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Schüller M, Bergh MSS, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Øiestad EL. Electromembrane extraction of drugs of abuse and prescription drugs from micropulverized hair. J Anal Toxicol 2024:bkae051. [PMID: 38905017 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair analysis can provide chronological insights into past drug use for months to years after drug administration. In comparison to analyses from other biological matrices, such as blood and urine, sample pretreatment is often tedious and not environmental friendly. In this study, we present a more environmental friendly approach to hair analysis using micropulverized hair and electromembrane extraction for the efficient extraction of 15 drugs of abuse, prescription drugs, and metabolites from hair. The optimized extraction method, involving micropulverization, demonstrated comparable yields to the standard approach of cutting and overnight incubation. A 15-min extraction method using a commercial electromembrane extraction prototype was developed and validated according to forensic guidelines, using only 10 µl of organic solvent per sample. The final method, employing HPLC-MS-MS with a biphenyl column, exhibited good linearity, precision, and sensitivity. An AgreePrep assessment comparing the environmental impact of our method with the standard routine method, involving overnight incubation and conventional liquid-liquid extraction, was conducted. This is the first time micropulverized hair has been subjected to electromembrane extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schüller
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Marianne Skov-Skov Bergh
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
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2
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Won NY, Jabot B, Wang A, Palamar JJ, Cottler LB. Willingness to provide a hair sample for drug testing: results from an anonymous multi-city intercept survey. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2024; 50:261-268. [PMID: 38547406 PMCID: PMC11052666 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2024.2309654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Hair provision for drug testing can provide secondary measurement to complement self-reported drug use data, thereby providing a more accurate representation of an individual's drug use. Understanding factors associated with hair provision offers valuable insights into recruitment methods.Objective: To identify demographic and drug-related correlates of providing hair samples in a multi-site venue-intercept study.Methods: We utilized venue-intercept sampling for our Rapid Street Reporting study across 12 US cities between January and November 2022. Participants reported past 12-month drug use and were asked if they would provide a hair sample. We conducted multivariable (generalized linear model with logit link) analyses on demographics and drug use characteristics correlated to hair provision for drug testing.Results: Among 3,045 participants, 55.8% were male, 13.6% provided hair samples. Compared to males, those identifying as "other gender" had higher odds of hair collection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.80). Participants identifying as Black (aOR = 0.32, CI: 0.23-0.45) or "other race" (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29-0.80) had lower odds of providing hair than those identifying as White. All levels of reported drug use - one drug (aOR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.15-1.96), two-three drugs (aOR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.11-2.05), four or more (aOR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.50-3.01) - had higher odds of providing hair samples than those reporting no drug use. Similar associations applied to reporting cannabis use with or without another drug (aOR = 1.52-1.81, 95% CI: 1.15-2.38).Conclusion: Differential hair provision based on participant sex, race/ethnicity, and drug use may introduce biases in drug testing, limiting generalizability to individuals from minority backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Y. Won
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brittney Jabot
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph J. Palamar
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Hellwege RS, Sitter T, Wörnle M. [Vasculitis oft the skin after cocaine use]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2023; 148:1182-1186. [PMID: 37657456 DOI: 10.1055/a-2142-1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 20-years-old patient presented himself to our emergency room with extensive and extremely painful purpura with necrotizing spots and blisters, especially on the lower extremities, but also on the arms, trunk and ears. There was a pre-existing use of cocaine. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS Laboratory tests showed increased signs of inflammation as well as an increase in proteinase 3- and myeloperoxidase-ANCA (Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody). DIAGNOSIS In combination with the medical history, the clinical findings, and the laboratory values, vasculitis of the skin after cocaine use was revealed. THERAPY AND COURSE Under therapy with steroids and cocaine abstinence, there was a regression of the changes. CONCLUSION Vasculitis is a serious complication of cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Sitter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Markus Wörnle
- Zentrale Notaufnahme, LMU Klinikum Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, GERMANY
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4
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Seo HJ, Na TW, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Hong S, Cho H. Target and non-target analytical method for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair using liquid- and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464170. [PMID: 37390765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Extraction using acetonitrile and water and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC and GC-QTOF/MS) techniques were used to screen for potential hazardous substances in livestock and pet hair. In addition, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS techniques were used for verification of the analytical method and quantitative analysis of pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins and antioxidants in hair. Optimized sample preparation involves extracting 0.05 g of sample with 0.6 mL of ACN and 0.4 mL of distilled water. In addition, the two layers were separated by adding 0.1 g of NaCl. Then, both the ACN and water layers were analyzed by LC-TOF/MS, and the ACN layer was analyzed by GC-TOF/MS. Most of the matrix effects of livestock and pet hair were less than 50%, but some matrices and components showed high results, so matrix matching correction was applied for more precise quantification. Method validation was performed for 394 constituents (293 pesticides, 93 veterinary drugs, 6 mycotoxins and 2 preservatives) in dog, cat, cow and pig hair and chicken and duck feathers. All components showed good linearity (r2 ≥0.98) in the developed assay. The quantification limit of all compounds was set at 0.02 mg/kg, which is the lowest level that satisfies the recovery rate standard. The recovery experiment was repeated 8 times at 3 concentrations. Most of the components were extracted with the ACN layer, and the recovery rate was 63.35-119.98%. In order to confirm the efficiency of extracting harmful substances from actual samples, 30 hairs of livestock and pets were screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Seo
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Tae Woong Na
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Seung Hwa Lee
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Sunghie Hong
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea.
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5
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Fernandes ACBCJ, Yang P, Armstrong D, França R. Metal distributions in human hair strand cross-section: Advanced analysis using LA-ICP-MS in dentistry. Talanta 2023; 265:124909. [PMID: 37423178 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Human hair is a biomarker that is crucial in investigating toxic metal exposures. Thirteen elements (Li, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ag, Ba, and Hg) commonly found in hair strands from dentistry environments were investigated using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Previous studies have employed partial ablation along hair strands to avoid contamination from mounting materials. The partial ablation can be problematic if element chemistry within the hair is not homogeneous. In this study, element variations along cross-sections of human hair strands were investigated. A number of elements showed internal variations with most elements enriched at the cuticle, emphasizing the importance of complete ablation for the characterization of human hair element chemistry. Complete and partial ablation LA-ICP-MS results were verified against solution nebulization SN-ICP-MS. Complete LA-ICP-MS showed a better agreement with SN-ICP-MS. Therefore, the developed LA-ICP-MS method can be applied to monitor the health of dental workers and students exposed to dental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panseok Yang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Debbie Armstrong
- Centre for Earth Observation Science (CEOS), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Rodrigo França
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Ji JJ, Xu D, Yan H, Xiang P, Shen M. Micro-segmental analysis of the entry pathway and distribution of zolpidem in hair from different scalp regions after a single dose. Front Chem 2023; 11:1115247. [PMID: 37214486 PMCID: PMC10198615 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair testing is well established for the assessment of past drug exposure; however, more research is needed to understand drug incorporation mechanisms and drug entry pathways into hair. Method: In this study, a micro-segmental LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze a 0.4 mm segment of hair after a single oral administration of zolpidem. Five single hairs were plucked at 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days after administration from the vertex posterior of three subjects, and 5 single hairs were also plucked from the parietal, left temporal, and right temporal regions of the head at 28 days. Results and discussion: Proximal S1 (0-0.4 mm) in hair plucked at 1 day had the highest level of zolpidem at 1.5-2.4 pg/mm; much lower concentrations (< 1 pg/mm) were detected at proximal S2-S8 (0.4-3.2 mm). The drug concentration decreased gradually in S1 for 7 days after drug intake and disappeared by 28 days, suggesting that the drug from the bloodstream initially combined with the hair follicle and then gradually moved to the hair tip as the hair grew. The zolpidem concentration-hair segment profiles exhibited a large peak (root side) and a small peak (tip side) for the four sampling times in all three subjects, indicating that drug incorporation in the hair bulb occurred mainly from the blood but probably also entered the hair through sweat and sebum. Zolpidem was also detected in all hairs from the vertex posterior in all three subjects but was not detected in 1 hair from the parietal region and 2 hairs from the left temporal region. The consistency in drug detection, drug concentration level, and peak position was better in hair from the vertex posterior than from the other three regions, indicating that the vertex posterior is a suitable sampling region for estimating drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Viljanto M, Cutler C, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Gray B. Detection of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-0677 in equine hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:361-367. [PMID: 36354265 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
MK-0677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that binds to the ghrelin receptor stimulating the secretion of endogenous growth hormone. It is one of the most prevalent performance-enhancing compounds currently available online and is potentially subject to abuse both in human and equine sports. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether it could be detected in equine hair following oral administration of MK-0677 mesylate to a Thoroughbred racehorse. MK-0677 and its O-dealkylated metabolite were extracted using an existing method for prohibited substances in equine hair and analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This enabled the detection of MK-0677 in all hair samples collected, up to 209 days in mane and 358 days in tail. A follow-up methodology with an extensive wash procedure was carried out for selected hair samples, which unambiguously verified the presence of MK-0677. Wash criteria to differentiate between internal incorporation (via bloodstream) and external deposition (via sweat and sebum) was also assessed and indicated internal incorporation for the samples collected at later time points (≥52 days) and a combination of internal incorporation and external deposition for hair samples collected at the earlier time point (2 days).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bob Gray
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Zheng J, Wang X, Zhang J, Ren H, Zhao Y, Xiang P. Concentrations of LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, and iso-LSD in hair segments of 18 drug abusers. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 344:111578. [PMID: 36753839 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most widely abused hallucinogens, which can alter consciousness, produce mental disorder, and cause harmful behavior. 1-Propionyl-LSD (1 P-LSD), a novel derivative of LSD, has the similar hallucinogenic effect. It is a control substance in several countries. 1 P-LSD can act as a prodrug for LSD and is rapidly hydrolyzed to LSD in humans. Therefore, LSD use should be confirmed by the absence of 1 P-LSD and in the detection of LSD. Here, we describe a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous extraction of LSD, iso-LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, and 1 P-LSD from hair. Hair samples (25 mg) were pulverized by cryogenic grinding in methanol. The limits of detection were 0.2-1 pg/mg and the limits of quantification were 0.5-2 pg/mg. This method was validated and applied to hair samples from 18 suspects who may have used LSD. Segmental hair analysis revealed a decrease in the LSD concentrations from the proximal to the distill end, while 1 P-LSD was not detected in any hair segments. The interpretation of hair analysis results of LSD still remains difficult. Nevertheless, concentrations of LSD and iso-LSD in human hair from 18 LSD users were reported. LSD concentrations were from <LOQ to 4.0 pg/mg (n = 18, median 1.5 pg/mg) in the proximal 0-3 cm segment, from <LOQ to 1.8 pg/mg (n = 8) in the 3-6 cm segment, and from <LOQ to 0.6 pg/mg (n = 4) in the 6-9 cm segment. Iso-LSD ranged from <LOQ to 1.4 pg/mg (n = 4) in the 0-3 cm segment and was detectable only in one 3-6 cm segment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to monitor LSD together with 1 P-LSD in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China; Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hang Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China; Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Shanghai 200063, China.
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Higgins S, Kurouski D. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy enables highly accurate identification of different brands, types and colors of hair dyes. Talanta 2023; 251:123762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Djilali E, Pappalardo L, Posadino AM, Giordo R, Pintus G. Effects of the Storage Conditions on the Stability of Natural and Synthetic Cannabis in Biological Matrices for Forensic Toxicology Analysis: An Update from the Literature. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090801. [PMID: 36144208 PMCID: PMC9501240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and abuse of cannabis, be it for medicinal or recreational purposes, is widely spread among the population. Consequently, a market for more potent and consequently more toxic synthetic cannabinoids has flourished, and with it, the need for accurate testing of these substances in intoxicated people. In this regard, one of the critical factors in forensic toxicology is the stability of these drugs in different biological matrices due to different storage conditions. This review aims to present the most updated and relevant literature of studies performed on the effects of different storage conditions on the stability of cannabis compounds present in various biological matrices, such as blood and plasma, urine, and oral fluids, as well as in alternative matrices, such as breath, bile fluid, hair, sweat, cerumen, and dried blood spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Djilali
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Kong R, Li L, Liu W, Xiang P, Zhao J. Rapid characterization of drugs in a single hair using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:806-812. [PMID: 35138309 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hair remains the most common type of physical evidence found in most crime scenes. However, the amount of hair found at a crime scene is limited and analysis of drugs in hair by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is laborious and time-consuming. In this study, a rapid and simple method is developed using thermal desorption ionization mass spectrometry (TDI-MS) to analyze drugs directly in a single hair. A single hair is put onto a heated metal ceramic heater (MCH) and then a high voltage direct current and solvent are applied to the single hair. The drugs in the hair are thermally desorbed and ionized, and subsequently transferred to the MS inlet and detected. A typical hair analysis can be completed in a few minutes. This novel technique provides a new orientation for forensic scientists to study drugs in a single hair that is found at a crime scene, on a suspect, or on a victim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Kong
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Zhao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Exploration of long-term exposure markers for phthalate esters in human hair using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Yang H, Xiang P, Yu M, Zou D, Fan X, Wang X, Liu W. Confirmation of Gelsemium elegans poisoning by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114546. [PMID: 34972069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, accurate, simple, and rapid analytical UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for identification and quantification of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in human hair. Approximately 10 mg of hair was extracted with methanol by cryogenic grinding. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1 to 5 pg/mg, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 2 to 10 pg/mg. The method was linear over a concentration range from the LOQs to 1000 pg/mg, and the linear correlation (R2) of the calibration curves was above 0.998 for all three analytes. The bias varied from -6.5-13.1%, while the intra- and inter-day precision relative standard deviation (RSD) values were 4.3-12.4% and 3.7-13.2%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 103.5%, and matrix effects ranged from 74.3% to 105.5%. The described method was used for the quantitative determination of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine in a human hair sample from a Gelsemium elegans poisoning case. The highest concentrations of koumine, gelsemine, and gelsenicine were 27.2, 18.1, and 4.2 pg/mg, respectively, and corresponded to the segment associated with the ingestion period. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe hair analysis in a G. elegans poisoning case and to provide quantitative toxicological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xianyu Fan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China.
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14
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Dawidowska J, Krzyżanowska M, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan M. The Application of Metabolomics in Forensic Science with Focus on Forensic Toxicology and Time-of-Death Estimation. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120801. [PMID: 34940558 PMCID: PMC8708813 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the diagnostic methods used by scientists in forensic examinations have enormously expanded. Metabolomics provides an important contribution to analytical method development. The main purpose of this review was to investigate and summarize the most recent applications of metabolomics in forensic science. The primary research method was an extensive review of available international literature in PubMed. The keywords “forensic” and “metabolomics” were used as search criteria for the PubMed database scan. Most authors emphasized the analysis of different biological sample types using chromatography methods. The presented review is a summary of recently published implementations of metabolomics in forensic science and types of biological material used and techniques applied. Possible opportunities for valuable metabolomics’ applications are discussed to emphasize the essential necessities resulting in numerous nontargeted metabolomics’ assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dawidowska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.D.); (M.J.M.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marta Krzyżanowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.D.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491255
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Trends in microextraction approaches for handling human hair extracts - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:338792. [PMID: 34711317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complementary role of hair in testing scenarios has expanded across the spectrum of toxicological and clinical monitoring investigations and, over the last 20 years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition. Moreover, a great deal of attention has been paid to the miniaturisation of extraction procedures, minimising/eliminating toxic organic solvents consumption, making them user-friendly and rapid, in addition to maximising extraction efficiency. The aim of this work is to provide a critical review of the advances observed over the last 5 years in the use of miniaturised approaches for sample clean-up and drug pre-concentration in hair analysis. There have been major improvements in some well-established microextraction approaches, such as liquid phase microextraction, mainly through the use of supramolecular and ionic liquids. In addition, new developments have also been reported in solid phase microextraction, driven by d-SPE applications. In the last 5 years, a total of 69 articles have been published using some type of microextraction technique for hair specimens, thus justifying the relevance of a critical review of innovations, improvements and trends related to these miniaturised approaches for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; C4 - Cloud Computing Competence Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia - UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Homicidal poisoning series in a nursing home: retrospective toxicological investigations in bone marrow and hair. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:123-131. [PMID: 34591183 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Homicidal poisonings remain rare and can be difficult to detect, especially in the elderly or in medical settings. In this atypical poisoning series, a young nursing assistant purposely poisoned thirteen residents of a nursing home and killed ten of them. The medications used were a mix of psychotropic medications (cyamemazine, loxapine, tiapride, risperidone, and mirtazapine), under liquid formulation, which were inducing malaise and coma. The forensic investigation included analysis of blood, urine, hair, and bone marrow and exhumations of seven corpses up to 3 years after the inhumation. Hair collected from a hairbrush of a cremated victim have been analyzed. Bone marrow sample preparation was based on a liquid/liquid triple extraction. Hair were incubated after decontamination overnight at 55 °C in methanol. Segmentation was possible for seven samples, except for delayed exhumation samples (n = 4) and hairbrush hair sample (n = 1). The extracts were then analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for unknown screening and using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for a targeted screening and quantification. Screenings revealed the presence of the same mix of psychotropic medications. Cyamemazine, mirtazapine, loxapine, tiapride, and risperidone hair concentrations were 6-17,458 pg/mg, 74-1271 pg/mg, 9-1346 pg/mg, 13-148 pg/mg, and 3-5 pg/mg, respectively. Cyamemazine bone marrow concentrations were 229 and 681 ng/g and 152-717 ng/mL in blood. Patients' medications were also identified and quantified. This poisoning series provide analytical data that could support subsequent toxicological result interpretation in similar forensic cases.
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17
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Analysis of cannabinoids in conventional and alternative biological matrices by liquid chromatography: Applications and challenges. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462277. [PMID: 34091369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is by far the most widely abused illicit drug globe wide. The analysis of its main psychoactive components in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices has recently gained a great attention in forensic toxicology. Literature states that its abuse causes neurocognitive impairment in the domains of attention and memory, possible macrostructural brain alterations and abnormalities of neural functioning. This suggests the necessity for the development of a sensitive and a reliable analytical method for the detection and quantification of cannabinoids in human biological specimens. In this review, we focus on a number of analytical methods that have, so far, been developed and validated, with particular attention to the new "golden standard" method of forensic analysis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, this review provides an overview of the effective and selective methods used for the extraction and isolation of cannabinoids from (i) conventional matrices, such as blood, urine and oral fluid and (ii) alternative biological matrices, such as hair, cerumen and meconium.
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Chen Y, Guo J, Xing S, Yu H, Huan T. Global-Scale Metabolomic Profiling of Human Hair for Simultaneous Monitoring of Endogenous Metabolome, Short- and Long-Term Exposome. Front Chem 2021; 9:674265. [PMID: 34055742 PMCID: PMC8149753 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.674265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair is a unique biological matrix that adsorbs short-term exposures (e. g., environmental contaminants and personal care products) on its surface and also embeds endogenous metabolites and long-term exposures in its matrix. In this work, we developed an untargeted metabolomics workflow to profile both temporal exposure chemicals and endogenous metabolites in the same hair sample. This analytical workflow begins with the extraction of short-term exposures from hair surfaces through washing. Further development of mechanical homogenization extracts endogenous metabolites and long-term exposures from the cleaned hair. Both solutions of hair wash and hair extract were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomics for global-scale metabolic profiling. After analysis, raw data were processed using bioinformatic programs recently developed specifically for exposome research. Using optimized experimental conditions, we detected a total of 10,005 and 9,584 metabolic features from hair wash and extraction samples, respectively. Among them, 274 and 276 features can be definitively confirmed by MS2 spectral matching against spectral library, and an additional 3,356 and 3,079 features were tentatively confirmed as biotransformation metabolites. To demonstrate the performance of our hair metabolomics, we collected hair samples from three female volunteers and tested their hair metabolic changes before and after a 2-day exposure exercise. Our results show that 645 features from wash and 89 features from extract were significantly changed from the 2-day exposure. Altogether, this work provides a novel analytical approach to study the hair metabolome and exposome at a global scale, which can be implemented in a wide range of biological applications for a deeper understanding of the impact of environmental and genetic factors on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shipei Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huaxu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hair Testing for Classic Drugs of Abuse to Monitor Cocaine Use Disorder in Patients Following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol Treatment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050403. [PMID: 34062953 PMCID: PMC8148010 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hair testing for classic drugs of abuse offers the possibility of longer detection times (for drug substances) when compared to urine analysis. Hair analysis is routinely used to detect drug abuse in forensic cases and clinical toxicology, whereas it is rarely used at addiction clinics to monitor the clinical efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Here, we explore for the first time whether hair analysis might represent a valid tool to track the clinical improvements in a population of patients with cocaine use disorder (CocUD) who underwent a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment. Abstract In recent years, hair has become an alternative biological specimen for drug testing in the fields of forensic and clinical toxicology. The advantages of hair testing include larger detection windows (months/years), depending on the length of the hair shaft, compared to those of urine/blood (hours to 2–4 days for most drugs). Segmental hair analysis can disclose a month-to-month (considering 1 cm segment cuts) information of drug exposure (single or repeated) and potentially identify patterns of drug use/administration. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was recently proposed as a valid tool for therapeutic purposes in addictions, including cocaine use disorder (CocUD). Here, we proposed hair testing analyses of classic drugs of abuse in a clinical setting to monitor the clinical changes in treatment-seeker CocUD patients undergoing protocol treatments with rTMS stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC). We collected hair samples from nine CocUD patients at different stages from the beginning of treatments. Hair sample analyses revealed significant changes in the patterns of cocaine use, according to the negativity of urine screening tests and the clinical reductions of craving. These data, albeit preliminary, suggest that hair testing analysis of classic drugs of abuse could be extended to clinical settings to monitor the clinical efficacy of innovative therapeutic interventions, such as rTMS.
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Somerville K, Neal-Barnett A, Stadulis R, Manns-James L, Stevens-Robinson D. Hair Cortisol Concentration and Perceived Chronic Stress in Low-Income Urban Pregnant and Postpartum Black Women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 8:519-531. [PMID: 32613440 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Black women are more likely to experience short- or long-term health consequences from their labor and delivery and die from pregnancy-related causes than White women. Similarly, infants born to Black women also have heightened health risks. Developing research suggests that a contributing factor to Black health disparities may be maternal chronic stress. A widely used biomarker for chronic stress is hair cortisol concentration (HCC). Few prior studies have explored the HCC of pregnant Black women or comprehensively examined perceived chronic stress in this population. Using a mixed-methods focus group framework, we assessed HCC and perceived chronic stress among low-income pregnant and postpartum Black women. Four focus groups were conducted (N = 24). The mean HCC for our pregnant Black participants was greater than pregnant White women in reviewed published studies. The high levels of stress evidenced at all pregnancy stages indicate that many of these women are experiencing chronic stress, which can contribute to higher Black maternal morbidity and mortality rates, and possibly infant mortality rates. From the open coding of the focus group transcripts, 4 themes emerged: chronic stress, experiences of racism, experiences of trauma, and negative thinking. Selective coding based on these themes revealed cumulative experiences of chronic stress, various traumatic experiences, and frequent encounters with racism. Negative thinking styles were observed across the 4 focus groups. More studies of HCC and perceived stress among pregnant Black women are encouraged. Findings suggest the need for tailored multi-level interventions given the layers of stressors present in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Somerville
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - Angela Neal-Barnett
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Robert Stadulis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Laura Manns-James
- Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Frontier Nursing University, Versailles, KY, USA
| | - Diane Stevens-Robinson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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21
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Bargel S, Becam J, Chanu L, Lanot T, Martin M, Vaucel J, Willeman T, Fabresse N. Les gabapentinoïdes : une revue de la littérature. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Garzinsky AM, Thomas A, Krug O, Thevis M. Probing for the presence of doping agents in exhaled breath using chromatographic/mass spectrometric approaches. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8939. [PMID: 32881194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exhaled breath (EB) has been demonstrated to be a promising alternative matrix in sports drug testing due to its non-invasive and non-intrusive nature compared with urine and blood collection protocols. In this study, a pilot-test system was employed to create drug-containing aerosols simulating EB in support of the analytical characterization of EB sampling procedures, and the used analytical method was extended to include a broad spectrum of prohibited substances. METHODS Artificial and authentic EB samples were collected using sampling devices containing an electret filter, and doping agents were detected by means of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with unispray ionization. The analytical approach was characterized with regard to specificity, limits of detection, carry-over, recovery and matrix effects, and the potential applicability to routine doping controls was shown using authentic EB samples collected after single oral dose applications of glucocorticoids and stimulants. RESULTS The analytical method was found to be specific for a total of 49 model substances relevant in sports drug testing, with detection limits ranging from 1 to 500 pg per cartridge. Both ion suppression (-62%) and ion enhancement (+301%) effects were observed, and all model compounds applied to EB sampling devices were still detected after 28 days of storage at room temperature. Authentic EB samples collected after the oral administration of 10 mg of prednisolone resulted in prednisolone findings in specimens obtained from 3 out of 6 participants up to 2 h. In octodrine, dimethylamylamine (DMAA) and isopropylnorsynephrine post-administration EB samples, the drugs were detected over a period of 50, 48, and 8 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS With the analytical approach developed within this study, the identification of a broad spectrum of prohibited doping agents in EB samples was accomplished. Application studies and stability tests provided information to characterize EB as a potential matrix in sports drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Garzinsky
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Wang X, Xiang P, Drummer OH, Ji J, Zhuo Y, Duan G, Shen M. Pharmacokinetic study of midazolam and α-hydroxymidazolam in guinea pig blood and hair roots after a single dose of midazolam. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113890. [PMID: 33454503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of midazolam (M) and its metabolites into the hair root following a single administration was examined by following the time course of M and α-hydroxymidazolam (αHM) in hair roots and blood from guinea pigs. The back hair of guinea pigs was shaved before drug administration and before each sampling, and hair roots (3-5 mm) were plucked at 5, 15, and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 h, and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The kinetic parameters of M and αHM in guinea pig blood and hair roots were determined for three doses (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg). Comparisons of drug time course between hair roots and blood indicated an association between drug concentrations in the hair root and the blood. M and αHM entered the hair root within 5 min after a single exposure. The detection windows were also longer for the hair root than for the blood. Consequently, the hair root can be a valuable specimen in acute poisonings or drug-facilitated crime (DFC) cases, if other matrices are unavailable, or if blood and urine results are negative. Hair shafts (with hair roots) were plucked at 28 days and segmented. The concentrations of M and αHM were lower in the hair shafts than in the hair roots. The concentrations of the metabolite αHM in hair shafts were barely detectable. The concentrations of M and αHM in the hair root showed a moderate correlation with dose. Comparison of drug levels in hair roots between the washed group and the unwashed group indicated a generally stable percentage between the washed and unwashed groups of 40-60 % during the entire time course. This indicates that drugs are likely to be immobilized in the hair root at the beginning of the incorporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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Ogasawara H, Hayasaka M, Maemoto A, Furukawa S, Ito T, Kimura O, Endo T. Levels of major and trace metals in the scalp hair of Crohn's disease patients: correlations among transition metals. Biometals 2021; 34:197-210. [PMID: 33387116 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of 16 metals in the scalp hair of male Crohn's disease (CD) patients (n = 28) were compared to those of male control subjects (n = 25). The majority of patients (n = 20) took an anti-inflammatory agent (mesalazine), and several patients underwent colectomy. A low concentration of serum ferritin was observed in approximately 50% of CD patients due to Fe-deficiency anemia. The concentrations of Fe, Cr, and Co in the hair of CD patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects, and particularly high concentrations were found in CD patients with low serum ferritin. Significant correlations were found among the concentrations of Fe, Cr, and Co in the hair of CD patients, but not in control subjects. In agreement with previous reports, a significant negative correlation was found between ferritin and transferrin concentrations in serum, although the available data in this study was limited (n = 8). Transferrin not only binds to Fe3+ but also to Cr3+ and Co3+, and the amount of transferrin is increased in Fe-deficiency anemia. Thus, the majority of the Fe3+, Cr3+, and Co3+ in the serum of CD patients is likely to bind to transferrin, which may be associated with the higher concentrations of those metals, as well as the significant correlations among those metals in the scalp hair of CD patients. In addition, colectomy may alter the intestinal absorption rate of some metals, while mesalazine may increase the concentrations of Mn and some metals in the scalp hair by chelate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogasawara
- Kashiwaba Neurosurgical Hospital, E1-15-20, Tsukisamu, Toyohira-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8513, Japan
| | - Moriaki Hayasaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Atsuo Maemoto
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Furukawa
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, N33-E14, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
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Zhuo Y, Xiang P, Wu J, Wang X. Segmental hair analysis for flunitrazepam and 7-aminoflunitrazepam in users: a comparison to existing literature. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 7:299-307. [PMID: 35784426 PMCID: PMC9245979 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1824600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of more quantitative data on flunitrazepam (FLU) and 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7AF) would aid in obtaining a better understanding of the interpretation of FLU concentrations in human hair. The purpose of this study was to provide concentrations of FLU and 7AF in hair segments of 22 FLU users. Quantitative data regarding hair concentrations of FLU and 7AF from various types of cases were also reviewed to give a comprehensive overview of the comparability of different studies. Three to six 1 cm segments of scalp hair from 22 FLU users were analyzed by a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. FLU and its metabolite were confirmed in the hair segments from all cases. Concentrations of FLU and 7AF in the segments ranged from 0.01–0.16 ng/mg (median of 0.03) and 0.01–0.34 ng/mg (median of 0.09), respectively. Most cases had FLU and 7AF distributions along the hair segments that were suggestive of repeated drug use. A summary of the published concentrations gives valuable data and can assist forensic investigators in their estimations of drug use history and patterns.Key points A method using LC–MS/MS to quantify flunitrazepam and its metabolite was described. Segmental analysis of flunitrazepam and its metabolite in human hair was reported. A comprehensive overview of quantitative data was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Police College, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Wang X, Zhuo Y, Tang X, Qiang H, Liu W, Wu H, Xiang P, Duan G, Shen M. Segmental analysis of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs in the hair of schizophrenic patients. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:472-484. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
- Institute of Forensic ScienceGuizhou Medical University Guiyang China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Huosheng Qiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Hejian Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of PharmacyFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic MedicineShanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai China
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Abstract
Background: Areca nut (AN) chewing causes oral cancer. AN cessation programs are the most effective approach to reduce AN chewing induced cancers but require biomarkers to determine program compliance and success. Objectives: To explore chemical markers for short- and long-term AN exposure using non-invasively collected saliva, buccal cells (BCs), and scalp hair of chewers. Methods: Saliva was collected from a male chewer before and up to 2 days after AN chewing. Saliva was separated into supernatant and pellet (BCs) then analyzed by spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography (LC) with UV/VIS detection. Scalp hair was collected from four chewers and analyzed for areca alkaloids using direct analysis in real time-tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MSMS). Results: The red pigmented saliva after chewing showed no valuable signals when either the saliva supernatant or pellet (BCs) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Saliva analysis by LC-UV/VIS showed diagnostically valuable signals at 488 nm up to 5 and 24 h post chewing in the supernatant and pellet, respectively. DART-MSMS analysis detected two of the four AN specific alkaloids (arecoline and arecaidine) in male but none in female hair. Conclusions/Importance: LC-UV/VIS analysis of the red pigments extracted from saliva and BCs after AN chewing showed distinct signals up to 24 h post chewing while DART-MSMS analysis in BCs and scalp hair showed selective signals of AN alkaloids for several weeks or months after AN exposure. Chemical hair treatment might prevent detection of areca alkaloids in hair. AN cessation trials and other programs now have essential tools for bioverification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Laurie J Custer
- Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Jennifer F Lai
- Analytical Biochemistry Shared Resource, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Franchini M, Prandi A, Filacorda S, Pezzin EN, Fanin Y, Comin A. Cortisol in hair: a comparison between wild and feral cats in the north-eastern Alps. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ferreira C, Paulino C, Quintas A. Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2367-2381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cathy Paulino
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Jackson SE, Firth J, Grabovac I, Koyanagi A, Stubbs B, Soysal P, Willmott A, Yang L, Smith L. Sedentary behaviour and chronic stress in old age: A cross-sectional analysis of TV viewing and hair cortisol concentrations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104375. [PMID: 31302361 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have reported a positive association between sedentary behaviour and perceived stress, but none using a population-based sample has examined this relationship using an objective measure of stress exposure. The aim of this study was therefore to analyse the association between sedentary behaviour (operationalised as daily TV viewing time) and levels of cortisol in hair (an objective measure of chronic stress) using data from a large population-based sample of older adults. METHOD Analyses used cross-sectional data from older adults (≥50 years) participating in Wave 6 (2012/13) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Hair cortisol concentrations were determined from the scalp-nearest 2 cm hair segment. TV viewing time was self-reported and categorised as <2, 2 < 4, 4 < 6, or ≥6 h/day. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, education, wealth, limiting long-standing illness, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, body mass index, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS The sample comprised 3555 men and women, of whom 284 (8.0%) reported watching less than 2 h of TV per day, 1160 (32.6%) 2-4 h, 1079 (30.4%) 4-6 h, and 1032 (29.0%) ≥6 h. Mean hair cortisol concentrations for those spending <2, 2 < 4, 4 < 6, and ≥6 h per day watching TV were 0.862, 0.880, 0.889, and 0.934 log pg/mg, respectively. Differences between groups were not statistically significant in unadjusted (p = .088) or adjusted (p = .663) models. CONCLUSION In a large sample of older adults in England, self-reported sedentary behaviour was not associated with a biomarker of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Igor Grabovac
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Positive Ageing Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care, Medicine and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ash Willmott
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Albert Health Services, Calgary, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK
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Smith L, Firth J, Grabovac I, Koyanagi A, Veronese N, Stubbs B, Soysal P, Yang L, Jackson SE. The association of grip strength with depressive symptoms and cortisol in hair: A cross-sectional study of older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1604-1609. [PMID: 31206201 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low handgrip strength has been shown to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. One area of mental health that is understudied in relation to grip strength is chronic stress, which can exist independently to depression, or as a comorbidity or precursor to this condition. The present study examined cross-sectional associations between grip strength, an established marker of physical function, and (a) depressive symptoms and (b) chronic stress utilizing hair cortisol concentrations, while accounting for multiple pertinent confounding variables. METHOD Data were used from wave 6 (2012/13) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, a panel study of older (≥50 years) community-dwelling men and women. Grip strength was measured in kg using a hand-held dynamometer. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg) were determined from samples of scalp hair and log-transformed for analysis to correct skewness. Associations of grip strength with depressive symptoms and hair cortisol concentration were tested using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, wealth, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, limiting long-standing illness, arthritis, diabetes, and hair treatment. RESULTS The sample comprised of 3741 participants (mean age 68.4 years, 66.4% female). After adjustment for age and sex, grip strength was significantly and negatively associated with both depressive symptoms (B = -0.038, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001) and hair cortisol (B = -0.003, SE = 0.001, P = 0.029). However, in the fully-adjusted models, both associations were attenuated and only the association with depressive symptoms remained statistically significant (B = -0.015, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001; hair cortisol B = -0.002, SE = 0.001, P = 0.088). CONCLUSION In a large sample of older adults in England, grip strength was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Results were inconclusive regarding the association between grip strength and chronic stress. Further research examining the longitudinal relationships between muscular strength and specific aspects of mental health, while also exploring the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these associations, is warranted before recommendations for policy and practice can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Igor Grabovac
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Neuroscience Institut, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Area della Ricerca di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.,Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Positive Ageing Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Albert Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Ferrari A, Rustichelli C, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Verri P, Marchesi F, Licata M. Intra‐patient variability of the hair levels of pain medications in chronic migraine patients – a pilot study. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:878-885. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia via G. Campi, 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Carlo Baraldi
- School of Medical ToxicologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Daniele Vandelli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Patrizia Verri
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Filippo Marchesi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
| | - Manuela Licata
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via del Pozzo, 71 41124 Modena Italy
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Usman M, Naseer A, Baig Y, Jamshaid T, Shahwar M, Khurshuid S. Forensic toxicological analysis of hair: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Substance use during pregnancy is common, costly and associated with maternal and newborn health consequences. Assessment of substance use should be integrated into prenatal care. Substance use identification methods include patient interview, screening instruments, and biological testing. In this review, we critically evaluate screening and testing for substance use during pregnancy, highlighting the benefits and barriers of integrated assessment into prenatal care. We also discuss the limitations and negative consequences that should be considered when implementing screening and/or testing procedures. Lastly, we provide recommendations for the ethical implementation of screening and testing for substance use in the context of prenatal care.
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Busardò FP, Pichini S, Zaami S, Pacifici R, Kintz P. Hair testing of GHB: an everlasting issue in forensic toxicology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:198-208. [PMID: 28763296 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, the authors present a critical review of different studies regarding hair testing of endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), concentrations in chronic users, and values measured after a single GHB exposure in drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases together with the role of a recently identified GHB metabolite, GHB-glucuronide. CONTENT The following databases (up to March 2017) PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were used, searching the following key words: γ-hydroxybutyrate, GHB, GHB glucuronide, hair. The main key words "GHB" and "γ-hydroxybutyrate" were searched singularly and then associated individually to each of the other keywords. SUMMARY Of the 2304 sources found, only 20 were considered appropriate for the purpose of this paper. Summing up all the studies investigating endogenous GHB concentration in hair, a very broad concentration range from 0 to 12 ng/mg was found. In order to detect a single GHB dose in hair it is necessary to commonly wait 1 month for collecting hair and a segmental analysis of 3 or 5 mm fragments and the calculation of a ratio between the targeted segment and the others represent a reliable method to detect a single GHB intake considering that the ratios presently proposed vary from 3 and 10. The only two studies so far performed, investigating GHB-Glucuronide in hair, show that the latter does not seem to provide any diagnostic information regarding GHB exposure. OUTLOOK A practical operative protocol is proposed to be applied in all suspected cases of GHB-facilitated sexual assault (GHB-FSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine légale, Strasbourg, France.,X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France
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Günther KN, Johansen SS, Wicktor P, Banner J, Linnet K. Segmental Analysis of Chlorprothixene and Desmethylchlorprothixene in Postmortem Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 42:642-649. [PMID: 29945160 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of drugs in hair differs from their analysis in other tissues due to the extended detection window, as well as the opportunity that segmental hair analysis offers for the detection of changes in drug intake over time. The antipsychotic drug chlorprothixene is widely used, but few reports exist on chlorprothixene concentrations in hair. In this study, we analyzed hair segments from 20 deceased psychiatric patients who had undergone chronic chlorprothixene treatment, and we report hair concentrations of chlorprothixene and its metabolite desmethylchlorprothixene. Three to six 1-cm long segments were analyzed per individual, corresponding to ~3-6 months of hair growth before death, depending on the length of the hair. We used a previously published and fully validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the hair analysis. The 10th-90th percentiles of chlorprothixene and desmethylchlorprothixene concentrations in all hair segments were 0.05-0.84 ng/mg and 0.06-0.89 ng/mg, respectively, with medians of 0.21 and 0.24 ng/mg, and means of 0.38 and 0.43 ng/mg. The estimated daily dosages ranged from 28 mg/day to 417 mg/day. We found a significant positive correlation between the concentration in hair and the estimated daily doses for both chlorprothixene (P = 0.0016, slope = 0.0044 [ng/mg hair]/[mg/day]) and the metabolite desmethylchlorprothixene (P = 0.0074). Concentrations generally decreased throughout the hair shaft from proximal to distal segments, with an average reduction in concentration from segment 1 to segment 3 of 24% for all cases, indicating that most of the individuals had been compliant with their treatment. We have provided some guidance regarding reference levels for chlorprothixene and desmethylchlorprothixene concentrations in hair from patients undergoing long-term chlorprothixene treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Nyborg Günther
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Denmark
| | - Petra Wicktor
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Denmark
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Koren L, Bryan H, Matas D, Tinman S, Fahlman Å, Whiteside D, Smits J, Wynne‐Edwards K. Towards the validation of endogenous steroid testing in wildlife hair. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Koren
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Heather Bryan
- Department of GeographyUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Devorah Matas
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Simon Tinman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Åsa Fahlman
- Swedish Biodiversity CentreSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Douglas Whiteside
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Calgary Zoo Alberta Canada
| | - Judit Smits
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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Obesity, perceived weight discrimination, and hair cortisol: a population-based study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:67-73. [PMID: 30118922 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stigmatization of individuals with obesity is pervasive and may act as a psychological stressor. The present study examined whether perceived weight discrimination mediated the relationship between obesity and cortisol, an objective marker of chronic stress, in a population-based sample. METHODS Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n = 1872). Height and weight were objectively measured in 2008/09. Experiences of weight-related discrimination were reported via questionnaire in 2010/11. Hair cortisol concentrations were determined from the scalp-nearest 2 cm hair segment in 2012/13. Mediation analyses tested the role of perceived weight discrimination in the associations between obesity and BMI and hair cortisol concentration, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, smoking status, depression and hair-related factors. RESULTS Obesity, BMI and perceived weight discrimination were positively related to hair cortisol (all p < .01). Perceived weight discrimination significantly mediated associations between obesity and hair cortisol (β = 0.021, SE = 0.007, 95% CI 0.007-0.036) and BMI and hair cortisol (β = 0.001, SE = 0.0004, 95% CI 0.0004-0.002), accounting for 19% of the total effect of obesity and 23% of the total effect of BMI on hair cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Perceived weight discrimination is an important mediator of the association between obesity and cortisol. Interventions combating weight stigma and discrimination or promoting strategies for coping with stress could help to lessen the psychological and physiological burden of obesity.
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Günther KN, Johansen SS, Nielsen MKK, Wicktor P, Banner J, Linnet K. Post-mortem quetiapine concentrations in hair segments of psychiatric patients - Correlation between hair concentration, dose and concentration in blood. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 285:58-64. [PMID: 29453005 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug analysis in hair is useful when seeking to establish drug intake over a period of months to years. Segmental hair analysis can also document whether psychiatric patients are receiving a stable intake of antipsychotics. This study describes segmental analysis of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine in post-mortem hair samples from long-term quetiapine users by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The aim was to obtain more knowledge on quetiapine concentrations in hair and to relate the concentration in hair to the administered dose and the post-mortem concentration in femoral blood. We analyzed hair samples from 22 deceased quetiapine-treated individuals, who were divided into two groups: natural hair colour and dyed/bleached hair. Two to six 1cm long segments were analyzed per individual, depending on the length of the hair, with 6cm corresponding to the last six months before death. The average daily quetiapine dose and average concentration in hair for the last six months prior to death were examined for potential correlation. Estimated doses ranged from 45 to 1040mg quetiapine daily over the period, and the average concentration in hair ranged from 0.18 to 13ng/mg. A significant positive correlation was observed between estimated daily dosage of quetiapine and average concentration in hair for individuals with natural hair colour (p=0.00005), but statistical significance was not reached for individuals with dyed/bleached hair (p=0.31). The individual coefficient of variation (CV) of the quetiapine concentrations between segments ranged from 3 to 34% for individuals with natural hair colour and 22-62% for individuals with dyed/bleached hair. Dose-adjusted concentrations in hair were significantly lower in females with dyed/bleached hair than in individuals with natural hair colour. The quetiapine concentrations in post-mortem femoral blood and in the proximal hair segment, segment 1 (S1), representing the last month before death were also investigated for correlation. A significant positive correlation was observed between quetiapine concentrations in blood at the time of death and concentrations in S1 for individuals with natural hair colour (p=0.003) but not for individuals with dyed/bleached hair (p=0.31). The blood concentrations of quetiapine ranged from 0.006 to 1.9mg/kg, and the quetiapine concentrations in S1 ranged from 0.22 to 24ng/mg. The results of this study suggest a positive correlation of quetiapine between both concentrations in hair and doses, and between proximal hair (S1) and blood concentrations, when conditions such as hair treatments are taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Nyborg Günther
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Petra Wicktor
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
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Shah I, Haddow JD, Ibrahim HA, Sheikh MVA, Alhemeiri FS. A novel and innovative hair test to determine glucocorticoid levels in racing camels for use in assessment of doping, health, and disease. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:742-749. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry; United Arab Emirates University; Al Ain UAE
| | - Jody D. Haddow
- Department of Chemistry; United Arab Emirates University; Al Ain UAE
| | - Hiba A. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry; United Arab Emirates University; Al Ain UAE
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Petzel-Witt S, Meier SI, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Toennes SW. PTCA (1H-pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid) as a marker for oxidative hair treatment. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:768-773. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Petzel-Witt
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Sylvia I. Meier
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | | | - Stefan W. Toennes
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Goethe-University Frankfurt; Frankfurt/Main Germany
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Flinders B, Beasley E, Verlaan RM, Cuypers E, Francese S, Bassindale T, Clench MR, Heeren RMA. Optimization of Sample Preparation and Instrumental Parameters for the Rapid Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Hair samples by MALDI-MS/MS Imaging. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2462-2468. [PMID: 28801836 PMCID: PMC5645433 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been employed to rapidly screen longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples for cocaine and its metabolites using continuous raster imaging. Optimization of the spatial resolution and raster speed were performed on intact cocaine contaminated hair samples. The optimized settings (100 × 150 μm at 0.24 mm/s) were subsequently used to examine longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples. The MALDI-MS/MS images showed the distribution of the most abundant cocaine product ion at m/z 182. Using the optimized settings, multiple hair samples obtained from two users were analyzed in approximately 3 h: six times faster than the standard spot-to-spot acquisition method. Quantitation was achieved using longitudinally sectioned control hair samples sprayed with a cocaine dilution series. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment was also performed using the 'dynamic pixel' imaging method to screen for cocaine and a range of its metabolites, in order to differentiate between contaminated hairs and drug users. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene were detectable, in agreement with analyses carried out using the standard LC-MS/MS method. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Beasley
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ricky M Verlaan
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology", Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simona Francese
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Tom Bassindale
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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43
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Høiseth G, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Morini L, Rogde S, Sempio C, Vindenes V, Øiestad ÅML. Is Hair Analysis Useful in Postmortem Cases? J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:49-54. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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44
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Application of a Urine and Hair Validated LC–MS-MS Method to Determine the Effect of Hair Color on the Incorporation of 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe into Hair in the Rat. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:559-565. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Kwok KY, Choi TL, Kwok WH, Wong JK, Wan TS. Detection of anabolic and androgenic steroids and/or their esters in horse hair using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1493:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jackson SE, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Hair cortisol and adiposity in a population-based sample of 2,527 men and women aged 54 to 87 years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:539-544. [PMID: 28229550 PMCID: PMC5324577 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic cortisol exposure is hypothesized to contribute to obesity. This study examined associations between hair cortisol concentrations, a novel indicator of long-term cortisol exposure, and adiposity in a large population-based sample. METHODS Data were from 2,527 men and women aged 54 and older (98% white British) participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Hair cortisol concentrations were determined from the scalp-nearest 2 cm hair segment, and height, weight, and waist circumference were objectively measured. Covariates included age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking status, diabetes, and arthritis. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, hair cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with weight (r = 0.102, P < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.101, P < 0.001), and waist circumference (r = 0.082, P = 0.001) and were significantly elevated in participants with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) (F = 6.58, P = 0.001) and raised waist circumference (≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women) (F = 4.87, P = 0.027). Hair cortisol levels were also positively associated with the persistence of obesity (F = 12.70, P < 0.001), evaluated in retrospect over 4 years. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to elevated cortisol concentrations, assessed in hair, is associated with markers of adiposity and with the persistence of obesity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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47
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Flinders B, Cuypers E, Porta T, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G, Heeren RMA. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Drugs of Abuse in Hair. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1618:137-147. [PMID: 28523505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7051-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hair testing is a powerful tool routinely used for the detection of drugs of abuse. The analysis of hair is highly advantageous as it can provide prolonged drug detectability versus that in biological fluids and chronological information about drug intake based on the average growth of hair. However, current methodology requires large amounts of hair samples and involves complex time-consuming sample preparation followed by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry imaging is increasingly being used for the analysis of single hair samples, as it provides more accurate and visual chronological information in single hair samples.Here, two methods for the preparation of single hair samples for mass spectrometry imaging are presented.The first uses an in-house built cutting apparatus to prepare longitudinal sections, the second is a method for embedding and cryo-sectioning hair samples in order to prepare cross-sections all along the hair sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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48
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Jackson SE, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Perceived weight discrimination and chronic biochemical stress: A population-based study using cortisol in scalp hair. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2515-2521. [PMID: 27740706 PMCID: PMC5132135 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing evidence for weight-based discrimination against persons with obesity. This study aimed to examine the physiological impact of perceived weight discrimination on cortisol in hair, an indicator of chronic stress exposure. METHODS Data were from 563 nonsmoking individuals with obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Experiences of discrimination were reported via questionnaire, and hair cortisol concentrations were determined from the scalp-nearest 2-cm hair segment. Height and weight were objectively measured. ANCOVAs tested associations between perceived weight discrimination and hair cortisol concentration overall and by degree of obesity. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and BMI. RESULTS Mean hair cortisol concentrations were 33% higher in those who had experienced weight discrimination than those who had not (mean log pg/mg 1.241 vs. 0.933, F = 12.01, P = 0.001). The association between weight discrimination and hair cortisol was particularly pronounced in individuals with severe (class II/III) obesity (1.402 vs. 0.972, F = 11.58, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Weight discrimination is associated with the experience of stress at a biological level. Chronic exposure to elevated levels of cortisol may play a role in generating a vicious circle of weight gain and discrimination and contribute to obesity-associated health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Jackson
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Ferrari A, Licata M, Rustichelli C, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Marchesi F, Palazzoli F, Verri P, Silingardi E. Monitoring of adherence to headache treatments by means of hair analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 73:197-203. [PMID: 27866243 PMCID: PMC5226977 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of hair analysis to monitor medication adherence in headache patients undergoing chronic therapy. For this purpose, the following parameters were analyzed: the detection rate of 23 therapeutic drugs in headache patients’ hair, the degree of agreement between the self-reported drug and the drug found in hair, and whether the levels found in hair reflected the drug intake reported by the patients. Methods The study included 93 patients suffering from primary headaches declaring their daily intake of at least one of the following drugs during the 3 months before the hair sampling: alprazolam, amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, delorazepam, diazepam, duloxetine, fluoxetine, flurazepam, levomepromazine, levosulpiride, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mirtazapine, paroxetine, quetiapine, sertraline, topiramate, trazodone, triazolam, venlafaxine, and zolpidem. A detailed pharmacological history and a sample of hair were collected for each patient. Hair samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, using a previously developed method. Results All 23 drugs were detected in the examined hair samples. The agreement between the self-reported drug and the drug found in hair was excellent for most analytes (P < 0.001, Cohen’s kappa); a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.05, linear regression analysis) between dose and hair level was found for amitriptyline, citalopram, delorazepam, duloxetine, lorazepam, and venlafaxine. Conclusions Hair analysis proved to be a unique matrix to document chronic drug use in headache patients, and the level found for each individual drug can represent a reliable marker of adherence to pharmacological treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2163-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
| | - Manuela Licata
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Rustichelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi, 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Baraldi
- Unit of Medical Toxicology, Headache Centre and Drug Abuse; Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Vandelli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Marchesi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Palazzoli
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Verri
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Silingardi
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
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50
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Sharma G, Oden N, VanVeldhuisen PC, Bogenschutz MP. Hair analysis and its concordance with self-report for drug users presenting in emergency department. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:149-55. [PMID: 27522871 PMCID: PMC5037031 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary analysis using data from the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network randomized trial (NCT # 01207791), in which 1285 adult ED patients endorsing moderate to severe problems related to drug use were recruited from 6 US academic hospitals. OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of hair analysis in drug use disorder trials with infrequent visits, and its concordance with Timeline Follow Back (TLFB). METHODS This study compared the self-reported drug use on the TLFB instrument with the biological measure of drug use from hair analysis for four major drug classes (Cannabis, Cocaine, Prescribed Opioids and Street Opioids). Both hair analysis and TLFB were conducted at 3, 6 and 12 month follow-up visit and each covered a 90-day recall period prior to the visit. RESULTS The concordance between the hair sample results and the TLFB was high for cannabis and street opioids, but was low to moderate for cocaine and prescribed opioids. Under-reporting of drug use given the positive hair sample was always significantly lower for the drug the study participant noted as their primary drug of choice compared with other drugs the participant reported taking, irrespective of whether the drug of choice was cannabis, cocaine, street opioids and prescribed opioids. Over-reporting of drug use given the negative hair sample was always significantly higher for the drug of choice, except for cocaine. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the literature on hair analysis supporting its use as a secondary outcome measure in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sharma
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Neal Oden
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | | | - Michael P. Bogenschutz
- NYU School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue H Building, New York, NY 10016
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