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Lawrence EM, Trani EA, Anthony KM, Hummer RA, Jensen T, Tuder S, Loehr LR, Harris KM, Whitsel EA. Data Resource Profile: Add Health Mortality Outcomes Surveillance. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae121. [PMID: 39270741 PMCID: PMC11398900 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elyssa A Trani
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kurtis M Anthony
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert A Hummer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Tiffany Jensen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sylvie Tuder
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Laura R Loehr
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gaydosh L, Harris KM. Institutional Context Shapes the Physical Health of College Graduates Differently for U.S. White, Black, and Hispanic Adults. Demography 2024; 61:933-966. [PMID: 38809598 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11380743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Greater educational attainment is generally associated with healthier and longer lives. However, important heterogeneity in who benefits from educational attainment, how much, and why remains underexplored. In particular, in the United States, the physical health returns to educational attainment are not as large for minoritized racial and ethnic groups compared with individuals racialized as White. Yet, our current understanding of ethnoracial differences in educational health disparities is limited by an almost exclusive focus on the quantity of education attained without sufficient attention to heterogeneity within educational attainment categories, such as different institution types among college graduates. Using biomarker data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we test whether the physical health of college graduates in early adulthood (aged 24-32) varies by institution type and for White, Black, and Hispanic adults. In considering the role of the college context, we conceptualize postsecondary institutions as horizontally stratified and racialized institutional spaces with different implications for the health of their graduates. Finally, we quantify the role of differential attendance at and returns to postsecondary institution type in shaping ethnoracialized health disparities among college graduates in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gaydosh
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Milliren CE, Sajjad OM, Abdel Magid HS, Gooding HC, Richmond TK, Nagata JM. Adolescent individual, school, and neighborhood influences on young adult diabetes risk. Health Place 2023; 83:103047. [PMID: 37301169 PMCID: PMC10798047 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this study examines the association between adolescent school and neighborhood contexts and the likelihood of diabetes in young adulthood. We apply cross-classified multi-level modeling (CCMM) techniques to examine the simultaneous influence of non-nested school and neighborhood contexts as well as individual, school, and neighborhood-level factors (N = 14,041 participants from 128 schools, 1933 neighborhoods). Our findings suggest that individual-level factors are most associated with young adult diabetes, with small contributions from school and neighborhood factors and a small proportion of the variation explained by school and neighborhood contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Milliren
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, 21 Autumn Street, 2nd and 3rd Floors, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Omar M Sajjad
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Hoda S Abdel Magid
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Alway Building 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Holly C Gooding
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy K Richmond
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 333 Longwood Ave 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0503, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Yang J, Gwini SM, Beilin LJ, Schlaich M, Stowasser M, Young MJ, Fuller PJ, Mori TA. Effect of Oral Contraception on Screening Tests for Primary Aldosteronism: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1686-1695. [PMID: 36633572 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary aldosteronism (PA) and oral contraception (OC) can both cause hypertension in young women. However, the effect of OC on the screening test for PA, the aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR), is not clear. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the impact of OC on the screening test for PA. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from the female offspring (Gen2) of women enrolled in the Raine Study, a population-based birth cohort, who had blood pressure (BP) measurements, blood samples, and information about OC use at age 17 years (N = 484) and/or age 27 years (N = 486). RESULTS Aldosterone concentration was significantly higher in OC users than nonusers at 17 years (median 486 pmol/L vs 347 pmol/L, P < 0.001). Renin concentration was significantly lower in OC users at both 17 years (13.4 mU/L vs 20.6 mU/L) and 27 years (9.2 mU/L vs 11.8 mU/L), hence the ARR was significantly higher in OC users compared to nonusers at both 17 years (31.5 vs 18.3) and 27 years (27.3 vs 21.1). The proportion of participants with ARR > 70 pmol/mU (current threshold for PA detection) was significantly higher in OC users at both 17 years (12.6% vs 2.1%) and 27 years (6.4% vs 0.4%); however, they had comparable BP to those with ARR < 70. OC use at any age abolished the relationship between ARR and BP that is observed in nonusers. CONCLUSION OC can increase the ARR and cause a false positive PA screening result. Until more reliable criteria for PA screening in OC users are established, alternative contraception should be considered during screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stella May Gwini
- Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Biostatistics Unit, Division of Research Methodology, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Markus Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, The University of Western Australia - Royal Perth Hospital Campus, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
- Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth 6000, Australia
- Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Harris KM, Halpern CT. Implications of Adolescence for Adult Well-Being: 25 Years of Add Health Research. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:S1-S5. [PMID: 36404014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Abdel Magid HS, Milliren CE, Rice K, Molanphy N, Ruiz K, Gooding HC, Richmond TK, Odden MC, Nagata JM. Adolescent individual, school, and neighborhood influences on young adult hypertension risk. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266729. [PMID: 35482649 PMCID: PMC9049504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic and contextual socioeconomic risk factors in adolescence may be more strongly associated with young adult hypertension than individual-level risk factors. This study examines the association between individual, neighborhood, and school-level influences during adolescence on young adult blood pressure. METHODS Data were analyzed from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-1995 aged 11-18 and 2007-2008 aged 24-32). We categorized hypertension as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Secondary outcomes included continuous systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We fit a series of cross-classified multilevel models to estimate the associations between young adulthood hypertension with individual-level, school-level, and neighborhood-level factors during adolescence (i.e., fixed effects) and variance attributable to each level (i.e., random effects). Models were fit using Bayesian estimation procedures. For linear models, intra-class correlations (ICC) are reported for random effects. RESULTS The final sample included 13,911 participants in 128 schools and 1,917 neighborhoods. Approximately 51% (7,111) young adults were hypertensive. Individual-level characteristics-particularly older ages, Non-Hispanic Black race, Asian race, male sex, BMI, and current smoking-were associated with increased hypertension. Non-Hispanic Black (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03-1.42) and Asian (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.02-1.62) students had higher odds of hypertension compared to non-Hispanic White students. At the school level, hypertension was associated with the percentage of non-Hispanic White students (OR for 10% higher = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.09). Adjusting for individual, school, and neighborhood predictors attenuated the ICC for both the school (from 1.4 null to 0.9 fully-adjusted) and neighborhood (from 0.4 to 0.3). CONCLUSION We find that adolescents' schools and individual-level factors influence young adult hypertension, more than neighborhoods. Unequal conditions in school environments for adolescents may increase the risk of hypertension later in life. Our findings merit further research to better understand the mechanisms through which adolescents' school environments contribute to adult hypertension and disparities in hypertension outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda S. Abdel Magid
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Carly E. Milliren
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Rice
- Public Health Sciences Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Nina Molanphy
- Public Health Sciences Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Kennedy Ruiz
- Public Health Sciences Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Holly C. Gooding
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tracy K. Richmond
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Liu G, Fang Q, Ji X, OuYang J, Zhu Y, Wang L, Wang X. Medical expenditure and its influencing factors of patients with hypertension in Shanxi Province, China: a study based on 'System of Health Accounts 2011' and multiple-layer perceptron neural network. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e048396. [PMID: 35241463 PMCID: PMC8895933 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the medical expenditure and influencing factors of patients with hypertension in Shanxi Province, China. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING 1088 medical institutions, including general hospitals, traditional Chinese medicine hospitals, special hospitals, basic medical institutions and public health institutions. PARTICIPANTS 180 441 hypertensive outpatients and 14 763 inpatients from 1 January to 31 December 2017. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Curative care expenditure for hypertension (CCEht) was measured based on System of Health Accounts 2011. Influenced factors were analysed by univariate analysis and multiple layer perceptron neural network. RESULTS In 2017, CCEht was US$307.71 million, accounting for 3.63% of total CCE and 0.14% of gross domestic product (GDP) in Shanxi Province of China. CCE of hypertensive outpatients (CCEht-out) and inpatients (CCEht-in) accounted for 44.49% and 55.51% of CCEht. Drug fee accounted for 81.55% of CCEht-out and 22.50% of CCEht-in, respectively. The top three influencing factors were drug fee, surgical fee and hospitalisation days for inpatients, and drug fee, examination fee and test fee for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS The medical expenditure of hypertension is still heavy for individuals and society. The diagnosis and treatment capacities of primary healthcare system has been enhanced. New rural cooperation medical insurance and urban employee basic medical insurance have a trend of overusing, and the burden of family healthcare expenditure is still heavy. To ease the economic burden of patients with hypertension and improve the efficiency of social resources utilisation, policymakers should pay more attention to key groups, further increase support for primary healthcare system, standardise the treatment and reimbursement of hypertension and incline the reimbursement policy to outpatient service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Fang
- College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Ji
- First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing OuYang
- Humanity and Management College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yalan Zhu
- College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Leying Wang
- First Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- School of Public Health, Xin Jiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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O'Neil PJ, Stafford KA, Ryscavage PA. Assessing risk factors for hypertension in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection: A case-control study. HIV Med 2021; 23:457-464. [PMID: 34725913 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the risk of AIDS-associated diseases has declined dramatically with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the incidence rates of chronic non-AIDS-associated diseases in perinatally HIV-infected adults have risen and have not been well characterized. Both traditional and HIV-associated risk factors have been found to contribute to hypertension in non-perinatally HIV-infected adults; whether these same factors contribute to hypertension in perinatally infected adults is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-demographic, clinical, virological and immunological factors associated with systemic hypertension among a cohort of perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults. METHODS We conducted a case-control study among a population of adults aged 18-35 years with perinatally acquired HIV infection receiving care at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Covariates assessed included traditional risk factors such as age, family history of hypertension, and smoking, as well as numerous HIV- and antiretroviral-associated covariates, including CD4 nadir. RESULTS Approximately 31% of the cohort met criteria for hypertension. There were no significant differences in the odds of most traditional or HIV-associated risk factors among perinatally HIV-infected adults with hypertension compared with those with no diagnosis of hypertension. Exposure to lopinavir/ritonavir was associated with greater odds of not having hypertension, while a concurrent diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was associated with greater odds of having hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that most traditional and HIV-related risk factors do not appear to increase the odds of having hypertension in this cohort of individuals. The aetiology of hypertension in this population remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Neil
- Greater Lawrence Family Health Center, Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen A Stafford
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick A Ryscavage
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Hsu CN, Tain YL. Adverse Impact of Environmental Chemicals on Developmental Origins of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745716. [PMID: 34721300 PMCID: PMC8551449 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are becoming a global health challenge, despite developments in pharmacotherapy. Both diseases can begin in early life by so-called "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD). Environmental chemical exposure during pregnancy can affect kidney development, resulting in renal programming. Here, we focus on environmental chemicals that pregnant mothers are likely to be exposed, including dioxins, bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), heavy metals, and air pollution. We summarize current human evidence and animal models that supports the link between prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental origins of kidney disease and hypertension, with an emphasis on common mechanisms. These include oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin system, reduced nephron numbers, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway. Urgent action is required to identify toxic chemicals in the environment, avoid harmful chemicals exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and continue to discover other potentially harmful chemicals. Innovation is also needed to identify kidney disease and hypertension in the earliest stage, as well as translating effective reprogramming interventions from animal studies into clinical practice. Toward DOHaD approach, prohibiting toxic chemical exposure and better understanding of underlying mechanisms, we have the potential to reduce global burden of kidney disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Richardson LJ, Goodwin AN, Hummer RA. Social status differences in allostatic load among young adults in the United States. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100771. [PMID: 34584929 PMCID: PMC8455854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostatic load refers to wear and tear on the body due to repeated activation of the stress response and, thus, may be an early subclinical indicator of future disease and mortality risk. To date, few studies of allostatic load have focused on young adults, racial/ethnic comparisons that include Mexican Americans, or the interplay between race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment. To fill these gaps, we used data on non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Mexican-origin respondents from Waves I (1994-1995) and IV (2007-2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 11,807). We calculated allostatic load scores based on respondents' values for 10 metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory biomarkers measured at Wave IV, when respondents were 24-34 years old. We then used negative binomial regression models to assess the combined effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment on allostatic load, while controlling for key covariates. We found that Black women had significantly higher allostatic load scores than White women and Black men, net of educational attainment and other covariates. Yet, education modified the relationship between race/ethnicity, gender, and allostatic load. Obtaining a college education was protective for White males and females but no more or less protective for other women and deleterious for Black males. In other words, by the time they reach young adulthood, the cumulative physiological burden of stress on Black women and college-educated Black men is already greater than it is among their similarly or less educated White counterparts. These findings provide important information about the intermediate physiological dysregulation that underlies social inequalities in stress-related health outcomes, especially those that occur at the intersections of race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment. They also suggest that research on its antecedents should focus on earlier life periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana J. Richardson
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3210, USA
- Carolina Population Center, 123 W. Franklin Street, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516-2524, USA
| | - Andrea N. Goodwin
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3210, USA
- Carolina Population Center, 123 W. Franklin Street, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516-2524, USA
| | - Robert A. Hummer
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3210, USA
- Carolina Population Center, 123 W. Franklin Street, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516-2524, USA
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Duodu PA, Agbadi P, Duah HO, Darkwah E, Nutor JJ. Correlates of blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in Cameroon: insights from the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. Int Health 2021; 14:201-210. [PMID: 34118153 PMCID: PMC8890807 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension and diabetes, two major risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection through screening can initiate early treatment to reduce adverse outcomes. The current study sought to investigate the correlates of blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in Cameroon. Methods We used secondary data from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey. Adjusting for a complex sample design, we performed multivariate prevalence ratio estimates of the blood pressure and blood glucose screenings. Results Approximately 60% and 30% of Cameroonians had undergone blood pressure and blood glucose screenings, respectively. More females (68%) had undergone blood pressure screenings compared with their male counterparts (44.1%). In the multivariate model, gender, age, education, marital status, household wealth index and region of residence were significantly associated with both blood pressure and blood glucose screenings in the full sample. Previous blood pressure screening was associated with an increased likelihood of blood glucose screening and vice versa. A modification effect of gender was observed in the association between the correlates and both outcomes. Conclusion Our findings uncovered individuals with a decreased likelihood for blood pressure and blood glucose screenings and this can inform policy decisions to ensure targeted screening aimed at early detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Adade Duodu
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Pascal Agbadi
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Ernest Darkwah
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 84, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jerry John Nutor
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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McClain AC, Gallo LC, Mattei J. Subjective Social Status and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers by Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Sex Among U.S. Young Adults. Ann Behav Med 2021; 56:442-460. [PMID: 33942845 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective social status (SSS) has shown inverse relationships with cardiometabolic risk, but intersectionalities of race/ethnicity and sex may indicate more nuanced relationships. PURPOSE To investigate associations of SSS with cardiometabolic risk markers by race/ethnicity and sex. METHODS Data were from Wave IV (2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 4,847; 24-32 years), which collected biological cardiometabolic risk markers. A 10-step ladder captured SSS; respondents indicated on which step they perceived they stood in relation to other people in the U.S. higher values indicated higher SSS (range: 1-10). We tested the relationship between SSS and individual markers using generalized least square means linear regression models, testing three-way interactions between SSS, race/ethnicity, and sex (p < .10) before stratification. RESULTS SSS-race/ethnicity-sex interactions were significantly associated with waist circumference (p ≤ .0001), body mass index (BMI; p ≤ .0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP; p ≤ .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; p = .0004), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; p = .07). SSS was associated with waist circumference (β [SE]: -1.2 (0.4), p < .05) and BMI (-0.6 [0.2], p < .01) for non-Hispanic White females, compared with males; with HDL-C among non-Hispanic White (0.2 [0.1]; p < .05) and Hispanic (0.3 (0.1); p < .05) females, compared with males; with SBP for non-Hispanic Asian (1.7 [0.8]; p < .05) and Multiracial (1.8 [0.8]; p < .05), versus White, females; and with DBP for non-Hispanic Black (0.8 [0.3]; p < .01), versus White, males. CONCLUSIONS SSS was differentially related to cardiometabolic risk markers by race/ethnicity and sex, suggesting intersectional aspects. Clinical and research applications of SSS should consider race/ethnicity- and sex-specific pathways influencing cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C McClain
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Yang YC, Walsh CE, Johnson MP, Belsky DW, Reason M, Curran P, Aiello AE, Chanti-Ketterl M, Harris KM. Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to old age: Racial and educational disparities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020167118. [PMID: 33875595 PMCID: PMC8092468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020167118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
No research exists on how body mass index (BMI) changes with age over the full life span and social disparities therein. This study aims to fill the gap using an innovative life-course research design and analytic methods to model BMI trajectories from early adolescence to old age across 20th-century birth cohorts and test sociodemographic variation in such trajectories. We conducted the pooled integrative data analysis (IDA) to combine data from four national population-based NIH longitudinal cohort studies that collectively cover multiple stages of the life course (Add Health, MIDUS, ACL, and HRS) and estimate mixed-effects models of age trajectories of BMI for men and women. We examined associations of BMI trajectories with birth cohort, race/ethnicity, parental education, and adult educational attainment. We found higher mean levels of and larger increases in BMI with age across more recent birth cohorts as compared with earlier-born cohorts. Black and Hispanic excesses in BMI compared with Whites were present early in life and persisted at all ages, and, in the case of Black-White disparities, were of larger magnitude for more recent cohorts. Higher parental and adulthood educational attainment were associated with lower levels of BMI at all ages. Women with college-educated parents also experienced less cohort increase in mean BMI. Both race and education disparities in BMI trajectories were larger for women compared with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Claire Yang
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Christine E Walsh
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516;
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Moira P Johnson
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Max Reason
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Patrick Curran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Marianne Chanti-Ketterl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599;
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
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14
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Yano Y. Blood Pressure in Young Adults and Cardiovascular Disease Later in Life. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:250-257. [PMID: 33821946 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has declined markedly over the past several decades among middle-age and older adults in the United States. However, young adults (18-39 years of age) have had a lower rate of decline in CVD mortality. This trend may be related to the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) having increased among young US adults. Additionally, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension are low among US adults between 20 and 39 years of age. Many young adults and healthcare providers may not be aware of the impact of high BP during young adulthood on their later life, the associations of BP patterns with adverse outcomes later in life, and benefit-to-harm ratios of pharmacological treatment. This review provides a synthesis of the related resources available in the literature to better understand BP-related CVD risk among young adults and better identify BP patterns and levels during young adulthood that are associated with CVD events later in life, and lastly, to clarify future challenges in BP management for young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yano
- Center for Novel and Exploratory Clinical Trials, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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McMahon G, Creaven AM, Gallagher S. Cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress: Attachment styles and invisible stranger support. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:121-129. [PMID: 33745962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While the benefits of social support for physiological health are well established, the underlying pathways by which support can influence cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) are still being elucidated. In the present study, we adapted an attachment framework to further explore the support-CVR link. Specifically, we experimentally tested the effect of attachment and social support on CVR by manipulating the provision of invisible support from a stranger, across individuals with secure, anxious and avoidant attachment styles. Employing a 3 × 2 design, a sample of young adults (N = 138) from across each of the three attachment styles were randomly assigned to either an invisible support (from a stranger), or no support, condition. All participants were subject to an acute standardised stress testing protocol where cardiovascular indices were monitored throughout. Results from a factorial ANOVA showed no significant interaction between support and attachment on any cardiovascular reactivity parameter (SBP, DBP, HR) or any main effect of attachment or support. These findings suggest that, in this case, social support was not effective in buffering the effects of stress across various attachment styles. The benefits of incorporating a developmental perspective to the study of social support and health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ann-Marie Creaven
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Social Issues Research, Study of Anxiety, Stress and Health Laboratory, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
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16
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Hoke MK, Boen CE. The health impacts of eviction: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health. Soc Sci Med 2021; 273:113742. [PMID: 33607393 PMCID: PMC8045672 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eviction represents an urgent social and economic issue in the United States, with nearly two million evictions occurring annually in the U.S. Still, the population health impacts of evictions, as well as the pathways linking eviction to health, are not well documented or understood, particularly among young adults. Using nationally-representative, longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-2008) (n = 9029), the present study uses a combination of analytic methods-including prospective lagged dependent variable regression models, inverse probabilities of treatment weighting, longitudinal first difference models, causal mediation techniques-to comprehensively assess whether and how evictions relate to depressive risk and self-rated health across early adulthood, paying particular attention to the stress-related pathways linking eviction and health. Results provide robust evidence of positive longitudinal associations between eviction and depressive risk, in particular. In the prospective regression models, young adults who experienced recent eviction had more depressive symptoms and worse self-rated health than those who were not evicted, net a host of background characteristics. Using treatment weighting techniques, results showed that young adults who experienced eviction had more depressive symptoms than those who were not evicted (5.921 vs. 4.998 depressive symptoms, p = 0.003). Perceived social stress mediated nearly 18 percent of the associations between eviction and the depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). In the first difference models, young people who experienced eviction between survey waves experienced greater increases in depressive symptoms over time compared to those who were not evicted, net of changes in other indicators of socioeconomic status and residential instability. Taken together, our results suggest that the recent surges in evictions in the U.S. serve as a potent threat to population health during the emerging adult period, with especially devastating consequences for low-income individuals and communities of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Hoke
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Courtney E Boen
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Sociology, Population Aging Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Noppert GA, Gaydosh L, Harris KM, Goodwin A, Hummer RA. Is educational attainment associated with young adult cardiometabolic health? SSM Popul Health 2021; 13:100752. [PMID: 33665334 PMCID: PMC7907895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational disparities in health and mortality are well-documented and evidence suggests that they may be widening. Yet, there is much unknown about when educational disparities begin to emerge and for whom. This paper investigates the association between educational attainment and cardiometabolic health in young adults with critical attention paid to differences across racial/ethnic and sex subgroups. We focus on cardiometabolic health in young adulthood as it is particularly relevant for understanding current population health trends. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) when participants were aged 12-19 years (Wave I) and aged 24-32 years (Wave IV). Using a series of logistic regression models, we first estimated the association between education and five markers of cardiometabolic health (high-risk blood pressure, high-risk waist circumference, diabetes/pre-diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and high-risk inflammation). We then examined the extent to which this association was explained by adolescent health and both adolescent and young adult socioeconomic status (SES) (including parental education, participant educational attainment, household income, and employment status). Finally, we investigated whether the association between educational attainment and cardiometabolic health differed by race/ethnicity and sex. We found evidence of an association between educational attainment and cardiometabolic health that persisted net of adolescent health, adolescent SES, and young adult SES. We also found some evidence of modest differences in this association by race/ethnicity and sex. Our findings suggest that even as early as young adulthood there are disparities in cardiometabolic health by educational attainment, which may lead to even larger disparities in late life health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Noppert
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Social Environment and Health, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren Gaydosh
- Department of Sociology, Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Andrea Goodwin
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Robert A. Hummer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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18
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Bonsignore MR, Barbera CDG, Clini E. Obstructive sleep apnea and blood pressure in young hypertensives: does it matter? Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:921-923. [PMID: 32189237 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Bonsignore
- PROMISE Department, Sleep and Respiratory Failure Clinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
- IRIB-CNR, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Enrico Clini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science SMECHIMAI, University of Modena Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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19
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Boen CE, Kozlowski K, Tyson KD. "Toxic" schools? How school exposures during adolescence influence trajectories of health through young adulthood. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100623. [PMID: 32671177 PMCID: PMC7338637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of research identifies the critical role of early-life social contexts such as neighborhoods and households in shaping life course trajectories of health. Less is known about whether and how school characteristics affect individual health and contribute to population health inequality. However, recent scholarship argues that some school environments are so stressful due to high levels of violence, disorder, and poverty that they may be “toxic” to student health, but this hypothesis has not been tested using population data. Integrating insights from the life course perspective and stress process model, we use rich longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,382), diverse markers of physiological functioning and psychological well-being, and multilevel regression models to examine whether and how school characteristics shape trajectories of physiological dysregulation and depressive risk from adolescence through early adulthood. Findings reveal that, across multiple measures of physiological functioning and psychological well-being, the social and structural characteristics of schools play an essential role in shaping health risk from adolescence through young adulthood—long after students left school. In particular, indicators of school-level violence and perceptions of safety and school social disconnectedness had especially strong associations with health risk in both the short- and long-term. School socioeconomic composition was also strongly associated with physiological dysregulation in young adulthood, net of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic exposures. Together, findings from this study suggest that school environments can serve as early-life stressors in the lives of young people that unequally shape health trajectories and contribute to broader patterns of health inequality. Examines how the social and structural characteristics of schools pattern health. Assesses associations between schools and health from adolescence through adulthood. Documents strong and lasting associations between school characteristics and health. Reveals that school environments shape long-term trajectories of health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Boen
- Department of Sociology, Population Studies Center, and Population Aging Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Kozlowski
- School of Social Science and Global Studies, University of Southern Mississippi, USA
| | - Karolyn D Tyson
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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20
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Harris KM, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Hussey JM, Killeya-Jones LA, Tabor J, Dean SC. Cohort Profile: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1415-1415k. [PMID: 31257425 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jon M Hussey
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ley A Killeya-Jones
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Epidemiology Research Team, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joyce Tabor
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah C Dean
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Heterogeneity in Trajectories of Systolic Blood Pressure among Young Adults in Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study. Glob Heart 2020; 15:20. [PMID: 32489793 PMCID: PMC7218791 DOI: 10.5334/gh.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although increased age is associated with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) in general, there may be variation across individuals in how SBP changes over time. The goal of this paper is to identify heterogeneity in SBP trajectories among young adults with similar initial values and identify personal characteristics associated with different trajectory patterns. This may have important implications for prevention and prognosis. Methods: A cohort of 12,468 individuals aged 18–35 years in the Qingdao Port Cardiovascular Health Study in China was followed yearly during 2000–2011. Individuals were categorized into three strata according to their baseline SBP: ≤110 mmHg, 111–130 mmHg, and >130 mmHg. Within each stratum, group-based trajectory analyses were conducted to identify distinct SBP trajectory patterns, and their association with sociodemographic and baseline health characteristics was assessed by ordinal logistic regression. Results: Five distinct groups of individuals exhibiting divergent patterns of increasing, stable or decreasing SBP trends were identified within each stratum. This is a first report to identify a subgroup with decreasing trend in SBP. Individuals with more advanced age, having less than high school education, family history of cardiovascular diseases, greater body mass index, greater waist circumference, and hyperlipidemia at baseline were more likely to experience trajectories of higher SBP within each stratum. Conclusions: The diverging trajectories among young adults with similar initial SBP highlight the need for prevention and feasibility of effective blood pressure control, while the identified risk factors may inform targeted interventions.
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22
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Ryscavage P, Still W, Nyemba V, Stafford K. Prevalence of Systemic Hypertension Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Young Adults in Baltimore, Maryland. South Med J 2019; 112:387-391. [PMID: 31282968 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV) infection may be at increased risk for nonacquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diseases, including systemic hypertension (HTN). The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of HTN among young adults with PHIV compared with recently infected and uninfected young adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of young adults with PHIV, frequency matched on race and sex to a stratified random sample of young adults with nonperinatally acquired HIV (NPHIV) and HIV-uninfected young adults. All of the subjects were aged 18 to 29 years. HTN was defined as two systolic blood pressure measurements ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg at least 3 months apart and/or prescription for an antihypertensive medication. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between HIV infection and HTN. RESULTS A total of 324 patients were included-108 per exposure group. The prevalence of HTN was 23% among individuals with PHIV, 10% among individuals with NPHIV, and 8% among HIV-uninfected patients. PHIV patients had 3.4 (95% CI 1.48-7.66) times the base odds of having HTN compared with HIV-uninfected patients, and 2.7 (95% CI 1.23-5.71) times the odds compared with NPHIV patients. By multivariable analysis, PHIV patients had 4.7 and 2.9 times the odds of having HTN compared with HIV-uninfected patients and NPHIV patients, respectively, after controlling for sex, race, and family history of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HTN prevalence among PHIV young adults is significantly higher than sex- and race-matched NPHIV and HIV-uninfected patients of similar age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ryscavage
- From the Institute of Human Virology, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - William Still
- From the Institute of Human Virology, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Vimbai Nyemba
- From the Institute of Human Virology, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Kristen Stafford
- From the Institute of Human Virology, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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23
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Lower 24-h urinary sodium excretion is associated with hypertension control: the 2010 Heart Follow-Up Study. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:624-632. [PMID: 31712712 PMCID: PMC7211546 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among individuals with hypertension, controlling high blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk for cardiovascular events and death. Reducing dietary sodium can help achieve BP control. The study aim was to use a population-based sample utilizing the gold-standard for urinary sodium to quantify the degree with which sodium was independently associated with BP control among individuals with hypertension. Participants included 1 568 adults from the Heart Follow-Up Study, a New York City population-based representative study conducted in 2010. Participants collected urine for 24 hours and had BP and other anthropometrics measured. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, or being on BP lowering medication. Sodium intake (mg/day) was measured from a single 24-hour urine collection. Hypertension prevalence was 30.8%. Among those with hypertension, 64.6% were aware, 56.3% were treated, and 40.3% were controlled. Among those treated for hypertension, 73.0% were controlled. Mean sodium intake among those with hypertension was 3 564 mg/day. From multivariable adjusted logistic regression models, each 500mg decrease in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was associated with a 18% higher odds of hypertension control among those with hypertension (1.18, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.30). In New York City, approximately one in three people has hypertension with a majority uncontrolled. Sodium intake among those with hypertension was 55% greater than recommended upper limit of 2 300 mg per day. Among individuals with hypertension, lower sodium intake was associated with hypertension control.
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24
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Calkins SD, Dollar JM, Wideman L. Temperamental vulnerability to emotion dysregulation and risk for mental and physical health challenges. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:957-970. [PMID: 31097043 PMCID: PMC8186844 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation characterizes many forms of psychopathology. Patterns of dysregulation occur as a function of a developmental process in which normative and adaptive emotion regulation skills fail to become part of the child's behavioral repertoire due to biological, psychological, and contextual processes and experiences. Here we highlight the processes involved in the dysregulation of temperamental anger and frustration that become core features of externalizing problems and place children at risk for more serious forms of psychopathology. We imbed these processes in a larger self-regulatory framework, and we discuss how they influence mental as well as physical health, using data from our 20-year longitudinal study following a large cohort of children into young adulthood. Recommendations are made for future research involving the integration of biological systems with mental and physical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jessica M. Dollar
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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25
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Ondimu DO, Kikuvi GM, Otieno WN. Risk factors for hypertension among young adults (18-35) years attending in Tenwek Mission Hospital, Bomet County, Kenya in 2018. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:210. [PMID: 31692887 PMCID: PMC6814951 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.210.18407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension ranks third in the world, after underweight and unsafe sex, in the list of six major risk factors contributing to the global disease. In Kenya, the prevalence stands at 24% in the general population, while among the young adults, the incidence of hypertension has been reported to be in the rise; a fact attributed to increased number of risks. We therefore sought to determine awareness and risk factors of hypertension among young adults attending Tenwek hospital. Methods A case-control study of young adults ages 18-35, involving 80 cases and 80 controls at Tenwek Mission Hospital, Bomet County. Cases included males and females newly diagnosed with hypertension (diagnosed at the time of data collection) and if they reported taking antihypertensive medication and reported as hypertensives in the hospital records at any clinic visit or at interview, while controls included persons with no history of hypertension. Results Those having a BMI≥25 were 3.05 times more likely to be hypertensive (OR: 3.05, 95% CI 1.26, 7.40; p=0.014). Having a relative suffering from hypertension increased almost thrice the odds of being hypertensive (OR: 2.78, 95% CI 1.20, 6. 46; p=0.018). Not drinking alcohol reduced the chance of suffering from hypertension by 70%, (OR=0.30, 95% CI 0.11, 0.81; p=0.017). Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension in younger adults is not as low as generally perceived. Preventive measures should be formulated in a manner to address variety of major risk factors in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Ogake Ondimu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Mutie Kikuvi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Yano Y, Reis JP, Tedla YG, Goff DC, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, Ning H, Liu K, Greenland P, Lloyd-Jones DM. Racial Differences in Associations of Blood Pressure Components in Young Adulthood With Incident Cardiovascular Disease by Middle Age: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 2:381-389. [PMID: 28199497 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Importance Data are sparse regarding which blood pressure (BP) components in young adulthood optimally determine cardiovascular disease (CVD) by middle age. Objectives To assess which BP components best determine incident CVD events in young adults and determine whether these associations vary by race and age at BP measurement. Design, Setting, and Participants Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, this study assessed the longitudinal race-stratified associations between BP and cardiovascular outcomes. CARDIA is a community-based cohort that recruited black and white individuals (age range, 18-30 years) from March 26, 1985, through June 7, 1986. CARDIA followed up participants for up to 28 years, and 94% of the surviving cohort completed at least 1 telephone interview or examination from August 2009 through August 2014. Exposures Blood pressures measubred at baseline (Y0) and 15 years later (Y15). Main Outcomes and Measures Composite CVD events, including coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and other vascular diseases. Results A total of 4880 participants participated in the study (mean [SD] age, 24.9 [3.6] years at Y0 and 25.0 [3.6] years at Y15; 2223 male [45.6%] at Y0 and 1800 [44.2%] at Y15; 2657 female [54.4%] at Y0 and 2277 [55.8%] at Y0; 2473 black individuals [50.7%] at Y0 and 1994 [48.9%] at Y15; and 2407 white individuals [49.3%] at Y0 and 2083 [51.1%] at Y15). The mean SBP/DBP was 112/69 mm Hg in blacks and 109/68 mm Hg in whites at Y0 and 117/77 mm Hg in blacks and 110/72 mm Hg in whites at Y15. During a 25-year follow-up from Y0, 210 CVD events occurred (twice as many events in blacks [n = 140] compared with whites), of which 131 (87 in blacks) occurred after Y15. With adjustments for covariates, results from Cox proportional hazards models, including SBP and DBP, jointly suggested that, at Y0, SBP (hazard ratio [HR] per 1-SD increase, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.61) but not DBP (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.88-1.26) was associated with CVD risk in blacks, whereas DBP (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.21-2.50) but not SBP (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.57-1.18) was associated with CVD risk in whites. At Y15, SBP was the strongest indicator of CVD in blacks (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.25-2.16) and whites (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02-2.69). Conclusions and Relevance This study questions the classic view that DBP is more able to identify future CVD events than SBP in all individuals younger than 50 years. In young adulthood, SBP in black individuals and DBP in white individuals were the most robust indicators of future CVD. In middle-age, SBP in both races identified risk of incident CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Jared P Reis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yacob G Tedla
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David C Goff
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Mak HW, Kim J, Wang S. The Role of Parent-Adolescent Relationships in the Development of (Pre)Hypertension in Young Adulthood in the U.S. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:258-264. [PMID: 30528520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a strong factor for stroke and coronary disease, and it has been found that 1 in 4 young adults are experiencing pre-hypertension in the United States This study was designed to examine the role of parent-adolescent relationships in the risk of developing (pre)hypertension in young adulthood, and to explore potential mediator(s). METHODS Our analysis was based on the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, Wave 1 (aged 13-18) and Wave 4 (aged 25-32) (N = 3,350). Three parent-adolescent relationships were extracted from a factor analysis, and four different specifications of (pre)hypertension were generated and tested individually. We applied generalised structural equation modelling to perform path analysis estimations. RESULTS We found that mother-reported relationship quality had both a direct and an indirect effect via alcohol consumption, on the likelihood of (pre)hypertension in young adulthood. The path from relationship quality to (pre)hypertension via alcohol consumption was consistent with three different specifications of hypertension (pre-hypertension, clinical/experienced hypertension, and experienced hypertension), suggesting the path relation was evident. Our study also showed that both relationship quality and adolescent-reported maternal warmth/responsiveness were associated with the risk of clinical/experienced hypertension via mental health problems. Parental control was found to have a direct and protective effect on clinical/experienced hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Early family relationships in adolescence predict (pre)hypertension in young adulthood. Initiatives related to parent-adolescent relationships, and the associated effects on later alcohol consumption and mental health problems, may have a long implication on the risk of (pre)hypertension in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Wan Mak
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Joeun Kim
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Senhu Wang
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Britton LE, Berry DC, Hussey JM. Comorbid hypertension and diabetes among U.S. women of reproductive age: Prevalence and disparities. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:1148-1152. [PMID: 30291018 PMCID: PMC6289742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes is associated with significant pregnancy complications, which can be further exacerbated by comorbid hypertension. Racial/ethnic differentials in the burden of comorbid hypertension and diabetes among women of reproductive age have not been described. METHODS Using Wave IV of the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we analyzed survey and biological data from 6576 non-pregnant women who were aged 24-32 in 2007-2008. Hypertension and diabetes were identified by self-report of diagnosis and biological measurements taken during in-home interviews. We used logistic regression models to predict the presence of comorbid hypertension and diabetes and whether each was diagnosed. RESULTS Over a third (36.0%) of women with diabetes had comorbid hypertension. Compared to non-Hispanic white women, more non-Hispanic black women had comorbid hypertension and diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.93, 95% CI 3.84-9.16), and, if comorbid, were less likely to have a diabetes diagnosis (aOR 0.03, 95% CI 0.007-0.1) or hypertension diagnosis (aOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.65). CONCLUSION Comorbid hypertension and diabetes are more common among non-Hispanic black women and less likely to be diagnosed, signaling disparities threatening maternal and child health among women with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Britton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Campus Box 7460, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7460, United States.
| | - Diane C Berry
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Campus Box 7460, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7460, United States.
| | - Jon M Hussey
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Campus Box 7445, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7445, United States.
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Williamson W, Huckstep OJ, Frangou E, Mohamed A, Tan C, Alsharqi M, Bertagnolli M, Lapidaire W, Newton J, Hanssen H, McManus R, Dawes H, Foster C, Lewandowski AJ, Leeson P. Trial of exercise to prevent HypeRtension in young adults (TEPHRA) a randomized controlled trial: study protocol. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:208. [PMID: 30400774 PMCID: PMC6220491 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension prevalence in young adults has increased and is associated with increased incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in middle age. However, there is significant debate regards how to effectively manage young adult hypertension with recommendation to target lifestyle intervention. Surprisingly, no trials have investigated whether lifestyle advice developed for blood pressure control in older adults is effective in these younger populations. Methods/Design TEPHRA is an open label, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial in young adults with high normal and elevated blood pressure. The study will compare a supervised physical activity intervention consisting of 16 weeks structured exercise, physical activity self-monitoring and motivational coaching with a control group receiving usual care/minimal intervention. Two hundred young adults aged 18–35 years, including a subgroup of preterm born participants will be recruited through open recruitment and direct invitation. Participants will be randomised in a ratio of 1:1 to either the exercise intervention group or control group. Primary outcome will be ambulatory blood pressure monitoring at 16 weeks with measure of sustained effect at 12 months. Study measures include multimodal cardiovascular assessments; peripheral vascular measures, blood sampling, microvascular assessment, echocardiography, objective physical activity monitoring and a subgroup will complete multi-organ magnetic resonance imaging. Discussion The results of this trial will deliver a novel, randomised control trial that reports the effect of physical activity intervention on blood pressure integrated with detailed cardiovascular phenotyping in young adults. The results will support the development of future research and expand the evidence-based management of blood pressure in young adult populations. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT02723552, registered on 30 March, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilby Williamson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Odaro J Huckstep
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Eleni Frangou
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Afifah Mohamed
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Cheryl Tan
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Maryam Alsharqi
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Centre Integré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Winok Lapidaire
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julia Newton
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard McManus
- Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlie Foster
- School of Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Adam J Lewandowski
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Gaydosh L, Harris KM. Childhood Family Instability and Young Adult Health. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 59:371-390. [PMID: 29949717 PMCID: PMC6132243 DOI: 10.1177/0022146518785174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
American children live in a variety of family structures throughout their childhoods. Such instability in family arrangements is common and has important demonstrated implications for short-term child outcomes. However, it is not known whether family instability experienced in childhood has enduring health consequences across the life course. Using demographic, social, and biological data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we investigate the family stress model, testing the relationship between parental family instability in childhood and four biological markers of health in young adulthood. This is the first study to examine whether the accumulation of family change in childhood leaves a lasting physiological residue. While family instability is associated with poorer short-term behavioral and socioeconomic outcomes as documented in previous research, we find no evidence of deleterious young adult health consequences. These findings are robust across different measures of physiological health risk and types of family transitions.
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Lawrence EM, Hummer RA, Domingue BW, Harris KM. Wide educational disparities in young adult cardiovascular health. SSM Popul Health 2018; 5:249-256. [PMID: 30094320 PMCID: PMC6072902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Widening educational differences in overall health and recent stagnation in cardiovascular disease mortality rates highlight the critical need to describe and understand educational disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) among U.S. young adults. We use two data sets representative of the U.S. population to examine educational disparities in CVH among young adults (24-34) coming of age in the 21st century: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2010; N= 689) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (2007-2008; N=11,200). We employ descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results show that fewer than one in four young adults had good CVH (at least 5 out of 7 ideal cardiovascular indicators). Young adults who had not attained a college degree demonstrate particularly disadvantaged CVH compared with their college-educated peers. Such educational disparities persist after accounting for a range of confounders, including individuals' genetic propensity to develop coronary artery disease. The results indicate that the CVH of today's young adults is troubling and especially compromised for individuals with lower levels of educational attainment. These results generate substantial concern about the future CVH of the US population, particularly for young adults with a low level of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Lawrence
- Department of Sociology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Robert A. Hummer
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, USA
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Nandrolone alter left ventricular contractility and promotes remodelling involving calcium-handling proteins and renin-angiotensin system in male SHR. Life Sci 2018; 208:239-245. [PMID: 30040952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a highly prevalent disease that has been correlated to severe organ damage and mortality. However, the role of androgens in hypertension is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac effects of the nandrolone decanoate (NDL) in male SHR. MAIN METHODS At 12 weeks of age, male SHR rats were separated into three groups: Control (CON), Nandrolone 10 mg/kg twice weekly (NDL), and NDL plus Enalapril 10 mg/kg/day (NDL-E) groups. The animals were treated for 4 weeks. Haemodynamic parameters were acquired through ventricular catheter implantation. The left ventricle was stained with haematoxylin/eosin or picrosirius red. Western blot analysis of TNF-α, ACE, AT1R, β1-AR, PLB, p-PLBser16 and SERCA2a was performed. KEY FINDINGS Nandrolone increased hypertension in SHR rats and enalapril reduced blood pressure to values below those of the control. NDL increased +dP/dtmax, -dP/dtmax and cardiac hypertrophy, which were prevented in the NDL-E group. Cardiac collagen deposition was increased in the NDL group, with this effect being attenuated by enalapril in NDL-E animals. TNF-α, ACE, AT1R and β1-AR proteins were increased in the NDL, and enalapril decreased them, except for TNF-α. The ratio p-PLBser16/PLB revealed an increase after nandrolone, which was prevented in the NDL-E group. The SERCA2a expression protein and SERCA2a/PLB were increased in NDL animals, which did not occur in the NDL-E group. SIGNIFICANCE Nandrolone has distinct effects on cardiac function and remodelling in male SHR, altering the hypertension development process in the heart through modulation of calcium handling proteins and the renin-angiotensin system.
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Crookes DM, Demmer RT, Keyes KM, Koenen KC, Suglia SF. Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Use, and Hypertension in Young Adulthood. Epidemiology 2018; 29:547-555. [PMID: 29629939 PMCID: PMC5980764 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among adults, depressive symptoms are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease; however, the evidence is mixed regarding the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension, especially among young adults. The deleterious effects of some antidepressant medications on blood pressure may contribute to mixed findings. METHODS Adolescents enrolled in Add Health (N = 11,183) (1994-2008) completed an abbreviated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale at three waves (mean ages, 16, 22, and 29). Antidepressant use was measured at age 22 and at age 29. Hypertension at age 29 was defined as measured systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater, or staff-inventoried anti-hypertensive medication use. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension at age 29 was 20%. High depressive symptoms in adolescence or young adulthood were not associated with hypertension in young adulthood. Antidepressant use at age 29 was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.7) and an interaction with sex was observed (PRMen, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2, 2.0; PRWomen, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.89, 1.6; pinteraction = 0.0227). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant use were associated with hypertension (PRSSRI, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0, 1.6; PRnon-SSRI, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2, 2.1). CONCLUSIONS In this sample, antidepressant use, but not depressive symptoms, was associated with hypertension in young adulthood. Further research is recommended to examine joint and independent relationships between depression and antidepressant use and hypertension among young adults. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Crookes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ryan T. Demmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Shakira F. Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Harris KM, Schorpp KM. Integrating Biomarkers in Social Stratification and Health Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY 2018; 44:361-386. [PMID: 30918418 PMCID: PMC6433161 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the integration of biomarkers and biological mechanisms in social science models of stratification and health. The goal in reviewing this literature is to highlight research that identifies the social forces that drive inequalities over the life course and across generations. The article is structured in the following way. First, descriptive background information on biomarkers is presented, followed secondly by a review of the general theoretical paradigms that lend themselves to an integrative approach. Third, the biomarkers used to capture several biological systems that are most responsive to social conditions are described. Fourth, research that explicates how social exposures "get under the skin" to affect physiological functioning and downstream health is discussed, using socioeconomic disadvantage as an illustrative social exposure. The review ends with emerging directions in the use of biomarkers in social science research. This article endeavors to encourage sociologists to embrace biosocial approaches in order to elevate the importance of social factors in biomedical processes and to intervene on the social conditions that create inequities.
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Nobles CJ, Mendola P, Mumford SL, Naimi AI, Yeung EH, Kim K, Park H, Wilcox B, Silver RM, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda L, Schisterman EF. Preconception Blood Pressure Levels and Reproductive Outcomes in a Prospective Cohort of Women Attempting Pregnancy. Hypertension 2018; 71:904-910. [PMID: 29610265 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure in young adulthood is an early risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Despite a strong biological rationale, little research has evaluated whether incremental increases in preconception blood pressure have early consequences for reproductive health. We evaluated preconception blood pressure and fecundability, pregnancy loss, and live birth in the EAGeR trial (Effects of Aspirin on Gestational and Reproduction; 2007-2011), a randomized clinical trial of aspirin and reproductive outcomes among 1228 women attempting pregnancy with a history of pregnancy loss. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured during preconception in the first observed menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy and used to derive mean arterial pressure. Fecundability was assessed as number of menstrual cycles until pregnancy, determined through human chorionic gonadotropin testing. Pregnancy loss included both human chorionic gonadotropin-detected and clinical losses. Analyses adjusted for treatment assignment, age, body mass index, race, marital status, smoking, parity, and time since last loss. Mean preconception systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 111.6 mm Hg (SD, 12.1) and 72.5 (SD, 9.4) mm Hg. Risk of pregnancy loss increased 18% per 10 mm Hg increase in diastolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.36) and 17% per 10 mm Hg increase in mean arterial pressure (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.35) in adjusted analyses. Findings were similar for early pregnancy blood pressure. Preconception blood pressure was not related to fecundability or live birth in adjusted analyses. Findings suggest that preconception blood pressure among healthy women is associated with pregnancy loss, and lifestyle interventions targeting blood pressure among young women may favorably impact reproductive health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00467363.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Nobles
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Pauline Mendola
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Sunni L Mumford
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Ashley I Naimi
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Edwina H Yeung
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Keewan Kim
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Hyojun Park
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Brian Wilcox
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Robert M Silver
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Neil J Perkins
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Lindsey Sjaarda
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.)
| | - Enrique F Schisterman
- From the Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD (C.J.N., P.M., S.L.M., E.H.Y., K.K., H.P., N.J.P., L.S., E.F.S.); Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (A.I.N.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA (B.W.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, University of Utah (R.M.S.).
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Harris KM, McDade TW. The Biosocial Approach to Human Development, Behavior, and Health Across the Life Course. THE RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES : RSF 2018; 4:2-26. [PMID: 30923747 PMCID: PMC6434524 DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Social and biological phenomena are widely recognized as determinants of human development, health, and socioeconomic attainments across the life course, but our understanding of the underlying pathways and processes remains limited. To address this gap, we define the "biosocial approach" as one that conceptualizes the biological and social as mutually constituting, and that draws on models and methods from the biomedical and social/behavioral sciences. By bringing biology into the social sciences, we can illuminate mechanisms through which socioeconomic, psychosocial, and other contextual factors shape human development and health. Human biology is a social biology, and biological measures can therefore identify aspects of social contexts that are harmful, as well as beneficial, with respect to well-being. By bringing social science concepts and study designs to biology and biomedicine, we encourage an epistemological shift that foregrounds social/contextual factors as important determinants of human biology and health. The biosocial approach also underscores the importance of the life course, as assessments of both biological and social features throughout human development over time, and across generations, are needed to achieve a full understanding of social and physical well-being. We conclude with a brief review of the papers in the volume, which showcase the value of a biosocial approach to understanding the pathways linking social stratification, biology, and health across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, /467-4304,
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Abstract
Young and middle-aged adults (ages ≤50 years) are increasingly prone to stroke, kidney disease, and worsening cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. An alarming increase in the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) may underlie the adverse trend. However, there is often uncertainty in BP management for young and middle-aged adults. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) is one such example. Whether ISH in young and middle-aged adults represents "pseudo" or "spurious" hypertension is still being debated. ISH in young and middle-aged adults is a heterogeneous entity; some individuals appear to have increased stroke volume, whereas others have stiffened aortae, or both. One size does not seem to fit all in the clinical management of ISH in young and middle-aged adults. Rather than treating ISH as a monolithic condition, detailed phenotyping of ISH based on (patho)physiology and in the context of individual global cardiovascular risks would seem to be most useful to assess an individual expected net benefit from therapy. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of ISH in young and middle-aged adults, including the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences (NUCATS) Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences (NUCATS) Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:109-114. [PMID: 29255040 PMCID: PMC5776811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714616114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
College graduates enjoy healthier, longer lives compared with individuals who do not graduate from college. However, the health benefit of educational attainment is not as great for blacks as it is for whites. Moreover, college completion may not erase the detrimental effects of early-life disadvantage for blacks and Hispanics. We use nationally representative data on young adults to test whether American minorities experience differential returns to educational attainment. We find that college completion predicts lower rates of depression for all racial groups. It also predicts lower metabolic syndrome among whites. However, college completion predicts higher metabolic syndrome among black and Hispanic adults from disadvantaged backgrounds, suggesting upward mobility may come at a health cost to young minorities in America. Individuals with higher educational attainment live healthier and longer lives. However, not everyone benefits equally from higher education. In particular, the black–white gap in life expectancy is greater at higher levels of educational attainment. Furthermore, recent research suggests that disadvantaged African Americans in the rural Southeast who attend college have worse physical health than their similarly disadvantaged peers who do not attend college. The extent to which this pattern generalizes to a nationally representative, mixed-race sample is unknown. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we test whether the health benefits associated with college completion vary by level of childhood disadvantage for depression and metabolic syndrome in young adulthood, across race/ethnicity. We find uniform lower depression associated with college completion regardless of childhood disadvantage, and across non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic young adults. College completion is associated with lower metabolic syndrome for whites across all levels of childhood disadvantage. In contrast, college completion is associated with higher metabolic syndrome among black and Hispanic young adults from disadvantaged childhood environments. Our findings suggest that, for minorities from disadvantaged backgrounds, finishing college pays substantial dividends for mental health but simultaneously exacts costs with regard to physical health. This pattern contrasts starkly with whites and minorities from more privileged backgrounds, for whom college completion is associated with benefits to both mental and physical health. These results suggest that racial disparities in health may persist in part because the health of upwardly mobile minorities is compromised in young adulthood.
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Johnson HM, LaMantia JN, Brown CM, Warner RC, Zeller LM, Haggart RC, Stonewall K, Lauver DR. My Hypertension Education and Reaching Target (MyHEART): Development and Dissemination of a Patient-Centered Website for Young Adults with Hypertension. JMIR Cardio 2017; 1. [PMID: 29664482 PMCID: PMC5898439 DOI: 10.2196/cardio.8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young adults (18 to 39 years old) with hypertension have the lowest rates of blood pressure control (defined as blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg) compared to other adult age groups. Approximately 1 in 15 young adults have high blood pressure, increasing their risk of future heart attack, stroke, congestive heart failure, and/or chronic kidney disease. Many young adults reported having few resources to address their needs for health education on managing cardiovascular risk. Objective The goal of our study was to develop and disseminate a website with evidence-based, clinical information and health behavior resources tailored to young adults with hypertension. Methods In collaboration with young adults, health systems, and community stakeholders, the My Hypertension Education and Reaching Target (MyHEART) website was created. A toolkit was also developed for clinicians and healthcare systems to disseminate the website within their organizations. The dissemination plan was guided by the Dissemination Planning Tool of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Results Google Analytics data were acquired for January 1, 2017 to June 29, 2017. The MyHEART website received 1090 visits with 2130 page views; 18.99% (207/1090) were returning visitors. The majority (55.96%, 610/1090) approached the website through organic searches, 34.95% (381/1090) accessed the MyHEART website directly, and 5.96% (65/1090) approached through referrals from other sites. There was a spike in site visits around times of increased efforts to disseminate the website. Conclusions The successfully implemented MyHEART website and toolkit reflect collaborative input from community and healthcare stakeholders to provide evidence-based, portable hypertension education to a hard-to-reach population. The MyHEART website and toolkit can support healthcare providers' education and counseling with young adults and organizations' hypertension population health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jamie N LaMantia
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Colleen M Brown
- Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan C Warner
- Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Laura M Zeller
- Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Preventive Cardiology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ryan C Haggart
- Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Keven Stonewall
- Health Innovation Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Diane R Lauver
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Hardy ST, Holliday KM, Chakladar S, Engeda JC, Allen NB, Heiss G, Lloyd-Jones DM, Schreiner PJ, Shay CM, Lin D, Zeng D, Avery CL. Heterogeneity in Blood Pressure Transitions Over the Life Course: Age-Specific Emergence of Racial/Ethnic and Sex Disparities in the United States. JAMA Cardiol 2017; 2:653-661. [PMID: 28423153 PMCID: PMC5634332 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Many studies have assessed racial/ethnic and sex disparities in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP) from childhood to adulthood, yet few have examined differences in age-specific transitions between categories of BP over the life course in contemporary, multiracial/multiethnic populations. Objective To estimate age, racial/ethnic, and sex-specific annual net transition probabilities between categories of BP using Markov modeling of cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Design, Setting, and Participants National probability sample (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012) of 17 747 African American, white American, and Mexican American participants aged 8 to 80 years. The data were analyzed from September 2014 to November 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-specific American Heart Association-defined BP categories. Results Three National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cross-sectional samples were used to characterize the ages at which self-reported African American (n = 4973), white American (n = 8886), and Mexican American (n = 3888) populations transitioned between ideal BP, prehypertension, and hypertension across the life course. At age 8 years, disparities in the prevalence of ideal BP were observed, with the prevalence being lower among boys (86.6%-88.8%) compared with girls (93.0%-96.3%). From ages 8 to 30 years, annual net transition probabilities from ideal to prehypertension among male individuals were more than 2 times the net transition probabilities of their female counterparts. The largest net transition probabilities for ages 8 to 30 years occurred in African American young men, among whom a net 2.9% (95% CI, 2.3%-3.4%) of those with ideal BP transitioned to prehypertension 1 year later. Mexican American young women aged 8 to 30 years experienced the lowest ideal to prehypertension net transition probabilities (0.6%; 95% CI, 0.3%-0.8%). After age 40 years, ideal to prehypertension net transition probabilities stabilized or decreased (range, 3.0%-4.5%) for men, whereas net transition probabilities for women increased rapidly (range, 2.6%-13.0%). Mexican American women exhibited the largest ideal to prehypertension net transition probabilities after age 60 years. The largest prehypertension to hypertension net transition probabilities occurred at young ages in boys of white race/ethnicity and African Americans, approximately age 8 years and age 25 years, respectively, while net transition probabilities for white women and Mexican Americans increased over the life course. Conclusions and Relevance Heterogeneity in net transition probabilities from ideal BP emerge during childhood, with associated rapid declines in ideal BP observed in boys and African Americans, thus introducing disparities. Primordial prevention beginning in childhood and into early adulthood is necessary to preempt the development of prehypertension and hypertension, as well as associated racial/ethnic and sex disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakia T Hardy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Katelyn M Holliday
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Sujatro Chakladar
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joseph C Engeda
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Norrina B Allen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Christina M Shay
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Danyu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Unger ES, Kawachi I, Milliren CE, Sonneville KR, Thurston IB, Gooding HC, Richmond TK. Protective Misperception? Prospective Study of Weight Self-Perception and Blood Pressure in Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:680-687. [PMID: 28214169 PMCID: PMC5441931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Underestimating one's weight is often seen as a barrier to weight loss. However, recent research has shown that weight underperception may be beneficial, with lower future weight gain and fewer depressive symptoms. Here, we examine the relationship between adolescent weight underperception and future blood pressure. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we obtained a nationally representative sample of 2,463 adolescents with overweight and obesity (students in grades 8-12 in 1996). We used multivariable linear regression to prospectively examine the relationship between weight self-perception in adolescence and blood pressure in adulthood (year 2008; follow-up rate 80.3%), controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, household income, and body mass index. Additional analyses were stratified by gender and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Youth with overweight/obesity who underperceived their weight had lower blood pressure in adulthood than those who perceived themselves to be overweight. The decrease in systolic blood pressure was -2.5 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: -4.3, -0.7; p = .006). Although the interaction by gender was statistically insignificant (p = .289), important differences appeared upon stratification by gender. Young men showed no significant difference in adult blood pressure related to weight self-perception. Conversely, in young women, weight underperception was associated with an average decrease in systolic blood pressure of -4.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: -7.0, -1.7; p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to conventional wisdom, weight underperception is associated with improved health markers in young women. The observed differences in blood pressure are clinically relevant in magnitude, and interventions to correct weight underperception should be re-examined for unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carly E Milliren
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kendrin R Sonneville
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Idia B Thurston
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Holly C Gooding
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy K Richmond
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Williams RB, Bishop GD, Haberstick BC, Smolen A, Brummett BH, Siegler IC, Babyak MA, Zhang X, Tai ES, Lee JJM, Tan M, Teo YY, Cai S, Chan E, Halpern CT, Whitsel EA, Bauldry S, Harris KM. Population differences in associations of serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) di- and triallelic genotypes with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence. Am Heart J 2017; 185:110-122. [PMID: 28267464 PMCID: PMC5473420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on prior research finding the 5HTTLPR L allele associated with increased cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors and increased risk of myocardial infarction, we hypothesized that the 5HTTLPR L allele will be associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and increased hypertension prevalence in 2 large nationally representative samples in the United States and Singapore. METHODS Logistic regression and linear models tested associations between triallelic (L'S', based on rs25531) 5HTTLPR genotypes and hypertension severity and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) collected during the Wave IV survey of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health, N=11,815) in 2008-09 and during 2004-07 in 4196 Singaporeans. RESULTS In US Whites, L' allele carriers had higher SBP (0.9 mm Hg, 95% CI=0.26-1.56) and greater odds (OR=1.23, 95% CI=1.10-1.38) of more severe hypertension than those with S'S' genotypes. In African Americans, L' carriers had lower mean SBP (-1.27mm Hg, 95% CI=-2.53 to -0.01) and lower odds (OR = 0.78, 95% CI=0.65-0.94) of more severe hypertension than those with the S'S' genotype. In African Americans, those with L'L' genotypes had lower DBP (-1.13mm Hg, 95% CI=-2.09 to -0.16) than S' carriers. In Native Americans, L' carriers had lower SBP (-6.05mm Hg, 95% CI=-9.59 to -2.51) and lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.34, 95% CI=0.13-0.89) than those with the S'S' genotype. In Asian/Pacific Islanders those carrying the L' allele had lower DBP (-1.77mm Hg, 95% CI=-3.16 to -0.38) and lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.68, 95% CI=0.48-0.96) than those with S'S'. In the Singapore sample S' carriers had higher SBP (3.02mm Hg, 95% CI=0.54-5.51) and DBP (1.90mm Hg, 95% CI=0.49-3.31) than those with the L'L' genotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Whites carrying the L' allele, African Americans and Native Americans with the S'S' genotype, and Asians carrying the S' allele will be found to be at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and may benefit from preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redford B Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - George D Bishop
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Beverly H Brummett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ilene C Siegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Babyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Maudrene Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore
| | - Shiwei Cai
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edmund Chan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carolyn Tucker Halpern
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Bauldry
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Olson JS, Hummer RA, Harris KM. Gender and Health Behavior Clustering among U.S. Young Adults. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2017; 63:3-20. [PMID: 28287308 PMCID: PMC5351770 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2016.1262238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
U.S. trends in population health suggest alarming disparities among young adults, who are less healthy across most measureable domains than their counterparts in other high-income countries; these international comparisons are particularly troubling for women. To deepen our understanding of gender disparities in health and underlying behavioral contributions, we document gender-specific clusters of health behavior among U.S. young adults using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We find high levels of poor health behavior, but especially among men; 40 percent of men clustered into a group characterized by unhealthy behavior (e.g., poor diet, no exercise, substance use), compared to only 22 percent of women. Additionally, women tend to age out of unhealthy behaviors in young adulthood more than men. Further, we uncover gender differences in the extent to which sociodemographic position and adolescent contexts inform health behavior clustering. For example, college education was more protective for men, whereas marital status was equally protective across gender. Parental drinking mattered for health behavior clustering among men, whereas peer drinking mattered for clustering among women. We discuss these results in the context of declining female advantage in U.S. health and changing young adult social and health contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Skalamera Olson
- Population Research Center and Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Robert A. Hummer
- Carolina Population Center and Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center and Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Esposito MH, Lee H, Hicken MT, Porter LC, Herting JR. The Consequences of Contact with the Criminal Justice System for Health in the Transition to Adulthood. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2017; 8:57-74. [PMID: 28781613 PMCID: PMC5539981 DOI: 10.14301/llcs.v8i1.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly growing literature has documented the adverse social, economic and, recently, health impacts of experiencing incarceration in the United States. Despite the insights that this work has provided in consistently documenting the deleterious effects of incarceration, little is known about the specific timing of criminal justice contact and early health consequences during the transition from adolescence to adulthood-a critical period in the life course, particularly for the development of poor health. Previous literature on the role of incarceration has also been hampered by the difficulties of parsing out the influence that incarceration exerts on health from the social and economic confounding forces that are linked to both criminal justice contact and health. This paper addresses these two gaps in the literature by examining the association between incarceration and health in the United States during the transition to adulthood, and by using an analytic approach that better isolates the association of incarceration with health from the multitude of confounders which could be alternatively driving this association. In this endeavor, we make use of variable-rich data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 10,785) and a non-parametric Bayesian machine learning technique- Bayesian Additive Regression Trees. Our results suggest that the experience of incarceration at this stage of the life course increases the probability of depression, adversely affects the perception of general health status, but has no effect on the probability of developing hypertension in early adulthood. These findings signal that incarceration in emerging adulthood is an important stressor that can have immediate implications for mental and general health in early adulthood, and may help to explain long lasting implications incarceration has for health across the life course.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor behavioral self-regulation in the first 2 decades of life has been identified as an important precursor of disease risk in adulthood. However, physiological regulation has not been well studied as a disease risk factor before adulthood. We tested whether physiological regulation at the age of 2 years, in the form of vagal regulation of cardiac function (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA] change), would predict three indicators of cardiovascular risk at the age of 16 years (diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body mass index). METHODS Data came from 229 children who participated in a community-based longitudinal study. At the age of 2 years, children were assessed for RSA baseline and RSA change (ln(ms)) in response to a series of challenge tasks. These same children were assessed again at the age of 16 years for diastolic and systolic blood pressure (millimeters of mercury), height (meters), and weight (kilogram). RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that less RSA withdrawal at the age of 2 years predicted higher diastolic blood pressure at the age of 16 years, adjusting for demographic characteristics (B = -3.07, M [S E] = 1.12, p = .006). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these predictions extended to clinically significant levels of diastolic prehypertension (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.22-0.89). RSA withdrawal did not significantly predict adolescent body mass index or systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Vagal regulation of cardiac function in early childhood predicts select indicators of cardiovascular risk 14 years later. Early signs of attenuated vagal regulation could indicate an increased risk for elevated blood pressure before adulthood. Future research should test biological, behavioral, and psychological mechanisms underlying these long-term predictions.
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Richardson LJ, Brown TH. (En)gendering Racial Disparities in Health Trajectories: A Life Course and Intersectional Analysis. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:425-435. [PMID: 28111630 PMCID: PMC5240637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, intersectionality has been an underutilized framework in sociological research on racial/ethnic and gender inequalities in health. To demonstrate its utility and importance, we conduct an intersectional analysis of the social stratification of health using the exemplar of hypertension-a health condition in which racial/ethnic and gender differences have been well-documented. Previous research has tended to examine these differences separately and ignore how the interaction of social status dimensions may influence health over time. Using seven waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study and multilevel logistic regression models, we found a multiplicative effect of race/ethnicity and gender on hypertension risk trajectories, consistent with both an intersectionality perspective and persistent inequality hypothesis. Group differences in past and contemporaneous socioeconomic and behavioral factors did not explain this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana J. Richardson
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 155 Hamilton Hall, CB #3210, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3210, USA
- Carolina Population Center, 206 W. Franklin Street, CB #8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA
| | - Tyson H. Brown
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, 276 Soc/Psych Building, Box 90088, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0088, USA
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Waszkielewicz AM, Kubacka M, Pańczyk K, Mogilski S, Siwek A, Głuch-Lutwin M, Gryboś A, Filipek B. Synthesis and activity of newly designed aroxyalkyl or aroxyethoxyethyl derivatives of piperazine on the cardiovascular and the central nervous systems. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5315-5321. [PMID: 27692547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new hypotensive agents some new aroxyalkyl or aroxyethoxyethyl derivatives of piperazine have been synthesized and evaluated for their pharmacological properties. Pharmacological tests included receptor binding assays toward adrenergic receptors α1, α2 and β1, additionally 5-HT1A, functional bioassay and in vivo evaluation of hypotensive activity as well as antidepressant-like potential. All the tested compounds exhibited α1-antagonistic properties, three of them possessed also hypotensive activity in rats. The most promising compound 3 1-[4-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)butyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride was a selective α1 receptor antagonist (Ki=23.5±1.3, α1/α2=15.77, pKB=8.538±0.109). It was active in all tested doses in vivo (1, 0.5, and 0.1mg/kg) and it reduced blood pressure by 10-13% at the dose of 1mg/kg (rats, i.v.). Compound 5 1-[2-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)ethoxyethyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride exhibited the lowest dose for antidepressant-like activity 5mg/kgb.w. (mice, i.p.) without influence on spontaneous activity (mice, i.p.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Mogilski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gryboś
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Johnson HM, LaMantia JN, Warner RC, Pandhi N, Bartels CM, Smith MA, Lauver DR. MyHEART: A Non Randomized Feasibility Study of a Young Adult Hypertension Intervention. JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 2:016. [PMID: 28191544 PMCID: PMC5300088 DOI: 10.23937/2474-3690/1510016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, young adults (18-39 year-olds) have the lowest hypertension control rates (35%) compared to middle-aged (58%) and older (54%) adults. Ambulatory care for hypertension management often focuses on medication with little time for self-management and behavioral counseling. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of MyHEART, a telephone-based health coach self-management intervention for young adults. The goals were to determine the intervention's ability to: 1) recruit young adults with uncontrolled hypertension, 2) maintain ongoing communication between the coach and participants, 3) increase participants' engagement in self-management, 4) document coach-patient communication in the electronic health record, and 5) assess patient acceptability. METHODS Eligible participants were identified through the electronic health record. Inclusion criteria included 18-39 year-olds, with ICD-9 hypertension diagnoses and uncontrolled hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg), receiving regular primary care at a large multispecialty group practice. The intervention consisted of 6 telephone self-management sessions by a health coach targeting lifestyle modifications. Patients completed an open-ended acceptability survey. RESULTS Study uptake was 47% (9 enrolled/19 eligible). Mean (SD) age was 35.8 (2.6) years, 78% male, and 33% Black. Over 85% of enrolled young adults maintained communication with their health coach. At baseline, 11% reported checking their blood pressure outside of clinic; 44% reported blood pressure monitoring after the study. All coach-patient encounters were successfully documented in the electronic health record for primary care provider review. Open-ended responses from all surveys indicated that participants had a positive experience with the MyHEART intervention. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that MyHEART was feasible and acceptable to young adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Health coaches can effectively maintain ongoing communication with young adults, document communication in the electronic health record, and increase engagement with home blood pressure monitoring. The results of this study will inform a multi-center young adult randomized controlled trial of MyHEART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
| | - Jamie N LaMantia
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
| | - Ryan C Warner
- Department of Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology, Marquette University, USA
| | - Nancy Pandhi
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
| | - Christie M Bartels
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
| | - Maureen A Smith
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
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Williamson W, Foster C, Reid H, Kelly P, Lewandowski AJ, Boardman H, Roberts N, McCartney D, Huckstep O, Newton J, Dawes H, Gerry S, Leeson P. Will Exercise Advice Be Sufficient for Treatment of Young Adults With Prehypertension and Hypertension? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hypertension 2016; 68:78-87. [PMID: 27217408 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies report benefits of exercise for blood pressure control in middle age and older adults, but longer-term effectiveness in younger adults is not well established. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized control trials with meta-regression of potential effect modifiers. An information specialist completed a comprehensive search of available data sources, including studies published up to June 2015. Authors applied strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen 9524 titles. Eligible studies recruited younger adults with a cardiovascular risk factor (with at least 25% of cohort aged 18-40 years); the intervention had a defined physical activity strategy and reported blood pressure as primary or secondary outcome. Meta-analysis included 14 studies randomizing 3614 participants, mean age 42.2±6.3 (SD) years. At 3 to 6 months, exercise was associated with a reduction in systolic blood pressure of -4.40 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -5.78 to -3.01) and in diastolic blood pressure of -4.17 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -5.42 to -2.93). Intervention effect was not significantly influenced by baseline blood pressure, body weight, or subsequent weight loss. Observed intervention effect was lost after 12 months of follow-up with no reported benefit over control, mean difference in systolic blood pressure -1.02 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -2.34 to 0.29), and in diastolic blood pressure -0.91 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -1.85 to 0.02). Current exercise guidance provided to reduce blood pressure in younger adults is unlikely to benefit long-term cardiovascular risk. There is need for continued research to improve age-specific strategies and recommendations for hypertension prevention and management in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilby Williamson
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.).
| | - Charlie Foster
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Hamish Reid
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Paul Kelly
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Adam James Lewandowski
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Henry Boardman
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Nia Roberts
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - David McCartney
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Odaro Huckstep
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Julia Newton
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Helen Dawes
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Stephen Gerry
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
| | - Paul Leeson
- From the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (W.W., A.J.L., H.B., O.H., P.L.), British Heart Foundation Centre on Population Approaches for Non-Communicable Disease Prevention, Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.F., H.R.), Bodleian Health Care Libraries (N.R.), Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (D.M.C.), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (J.N.), and Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (P.K.); and Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (H.D.)
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50
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Wideman L, Calkins SD, Janssen JA, Lovelady CA, Dollar JM, Keane SP, Perrin EM, Shanahan L. Rationale, design and methods for the RIGHT Track Health Study: pathways from childhood self-regulation to cardiovascular risk in adolescence. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:459. [PMID: 27246836 PMCID: PMC4888421 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular risk factors during adolescence-including obesity, elevated lipids, altered glucose metabolism, hypertension, and elevated low-grade inflammation-is cause for serious concern and potentially impacts subsequent morbidity and mortality. Despite the importance of these cardiovascular risk factors, very little is known about their developmental origins in childhood. In addition, since adolescence is a time when individuals are navigating major life changes and gaining increasing autonomy from their parents or parental figures, it is a period when control over their own health behaviors (e.g. drug use, sleep, nutrition) also increases. The primary aim of this paper is to describe the rationale, design and methods for the RIGHT Track Health Study. This study examines self-regulation as a key factor in the development of cardiovascular risk, and further explores health behaviors as an explanatory mechanism of this association. We also examine potential moderators (e.g. psychosocial adversities such as harsh parenting) of this association. METHOD/DESIGN RIGHT Track is a longitudinal study that investigates social and emotional development. The RIGHT Track Health Study prospectively follows participants from age 2 through young adulthood in an effort to understand how self-regulatory behavior throughout childhood alters the trajectories of various cardiovascular risk factors during late adolescence via health behaviors. Individuals from RIGHT Track were re-contacted and invited to participate in adolescent data collection (~16.5, 17.5 and 18(+) years old). Individuals completed assessments of body composition, anthropometric indicators, fitness testing (via peak oxygen consumption), heart rate variability during orthostatic challenge, 7-day accelerometry for physical activity and sleep, 24-h dietary recalls, and blood analysis for biomarkers related to metabolic syndrome, inflammatory status and various hormones and cytokines. Individuals also completed extensive self-report measures on diet and eating regulation, physical activity and sedentary behaviors, sleep, substance use, medical history, medication use and a laboratory-day checklist, which chronicled previous day activities and menstrual information for female participants. DISCUSSION Insights emerging from this analysis can help researchers and public health policy administrators target intervention efforts in early childhood, when preventing chronic disease is most cost-effective and behavior is more malleable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA.
| | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA
| | - James A Janssen
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lovelady
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA
| | - Jessica M Dollar
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA
| | - Susan P Keane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, 27402, NC, USA
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599-7225, NC, USA
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599-3270, NC, USA
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