]. Sex influenced LMWM profiles, with over half of the metabolites differing between men and women. However, no interactions were found between CAN and sex, or between sex, age, and CAN, on metabolomics profiles. Our findings suggest an association between CAN and LMWM levels in T1D. The sexual dimorphism observed in amino acid metabolites was unaffected by the presence of CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa Insenser
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lía Nattero-Chávez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Luque-Ramírez
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara de Lope Quiñones
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Quintero-Tobar
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Samino
- Biosfer Teslab, CIBERDEM, 43206 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab, CIBERDEM, 43206 Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Dorado Avendaño
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Fiers
- Laboratory for Hormonology and Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Héctor F Escobar-Morreale
- Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Universidad de Alcalá, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Yang X, Li Y, Mei T, Duan J, Yan X, McNaughton LR, He Z. Genome-wide association study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the construction of predictive model. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:578-589. [PMID: 38881426 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00019.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate interindividual differences in muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (MTRF) following 12 wk of resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to explore the genetic architecture underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy and to construct predictive models. We conducted musculoskeletal ultrasound assessments of the MTRF response in 440 physically inactive adults after the 12-wk exercise period. A genome-wide association study was used to identify variants associated with the MTRF response, separately for RT and HIIT. Using the polygenic predictor score (PPS), we estimated the genetic contribution to exercise-induced hypertrophy. Predictive models for the MTRF response were constructed using random forest (RF), support vector mac (SVM), and generalized linear model (GLM) in 10 cross-validated approaches. MTRF increased significantly after both RT (8.8%, P < 0.05) and HIIT (5.3%, P < 0.05), but with considerable interindividual differences (RT: -13.5 to 38.4%, HIIT: -14.2 to 30.7%). Eleven lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in RT and eight lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in HIIT were identified at a significance level of P < 1 × 10-5. The PPS was associated with the MTRF response, explaining 47.2% of the variation in response to RT and 38.3% of the variation in response to HIIT. Notably, the GLM and SVM predictive models exhibited superior performance compared with RF models (P < 0.05), and the GLM demonstrated optimal performance with an area under curve of 0.809 (95% confidence interval: 0.669-0.949). Factors such as PPS, baseline MTRF, and exercise protocol exerted influence on the MTRF response to exercise, with PPS being the primary contributor. The GLM and SVM predictive model, incorporating both genetic and phenotypic factors, emerged as promising tools for predicting exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The interindividual variability induced muscle hypertrophy by resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and the associated genetic architecture remain uncertain. We identified genetic variants that underlie RT- or HIIT-induced muscle hypertrophy and established them as pivotal factors influencing the response regardless of the training type. The genetic-phenotype predictive model developed has the potential to identify nonresponders or individuals with low responsiveness before engaging in exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Duan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Robert McNaughton
- Sport Performance, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Morcillo-Losa JA, Díaz-Martínez MDP, Ceylan Hİ, Moreno-Vecino B, Bragazzi NL, Párraga Montilla J. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Muscle Strength for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1299. [PMID: 38592165 PMCID: PMC10931549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a significant health concern primarily affecting old adult individuals, characterized by age-related muscle loss, and decreased strength, power, and endurance. It has profound negative effects on overall health and quality of life, including reduced independence, mobility, and daily activity performance, osteoporosis, increased fall and fracture risks, metabolic issues, and chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. Preventive strategies typically involve a combination of proper nutrition and regular physical activity. Among strength training exercises, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) stands out as the most effective approach for improving muscle function in older adults with sarcopenia. The current review identifies and summarizes the studies that have examined the effects of HIIT on muscle strength in older adults as an element of the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. A systematic search using several computerized databases, namely, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, was performed on 12 January 2023, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 224 studies were initially retrieved. A total of five studies met the selection criteria. HIIT training shows improvements in body composition and functional and cardiorespiratory capacity, has benefits on muscle strength, increases muscle quality and architecture, and is associated with muscle hypertrophy in healthy older adults. Nonetheless, given the shortcomings affecting primary research in terms of the limited number of studies and the high risk of bias, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alfonso Morcillo-Losa
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria del Pilar Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, 25030 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Beatriz Moreno-Vecino
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Centre d’Ensenyament Superior Alberta Giménez CESAG, Pontifical University of Comillas, 07013 Palma, Spain;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, Medical School, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Juan Párraga Montilla
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.A.M.-L.); (M.d.P.D.-M.); (J.P.M.)
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tincknell JB, Kugler BA, Spicuzza H, Berger N, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-intensity interval training attenuates impairment in regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:236-249. [PMID: 37852013 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD + HIIT) groups for another 10 weeks (n = 9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration, and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined. HFD-fed mice exhibited lower ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05). However, 10 weeks of HIIT prevented this impairment (p < 0.05). Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser616) over Drp1(Ser637) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly higher in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05), but such increase was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, p < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in the HFD group than the LFD group (-35.1%, p < 0.05); however, such reduction was disappeared in the HFD + HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in the HFD group than the LFD group (15.5%, p < 0.05) but was ameliorated in the HFD + HIIT group (-29.9%, p < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylations and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Tincknell
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Haley Spicuzza
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Lock M, Yousef I, McFadden B, Mansoor H, Townsend N. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Performance Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training: Are There Differences Between Men and Women? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Sports Med 2024; 54:127-167. [PMID: 37676620 PMCID: PMC10799129 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to consider biological sex as a variable that might influence exercise adaptation in order to optimize exercise prescription for men and women. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of biological sex on maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) and performance outcomes after high-intensity interval training (HIIT). METHODS A systematic search and review was conducted by two independent reviewers up to 8 September 2022 using MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Sports Medicine & Education Index in ProQuest. Trials including healthy adults were included if they presented data for or compared male and female [Formula: see text]O2max or performance outcomes in response to HIIT. Performance outcomes included measures of exercise performance and concurrently measured physiological adaptations. Where appropriate, a random-effects, pre-post meta-analysis was undertaken. Data were sub-grouped for men and women, baseline training level, mean age, intervention type, and intervention length. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi2, Cochran's Q, and Higgins I2 and sensitivity analyses, where required. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots. RESULTS Thirty-three references from 28 trials were included in the review (n = 965; 462 women and 503 men). Meta-analyses included 19 studies for [Formula: see text]O2max, eight for peak power output from [Formula: see text]O2max testing (PPO), and five for threshold power (powerAT). Meta-analyses revealed similar increases in [Formula: see text]O2max in women (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.44-0.69) and men (g = 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.72), and powerAT in women (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13-0.64) and men (g = 0.38; 95% CI 0.11-0.64). Raw mean differences for change in [Formula: see text]O2max were Δ 0.32 L·min-1 and 3.50 mL·kg-1·min-1 in men, versus Δ 0.20 L·min-1 and 3.34 mL·kg-1·min-1 for women. No significant sex differences were present for the primary analysis of any outcome. After sub-grouping, significant differences were present for PPO where the effect size was higher for well-trained women (g = 0.37) compared with well-trained men (g = 0.17), and for [Formula: see text]O2max where interventions with a duration of 4 weeks or less had significantly smaller effect sizes compared with those longer than 4 weeks (p < 0.001). Unweighted mean percentage change in [Formula: see text]O2max, PPO, and powerAT across studies was 11.16 ± 7.39%, 11.16 ± 5.99%, and 8.07 ± 6.55% for women, and 10.90 ± 5.75%, 8.22 ± 5.09%, and 7.09 ± 7.17% for men, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was present for both [Formula: see text]O2max and PPO (I2, range: 62.06-78.80%). Sub-grouping by baseline training status and intervention length decreased heterogeneity in most groups. A qualitative synthesis of other outcomes indicated similar improvements in fitness and performance for men and women with some evidence suggesting differences in the mechanisms of adaptation. LIMITATIONS AND RISK OF BIAS Publication bias is unlikely to have significantly influenced results for [Formula: see text]O2max or powerAT, but the meta-analysis of PPO could have benefitted from additional study data to strengthen results. The overlap in age categories and sensitivity of the analysis limits the accuracy of the results of the sub-grouping by age. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated no sex-specific differences for any fitness or performance outcomes. Baseline training status and intervention length accounted for most variability in outcomes. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021272615.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merilyn Lock
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ibtisam Yousef
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Patient and Family Education Unit, Nursing Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bridget McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Hend Mansoor
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nathan Townsend
- Division of Exercise Science, Health and Epidemiology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Bostad W, Williams JS, Van Berkel EK, Richards DL, MacDonald MJ, Gibala MJ. Biological sex does not influence the peak cardiac output response to twelve weeks of sprint interval training. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22995. [PMID: 38151488 PMCID: PMC10752867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) increases peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) but the mechanistic basis is unclear. We have reported that 12 wk of SIT increased V̇O2peak and peak cardiac output (Q̇peak) and the changes in these variables were correlated. An exploratory analysis suggested that Q̇peak increased in males but not females. The present study incorporated best practices to examine the potential influence of biological sex on the Q̇peak response to SIT. Male and female participants (n = 10 each; 21 ± 4 y) performed 33 ± 2 sessions of SIT over 12 wk. Each 10-min session involved 3 × 20-s 'all-out' sprints on an ergometer. V̇O2peak increased after SIT (3.16 ± 1.0 vs. 2.89 ± 1.0 L/min, η2p = 0.53, p < 0.001) with no sex × time interaction (p = 0.61). Q̇peak was unchanged after training (15.2 ± 3.3 vs. 15.1 ± 3.0 L/min, p = 0.85), in contrast to our previous study. The peak estimated arteriovenous oxygen difference increased after training (204 ± 30 vs. 187 ± 36 ml/L, p = 0.006). There was no effect of training or sex on measures of endothelial function. We conclude that 12 wk of SIT increases V̇O2peak but the mechanistic basis remains unclear. The capacity of inert gas rebreathing to assess changes in Q̇peak may be limited and invasive studies that use more direct measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bostad
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Emily K Van Berkel
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Douglas L Richards
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maureen J MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ivor Wynne Centre, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Korzeniewski B. Training-Induced Increase in V·O 2max and Critical Power, and Acceleration of V·O 2 on-Kinetics Result from Attenuated P i Increase Caused by Elevated OXPHOS Activity. Metabolites 2023; 13:1111. [PMID: 37999207 PMCID: PMC10673597 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations using a dynamic model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system, involving the Pi-double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue, demonstrate that the training-induced increase in V·O2max, increase in critical power (CP) and acceleration of primary phase II of the V·O2 on kinetics (decrease in t0.63) is caused by elevated OXPHOS activity acting through a decrease in and slowing of the Pi (inorganic phosphate) rise during the rest-to-work transition. This change leads to attenuation of the reaching by Pi of Pipeak, peak Pi at which exercise is terminated because of fatigue. The delayed (in time and in relation to V·O2 increase) Pi rise for a given power output (PO) in trained muscle causes Pi to reach Pipeak (in very heavy exercise) after a longer time and at a higher V·O2; thus, exercise duration is lengthened, and V·O2max is elevated compared to untrained muscle. The diminished Pi increase during exercise with a given PO can cause Pi to stabilize at a steady state less than Pipeak, and exercise can continue potentially ad infinitum (heavy exercise), instead of rising unceasingly and ultimately reaching Pipeak and causing exercise termination (very heavy exercise). This outcome means that CP rises, as the given PO is now less than, and not greater than CP. Finally, the diminished Pi increase (and other metabolite changes) results in, at a given PO (moderate exercise), the steady state of fluxes (including V·O2) and metabolites being reached faster; thus, t0.63 is shortened. This effect of elevated OXPHOS activity is possibly somewhat diminished by the training-induced decrease in Pipeak.
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Hulett NA, Knaub LA, Hull SE, Pott GB, Peelor R, Miller BF, Shankar K, Rudolph MC, Reusch JEB, Scalzo RL. Sex Differences in the Skeletal Muscle Response to a High Fat, High Sucrose Diet in Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:4438. [PMID: 37892512 PMCID: PMC10610114 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Men are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at lower body mass indexes than women; the role of skeletal muscle in this sex difference is poorly understood. Type 2 diabetes impacts skeletal muscle, particularly in females who demonstrate a lower oxidative capacity compared to males. To address mechanistic differences underlying this sex disparity, we investigated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in female and male rats in response to chronic high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet consumption. Four-week-old Wistar Rats were fed a standard chow or HFHS diet for 14 weeks to identify sex-specific adaptations in mitochondrial respirometry and characteristics, transcriptional patterns, and protein profiles. Fat mass was greater with the HFHS diet in both sexes when controlled for body mass (p < 0.0001). Blood glucose and insulin resistance were greater in males (p = 0.01) and HFHS-fed rats (p < 0.001). HFHS-fed males had higher mitochondrial respiration compared with females (p < 0.01 sex/diet interaction). No evidence of a difference by sex or diet was found for mitochondrial synthesis, dynamics, or quality to support the mitochondrial respiration sex/diet interaction. However, transcriptomic analyses indicate sex differences in nutrient handling. Sex-specific differences occurred in PI3K/AKT signaling, PPARα/RXRα, and triacylglycerol degradation. These findings may provide insight into the clinical sex differences in body mass index threshold for diabetes development and tissue-specific progression of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Hulett
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.A.H.); (J.E.B.R.)
| | - Leslie A. Knaub
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.A.H.); (J.E.B.R.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sara E. Hull
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.A.H.); (J.E.B.R.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gregory B. Pott
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rick Peelor
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA (B.F.M.)
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA (B.F.M.)
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Michael C. Rudolph
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jane E. B. Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.A.H.); (J.E.B.R.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Ludeman Family Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Scalzo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (N.A.H.); (J.E.B.R.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Ludeman Family Center for Women’s Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Batterson PM, McGowan EM, Borowik AK, Kinter MT, Miller BF, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. High-fat diet increases electron transfer flavoprotein synthesis and lipid respiration in skeletal muscle during exercise training in female mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15840. [PMID: 37857571 PMCID: PMC10587055 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) and exercise remodel skeletal muscle mitochondria. The electron transfer flavoproteins (ETF) transfer reducing equivalents from β-oxidation into the electron transfer system. Exercise may stimulate the synthesis of ETF proteins to increase lipid respiration. We determined mitochondrial remodeling for lipid respiration through ETF in the context of higher mitochondrial abundance/capacity seen in female mice. We hypothesized HFD would be a greater stimulus than exercise to remodel ETF and lipid pathways through increased protein synthesis alongside increased lipid respiration. Female C57BL/6J mice (n = 15 per group) consumed HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) for 4 weeks then remained sedentary (SED) or completed 8 weeks of treadmill training (EX). We determined mitochondrial lipid respiration, RNA abundance, individual protein synthesis, and abundance for ETFα, ETFβ, and ETF dehydrogenase (ETFDH). HFD increased absolute and relative lipid respiration (p = 0.018 and p = 0.034) and RNA abundance for ETFα (p = 0.026), ETFβ (p = 0.003), and ETFDH (p = 0.0003). HFD increased synthesis for ETFα and ETFDH (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.002). EX increased synthesis of ETFβ and ETFDH (p = 0.008 and p = 0.006). Higher synthesis rates of ETF were not always reflected in greater protein abundance. Greater synthesis of ETF during HFD indicates mitochondrial remodeling which may contribute higher mitochondrial lipid respiration through enhanced ETF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Batterson
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erin M. McGowan
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Agnieszka K. Borowik
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Michael T. Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research ProgramOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
- Oklahoma City VAOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Sean A. Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Matthew M. Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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11
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Chen W, Zhao H, Li Y. Mitochondrial dynamics in health and disease: mechanisms and potential targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:333. [PMID: 37669960 PMCID: PMC10480456 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that are able to adjust and respond to different stressors and metabolic needs within a cell, showcasing their plasticity and dynamic nature. These abilities allow them to effectively coordinate various cellular functions. Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the changing process of fission, fusion, mitophagy and transport, which is crucial for optimal function in signal transduction and metabolism. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to abnormal cellular fate, and a range of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Herein, we review the mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics, and its impacts on cellular function. We also delve into the changes that occur in mitochondrial dynamics during health and disease, and offer novel perspectives on how to target the modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Kim YC, Ki SW, Kim H, Kang S, Kim H, Go GW. Recent Advances in Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3854. [PMID: 37686886 PMCID: PMC10490319 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity, low muscle mass, and high body fat are growing health concerns in the aging population. This review highlights the need for standardized criteria and explores nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, hormonal changes, and reduced physical activity. These factors lead to impaired muscle activity, intramuscular fat accumulation, and reduced protein synthesis, resulting in muscle catabolism and increased fat mass. Myostatin and irisin are myokines that regulate muscle synthesis and energy expenditure, respectively. Nutritional supplementation with vitamin D and calcium is recommended for increasing muscle mass and reducing body fat content. Testosterone therapy decreases fat mass and improves muscle strength. Vitamin K, specifically menaquinone-4 (MK-4), improves mitochondrial function and reduces muscle damage. Irisin is a hormone secreted during exercise that enhances oxidative metabolism, prevents insulin resistance and obesity, and improves bone quality. Low-glycemic-index diets and green cardamom are potential methods for managing sarcopenic obesity. In conclusion, along with exercise and dietary support, nutraceuticals, such as vitamin D, calcium, vitamin K, and natural agonists of irisin or testosterone, can serve as promising future therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gwang-woong Go
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (S.-W.K.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (H.K.)
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Coker RH, Ruby BC, Coker MS, Bartlett L, Kowalski B, Goropashnaya AV, Bateman T, Shankaran M, Hellerstein M, Evans WJ. Alaska Backcountry Expeditionary Hunting Promotes Sustained Muscle Protein Synthesis. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:341-345. [PMID: 37301628 PMCID: PMC10526753 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously described negative energy balance (ie, -9.7±3.4 MJ/d) and weight loss (Δ-1.5 ± 0.7 kg) influenced by high levels of energy expenditure (ie, 17.4±2.6 MJ/d) during remote expeditionary hunting in Alaska. Despite negative energy balance, participants retained skeletal muscle. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure skeletal muscle protein synthesis and examine molecular markers of skeletal muscle protein metabolism under similar conditions of physical and nutrient stress. METHODS The "virtual biopsy method" was used to evaluate integrated fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) of muscle protein from blood samples in 4 participants. Muscle biopsies were taken to measure molecular markers of muscle protein kinetics (ie, FSTL1, MEF2, MYOD1, B2M, and miR-1-3p, -206, -208b, 23a, and 499a) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Our findings in 4 participants (2 females [28 and 62 y of age; 66.2 and 71.8 kg body weight; 25.5 and 26.7 kg/m2 body mass index] and 2 males [47 and 56 y of age; 87.5 and 91.4 kg body weight; 26.1 and 28.3 kg/m2 body mass index]) describe mean muscle FSRs of serum carbonic anhydrase (2.4%) and creatine kinase M-type (4.0%) and positive increments in molecular regulation. CONCLUSIONS Preservation of skeletal muscle under conditions of physical and nutrient stress seems to be supported by positive inflection of skeletal muscle FSR and molecular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Coker
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
| | - Brent C Ruby
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Melynda S Coker
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | | | - Brandon Kowalski
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK
| | | | - Terry Bateman
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Tincknell JB, Kugler B, Spicuzza H, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Impairment in Regulatory Protein Machinery of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546902. [PMID: 37425824 PMCID: PMC10326985 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of HIIT on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD+HIIT) groups and remained on HFD for another 10 weeks (n=9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration and regulatory protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined by immunoblots. Ten weeks of HIIT enhanced ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in diet-induced obese mice (P < 0.05) but did not improve whole-body insulin sensitivity. Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser 616 ) over Drp1(Ser 637 ) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, P < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in HFD group than LFD group (-35.1%, P < 0.05), however, such reduction was disappeared in HFD+HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in HFD than LFD group (15.5%, P < 0.05) but was ameliorated in HFD+HIIT group (-29.9%, P < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 activity and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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15
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Goh J, Wong E, Soh J, Maier AB, Kennedy BK. Targeting the molecular & cellular pillars of human aging with exercise. FEBS J 2023; 290:649-668. [PMID: 34968001 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological aging is the main driver of age-associated chronic diseases. In 2014, the United States National Institute of Aging (NIA) sponsored a meeting between several investigators in the field of aging biology, who identified seven biological pillars of aging and a consensus review, "Geroscience: Linking Aging to Chronic Disease," was published. The pillars of aging demonstrated the conservation of aging pathways in diverse model organisms and thus represent a useful framework with which to study human aging. In this present review, we revisit the seven pillars of aging from the perspective of exercise and discuss how regular physical exercise can modulate these pillars to stave off age-related chronic diseases and maintain functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Esther Wong
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Janjira Soh
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Andrea Britta Maier
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Keith Kennedy
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Craig TP, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J, Swinton PA. The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:457-481. [PMID: 36165995 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Craig
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Barnes JN, Burns JM, Bamman MM, Billinger SA, Bodine SC, Booth FW, Brassard P, Clemons TA, Fadel PJ, Geiger PC, Gujral S, Haus JM, Kanoski SE, Miller BF, Morris JK, O’Connell KM, Poole DC, Sandoval DA, Smith JC, Swerdlow RH, Whitehead SN, Vidoni ED, van Praag H. Proceedings from the Albert Charitable Trust Inaugural Workshop on 'Understanding the Acute Effects of Exercise on the Brain'. Brain Plast 2022; 8:153-168. [PMID: 36721393 PMCID: PMC9837736 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inaugural workshop supported by "The Leo and Anne Albert Charitable Trust," was held October 4-7, 2019 in Scottsdale, Arizona, to focus on the effects of exercise on the brain and to discuss how physical activity may prevent or delay the onset of aging-related neurodegenerative conditions. The Scientific Program Committee (led by Dr. Jeff Burns) assembled translational, clinical, and basic scientists who research various aspects of the effects of exercise on the body and brain, with the overall goal of gaining a better understanding as to how to delay or prevent neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, research topics included the links between cardiorespiratory fitness, the cerebrovasculature, energy metabolism, peripheral organs, and cognitive function, which are all highly relevant to understanding the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the brain. The Albert Trust workshop participants addressed these and related topics, as well as how other lifestyle interventions, such as diet, affect age-related cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. This report provides a synopsis of the presentations and discussions by the participants, and a delineation of the next steps towards advancing our understanding of the effects of exercise on the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill N. Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Sue C. Bodine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Frank W. Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, and Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Tameka A. Clemons
- Department of Professional and Medical Education, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul J. Fadel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Paige C. Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Swathi Gujral
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott E. Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsrife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jill K. Morris
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | | | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - J. Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Shawn N. Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Fairway, KS, USA
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA
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Cabre HE, Gordon AN, Patterson ND, Smith-Ryan AE. Evaluation of pre-workout and recovery formulations on body composition and performance after a 6-week high-intensity training program. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1016310. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1016310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionActivities such as high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more time-efficient modes to stimulate rapid changes in performance and body composition. There is little research evaluating the combined effects of HIRT and HIIT on body composition and strength, particularly when paired with nutritional supplementation.PurposeTo evaluate the chronic effects of pre- and post-workout supplementation on body composition and strength, and to understand sex-specific responses.Materials and methods64 untrained males (n = 23) and females (n = 41) (mean ± standard deviation; age: 33.2 ± 10.0 years; %fat: 31.6 ± 7.4%) were randomized to either (1) pre-post supplementation [SUP (n = 25); pre = multi-ingredient caffeine/HMB/vit D; post = whey protein/carbohydrates/glucosamine/vitamins], (2) placebo [PL (n = 24); non-caloric], or (3) control [CON (n = 15)]. All participants completed one repetition max (1RM) strength testing for leg press and bench press at baseline and week 6. Estimates of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants in the SUP or PL group completed a 6-week supervised exercise intervention consisting of a full-body HIRT workout (3 × 6–8 reps) followed by a HIIT treadmill run (6 × 1 min run: 1 min rest) twice per week. Outcomes were evaluated by separate repeated measure ANOVAs (2 × 3).ResultsThere were no differences in FM between groups or sex (p = 0.133–0.851). LM increased from baseline to post-testing for all groups [Mean difference [MD(Post-Pre) ± Standard Error (SE) = 0.78 ± 0.12 kg; p < 0.001]. While not significant (p = 0.081), SUP gained more LM compared to PL [MD(SUP-PL) ± SE = 3.5 ± 3.3 kg] and CON [MD(SUP-CON) ± SE = 5.2 ± 3.8 kg]. LM increased over time for both males (0.84 ± 0.24 kg; p = 0.003) and females (0.73 ± 0.14 kg; p < 0.001). The SUP group resulted in a significant increase in 1RM leg press compared to the CON group (89.9 ± 30.8 kg; p = 0.015), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.409). The SUP group had greater increases in 1RM bench press compared to the CON group (9.8 ± 1.8 kg; p < 0.001), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.99). Both sexes increased upper- (5.5 ± 0.7 kg; p < 0.001) and lower-body strength (69.8 ± 4.5 kg p < 0.001) with training.ConclusionNutrient supplementation timing appears to augment body composition changes and strength compared to control. Pre-/post-nutrient timing may support greater increases in LM and lower- and upper-body strength in both men and women.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04230824?cond=NCT04230824&draw=2&rank=1], identifier [NCT04230824].
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Domaradzki J, Koźlenia D, Popowczak M. The Relative Importance of Age at Peak Height Velocity and Fat Mass Index in High-Intensity Interval Training Effect on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101554. [PMID: 36291490 PMCID: PMC9600318 DOI: 10.3390/children9101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the role of biological age in the relationship between preintervention fat mass and cardiorespiratory fitness effects (CRF) after High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) intervention in adolescents. Methods: A total of 141 boys and girls (16 years) were examined as control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups that conducted a 10-week HIIT implemented in physical education. Measurements: body height, body weight, fat mass index (FMI), CRF (Harvard Step Test). Predicted age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated. Pathway analyses were conducted to identify the influences of the measured variables. Results: APHV harmed the level of ΔFI (fitness index) (β = −0.270; p = 0.035), while HIIT had a positive effect on changes in ΔFI (β = 0.246; p = 0.002). Sex affected the changes in CRF (β = 0.344; p = 0.011). Two models were designed respective to sex. The effect of the APHV on ΔFI in girls was close to significant (p = 0.053) but was non-significant in boys (p = 0.311). Changes in CRF in girls were positively and close to significance (p < 0.100) affected by FMIbaseline. Conclusion: HIIT is an effective way of exerting positive changes in CRF in adolescents, which is greater in boys than girls. APHV plays a role only in girls. The HIIT should be tailored to girls depending on their maturity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Domaradzki
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Koźlenia
- Unit of Biostructure, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Unit of Team Sports Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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20
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Wu RY, Sung WH, Cheng HC, Yeh HJ. Investigating the rate of skeletal muscle atrophy in men and women in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16629. [PMID: 36198744 PMCID: PMC9534861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy greatly affects the prognosis of patients in the intensive care unit, but the rate of change remains unclear. In this prospective observational study, we used ultrasound to measure the change in muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI) in 284 patients who were admitted to the SICU of Taoyuan General Hospital between January 1 and June 30, 2020. Patients were excluded if there is a wound at the right thigh which hinders the ultrasonography probe from placing. Daily rates of muscle atrophy were calculated using linear analysis and the ratios of change were plotted against the period of hospitalization. Patient characteristics were adjusted using propensity score matching and differences between men and women were analyzed. A linear mixed model was used to calculate the influence of other factors on muscle loss. The average daily atrophy rates of the RF and VI were 0.84% and 0.98%, respectively. The rate of atrophy was the highest in the third and fourth weeks. Daily atrophy rates of the RF and VI were approximately three times higher in women than in men. Protective factors of muscle atrophy included higher BMI and lower initial thickness of the RF and VI. Our study depicts the trend of muscle atrophy in the ICU and suggests more discussion in prevention to be conducted especially for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yan Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.1492, Zhongshan Rd., Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan, 330, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Sung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.1492, Zhongshan Rd., Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan, 330, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Jui Yeh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.1492, Zhongshan Rd., Taoyuan Dist., Taoyuan, 330, Taiwan. .,Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Triolo M, Oliveira AN, Kumari R, Hood DA. The influence of age, sex, and exercise on autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosome biogenesis in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:13. [PMID: 35690879 PMCID: PMC9188089 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging decreases skeletal muscle mass and quality. Maintenance of healthy muscle is regulated by a balance between protein and organellar synthesis and their degradation. The autophagy-lysosome system is responsible for the selective degradation of protein aggregates and organelles, such as mitochondria (i.e., mitophagy). Little data exist on the independent and combined influence of age, biological sex, and exercise on the autophagy system and lysosome biogenesis. The purpose of this study was to characterize sex differences in autophagy and lysosome biogenesis in young and aged muscle and to determine if acute exercise influences these processes. Methods Young (4–6 months) and aged (22–24 months) male and female mice were assigned to a sedentary or an acute exercise group. Mitochondrial content, the autophagy-lysosome system, and mitophagy were measured via protein analysis. A TFEB-promoter-construct was utilized to examine Tfeb transcription, and nuclear-cytosolic fractions allowed us to examine TFEB localization in sedentary and exercised muscle with age and sex. Results Our results indicate that female mice, both young and old, had more mitochondrial protein than age-matched males. However, mitochondria in the muscle of females had a reduced respiratory capacity. Mitochondrial content was only reduced with age in the male cohort. Young female mice had a greater abundance of autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosome proteins than young males; however, increases were evident with age irrespective of sex. Young sedentary female mice had indices of greater autophagosomal turnover than male counterparts. Exhaustive exercise was able to stimulate autophagic clearance solely in young male mice. Similarly, nuclear TFEB protein was enhanced to a greater extent in young male, compared to young female mice following exercise, but no changes were observed in aged mice. Finally, TFEB-promoter activity was upregulated following exercise in both young and aged muscle. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that biological sex influences mitochondrial homeostasis, the autophagy-lysosome system, and mitophagy in skeletal muscle with age. Furthermore, our data suggest that young male mice have a more profound ability to activate these processes with exercise than in the other groups. Ultimately, this may contribute to a greater remodeling of muscle in response to exercise training in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Triolo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ashley N Oliveira
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Rita Kumari
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada. .,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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22
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Exercise Counteracts the Deleterious Effects of Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102512. [PMID: 35626116 PMCID: PMC9139714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training on the major mechanisms related to cancer cachexia (CC). The review also discusses how cancer comorbidities can influence the ability of patients/animals with cancer to perform exercise training and what precautions should be taken when they exercise. The contribution of other factors, such as exercise modality and biological sex, to exercise effectiveness in ameliorating CC are also elaborated in the final sections. We provide meticulous evidence for how advantageous exercise training can be in patients/animals with CC at molecular and cellular levels. Finally, we emphasise what factors should be considered to optimise and personalise an exercise training program in CC. Abstract Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by unintentional loss of body weight and muscle mass in patients with cancer. The major hallmarks associated with CC development and progression include imbalanced protein turnover, inflammatory signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction and satellite cell dysregulation. So far, there is no effective treatment to counteract muscle wasting in patients with CC. Exercise training has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for CC. This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training in CC-related mechanisms as well as how factors such as cancer comorbidities, exercise modality and biological sex can influence exercise effectiveness in CC. Evidence in mice and humans suggests exercise training combats all of the hallmarks of CC. Several exercise modalities induce beneficial adaptations in patients/animals with CC, but concurrent resistance and endurance training is considered the optimal type of exercise. In the case of cancer patients presenting comorbidities, exercise training should be performed only under specific guidelines and precautions to avoid adverse effects. Observational comparison of studies in CC using different biological sex shows exercise-induced adaptations are similar between male and female patients/animals with cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
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23
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Sex Moderated Mediation of the Musculoskeletal Fitness in Relationship between High-Intensive Interval Training Performing during Physical Education Classes and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Boys and Girls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8760620. [PMID: 35083335 PMCID: PMC8786534 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8760620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-intensive interval training (HIIT) is indicated as a means of improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and musculoskeletal fitness (MSF). The relationship between CRF and MSF was examined too. Little is known about gaining CRF from HIIT independence of MSF in adolescents. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating whether MSF mediated the relationship between HIIT and CRF and whether sex moderate this relation. The study sample included 122 individuals (45 boys, 77 girls) 16.12 ± 0.38 years of secondary school age. Participants were assigned to the HIIT intervention or control groups. The intervention lasted 14 minutes during one physical education lesson per week for ten weeks. Outcome and potential mediator were residual changes calculated from pre- and postintervention results of MSF components: handgrip (HG), sit-ups (ABS), sit-and-reach (FL), vertical jump (VJ), and Harvard step-test representing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). MSF index (MSFI) was calculated as a construct, agglomerating all MSF, and tested its usefulness. HIIT significantly impacted CRF in boys and girls (B = 2.32, p = 0.032; B = 2.28, p = 0.005, respectively). The impact of the HIIT program on the ABS and FL was observed only in girls. The moderation effect of sex was confirmed. Significant effect of HIIT on CRF decreased (Bdirect < Btotal) and was no significant after including FL (B = 1.46, p = 0.62)—complete mediation, but no ABS (B = 2.97, p = 0.001)—partial mediation. CRF was mediated by changes in ABS (B = 2.28, p < 0.001) and FL (4.18, p < 0.001). MSFI was not mediating; its usefulness was limited. HIIT is an effective tool in the development of CRF in both sexes. MSF played a limited role in the relationship between HIIT and CRF. It suggested different mechanisms in both sexes: girls who performed better to the HIIT had better values of FL and ABS, but not boys. HIIT intervention involved modifications in ABS or FL, which also influenced the increase of CRF.
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24
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Liu D, Fan YB, Tao XH, Pan WL, Wu YX, Wang XH, He YQ, Xiao WF, Li YS. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Sarcopenia: Updated Overview of Mechanisms and Interventions. Aging Dis 2021; 12:2016-2030. [PMID: 34881083 PMCID: PMC8612607 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common geriatric disorder characterized by decreased muscle strength, low muscle mass and poor physical performance. This aging-related skeletal muscle deterioration leads to adverse outcomes and severely impairs the quality of life of patients. The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria with aging is an important factor in the occurrence and progression of sarcopenia. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) fundamentally ensures the normal mitochondrial functions and is comprised of four main parts: proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy. Therefore, any pathophysiologic factors compromising the quality control of homeostasis in the skeletal muscle may lead to sarcopenia. However, the specific theoretical aspects of these processes have not been fully elucidated. Current therapeutic interventions using nutritional and pharmaceutical treatments show a modest therapeutic efficacy; however, only physical exercise is recommended as the first-line therapy for sarcopenia, which can ameliorate skeletal muscle deficiency by maintaining the homeostatic MQC. In this review, we summarized the known mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia by impairing normal mitochondrial functions and described potential interventions that mitigate sarcopenia through improving MQC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- 2Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang provincial people's hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Tao
- 2Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang provincial people's hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei-Li Pan
- 2Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang provincial people's hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wu
- 3School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Wang
- 4Xiang Ya Nursing School, The Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yu-Qiong He
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,5National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,5National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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25
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Granata C, Caruana NJ, Botella J, Jamnick NA, Huynh K, Kuang J, Janssen HA, Reljic B, Mellett NA, Laskowski A, Stait TL, Frazier AE, Coughlan MT, Meikle PJ, Thorburn DR, Stroud DA, Bishop DJ. High-intensity training induces non-stoichiometric changes in the mitochondrial proteome of human skeletal muscle without reorganisation of respiratory chain content. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7056. [PMID: 34862379 PMCID: PMC8642543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects are implicated in multiple diseases and aging. Exercise training is an accessible, inexpensive therapeutic intervention that can improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and quality of life. By combining multiple omics techniques with biochemical and in silico normalisation, we removed the bias arising from the training-induced increase in mitochondrial content to unearth an intricate and previously undemonstrated network of differentially prioritised mitochondrial adaptations. We show that changes in hundreds of transcripts, proteins, and lipids are not stoichiometrically linked to the overall increase in mitochondrial content. Our findings suggest enhancing electron flow to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is more important to improve ATP generation than increasing the abundance of the OXPHOS machinery, and do not support the hypothesis that training-induced supercomplex formation enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our study provides an analytical approach allowing unbiased and in-depth investigations of training-induced mitochondrial adaptations, challenging our current understanding, and calling for careful reinterpretation of previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Jamnick
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Hans A Janssen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Boris Reljic
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Adrienne Laskowski
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Tegan L Stait
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E Frazier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - David R Thorburn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
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26
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Skelly LE, Bailleul C, Gillen JB. Physiological Responses to Low-Volume Interval Training in Women. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:99. [PMID: 34940959 PMCID: PMC8702506 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interval training is a form of exercise that involves intermittent bouts of relatively intense effort interspersed with periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise for recovery. Low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) induce physiological and health-related adaptations comparable to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in healthy adults and those with chronic disease despite a lower time commitment. However, most studies within the field have been conducted in men, with a relatively limited number of studies conducted in women cohorts across the lifespan. This review summarizes our understanding of physiological responses to low-volume interval training in women, including those with overweight/obesity or type 2 diabetes, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic control, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We also describe emerging evidence demonstrating similarities and differences in the adaptive response between women and men. Collectively, HIIT and SIT have consistently been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in women, and most sex-based comparisons demonstrate similar improvements in men and women. However, research examining insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to HIIT and SIT in women is limited and conflicting, with some evidence of blunted improvements in women relative to men. There is a need for additional research that examines physiological adaptations to low-volume interval training in women across the lifespan, including studies that directly compare responses to MICT, evaluate potential mechanisms, and/or assess the influence of sex on the adaptive response. Future work in this area will strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations in women.
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27
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Metabolic effects of high-intensity interval training and essential amino acids. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3297-3311. [PMID: 34427732 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes positive cardiometabolic and body composition changes. Essential amino acids (EAA) may support changes associated with HIIT, but evaluation of potential synergistic effects is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare independent and combined effects of HIIT and EAA on total body composition and metabolism in men and women considered overweight/obese; an exploratory aim was to evaluate the modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six healthy adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 32.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) completed 8 weeks of: (1) HIIT, 2 days/weeks; (2) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (3) HIIT + EAA; or (4) control. Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate metabolism (respiratory exchange ratio; RER), and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks; cardiometabolic blood markers were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Differences between groups were assessed by linear mixed models covaried for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals (CI) on adjusted mean change scores. There were no significant changes in body composition (p > 0.05) for any group. Changes in RER, but not RMR, occurred with HIIT (mean change; [95% CI]: - 0.04; [- 0.07, - 0.02]) and EAA (- 0.03; [- 0.06, - 0.01]) after 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased following 8 weeks of HIIT (+ 5.1 ml/kg/min [3.3,6.8]) and HIIT + EAA (+ 4.1 ml/kg/min [1.0,6.4]). Changes with HIIT + EAA were not significantly different from HIIT. There were no changes in cardiometabolic markers (p > 0.05) and no sex interaction (p > 0.05). HIIT is efficacious for promoting positive changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and resting substrate metabolism in adults considered overweight/obese. Addition of EAA did not significantly enhance HIIT-induced adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov ID#NCT04080102.
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28
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Salvador AF, McKenna CF, Paulussen KJM, Keeble AR, Askow AT, Fang HY, Li Z, Ulanov AV, Paluska SA, Moore DR, Burd NA. Early resistance training-mediated stimulation of daily muscle protein synthetic responses to higher habitual protein intake in middle-aged adults. J Physiol 2021; 599:4287-4307. [PMID: 34320223 DOI: 10.1113/jp281907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The ingestion of protein potentiates the stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Protein supplementation (eating above the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance) during resistance training has been shown to maximize lean mass and strength gains in healthy young and older adults. Here, contractile, oxidative, and structural protein synthesis were assessed in skeletal muscle in response to a moderate or higher protein diet during the early adaptive phase of resistance training in middle-aged adults. The stimulation of myofibrillar, mitochondrial or collagen protein synthesis rates during 0-3 weeks of resistance training is not further enhanced by a higher protein diet. These results show that moderate protein diets are sufficient to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response during the early phase of a resistance training programme. ABSTRACT Protein ingestion augments muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates acutely after resistance exercise and can offset age-related loss in muscle mass. Skeletal muscle contains a variety of protein pools, such as myofibrillar (contractile), mitochondrial (substrate oxidation), and collagen (structural support) proteins, and the sensitivity to nutrition and exercise seems to be dependent on the major protein fraction studied. However, it is unknown how free-living conditions with high dietary protein density and habitual resistance exercise mediates muscle protein subfraction synthesis. Therefore, we investigated the effect of moderate (MOD: 1.06 ± 0.22 g kg-1 day-1 ) or high (HIGH: 1.55 ± 0.25 g kg-1 day-1 ) protein intake on daily MPS rates within the myofibrillar (MyoPS), mitochondrial (MitoPS) and collagen (CPS) protein fractions in middle-aged men and women (n = 20, 47 ± 1 years, BMI 28 ± 1 kg m-2 ) during the early phase (0-3 weeks) of a dietary counselling-controlled resistance training programme. Participants were loaded with deuterated water, followed by daily maintenance doses throughout the intervention. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after weeks 1, 2 and 3. MyoPS in the HIGH condition remained constant (P = 1.000), but MOD decreased over time (P = 0.023). MitoPS decreased after 0-3 weeks when compared to 0-1 week (P = 0.010) with no effects of protein intake (P = 0.827). A similar decline with no difference between groups (P = 0.323) was also observed for CPS (P = 0.007). Our results demonstrated that additional protein intake above moderate amounts does not potentiate the stimulation of longer-term MPS responses during the early stage of resistance training adaptations in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Bowman PRT, Smith GL, Gould GW. Run for your life: can exercise be used to effectively target GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease? PeerJ 2021; 9:e11485. [PMID: 34113491 PMCID: PMC8162245 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence, associated mortality rates and economic burden of diabetes are now such that it is considered one of the most pressing worldwide public health challenges. Considerable research is now devoted to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of this disease, with an ultimate aim of improving the array of available preventive and therapeutic interventions. One area of particular unmet clinical need is the significantly elevated rate of cardiomyopathy in diabetic patients, which in part contributes to cardiovascular disease being the primary cause of premature death in this population. This review will first consider the role of metabolism and more specifically the insulin sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease, before addressing how we may use exercise to intervene in order to beneficially impact key functional clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R T Bowman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Callahan MJ, Parr EB, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Can High-Intensity Interval Training Promote Skeletal Muscle Anabolism? Sports Med 2021; 51:405-421. [PMID: 33512698 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training in combination with optimal nutritional support is an effective strategy to maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass. A single bout of resistance exercise undertaken with adequate protein availability increases rates of muscle protein synthesis and, when repeated over weeks and months, leads to increased muscle fiber size. While resistance-based training is considered the 'gold standard' for promoting muscle hypertrophy, other modes of exercise may be able to promote gains in muscle mass. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) comprises short bouts of exercise at or above the power output/speed that elicits individual maximal aerobic capacity, placing high tensile stress on skeletal muscle, and somewhat resembling the demands of resistance exercise. While HIIT induces rapid increases in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, the anabolic potential of HIIT for promoting concurrent gains in muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness has received less scientific inquiry. In this review, we discuss studies that have determined muscle growth responses after HIIT, with a focus on molecular responses, that provide a rationale for HIIT to be implemented among populations who are susceptible to muscle loss (e.g. middle-aged or older adults) and/or in clinical settings (e.g. pre- or post-surgery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Callahan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Donny M Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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31
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Lagerwaard B, Janssen JJE, Cuijpers I, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Muscle mitochondrial capacity in high- and low-fitness females using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14838. [PMID: 33991439 PMCID: PMC8123566 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of muscle oxygen consumption (m V ˙ O2 ) after exercise measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a measure of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity. Nevertheless, due to sex differences in factors that can influence scattering and thus penetration depth of the NIRS signal in the tissue, e.g., subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness and intramuscular myoglobin and hemoglobin, it is unknown whether results in males can be extrapolated to a female population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity in females at different levels of aerobic fitness to test whether NIRS can measure relevant differences in mitochondrial capacity. Mitochondrial capacity was analyzed in the gastrocnemius muscle and the wrist flexors of 32 young female adults, equally divided in relatively high ( V ˙ O2 peak ≥ 47 ml/kg/min) and relatively low aerobic fitness group ( V ˙ O2 peak ≤ 37 ml/kg/min). m V ˙ O2 recovery was significantly faster in the high- compared to the low-fitness group in the gastrocnemius, but not in the wrist flexors (p = 0.009 and p = 0.0528, respectively). Furthermore, V ˙ O2 peak was significantly correlated to m V ˙ O2 recovery in both gastrocnemius (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.0051) and wrist flexors (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.0393). In conclusion, NIRS measurements can be used to assess differences in mitochondrial capacity within a female population and is correlated to V ˙ O2 peak. This further supports NIRS assessment of muscle mitochondrial capacity providing additional evidence for NIRS as a promising approach to monitor mitochondrial capacity, also in an exclusively female population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lagerwaard
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle J E Janssen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Cuijpers
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie G Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Maunder E, Plews DJ, Wallis GA, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Chang WL, Watkins CM, Kilding AE. Temperate performance and metabolic adaptations following endurance training performed under environmental heat stress. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14849. [PMID: 33977674 PMCID: PMC8114151 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes are frequently exposed to environmental heat stress during training. We investigated whether exposure to 33°C during training would improve endurance performance in temperate conditions and stimulate mitochondrial adaptations. Seventeen endurance-trained males were randomly assigned to perform a 3-week training intervention in 18°C (TEMP) or 33°C (HEAT). An incremental test and 30-min time-trial preceded by 2-h low-intensity cycling were performed in 18°C pre- and post-intervention, along with a resting vastus lateralis microbiopsy. Training was matched for relative cardiovascular demand using heart rates measured at the first and second ventilatory thresholds, along with a weekly "best-effort" interval session. Perceived training load was similar between-groups, despite lower power outputs during training in HEAT versus TEMP (p < .05). Time-trial performance improved to a greater extent in HEAT than TEMP (30 ± 13 vs. 16 ± 5 W, N = 7 vs. N = 6, p = .04), and citrate synthase activity increased in HEAT (fold-change, 1.25 ± 0.25, p = .03, N = 9) but not TEMP (1.10 ± 0.22, p = .22, N = 7). Training-induced changes in time-trial performance and citrate synthase activity were related (r = .51, p = .04). A group × time interaction for peak fat oxidation was observed (Δ 0.05 ± 0.14 vs. -0.09 ± 0.12 g·min-1 in TEMP and HEAT, N = 9 vs. N = 8, p = .05). Our data suggest exposure to moderate environmental heat stress during endurance training may be useful for inducing adaptations relevant to performance in temperate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Plews
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew J Brick
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren B Leigh
- Orthosports North Harbour, AUT Millennium, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wee-Leong Chang
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Casey M Watkins
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bagley L, Al-Shanti N, Bradburn S, Baig O, Slevin M, McPhee JS. Sex Comparison of Knee Extensor Size, Strength, and Fatigue Adaptation to Sprint Interval Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021. [PMID: 29533360 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bagley, L, Al-Shanti, N, Bradburn, S, Baig, O, Slevin, M, and McPhee, JS. Sex comparison of knee extensor size, strength, and fatigue adaptation to sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 64-71, 2021-Regular sprint interval training (SIT) improves whole-body aerobic capacity and muscle oxidative potential, but very little is known about knee extensor anabolic or fatigue resistance adaptations, or whether effects are similar for men and women. The purpose of this study was to compare sex-related differences in knee extensor size, torque-velocity relationship, and fatigability adaptations to 12-week SIT. Sixteen men and 15 women (mean [SEM] age: 41 [±2.5] years) completed measurements of total body composition assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSAQ) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, the knee extensor torque-velocity relationship (covering 0-240°·s-1) and fatigue resistance, which was measured as the decline in torque from the first to the last of 60 repeated concentric knee extensions performed at 180°·s-1. Sprint interval training consisted of 4 × 20-second sprints on a cycle ergometer set at an initial power output of 175% of power at V̇o2max, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area increased by 5% (p = 0.023) and fatigue resistance improved 4.8% (p = 0.048), with no sex differences in these adaptations (sex comparisons: p = 0.140 and p = 0.282, respectively). Knee extensor isometric and concentric torque was unaffected by SIT in both men and women (p > 0.05 for all velocities). Twelve-week SIT, totaling 4 minutes of very intense cycling per week, significantly increased fatigue resistance and CSAQ similarly in men and women, but did not significantly increase torque in men or women. These results suggest that SIT is a time-effective training modality for men and women to increase leg muscle size and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Paul S, Saha D, Bk B. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Mitophagy Closely Cooperate in Neurological Deficits Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3677-3691. [PMID: 33797062 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known to be correlated in terms of their epidemiology, histopathology, and molecular and biochemical characteristics. The prevalence of T2D leading to AD is approximately 50-70%. Moreover, AD is often considered type III diabetes because of the common risk factors. Uncontrolled T2D may affect the brain, leading to memory and learning deficits in patients. In addition, metabolic disorders and impaired oxidative phosphorylation in AD and T2D patients suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in both diseases. The dysregulation of pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy are responsible for exacerbating the impact of hyperglycemia on the brain and neurodegeneration under T2D conditions. The first section of this review describes the recent views on mitochondrial dysfunction that connect these two disease conditions, as the pathways are observed to overlap. The second section of the review highlights the importance of different mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs) involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their association with the pathogenesis of T2D and AD. Therefore, targeting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy pathways, along with the use of mitomiRs, could be a potent therapeutic strategy for T2D-related AD. The last section of the review highlights the known drugs targeting mitochondrial function for the treatment of both disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Paul
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debarpita Saha
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Binukumar Bk
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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36
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Pearson AG, Alexander L, Witard OC, Coughlin TE, Tipton KD, Walshe IH. A hypoenergetic diet with decreased protein intake does not reduce lean body mass in trained females. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:771-781. [PMID: 33258997 PMCID: PMC7892501 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing protein intake during energy restriction (ER) attenuates lean body mass (LBM) loss in trained males. However, whether this relationship exists in trained females is unknown. This study examined the impact of higher compared to lower protein intakes (35% versus 15% of energy intake) on body composition in trained females during 2 weeks of severe ER. METHODS Eighteen well-trained females completed a 1-week energy balanced diet (HD100), followed by a 2-week hypoenergetic (40% ER) diet (HD60). During HD60, participants consumed either a high protein (HP; 35% protein, 15% fat) or lower protein (CON; 15% protein, 35% fat) diet. Body composition, peak power, leg strength, sprint time, and anaerobic endurance were assessed at baseline, pre-HD60, and post-HD60. RESULTS Absolute protein intake was reduced during HD60 in the CON group (from 1.6 to 0.9 g·d·kgBM-1) and maintained in the HP group (~ 1.7 g·d·kgBM-1). CON and HP groups decreased body mass equally during HD60 (- 1.0 ± 1.1 kg; p = 0.026 and - 1.1 ± 0.7 kg; p = 0.002, respectively) and maintained LBM. There were no interactions between time point and dietary condition on exercise performance. CONCLUSION The preservation of LBM during HD60, irrespective of whether absolute protein intake is maintained or reduced, contrasts with findings in trained males. In trained females, the relationship between absolute protein intake and LBM change during ER warrants further investigation. Future recommendations for protein intake during ER should be expressed relative to body mass, not total energy intake, in trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Pearson
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Lee Alexander
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Coughlin
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Ian H Walshe
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.
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Pavis GF, Jameson TSO, Dirks ML, Lee BP, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Porter C, Alamdari N, Mikus CR, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Improved recovery from skeletal muscle damage is largely unexplained by myofibrillar protein synthesis or inflammatory and regenerative gene expression pathways. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E291-E305. [PMID: 33284089 PMCID: PMC8260377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00454.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) to recovery from skeletal muscle damage in humans is unknown. Recreationally active men and women consumed a daily protein-polyphenol beverage targeted at increasing amino acid availability and reducing inflammation (PPB; n = 9), both known to affect MyoPS, or an isocaloric placebo (PLA; n = 9) during 168 h of recovery from 300 maximal unilateral eccentric contractions (EE). Muscle function was assessed daily. Muscle biopsies were collected for 24, 27, 36, 72, and 168 h for MyoPS measurements using 2H2O and expression of 224 genes using RT-qPCR and pathway analysis. PPB improved recovery of muscle function, which was impaired for 5 days after EE in PLA (interaction P < 0.05). Acute postprandial MyoPS rates were unaffected by nutritional intervention (24-27 h). EE increased overnight (27-36 h) MyoPS versus the control leg (PLA: 33 ± 19%; PPB: 79 ± 25%; leg P < 0.01), and PPB tended to increase this further (interaction P = 0.06). Daily MyoPS rates were greater with PPB between 72 and 168 h after EE, albeit after function had recovered. Inflammatory and regenerative signaling pathways were dramatically upregulated and clustered after EE but were unaffected by nutritional intervention. These results suggest that accelerated recovery from EE is not explained by elevated MyoPS or suppression of inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study investigated the contribution of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and associated gene signaling to recovery from 300 muscle-damaging, eccentric contractions. Measured with 2H2O, MyoPS rates were elevated during recovery and observed alongside expression of inflammatory and regenerative signaling pathways. A nutritional intervention accelerated recovery; however, MyoPS and gene signaling were unchanged compared with placebo. These data indicate that MyoPS and associated signaling do not explain accelerated recovery from muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Pavis
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tom S O Jameson
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Lee
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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38
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Kloster A, Hyer MM, Dyer S, Salome-Sanchez C, Neigh GN. High Fructose Diet Induces Sex-specific Modifications in Synaptic Respiration and Affective-like Behaviors in Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 454:40-50. [PMID: 31881260 PMCID: PMC7311226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of excessive fructose intake extend beyond those of metabolic disorder to changes in emotional regulation and cognitive function. Long-term consumption of fructose, particularly common when begun in adolescence, is more likely to lead to deleterious consequences than acute consumption. These long-term consequences manifest differently in males and females, suggesting a sex-divergent mechanism by which fructose can impair physiology and neural function. The purpose of the current project was to investigate a possible sex-specific mechanism by which elevated fructose consumption drives behavioral deficits and accompanying metabolic symptoms - specifically, synaptic mitochondrial function. Male and female rats were fed a high fructose diet beginning at weaning and maintained into adulthood. Measures of physiological health across the diet consumption period indicated that females were more likely to gain weight than males while both displayed increased circulating blood glucose. As adults, females fed the high fructose diet displayed increased floating behavior in the forced swim task while males exhibited increased exploratory behavior in the open field. Synaptic respiration was altered by diet in both females and males but the effect was sex-divergent - fructose-fed females had increased synaptic respiration while males showed a decrease. When exposed to an acute energetic challenge, the pattern was reversed. Taken together, these data indicate that diet-induced alterations to neural function and physiology are sex-specific and highlight the need to consider sex as a biological variable when treating metabolic disease. Furthermore, these data suggest that synaptic mitochondrial function may contribute directly to the behavioral consequences of elevated fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Kloster
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Molly M Hyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Samya Dyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Charlie Salome-Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Saylor HE, Gould LM, Harrison CH, Brewer GJ, Blue MNM, Ferrando AA, Huffman KM, Mayer‐Davis EJ, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. High-intensity interval training and essential amino acid supplementation: Effects on muscle characteristics and whole-body protein turnover. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14655. [PMID: 33369879 PMCID: PMC7769174 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the independent and combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and essential amino acids (EAA) on lean mass, muscle characteristics of the quadriceps, and 24-hr whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) in overweight and obese adults. An exploratory aim was to evaluate potential modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 yrs; %BF: 36.0 ± 7.8%) were assigned to 8 wks of: (a) HIIT, 2 days/wk; (b) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (c) HIIT + EAA; or (d) control. At baseline, 4 wks, and 8 wks, total body, thigh LM and muscle characteristics were measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and B-mode ultrasound, respectively. In a subsample, changes in WBPT was measured using [N15 ]alanine. Differences between groups were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals on adjusted mean change scores (Δ). HIIT and HIIT + EAA improved thigh LM (Δ: +0.17 ± 0.05 kg [0.08, 0.27]; +0.22 ± 0.05 kg [0.12,0.31]) and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (Δ: +2.73 ± 0.52 cm2 [1.69,3.77]; +2.64 ± 0.53 cm2 [1.58,3.70]), volume (Δ: +54.50 ± 11.69 cm3 [31.07, 77.92]; +62.39 ± 12.05 cm3 [38.26, 86.52]), and quality (Δ: -5.46 ± 2.68a.u. [-10.84, -0.09]; -7.97 ± 2.76a.u.[-13.49, -2.45]). Protein synthesis, breakdown, and flux were greater with HIIT + EAA and EAA compared to HIIT (p < .05). Sex differences were minimal. Compared to women, men tended to respond more to HIIT, with or without EAA. For women, responses were greater with HIIT + EAA than HIIT. In overweight and obese adults, 8 weeks of HIIT, with or without EAA, improved thigh LM size and quality; EAA may enhance muscular adaptation via increases in protein turnover, supporting greater improvements in muscular size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Hannah E. Saylor
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Courtney H. Harrison
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Gabrielle J. Brewer
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Malia N. M. Blue
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer‐Davis
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
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Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Kuang J, Pitchford NW, Roach GD, Garnham A, Genders AJ, Stokes T, Schroder EA, Huo Z, Esser KA, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms. Mol Metab 2021; 43:101110. [PMID: 33137489 PMCID: PMC7704425 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep loss has emerged as a risk factor for the development of impaired glucose tolerance. The mechanisms underpinning this observation are unknown; however, both mitochondrial dysfunction and circadian misalignment have been proposed. Because exercise improves glucose tolerance and mitochondrial function, and alters circadian rhythms, we investigated whether exercise may counteract the effects induced by inadequate sleep. METHODS To minimize between-group differences of baseline characteristics, 24 healthy young males were allocated into one of the three experimental groups: a Normal Sleep (NS) group (8 h time in bed (TIB) per night, for five nights), a Sleep Restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB per night, for five nights), and a Sleep Restriction and Exercise group (SR+EX) (4 h TIB per night, for five nights and three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) sessions). Glucose tolerance, mitochondrial respiratory function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis (SarcPS), and diurnal measures of peripheral skin temperature were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS We report that the SR group had reduced glucose tolerance post-intervention (mean change ± SD, P value, SR glucose AUC: 149 ± 115 A.U., P = 0.002), which was also associated with reductions in mitochondrial respiratory function (SR: -15.9 ± 12.4 pmol O2.s-1.mg-1, P = 0.001), a lower rate of SarcPS (FSR%/day SR: 1.11 ± 0.25%, P < 0.001), and reduced amplitude of diurnal rhythms. These effects were not observed when incorporating three sessions of HIIE during this period (SR+EX: glucose AUC 67 ± 57, P = 0.239, mitochondrial respiratory function: 0.6 ± 11.8 pmol O2.s-1.mg-1, P = 0.997, and SarcPS (FSR%/day): 1.77 ± 0.22%, P = 0.971). CONCLUSIONS A five-night period of sleep restriction leads to reductions in mitochondrial respiratory function, SarcPS, and amplitude of skin temperature diurnal rhythms, with a concurrent reduction in glucose tolerance. We provide novel data demonstrating that these same detrimental effects are not observed when HIIE is performed during the period of sleep restriction. These data therefore provide evidence in support of the use of HIIE as an intervention to mitigate the detrimental physiological effects of sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan W Pitchford
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Sport Performance Optimization Research Team, School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioral Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Schroder
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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41
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Dolci F, Kilding AE, Spiteri T, Chivers P, Piggott B, Maiorana A, Hart N. High-intensity Interval Training Shock Microcycle Improves Running Performance but not Economy in Female Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:740-748. [PMID: 33307555 DOI: 10.1055/a-1302-8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training shock microcycles (HIITSM) on endurance, running economy and change of direction economy in female soccer players. Nineteen sub-elite female soccer players were randomised to two groups: HIITSM (10 HIIT sessions over 13 days) or HIITTRAD (4 HIIT sessions over 13 days) interventions. Endurance performance was evaluated through the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT); running economy over a 5-min treadmill run; and change of direction economy over two conditions: (1) 5-min 20m shuttle run, and (2) 5-min 10m shuttle run. HIITSM significantly improved 30-15IFT scores compared to baseline (+4.4%, p=0.009; d=0.96) and 30-15IFT scores relative to HIITTRAD (p=0.002; d=2.01). There was no significant interaction (group×time) for running economy and change of direction economy. Pre- to post- intervention there was a significant main time effect for blood lactate over 20m and 10m shuttle runs (p<0.001 and p=0.037, respectively), with large (d=0.93) and moderate (d=0.53) changes observed for the HIITSM over the two distances, respectively. HIITSM may be more effective than HIITTRAD to improve 30-15IFT over shorter training periods but may not affect running economy and change of direction economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Dolci
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Division of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, Newzealand
| | - Tania Spiteri
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Benjamin Piggott
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Andrew Maiorana
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicolas Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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42
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Musci RV, Walsh MA, Konopka AR, Wolff CA, Peelor FF, Reiser RF, Santangelo KS, Hamilton KL. The Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig Is a Model of Primary Osteoarthritis That Also Exhibits Early Onset Myofiber Remodeling That Resembles Human Musculoskeletal Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:571372. [PMID: 33192568 PMCID: PMC7658338 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.571372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle dysfunction, articular cartilage degeneration, and bone loss occur essentially in parallel during aging. Mechanisms contributing to this systemic musculoskeletal decline remain incompletely understood, limiting progress toward developing effective therapeutics. Because the progression of human musculoskeletal aging is slow, researchers rely on rodent models to identify mechanisms and test interventions. The Dunkin Hartley guinea pig is an outbred strain that begins developing primary osteoarthritis by 4 months of age with a progression and pathology similar to aging humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle remodeling during the progression of osteoarthritis in these guinea pigs resembles musculoskeletal aging in humans. We compared Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs to Strain 13 guinea pigs, which develop osteoarthritis much later in the lifespan. We measured myofiber type and size, muscle density, and long-term fractional protein synthesis rates of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in 5, 9, and 15-month-old guinea pigs. There was an age-related decline in skeletal muscle density, a greater proportion of smaller myofibers, and a decline in type II concomitant with a rise in type I myofibers in the gastrocnemius muscles from Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs only. These changes were accompanied by age-related declines in myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis in the gastrocnemius and soleus. Collectively, these findings suggest Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs experience myofiber remodeling alongside the progression of osteoarthritis, consistent with human musculoskeletal aging. Thus, Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs may be a model to advance discovery and therapeutic development for human musculoskeletal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Musci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maureen A Walsh
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,GRECC, William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Raoul F Reiser
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly S Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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43
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Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2007-2021. [PMID: 33002256 DOI: 10.1113/ep088548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to determine metabolic thresholds and fatigability. Thereafter, we discuss the implications that these sex differences might have for long-term adaptation to exercise. What advances does it highlight? The review collates evidence from recent physiological studies that have investigated sex as a biological variable, demonstrating that the physiological response to equivalent 'dosages' of exercise is not the same in males and females; thus, highlighting the need to research diversity in physiological responses to interventions. ABSTRACT The anatomical and physiological differences between males and females are thought to determine differences in the limits of human performance. The notion of studying sex as a biological variable has recently been emphasized in the biosciences as a vital step in enhancing human health. In this review, we contend that the effects of biological sex on acute and chronic responses must be studied and accounted for when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting the optimization of physiological function. Emerging evidence suggests that the response of physiological systems to exercise differs between males and females, potentially mediating the beneficial effects in healthy and clinical populations. We highlight evidence that integrative metabolic thresholds during exercise are influenced by phenotypical sex differences throughout many physiological systems. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that female skeletal muscle is more resistant to fatigue elicited by equivalent dosages of high-intensity exercise. How the different acute responses affect the long-term trainability of males and females is considered, with discussion about tailoring exercise to the characteristics of the individual presented within the context of biological sex. Finally, we highlight the influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on physiological responses to exercise in females. Sex is one of many mediating influences on the outcomes of exercise, and with careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance the collective understanding of diversity in physiology and optimize outcomes for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sandra K Hunter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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44
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Daurio NA, Zhou H, Chen Y, Sheth PR, Imbriglio JE, McLaren DG, Tawa P, Rachdaoui N, Previs MJ, Kasumov T, O’Neil J, Previs SF. Examining Targeted Protein Degradation from Physiological and Analytical Perspectives: Enabling Translation between Cells and Subjects. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2623-2635. [PMID: 32930572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to target specific proteins for degradation may open a new door toward developing therapeutics. Although effort in chemistry is essential for advancing this modality, i.e., one needs to generate proteolysis targeting chimeras (bifunctional molecules, also referred to as PROTACS) or "molecular glues" to accelerate protein degradation, we suspect that investigations could also benefit by directing attention toward physiological regulation surrounding protein homeostasis, including the methods that can be used to examine changes in protein kinetics. This perspective will first consider some metabolic scenarios that might be of importance when one aims to change protein abundance by increasing protein degradation. Specifically, could protein turnover impact the apparent outcome? We will then outline how to study protein dynamics by coupling stable isotope tracer methods with mass spectrometry-based detection; since the experimental conditions could have a dramatic effect on protein turnover, special attention is directed toward the application of methods for quantifying protein kinetics using in vitro and in vivo models. Our goal is to present key concepts that should enable mechanistically informed studies which test targeted protein degradation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Daurio
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Payal R. Sheth
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jason E. Imbriglio
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David G. McLaren
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Tawa
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael J. Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05454, United States
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, United States
| | - Jennifer O’Neil
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen F. Previs
- Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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45
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Hooshmand-Moghadam B, Eskandari M, Golestani F, Rezae S, Mahmoudi N, Gaeini AA. The effect of 12-week resistance exercise training on serum levels of cellular aging process parameters in elderly men. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111090. [PMID: 32919015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity has a positive effect on the prevention of cellular aging. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week resistance training (RT) on serum levels of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), Sirtuin-6 (SIRT6), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), and telomerase enzyme in elderly men. METHODS For this purpose, 30 elderly men (age 66.23 ± 0.57 years) were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training group (RET, n = 15) and control group (CTR, n = 15). Participants in RET performed RT protocols with intensity of 60% one-repetition maximum (3×/week, 4 sets of the six exercise circuits). Body composition, physical functioning and, blood samples were assessed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) a 12-week intervention. RESULTS The results showed that there was a significant increase in serum levels of SIRT1 (P = 0.001), SIRT3 (P = 0.001), SIRT6 (P = 0.02), PGC1-α (P = 0.001), and telomerase enzyme (P = 0.001) in RET. Also, we found a significant difference between the RET and CTR in serum levels of SIRT1 (P = 0.001), SIRT3 (P = 0.001), SIRT6 (P = 0.037), PGC1-α (P = 0.007), and telomerase enzyme (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS 12-Week RT increased the levels of proteins associated with the biological aging process in elderly men. It seems that the RT may have beneficial effects on cellular senescence and also improved impaired mitochondrial protein and enzymatic functional induced aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Hooshmand-Moghadam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fateme Golestani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezae
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Mahmoudi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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46
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Association between muscle aerobic capacity and whole-body peak oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2029-2036. [PMID: 32596752 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (MOC) is associated with reduced aerobic capacity and increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Measuring skeletal muscle MOC may be an alternative method to assess aerobic capacity, especially for individuals unable to perform a whole-body maximum oxygen uptake protocol. In this study, linear regression analysis in two leg muscles was performed to determine whether MOC values could be used to predict whole-body peak oxygen uptake. METHODS MOC was measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of 26 participants (age, 27.1 ± 5.8 years old). Whole-body peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was determined by indirect calorimetry during a continuous ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer. RESULTS VO2 peak values were significantly correlated with the muscle recovery rate constant (k) of the MG (kMG, r = 0.59; p < 0.01) and VL (kVL, r = 0.63; p < 0.01) muscles. Summing recovery rate constants of both muscles together (kMG + kVL) improved the strength of the correlation with VO2 peak (r = 0.78; p < 0.0001) and could explain a majority of the variance (R2 = 0.61) between the two measurements. CONCLUSION Data suggest that NIRS can provide reliable MOC measurements on two leg muscles that correlate well with whole-body peak oxygen uptake.
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47
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Groennebaek T, Nielsen J, Jespersen NR, Bøtker HE, de Paoli FV, Miller BF, Vissing K. Utilization of biomarkers as predictors of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content after physiological intervention and in clinical settings. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E886-E889. [PMID: 32255679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00101.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of mitochondrial content is essential for bioenergetic research, as it provides a tool to evaluate whether changes in mitochondrial function are strictly due to changes in content or other mechanisms that influence function. In this perspective, we argue that commonly used biomarkers of mitochondrial content may possess limited utility for capturing changes in content with physiological intervention. Moreover, we argue that they may not provide reliable estimates of content in certain pathological situations. Finally, we discuss potential solutions to overcome issues related to the utilization of biomarkers of mitochondrial content. Shedding light on this important issue will hopefully aid conclusions about the mitochondrial structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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48
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Skelly LE, Gibala MJ. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics in humans: Does sex matter? Exp Physiol 2020; 104:460-462. [PMID: 30932280 DOI: 10.1113/ep087447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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49
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Estafanos S, Adams C, Tinline-Goodfellow C, Hodson N. Can you out-exercise a bad sleep? A muscle-centric view. J Physiol 2020; 598:2549-2550. [PMID: 32415779 DOI: 10.1113/jp279913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Estafanos
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn Adams
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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50
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Korponay TC, Balnis J, Vincent CE, Singer DV, Chopra A, Adam AP, Ginnan R, Singer HA, Jaitovich A. High CO 2 Downregulates Skeletal Muscle Protein Anabolism via AMP-activated Protein Kinase α2-mediated Depressed Ribosomal Biogenesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:74-86. [PMID: 31264907 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High CO2 retention, or hypercapnia, is associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. Skeletal muscle wasting is also an independent predictor of poor outcomes in patients with acute and chronic pulmonary diseases. Although previous evidence indicates that high CO2 accelerates skeletal muscle catabolism via AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-FoxO3a-MuRF1 (E3-ubiquitin ligase muscle RING finger protein 1), little is known about the role of high CO2 in regulating skeletal muscle anabolism. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of high CO2 in attenuating skeletal muscle protein synthesis. We found that locomotor muscles from patients with chronic CO2 retention demonstrated depressed ribosomal gene expression in comparison with locomotor muscles from non-CO2-retaining individuals, and analysis of the muscle proteome of normo- and hypercapnic mice indicates reduction of important components of ribosomal structure and function. Indeed, mice chronically kept under a high-CO2 environment show evidence of skeletal muscle downregulation of ribosomal biogenesis and decreased protein synthesis as measured by the incorporation of puromycin into skeletal muscle. Hypercapnia did not regulate the mTOR pathway, and rapamycin-induced deactivation of mTOR did not cause a decrease in ribosomal gene expression. Loss-of-function studies in cultured myotubes showed that AMPKα2 regulates CO2-mediated reductions in ribosomal gene expression and protein synthesis. Although previous evidence has implicated TIF1A (transcription initiation factor-1α) and KDM2A (lysine-specific demethylase 2A) in AMPK-driven regulation of ribosomal gene expression, we found that these mediators were not required in the high CO2-induced depressed protein anabolism. Our research supports future studies targeting ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis to alleviate the effects of high CO2 on skeletal muscle turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Korponay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
| | - Joseph Balnis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
| | | | | | - Amit Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; and
| | - Roman Ginnan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
| | | | - Ariel Jaitovich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
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