Disparities in Asthma Care, Management, and Education Among Children With Asthma

The Relationship Between Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Asthma Management

PURPOSE

Children with comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and asthma are at an increased risk for adverse health outcomes and reduced quality of life. The objective of these analyses was to examine if self-reported ADHD symptoms in children with asthma are associated with asthma control, asthma controller medication adherence, quick relief medication use, pulmonary function, and acute healthcare utilization.

METHODS

We analyzed data from a larger study testing a behavioral intervention for Black and Latinx children with asthma aged 10-17 years and their caregivers. Participants completed the Conners-3AI self-report assessment for ADHD symptoms. Asthma medication usage data were collected for 3 weeks following baseline via electronic devices fitted to participants' asthma medications. Other outcome measures included the Asthma Control Test, self-reported healthcare utilization, and pulmonary function measured by spirometry testing.

RESULTS

The study sample consisted of 302 pediatric participants with an average age of 12.8 years. Increased ADHD symptoms were directly associated with reduced adherence to controller medications, but no evidence of mediation was observed. Direct effects of ADHD symptoms on quick-relief medication use, health care utilization, asthma control, or pulmonary function were not observed. However, the effect of ADHD symptoms on emergency room visits was mediated by controller medication adherence.

DISCUSSION

ADHD symptoms were associated with significantly reduced asthma controller medication adherence and indirectly with emergency room visits. There are significant potential clinical implications to these findings, including the need for the development of interventions for pediatric asthma patients with ADHD.

Ensuring equitable access to guideline-based asthma care across the lifespan: Tips and future directions to the successful implementation of the new NAEPP 2020 guidelines, a Work Group Report of the AAAAI Asthma, Cough, Diagnosis, and Treatment Committee

The most recent recommendations from the 2020 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Update and Global Initiative for Asthma 2021 guide evidence-based clinical decision making. However, given the present state of health disparities by age, income, and race, the equitable implementation and dissemination of these guidelines will be unlikely without further guidance. This work group report reviews the current state of the new asthma guideline implementation; presents updated evidence-based therapeutic options with attention to specific patient populations; and addresses barriers to the implementation of these guidelines in minoritized, historically marginalized, and underresourced communities. Allergists and immunologists can use practical ways to accomplish the goals of improved asthma care access and advanced asthma care across the life span, with specific considerations to historically marginalized populations. Modifiable barriers to guideline implementation include financial barriers, environmental factors, and allergy subspecialty access and care coordination. Various programs to improve access to guideline-based asthma care include community programs, school-based asthma programs, and digital health solutions, with an emphasis on reducing disparities by race.

Children with Near-Fatal Asthma: The Use of Inhaled Volatile Anesthetics and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Background and Purpose: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been described for near-fatal asthma that continues to be refractory despite maximal medical therapy. Methods: Patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at Texas Children's Hospital from 2012 to 2020 with the diagnosis of asthma who were supported on ECMO or isoflurane were included in the study. Patient demographics, medication usage, and complications were compared between the case group (ECMO, n = 12) and the control group (isoflurane only, n = 8). Results: All patients survived to discharge. ECMO patients received shorter durations of albuterol (12 versus 104 h, P = 0.0002) and terbutaline (13.3 versus 31.5 h, P = 0.0250). There were no differences in complication rates between the 2 groups. Conclusion: ECMO is a reasonable and safe support method for patients with near-fatal asthma and may lead to less bronchodilator medication exposure when compared with inhaled volatile anesthetic use.

Implementation of Coach McLungsSM into primary care using a cluster randomized stepped wedge trial design

Background

Asthma is a prevalent chronic disease that is difficult to manage and associated with marked disparities in outcomes. One promising approach to addressing disparities is shared decision making (SDM), a method by which the patient and provider cooperatively make a decision about asthma care. SDM is associated with improved outcomes for patients; however, time constraints and staff availability are noted implementation barriers. Use of health information technology (IT) solutions may facilitate the utilization of SDM. Coach McLungs^SM is a collaborative web-based application that involves pediatric patients, their caregivers, and providers in a personalized experience while gathering patient-reported data. Background logic provides decision support so both audiences can develop a well-informed treatment plan together. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Coach McLungs^SM intervention into primary care.

Methods

Implementation will be evaluated using a stepped wedge randomized control study design at 21 pediatric and family medicine practices within a large, integrated, nonprofit healthcare system. We will measure changes in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and oral steroid use, which serve as surrogate measures for patient-centered asthma outcomes. We will use a generalized linear mixed models with logit link to test the hypothesis for the reduction in exacerbation rates specifying the fixed effects of intervention and time and random effects for practice and practice*time. This design achieves 84% power to detect the hypothesized effect size difference of 10% in overall exacerbation between control (40%) and intervention (30%) periods (two-sided, p = 0.05). Implementation will be guided using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC), a compilation of implementation strategies, and evaluated using the CFIR (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) and RE-AIM (Reach Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance).

Discussion

We anticipate that a tailored implementation of Coach McLungs^SM across diverse primary care practices will lead to a decrease in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and oral steroid use for patients in the intervention group as compared to the control condition.

Trial Registration: Clincaltrials.gov, NCT05059210. Registered 28 September 2021, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05059210

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12911-022-02030-1.

The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease

Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet, since they provide the body with glucose to support bodily functions and physical activity. However, the abusive consumption of refined, simple, and low-quality carbohydrates has a direct implication on the physical and mental pathophysiology. Then, carbohydrate consumption is postulated as a crucial factor in the development of the main Western diseases of the 21st century. We conducted this narrative critical review using MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl databases with the MeSH-compliant keywords: carbohydrates and evolution, development, phylogenetic, GUT, microbiota, stress, metabolic health, consumption behaviors, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mental disease, anxiety, depression, cancer, chronic kidney failure, allergies, and asthma in order to analyze the impact of carbohydrates on health. Evidence suggests that carbohydrates, especially fiber, are beneficial for the well-being and growth of gut microorganisms and consequently for the host in this symbiotic relationship, producing microbial alterations a negative effect on mental health and different organic systems. In addition, evidence suggests a negative impact of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates on mood categories, including alertness and tiredness, reinforcing a vicious circle. Regarding physical health, sugar intake can affect the development and prognosis of metabolic disease, as an uncontrolled intake of refined carbohydrates puts individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequently developing metabolic disease.

ICD-10 Z-Code Health-Related Social Needs and Increased Healthcare Utilization

INTRODUCTION

Health-related social needs are known drivers of health and health outcomes, yet work to date to examine health-related social needs using ICD-10 Z-codes remains limited. This study seeks to evaluate the differences in the prevalence of conditions as well as utilization and cost between patients with and without health-related social needs.

METHODS

Using the 2017 Florida State Emergency Department and State Inpatient Databases, this study identified patients with documented health-related social needs using ICD-10 Z-codes. The prevalence ratio was calculated for 14 conditions that are the leading causes of mortality and economic costs. In addition, ratios for the median total number of negative health events and total annual costs between patients with health-related social needs and those without health-related social needs across these conditions were calculated. Data analysis was conducted in 2021.

RESULTS

Of 4,477,772 patients, 46,081 (1.0%) had documented health-related social needs and had 4 times the negative health events and 9.3 times the total annual costs. Trends of increased negative health events and costs were seen across all examined conditions; patients with health-related social needs had 2.5-3.5 times the negative health events and 2-18 times greater total costs. The biggest difference in negative health events was seen in patients with unintentional injuries and depression and psychoses (3.5 times for patients with health-related social needs), whereas the biggest difference in total costs was for unintentional injuries (18.4 times for patients with health-related social needs).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows the increased prevalence of numerous high-priority conditions as well as increased utilization and costs among patients with documented health-related social needs.

Evaluation of a Program to Reduce Home Environment Risks for Children with Asthma Residing in Urban Areas

Pediatric asthma morbidity is often linked to challenges including poor housing quality, inability to access proper medical care, lack of medications, and poor adherence to medical regimens. Such factors also propagate known disparities, by race and income, in asthma-related outcomes. Multimodal home visits have an established evidence base in support of their use to improve such outcomes. The Collaboration to Lessen Environmental Asthma Risks (CLEAR) is a partnership between the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the local health department which carries out home visits to provide healthy homes education and write orders for remediation should code violations and environmental asthma triggers be identified. To assess the strengths and weaknesses of the program, we obtained qualitative feedback from health professionals and mothers of children recently hospitalized with asthma using key informant interviews. Health professionals viewed the program as a positive support system for families and highlighted the potential benefit of education on home asthma triggers and connecting families with services for home improvements. Mothers report working to correct asthma triggers in the home based on the education they received during the course of their child's recent illness. Some mothers indicated mistrust of the health department staff completing home visits, indicating a further need for research to identify the sources of this mistrust. Overall, the interviews provided insights into successful areas of the program and areas for program improvement.

Why the Gap in Evaluating the Social Constructs and the Value of Medicines?

The compounding effects of occupying two or more social identities, such as being "Black" and "female" have been described in intersectionality theory. Intersectionality, a term coined by legal scholar and activist Kimberlé Crenshaw, is a framework to consider race and other social identities as overlapping, dynamic, and interdependent identities. Since its inception, intersectionality has made significant in-roads to inform the conceptualization and empirical investigations of race, gender, and other social identities in sociology, critical race theory, anthropology, feminist theory, and other disciplines. However, to date, cost effectiveness research has not systematically examined race intersecting with other social identities in the valuation of medicines using social theory, such as intersectionality. Consequently, cost effectiveness analysis, which is a method to study the value of medicines in diverse populations, has not been subject to sufficient examination through an intersectionality framework. In the US context, the racial injustices experienced and documented within diverse communities highlight that health outcomes cannot be examined in a vacuum; overlapping social identities such as race and class in relation to context have real effects on health behaviors, measured preferences, and economic costs. Failure to examine the effects of overlapping social identities on heterogeneity in benefits and costs can result in inadequate information for decision makers to evaluate the value of treatments. Without consideration of the overlapping social identities in diverse populations, there is a risk that cost effectiveness analysis results will not accurately reflect the value of treatments in socially disadvantaged populations. In this Current Opinion, we provide an outline for conducting socially conscious cost effectiveness analyses, using intersectionality as one example.

Multi-Dimensional Assessment and Interdisciplinary Care to Reduce Asthma Readmissions in Safety Net Hospitals

Asthma is a prevalent disease that disproportionately affects socioeconomically underprivileged minorities. In fact, racial and ethnic minorities such as Blacks and Latinos have higher rates of severe asthma, asthma-associated emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and readmissions compared with whites. Such disparities exist due to genetic predispositions and to socioeconomic determinants of health such as environmental factors and limited health-care access. A value-based purchasing program encourages hospitals to improve communication and care coordination to better engage patients and caregivers in discharge plans, and, in turn, reduce avoidable readmissions. The program supports the national goal of improving health care by linking payment to the quality of hospital care. Efforts have been made to address asthma-related complications in these populations, which have been addressed at various levels of the care system, including the patient and family, community, organization, provider/microsystem, and policy. Many of these programs promote patient education and health-care accessibility through interdisciplinary and multi-dimensional approaches, and have been shown to be effective in reducing asthma-associated readmissions and hospitalizations, but these localized approaches have not been largely adopted. The wide-spread implementation of asthma programs is necessary to address factors related to the increased incidence of asthma and associated rates of hospitalizations and readmissions in impoverished, minority populations.

Asthma Remission Disparities Among US Youth by Sexual Identity and Race/Ethnicity, 2009-2017

BACKGROUND

Sexual minority and racial/ethnic minority youth experience a higher burden of asthma. The frameworks of minority stress theory and intersectionality suggest that sexual minority and racial/ethnic minority youth may experience disparities in nonremitting asthma.

OBJECTIVE

To examine adjusted odds of nonremitting asthma by sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and their intersections, along with their relationship with traditional nonremitting asthma risk factors (weight status and smoking) and victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and forced sex).

METHODS

We used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey pooled across 41 jurisdiction-years (biennially, 2009-2017), resulting in a sample of 21,789 US youth. The prevalence of nonremitting asthma was examined by sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and their intersections, stratified by sex. Bivariate associations and backward logistic regression models, stratified by sex, were built to examine nonremitting asthma disparities and the effects of selected traditional correlates and victimization variables.

RESULTS

At the intersections, 8 sexual minority and racial/ethnic minority subpopulations were significantly more likely to have nonremitting asthma compared with White heterosexual sex-matched peers. White gay males and Black lesbian females had the highest odds of nonremitting asthma. Traditional risks of nonremitting asthma and victimization were associated with attenuated odds of nonremitting asthma.

CONCLUSIONS

Many sexual minority and racial/ethnic youth subpopulations are more likely to have nonremitting asthma. Evidence suggests that traditional nonremitting asthma risk factors and victimization may partly explain disparities in nonremitting asthma. Asthma management guidelines should be updated to include population health disparities of sexual and racial/ethnic minorities.

Overview of severe asthma, with emphasis on pediatric patients: a review for practitioners

Asthma is the most common life-threatening chronic disease in children. Although guidelines exist for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, treatment of severe, pediatric asthma remains difficult. Limited studies in the pediatric population on new asthma therapies, complex issues with adolescence and adherence, health disparities, and unequal access to guideline-based care complicate the care of children with severe, persistent asthma. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of asthma, including asthma subtypes, comorbidities, and risk factors, to discuss diagnostic considerations and pitfalls and existing treatments, and then present existing and emerging therapeutic approaches to asthma management. An improved understanding of asthma heterogeneity, clinical characteristics, inflammatory patterns, and pathobiology can help further guide the management of severe asthma in children. More studies are needed in the pediatric population to understand emerging therapeutics application in children. Effective multimodal strategies tailored to individual characteristics and a commitment to address risk factors, modifiers, and health disparities may help reduce the burden of asthma in the USA.

Socio-demographics and asthma prevalence, management, and outcomes among children 1-11 years of age in California

Background

Asthma disproportionately affects minority and low-income children. We examined asthma prevalence, management and outcomes, focusing on race/ethnicity and acculturation of parents (particularly English language proficiency).

Methods

This cross-sectional, correlational analysis used a de-identified population-based survey, the California Health Interview Survey, for years 2001–2015. Survey-weighted analysis with SAS 9.4 was used to determine asthma prevalence among children 1 to 11 years of age. Descriptive analysis was conducted, adjusting for survey design and combination of multiple years of data. The Pearson test, using design-based F values was used to determine statistically significant differences between those having/not having a doctor diagnosis of asthma. Multivariable logistic regression, with jackknife approach to obtain confidence intervals, was used to examine associations of child and parental characteristics with asthma prevalence, management, and outcomes.

Results

The 61,625 completed surveys represented an estimated annual population of 5.7 million children, of which 12.9 % had asthma. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences by age, gender, race, and language proficiency, with higher asthma prevalence for children 6 to 11 years of age (15.5 %), males (15.3 %), African Americans (19.5 %), and parents speaking English very well (14.1 %). Compared to children whose parents spoke English very well, those whose parents spoke English not well or not at all were less likely to achieve optimal asthma management, i.e. to have received a management plan from doctor (OR 0.30; 95 % Confidence Interval 0.20–0.46)), to be currently taking medication to control asthma (OR 0.52; 95 % CI 0.36–0.74)), or to be not confident in ability to control asthma (OR 3.10; 95 % CI 1.49–6.42). Children whose parents spoke English fairly well rather than very well had worse outcomes, i.e. were more likely to have an emergency room visit in past 12 months (OR 1.92; 95 % CI 1.03–3.61) and were more likely to miss school due to asthma in past 12 months (OR 0.71; 1.01–2.94).

Conclusions

Socio-demographics had a limited role in explaining differences across a handful of asthma management and outcome measures in California. Parental English language proficiency had the most consistent influence, underscoring the need for culturally and linguistically competent care.

The role of nutrition in asthma prevention and treatment

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Prevalence has continued to rise in recent decades as Western dietary patterns have become more pervasive. Evidence suggests that diets emphasizing the consumption of plant-based foods might protect against asthma development and improve asthma symptoms through their effects on systemic inflammation, oxidation, and microbial composition. Additionally, increased fruit and vegetable intake, reduced animal product consumption, and weight management might mediate cytokine release, free radical damage, and immune responses involved in the development and course of asthma. The specific aim of this review paper is to examine the current literature on the associations between dietary factors and asthma risk and control in children and adults. Clinical trials examining the mechanism(s) by which dietary factors influence asthma outcomes are necessary to identify the potential use of nutritional therapy in the prevention and management of asthma.

School-based self-management interventions for asthma among primary school children: a systematic review

A Cochrane review of school-based asthma interventions (combining all ages) found improved health outcomes. Self-management skills, however, vary according to age. We assessed effectiveness of primary school-based self-management interventions and identified components associated with successful programmes in children aged 6-12 years. We updated the Cochrane search (March 2020) and included the Global Health database. Two reviewers screened, assessed risk-of-bias and extracted data. We included 23 studies (10,682 participants); four at low risk-of-bias. Twelve studies reported at least one positive result for an outcome of interest. All 12 positive studies reported parental involvement in the intervention, compared to two-thirds of ineffective studies. In 10 of the 12 positive studies, parental involvement was substantial (e.g. attending sessions; phone/video communication) rather than being provided with written information. School-based self-management intervention can improve health outcomes and substantial parental involvement in school-based programmes seemed important for positive outcomes among primary school children.

Asthma Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey of Patients and Physicians

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has demonstrated significantly worse outcomes for minority (black and Hispanic) individuals. Understanding the reasons for COVID-19–related disparities among patients with asthma has important public health implications.

Objective

To determine factors contributing to health disparities in those with asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

An anonymous survey was sent through social media to adult patients with asthma, and a separate survey was sent to physicians who provide asthma care. The patient survey addressed demographic information including socioeconomic status, asthma control, and attitudes/health behaviors during COVID-19.

Results

A total of 1171 patients (10.1% minority individuals) and 225 physicians completed the survey. Minority patients were more likely to have been affected by COVID-19 (eg, became unemployed, lived in a community with high COVID-19 cases). They had worse asthma control (increased emergency visits for asthma, lower Asthma Control Test score), were more likely to live in urban areas, and had a lower household income. Initial differences in attitudes and health behaviors disappeared after controlling for baseline demographic features. Institutional racism was demonstrated by findings that minority individuals were less likely to have a primary care physician, had more trouble affording asthma medications due to COVID-19, and were more likely to have lost health insurance because of COVID-19, and that 25% of physicians found it more challenging to care for black individuals with asthma during COVID-19.

Conclusions

Differences in socioeconomic status and the effects of institutional racism, but not health behaviors, sources of information, or attitudes, are playing a role in disparities seen for patients with asthma during COVID-19.

Regional Disparity in Asthma Prevalence and Distribution of Asthma Education Programs in Texas

Objectives

To identify the distribution of asthma education programs that are currently active in Texas and examine whether there is a geographical disparity between asthma prevalence and locations of asthma education programs in the Public Health Regions (PHRs) of Texas.

Methods

The data for adult asthma prevalence in PHRs was obtained from the Texas Department of State and Health Services (DSHS) 2015 Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Public Use Data File. The Geographic Information System (GIS) program was used to show the distribution of asthma education programs and visually identify the isolated areas for asthma education programs on the maps. To examine the areas covered by the asthma education programs, we illustrated 50 miles and 70 miles of buffer zones from each program by proximity (multiple ring buffer) functions in GIS.

Results

We identified that 27 asthma education programs are active in Texas as of July 2019. The analysis showed that PHRs 1, 2, and 7 had the highest rate of asthma prevalence but had fewer asthma education programs. Also, the distribution of asthma education programs is concentrated around major cities, leading to a regional imbalance between asthma prevalence and locations of asthma education programs. The central and western areas of Texas proved to be marginalized areas for asthma education programs, particularly PHRs 2 and 9 because they may not be covered by the buffer zones of 70 miles from any asthma education programs. Discussion. This study revealed the marginalized regions in Texas lacking asthma education programs. The findings could help policymakers and health care professionals enhance opportunities to develop asthma education programs using different venues in isolated areas and prioritize these regions, for funds, to establish new asthma education programs.

Health communications: provider assessment of asthma control

Objective: The patient-provider partnership is important for effective asthma care and improved asthma control. Our descriptive study describes demographic differences associated with patient-provider asthma communications using Healthy People 2020 indicators. Methods: Using 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we examined provider assessments of asthma control at last healthcare visit for children and adults with current asthma; assessments included questions on frequency of asthma symptoms, use of quick-relief inhalers, and limitation of daily activities due to asthma. We calculated weighted prevalence and prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Overall, 3,684 (weighted prevalence = 7.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.0-7.6) NHIS respondents reported current asthma. Among persons with current asthma, 58% reported a routine asthma care visit in the past year. Provider assessments of asthma symptoms, quick-relief inhaler use, and activity limitations were reported by 55.4%, 59.1% and 41.5% of respondents, respectively. Non-Hispanic blacks (PR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.03-1.20), Puerto Ricans (PR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08-1.40), and Other-Hispanics (PR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05-1.32) were asked more often than non-Hispanic whites about ≥1 of the asthma control indicators. Providers more frequently assessed asthma symptoms (PR = 1.20; CI = 1.10-1.30), quick-relief inhaler use (PR = 1.10; CI = 1.02-1.19), and activity limitations (PR = 1.25; CI = 1.11-1.41) in children than adults. Conclusions: Healthcare providers often discuss asthma control indicators with patients. Children and some racial and ethnic minorities were more frequently assessed on key asthma control indicators compared to adults and non-Hispanic whites, respectively. These findings may reflect provider efforts to target asthma control communications to populations with higher risk of morbidity.

A qualitative study of parent perspectives on barriers, facilitators and expectations for school asthma care among urban, African-American children

Objectives: Minority children experience the disproportionate burden of asthma and its consequences. Studies suggest ethnic groups may experience asthma differently with varied perceptions and expectations among parents of African-American and Latino children. Because parents coordinate asthma care with the school, where children spend a significant amount of their day, this study's goal was to determine parents' perspectives on school asthma management. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with parents of children with asthma at four urban schools whose student population is predominantly African-American. A semi-structured guide was utilized focusing on barriers, facilitators and expectations for asthma care at school. Grounded theory principles were applied in this study. Results: Twenty-two parents (91% females) representing 13 elementary and 10 middle school children with asthma (61% boys) participated in four focus groups. Most children (87%) had persistent asthma. The identified barriers to effective school-based asthma care included limited awareness of children with asthma by teachers/staff, communication issues (e.g. school/parent, within school), inadequate education and lack of management plans or systems in place. In contrast, the identified facilitators included steps that fostered education, communication and awareness, as supported by management plans and parent initiative. Parents described their expectations for increased communication and education about asthma, better systems for identifying children with asthma, and a trained asthma point person for school-based asthma care. Conclusions: Parents of children with asthma identified important barriers, facilitators and expectations that must be considered to advance school asthma management. Improved school-based asthma care could lead to better health and academic outcomes.

Spatial analysis of disparities in asthma treatment among adult asthmatics

BACKGROUND

Spatial analytic techniques can uncover important differences in asthma treatment and identify geographic areas with poor asthma management.

OBJECTIVE

To review geographical differences in asthma treatment in an adult asthmatic population.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional chart review study (n = 519) using Geographic Information System approaches to determine the impact of spatial access to pharmacies and other factors on inappropriate rescue and inadequate controller medication use. Statistical analyses included chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskall-Wallis test for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to determine unadjusted and adjusted odds of inappropriate and inadequate pharmaceutical management of asthma based upon distance to pharmacy and other factors. Choropleth maps were constructed to display zip code level variation of asthma management.

RESULTS

Inappropriate medication users lived further from their preferred pharmacy compared to appropriate users (median distances of 3.02 and 1.96 miles respectively; p = 0.01). Inappropriate and inadequate management of asthma varied by zip code, ranging from 5.5 to 17.3% and 25.0-59.6%, respectively. A statistically significant difference in appropriate use by age was found, with nearly 17% of adults age 65 and older overusing their rescue inhaler. Conversely, patients age 18-34 years, 35-49 years, and 50-64 years, used their controller medications inadequately (64.2%, 57.3%, and 48.2%, respectively) compared to 42.5% of patients aged 65 and older. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses showed that former smokers had higher odds of inadequate management of asthma.

CONCLUSION

The unadjusted findings suggest that distance to pharmacies may play a role in the pharmaceutical management of asthma, though these findings are explained by confounding factors. Future research should continue to explore the effect of spatial access to pharmacies on chronic disease management and the role that maps can play in guiding medication management interventions in a larger sample to allow for more rigorous analysis.

Effective education parameters for trigger remediation in underserved children with asthma: A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

The prevalence of asthma is highest in minority children living in urban areas. Pediatric asthma research has focused on self-management education and trigger remediation using a multi-trigger, multi-component educational intervention approach. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify common educational parameters of these proposed interventions. The review also sought to identify which clinical outcomes improved with multi-trigger, multi-component educational interventions.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, SCOPUS and ProQuest Dissertations were searched between 2000 to 2014 using the following terms: asthma; urban population or poverty area; environmental remediation; health education; allergens or dust mites or cockroaches or mold or mice or rats.

STUDY SELECTIONS

Studies were included if they met the following criteria: 1) participants were minority children identified as underserved; 2) there was a multi-trigger and multi-component intervention; 3) asthma severity was classified as persistent; and 4) asthma control was classified as not well controlled.

RESULTS

A total of 531 articles were retrieved of which 17 met the inclusion criteria. The interventions lacked consistency in their explanation. Most studies were vague in reporting pedagogical methods and educational content. Few studies reported a theoretical framework to guide their approach. Over half the studies did not report a learning assessment nor health literacy of the caregiver or the child with asthma. Yet all of the findings demonstrated statistically significant results in some or all of their primary outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the research lacked clarity in the approach to impact asthma outcomes and reduces the opportunity to substantiate the findings through replication.

The Influence of Setting on Care Coordination for Childhood Asthma

Asthma affects 7.1 million children in the United States, disproportionately burdening African American and Latino children. Barriers to asthma control include insufficient patient education and fragmented care. Care coordination represents a compelling approach to improve quality of care and address disparities in asthma. The sites of The Merck Childhood Asthma Network Care Coordination Programs implemented different models of care coordination to suit specific settings-school district, clinic or health care system, and community-and organizational structures. A variety of qualitative data sources were analyzed to determine the role setting played in the manifestation of care coordination at each site. There were inherent strengths and challenges of implementing care coordination in each of the settings, and each site used unique strategies to deliver their programs. The relationship between the lead implementing unit and entities that provided (1) access to the priority population and (2) clinical services to program participants played a critical role in the structure of the programs. The level of support and infrastructure provided by these entities to the lead implementing unit influenced how participants were identified and how asthma care coordinators were integrated into the clinical care team.