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Liu R, Sun B. Lactic Acid Bacteria and Aging: Unraveling the Interplay for Healthy Longevity. Aging Dis 2023; 15:AD.2023.0926. [PMID: 37962461 PMCID: PMC11272207 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are beneficial microorganisms widely utilized in food fermentation processes and as probiotic supplements. They offer multifarious health benefits, including enhancing digestion, strengthening immune mechanisms, and mitigating inflammation. Recent studies suggest that LAB might be instrumental in the anti-aging domain, modulating key molecular pathways involved in the aging continuum, such as IL-13, TNF-α, mTOR, IFN-γ, TGF-β, AMPK, and GABA. The TLR family, particularly TLR2, appears pivotal during the primary cellular interactions with bacteria and their byproducts. Concurrently, the Sirtuin family, predominantly Sirtuin-1, plays diverse roles upon cellular stimuli by bacterial components. The potential anti-aging benefits postulated include restoring gut balance, enhancing antioxidant potential, and fortifying cognitive and mental faculties. However, the current body of evidence is still embryonic and calls for expansive human trials and deeper mechanistic analyses. The safety and optimal consumption metrics for LAB also warrant rigorous evaluation. Future research trajectories should identify specific LAB strains with potent anti-aging properties and unravel the underlying biological pathways. Given the promising implications, LAB strains stand as potential dietary contenders to foster healthy aging and enrich the quality of life among the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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2
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Rodriguez MT, McLaurin KA, Shtutman M, Kubinak JL, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Therapeutically targeting the consequences of HIV-1-associated gastrointestinal dysbiosis: Implications for neurocognitive and affective alterations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 229:173592. [PMID: 37390973 PMCID: PMC10494709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50 % of the individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are plagued by debilitating neurocognitive impairments (NCI) and/or affective alterations. Sizeable alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome, or gastrointestinal dysbiosis, may underlie, at least in part, the NCI, apathy, and/or depression observed in this population. Herein, two interrelated aims will be critically addressed, including: 1) the evidence for, and functional implications of, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals; and 2) the potential for therapeutically targeting the consequences of this dysbiosis for the treatment of HIV-1-associated NCI and affective alterations. First, gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-1 seropositive individuals is characterized by decreased alpha (α) diversity, a decreased relative abundance of bacterial species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum, and geographic-specific alterations in Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) spp. Fundamentally, changes in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacillota spp. may underlie, at least in part, the deficits in γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin neurotransmission, as well as prominent synaptodendritic dysfunction, observed in this population. Second, there is compelling evidence for the therapeutic utility of targeting synaptodendritic dysfunction as a method to enhance neurocognitive function and improve motivational dysregulation in HIV-1. Further research is needed to determine whether the therapeutics enhancing synaptic efficacy exert their effects by altering the gut microbiome. Taken together, understanding gastrointestinal microbiome dysbiosis resulting from chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure may afford insight into the mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated neurocognitive and/or affective alterations; mechanisms which can be subsequently targeted via novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason T Rodriguez
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine Columbia, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Building 2, Columbia, SC 29209, United States of America
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America.
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Corbi G, Nobile V, Conti V, Cannavo A, Sorrenti V, Medoro A, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S. Equol and Resveratrol Improve Bone Turnover Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women: A Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12063. [PMID: 37569440 PMCID: PMC10419295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is a major cause of loss of postmenopausal bone mineral density (BMD). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of equol and resveratrol on bone turnover biomarkers in postmenopausal women. Sixty healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to receive 200 mg fermented soy containing 10 mg equol and 25 mg resveratrol or a placebo for 12 months. Whole-body BMD and bone turnover biomarkers, such as deoxypyridinoline (DPD), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), osteocalcin, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), were measured at baseline and after 12 months of treatment. At the end of treatment, DPD, osteocalcin, and BAP significantly improved in the active group (p < 0.0001 for all) compared to the placebo group. Conversely, TRACP-5b levels were unaffected by supplementation (p = 0.051). Statistically significant changes in the concentrations of DPD (p < 0.0001), osteocalcin (p = 0.0001), and BAP (p < 0.0001) compared to baseline were also identified. Overall, the intervention significantly increased BMD measured in the whole body (p = 0.0220) compared with the placebo. These data indicate that the combination of equol and resveratrol may positively modulate bone turnover biomarkers and BMD, representing a potential approach to prevent age-related bone loss in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (A.M.); (S.D.)
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Yelland S, Steenson S, Creedon A, Stanner S. The role of diet in managing menopausal symptoms: A narrative review. NUTR BULL 2023; 48:43-65. [PMID: 36792552 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Menopause is a natural stage that occurs when women stop menstruating, during which many women experience physical and psychological symptoms that can affect their quality of life and ability to work. Dietary modifications and food supplements may be explored by some women as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy, although existing reviews and expert position statements have given this limited consideration. This narrative review summarises the current evidence for dietary patterns, and botanical and food supplements, in the management of common menopausal symptoms, including vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flushes; night sweats), changes in bodyweight and composition, psychological symptoms (depression; anxiety; cognitive changes), sleep disturbances, joint pain, skin changes and urogenital symptoms. Soy isoflavones may reduce the frequency and/or severity of VMS, although results are inconsistent, and it is unclear whether dietary and supplemental sources have comparable effects. Adopting a healthier dietary pattern may support a healthy bodyweight and benefit VMS. However, evidence suggesting dietary patterns may benefit depression, anxiety, and cognition remains largely observational. While some botanicals, such as black cohosh and St John's Wort, have been reported in some studies to alleviate symptoms (such as VMS and depression), these are not currently recommended due to uncertainty about the appropriate dose and preparation, and potential safety concerns. Evidence for other symptoms is currently too limited to draw conclusions. While further trials at different menopausal stages are needed, adopting a healthier dietary pattern in accordance with dietary guidelines is likely to help support women's health before, during and after the menopausal transition.
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Sekikawa A, Wharton W, Butts B, Veliky CV, Garfein J, Li J, Goon S, Fort A, Li M, Hughes TM. Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11921. [PMID: 36233223 PMCID: PMC9570153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40-70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20-30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood-brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany Butts
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cole V. Veliky
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Garfein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shatabdi Goon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annamaria Fort
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mengyi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Nozawa D, Matsuyama A, Furuya T. Biocatalytic synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hydroxyequols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128908. [PMID: 35902062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyequols are promising analogues of the biologically active flavonoid, equol. We recently found that the flavin-dependent monooxygenase HpaBro-3 of Rhodococcus opacus regioselectively synthesizes 3'-hydroxyequol from equol, whereas HpaBpl-1 of Photorhabdus luminescens synthesizes 6-hydroxyequol. In this study, we investigated the cascade synthesis of a dihydroxyequol compound from equol using these two enzymes. When Escherichia coli cells expressing HpaBro-3 and cells expressing HpaBpl-1 were simultaneously incubated with equol, the cells efficiently synthesized 6,3'-dihydroxyequol (8.7 mM, 2.4 g/L) via 3'- and 6-hydroxyequols in one pot. The antioxidant activity of the equol derivatives increased with an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups on the equol scaffold. 6,3'-Dihydroxyequol exhibited potent antioxidant activity. In addition, 6-hydroxyequol significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli. Cell survival studies suggested that 6-hydroxyequol is a bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic compound. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the antibacterial activity of hydroxyequols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nozawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Selma MV, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Main drivers of (poly)phenol effects on human health: metabolite production and/or gut microbiota-associated metabotypes? Food Funct 2021; 12:10324-10355. [PMID: 34558584 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high human interindividual variability in response to (poly)phenol consumption, the cause-and-effect relationship between some dietary (poly)phenols (flavanols and olive oil phenolics) and health effects (endothelial function and prevention of LDL oxidation, respectively) has been well established. Most of the variables affecting this interindividual variability have been identified (food matrix, gut microbiota, single-nucleotide-polymorphisms, etc.). However, the final drivers for the health effects of (poly)phenol consumption have not been fully identified. At least partially, these drivers could be (i) the (poly)phenols ingested that exert their effect in the gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the bioavailable metabolites that exert their effects systemically and/or (iii) the gut microbial ecology associated with (poly)phenol metabolism (i.e., gut microbiota-associated metabotypes). However, statistical associations between health effects and the occurrence of circulating and/or excreted metabolites, as well as cross-sectional studies that correlate gut microbial ecologies and health, do not prove a causal role unequivocally. We provide a critical overview and perspective on the possible main drivers of the effects of (poly)phenols on human health and suggest possible actions to identify the putative actors responsible for the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Á Ávila-Gálvez
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan A Giménez-Bastida
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María V Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Lephart ED. Phytoestrogens (Resveratrol and Equol) for Estrogen-Deficient Skin-Controversies/Misinformation versus Anti-Aging In Vitro and Clinical Evidence via Nutraceutical-Cosmetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11218. [PMID: 34681876 PMCID: PMC8538984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The overarching theme for this review is perspective. Superfoods (a marketing term for fruits and vegetables, etc.) have a positive connotation, while many superfoods contain phytoestrogens, a term that is alarming to the public and has a negative connotation because phytoestrogens are endocrine-disruptors, even though they are strong antioxidants that have many health benefits. To understand phytoestrogens, this paper provides a brief summary of the characteristics of: (a) estrogens, (b) estrogen receptors (ER), (c) estrogen-deficient skin, (d) how perspective(s) get off track, (e) phytoestrogen food sources, and (f) misconceptions of phytoestrogens and food safety, in general, that influence person(s) away from what is true. Finally, a brief history of cosmetics to nutraceuticals is covered plus the characteristics of phytoestrogens, resveratrol and equol on: (g) estrogen receptor binding, (h) topical and oral dosing, and (i) in vitro, molecular mechanisms and select clinical evidence, where both phytoestrogens (resveratrol and equol) demonstrate promising applications to improve skin health is presented along with future directions of nutraceuticals. Perspective is paramount in understanding the controversies associated with superfoods, phytoestrogens, and endocrine-disruptors because they have both positive and negative connotations. Everyone is exposed to and consumes these molecules everyday regardless of age, gender, or geographic location around the world, and how we understand this is a matter of perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and The Neuroscience Center, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Yamashita R, Ooe M, Saya Y, Sugisawa N, Murakami Y, Matsunaka H. Effect of Vitamin-Containing Amino Acid Supplements on Menopausal Symptoms and Age-Related Skin Changes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1681-1692. [PMID: 34420200 PMCID: PMC8484415 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Women aged ≥ 45 years are known to experience various menopausal symptoms due to reduced oestrogen levels. Changes associated with cutaneous ageing, such as wrinkles and sagging, are also prominent in women in this age group. Numerous studies have evaluated the usefulness of individual basic nutrients and essential components, such as amino acids and vitamins, in menopausal women. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the effects of supplements containing amino acid and vitamin combinations on menopausal symptoms and age-related changes in the skin. Methods This is a randomised, placebo-controlled study on the effects of a supplement containing three types of amino acids [leucine, glutamine and arginine (LGA)] and 11 types of vitamins in 37 middle-aged women. The participants ingested either the test substance or a placebo twice daily for 8 consecutive weeks, at the end of which time the efficacy and safety of the test substance were assessed based on subjective symptoms of fatigue, Simplified Menopausal Index (SMI) score, the grade and number of wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, results of an analysis of the stratum corneum of the cheek and blood test results. Results None of the participants experienced adverse events, and all items assessed in our survey of subjective symptoms of fatigue showed a significant decrease in the test substance group (LGA group). Additionally, the SMI score of the LGA group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. The LGA group showed significant improvement in the grade of the wrinkles in the corners of the eyes and the number of wrinkles, and the stratum corneum cell area declined significantly in the LGA group compared to the placebo group at the end of the study. Conclusion These results indicate that the vitamin-containing amino acid supplement improved menopausal symptoms and age-related changes in the skin (wrinkles). Trial Registration UMIN000029830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yamashita
- Shonan Fujisawa Plastic Surgery Clinic R, 571, Fujisawa, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, 251-0052, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Ooe
- NOV Academic Research, TOKIWA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-2-6, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saya
- NOV Academic Research, TOKIWA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-2-6, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062, Japan
| | - Natsumi Sugisawa
- NOV Academic Research, TOKIWA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-2-6, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062, Japan
| | - Yumi Murakami
- NOV Academic Research, TOKIWA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-2-6, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsunaka
- NOV Academic Research, TOKIWA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-2-6, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062, Japan
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Lephart ED. Determination of S- and/or R-equol in plant-based food products and efficacy of topical or oral 4′,7-isoflavandiol (R/S equol) to improve skin health in adult men, a Placebo-controlled pilot study. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. A role for estrogen in skin ageing and dermal biomechanics. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111513. [PMID: 34044023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the body's primary defence against the external environment, preventing infection and desiccation. Therefore, alterations to skin homeostasis, for example with skin ageing, increase susceptibility to skin disease and injury. Skin biological ageing is uniquely influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic (primarily photoageing) factors, with differential effects on skin structure and function. Interestingly, skin architecture rapidly changes following the menopause, as a direct result of reduced circulating 17β-estradiol. The traditional clinical benefit of estrogens are supported by recent experimental data, where 17β-estradiol supplementation prevents age-related decline in the skin's structural and mechanical properties. However, the off-target effects of 17β-estradiol continue to challenge therapeutic application. Here we discuss how ageing alters the physiological and structural properties of the dermal extracellular matrix, and explore how estrogen receptor-targeted therapies may restore the mechanical defects associated with skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Wilkinson
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Hardman
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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Abdi F, Rahnemaei FA, Roozbeh N, Pakzad R. Impact of phytoestrogens on treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 261:222-235. [PMID: 33962824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menopause symptoms affect the various dimensions of women's lives and they can lead to reduction of their quality of life. Phytoestrogens can be used as an approach to diminish these symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of phytoestrogens on the treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms. STUDY DESIGN PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library,Scopus and ProQuest were systematically searched from 2000-2020. All randomized clinical trials were included. The quality of the selected papers was evaluated by the CONSORT checklist. RESULTS 33 eligible high-quality papers were reviewed. Various forms of phytoestrogens such as Pueraria Mirifica, fennel, Hop plant(Humuluslupulus L.), Glycine Max (L.) Merr, soy, red clover, black cohosh, ginsing, cimicifugaracemosa, genistein, diadzein, glycitein and isoflavone in the form of oral capsules and pill, food supplement, enriched powder, vaginal gel, cream and suppository could improve menopausal urogenital symptoms. The recovery rate in vaginal use of these phytoestrogens was greater than other consumptions. CONCLUSIONS After using a variety of phytoestrogens in different forms indicators of urogenital atrophy and urinary disorders improved and women's sexual function improved after treatment. The use of phytoestrogens as a safe, low-risk compared to hormone therapy and almost accessible method for women can relieve urogenital symptoms and promote the sexual satisfaction and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdi
- Assistant Professor, School of nursing and midwifery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alsadat Rahnemaei
- Student Research Committee, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasibeh Roozbeh
- Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan Universiy of Medical Sciences, BandarAbbas, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Lephart ED, Naftolin F. Menopause and the Skin: Old Favorites and New Innovations in Cosmeceuticals for Estrogen-Deficient Skin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:53-69. [PMID: 33242128 PMCID: PMC7859014 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is a pivotal signaling molecule; its production is regulated by the expression of the aromatase (CYP19A1) gene from ovarian and peripheral tissue sites, and it is transmitted via estrogen receptors to influence many important biological functions. However, the narrative for this overview focuses on the decline of 17β-estradiol levels from ovarian sites after menopause. This estrogen-deficient condition is associated with a dramatic reduction in skin health and wellness by negatively impacting dermal cellular and homeostatic mechanisms, as well as other important biological functions. The changes include loss of collagen, elastin, fibroblast function, vascularity, and increased matrix metalloproteinase(s) enzymatic activities, resulting in cellular and extracellular degradation that leads to dryness, wrinkles, atrophy, impaired wound healing/barrier function, decreased antioxidant capacity [i.e., defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress], decreased attractiveness and psychological health, and increased perception of aging. While topical estrogen may reverse these changes, the effects of today's low-dose systemic hormone treatments are not well established, raising the need for more concentrated local administration of hormones or newer cosmeceutical agents such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including phytoestrogens that have become major active ingredients for skin care products, especially when addressing estrogen-deficient skin. Two example compounds are presented, an analog of resveratrol (i.e., 4'-acetoxy resveratrol) and the isoflavonoid equol, both of which are involved in a variety of biochemical/molecular actions and mechanisms, as demonstrated via in vitro and clinical studies that enhance human dermal health, especially in estrogen-deficient skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology, Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience Center, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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Tanihiro R, Sakano K, Oba S, Nakamura C, Ohki K, Hirota T, Sugiyama H, Ebihara S, Nakamura Y. Effects of Yeast Mannan Which Promotes Beneficial Bacteroides on the Intestinal Environment and Skin Condition: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123673. [PMID: 33260560 PMCID: PMC7761098 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast mannan (YM) is an indigestible water-soluble polysaccharide of the yeast cell wall. In vitro fecal fermentation studies showed that YM could exhibit a notable prebiotic effect. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess the efficacy of YM intake on the intestinal environment and skin condition. One hundred and ten healthy female subjects aged 30–49 years were supplemented with YM or placebo for eight weeks. Skin dryness was set as the primary endpoint. No side effects were observed during the study. Microbiota analyses revealed that YM intake selectively increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus compared to that by placebo. Feces and urine analyses showed that YM intake lowered the concentration of fecal p-cresol, indole, and skatole, and elevated urinal equol levels compared to those in placebo. Furthermore, YM supplementation ameliorated subjective skin dryness. This study suggests that YM intake could promote beneficial Bacteroides and improve the intestinal environment and skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tanihiro
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-297-46-9347
| | - Katsuhisa Sakano
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Oba
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Chikako Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kohji Ohki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirota
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Shukuko Ebihara
- Chiyoda Paramedical Care Clinic, 3-3-5 Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
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Sekikawa A, Higashiyama A, Lopresti BJ, Ihara M, Aizenstein H, Watanabe M, Chang Y, Kakuta C, Yu Z, Mathis C, Kokubo Y, Klunk W, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, Miyamoto Y, Cui C. Associations of equol-producing status with white matter lesion and amyloid-β deposition in cognitively normal elderly Japanese. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12089. [PMID: 33117881 PMCID: PMC7580022 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Equol, a metabolite of a soy isoflavone transformed by the gut microbiome, is anti-oxidant and anti-amyloidogenic. We assessed the associations of equol with white matter lesion normalized to total brain volume (WML%) and amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. METHODS From 2016 to 2018, 91 cognitively normal elderly Japanese aged 75 to 89 underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography using 11C-Pittsburgh compound-B. Serum equol was measured using stored samples from 2008 to 2012. Equol producers were defined as individuals with serum levels >0. Producers were further divided into high (> the median) and low (≤ the median) producers. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) WML% was 1.10 (0.59 to 1.61); 24.2% were Aβ positive, and 51% were equol producers. Equol-producing status (non-producers, low and high) was significantly inversely associated with WML%: 1.19, 0.89, and 0.58, respectively (trend P < .01). Equol-producing status was not associated with Aβ status. DISCUSSION A randomized-controlled trial of equol targeting WML volume is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Aya Higashiyama
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of NeurologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Howard Aizenstein
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yuefang Chang
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chikage Kakuta
- Department of NeurologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Zheming Yu
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chester Mathis
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yoshihioro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - William Klunk
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lewis H. Kuller
- Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Preventive CardiologyNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
- Open Innovation CenterNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Chendi Cui
- Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Chiba T, Nagai T, Kohda F, Nakahara T, Kono M. The Connection between Urinary Equol Levels and the Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 182:32-38. [PMID: 32932251 DOI: 10.1159/000510119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy isoflavones and their metabolites such as equol have been associated with a reduced risk of hormone-sensitive tumors and metabolic syndromes. However, individual soy isoflavones and equol levels in atopic dermatitis remain uninvestigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the levels of urinary daidzein, genistein, and equol between atopic dermatitis patients and normal subjects and to examine the correlation between equol concentration and the severity of clinical symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Akita University Hospital and Aso Iizuka Hospital in Japan. Fifty patients with confirmed atopic dermatitis diagnosis and 67 healthy controls were recruited. Daidzein, genistein, and equol in urine were measured by using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system. RESULTS Urinary equol levels were significantly lower in the atopic dermatitis patients than in the healthy controls (p = 0.002). The difference was particularly noticeable in young people (6-19 years, p < 0.001). No correlations were found between urinary equol levels and the severity of clinical symptoms and laboratory data in the atopic dermatitis patients. CONCLUSION Equol levels in childhood might be involved in the development of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Chiba
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan,
| | - Takuya Nagai
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kohda
- Department of Dermatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Petrine JCP, Del Bianco-Borges B. The influence of phytoestrogens on different physiological and pathological processes: An overview. Phytother Res 2020; 35:180-197. [PMID: 32780464 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods have nutritional properties and organic functions, which are beneficial to health. Certain types of functional food components are so-called phytoestrogens, non-steroidal compounds derived from the metabolism of precursors contained in plants, which originate secondary metabotypes known to induce biological responses and by mimicry or modulating the action of endogenous estrogen. These molecules are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to reproduction, bone remodeling, skin, cardiovascular, nervous, immune systems, and metabolism. This review aimed to present an overview of phytoestrogens regarding their chemical structure, actions, and effects in the organism given several pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated beneficial phytoestrogen actions, such as lipid profile improvement, cognitive function, menopause, oxidative stress, among others. Phytoestrogens effects are not completely elucidated, being necessary future research to understand the exact action mechanisms, whether they are via estrogen receptor or whether other hidden mechanisms produce these effects. Thus, this review makes a general approach to the phytoestrogen actions, beneficial effects, risk and limitations. However, the complexities of biological effects after ingestion of phytoestrogens and the differences in their metabolism and bioavailability indicate that interpretation of either risk or benefits needs to be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C P Petrine
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brasil
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Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Tomás-Barberán FA, González-Sarrías A, Espín JC. Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900952. [PMID: 32196920 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The full consensus on the role of dietary polyphenols as human-health-promoting compounds remains elusive. The two-way interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota (GM) (i.e., modulation of GM by polyphenols and their catabolism by the GM) is determinant in polyphenols' effects. The identification of human metabotypes associated with a differential gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols has opened new research scenarios to explain the inter-individual variability upon polyphenols consumption. The metabotypes unequivocally identified so far are those involved in the metabolism of isoflavones (equol and(or) O-desmethylangolesin producers versus non-producers) and ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes, including producers of only urolithin-A (UM-A), producers of urolithin-A, isourolithin-A, and urolithin-B (UM-B), and non-producers (UM-0)). In addition, the microbial metabolites (phenolic-derived postbiotics) such as equol, urolithins, valerolactones, enterolactone, and enterodiol, and 8-prenylnaringenin, among others, can exert differential health effects. The knowledge is updated and position is taken here on i) the two-way interaction between GM and polyphenols, ii) the evidence between phenolic-derived postbiotics and health, iii) the role of metabotypes as biomarkers of GM and the clustering of individuals depending on their metabotypes (metabotyping) to explain polyphenols' effects, and iv) the gut microbial metabolism of catecholamines to illustrate the intersection between personalized nutrition and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María Victoria Selma
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco Abraham Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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Mayo B, Vázquez L, Flórez AB. Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2231. [PMID: 31527435 PMCID: PMC6770660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltasar Mayo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ana Belén Flórez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
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Equol’s efficacy is greater than astaxanthin for antioxidants, extracellular matrix integrity & breakdown, growth factors and inflammatory biomarkers via human skin gene expression analysis. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of nutraceuticals containing equol on vaginal health of postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal symptoms and dyspareunia. METHODS One hundred twenty-six natural postmenopausal women on +1b +1c (2 and 3-6 y after the final menstrual period, respectively) of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop were enrolled in a nonrandomized trial. Of these, 72 women accepted to use nutraceutical (group A). The remaining 54 women refused the treatment and participated as the control group (group B). Group A was prescribed one tablet daily to take orally, for 8 months. All assessments were made at baseline and at 4 and 8 months. Determination of vaginal maturation index (VMI), evaluation of vaginal pH, and assessment of vaginal atrophy symptoms by the vaginal health index (VHI) were carried out. Dyspareunia score was also measured. RESULTS Group A had a significant increase in VMI (68 ± 5 vs 58 ± 8) and improvement of vaginal pH (4.1 ± 1.3 vs 5.1 ± 1.7) compared with baseline, mainly after 8 months of treatment (P < 0.001). Group A had an improvement of VHI after 4 (13 ± 3, P < 0.01) and 8 (16 ± 2, P < 0.001) months of nutraceutical intake. Dyspareunia reduced after 8 months (5.1 ± 1.3 vs 3.8 ± 1.2, P < 0.001) but not after 4 months (4.7 ± 1.1, P = 0.06) of treatment. Group B showed no changes from baseline evaluation (P = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS Nutraceuticals containing equol could be effective in modulating postmenopausal symptoms, particularly vaginal symptoms, and could be well accepted by the women who usually do not wish to use hormone therapy or cannot use it for medical reasons.
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Mareti E, Abatzi C, Vavilis D, Lambrinoudaki I, Goulis DG. Effect of oral phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness and breast density of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2019; 124:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hashimoto T, Nozawa D, Mukai K, Matsuyama A, Kuramochi K, Furuya T. Monooxygenase-catalyzed regioselective hydroxylation for the synthesis of hydroxyequols. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21826-21830. [PMID: 35518870 PMCID: PMC9066559 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-step product-selective approach for synthesizing hydroxyequols from equol using oxidation biocatalysts was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Daiki Nozawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | | | | | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
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Li H, Mao S, Chen H, Zhu L, Liu W, Wang X, Yin Y. To Construct an Engineered ( S)-Equol Resistant E. coli for in Vitro ( S)-Equol Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1182. [PMID: 29915570 PMCID: PMC5994542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-equol is one of the major metabolites of daidzein that is produced by human and animal gut bacteria. Most of the physiological functions of soybean isoflavones, such as anti-oxidative activity, anti-cancer activity, and cardiovascular protection have been ascribed to (S)-equol. However, only 30–50% people contain this kind of equol-producing bacteria, and therefore are able to convert daidzein to (S)-equol. Administration of (S)-equol may be more beneficial than soybean isoflavones. The aim of this study was to construct an engineered (S)-equol resistant Escherichia coli to enhance (S)-equol production in vitro. First, transposon mutagenesis libraries were constructed and screened to isolate the (S)-equol resistant mutant E. coli strain BL21 (ydiS) in order to overcome the inhibitory effects of (S)-equol on bacterial growth. Bacterial full genome scan sequencing and in vitro overexpression results revealed that the ydiS gene was responsible for this resistance. Second, the (S)-equol-producing genes L-dznr, L-ddrc, L-dhdr, and L-thdr of Lactococcus strain 20–92 were synthesized and cloned into compatible vectors, pETDuet-1 and pCDFDuet-1. These plasmids were subsequently transformed into BL21 (DE3) and its mutant BL21 (ydiS). Both engineered BL21 (DE3) and BL21 (ydiS) could use daidzein as substrate to produce (S)-equol under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. As expected, engineered BL21 (ydiS) had faster growth rates than BL21 (DE3) when supplemented with high concentrations of (S)-equol. The yield and the daidzein utilization ratio were higher for engineered BL21 (ydiS). Interestingly, engineered BL21 (ydiS) was able to convert daidzein to (S)-equol efficiently under aerobic conditions, providing a convenient method for (S)-equol production in vitro. In addition, a two-step method was developed to produce (S)-equol using daidzin as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoming Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeshi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Tsuji M, Tanaka T, Nagashima R, Sagisaka Y, Tousen Y, Nishide Y, Ishimi Y, Ishimi Y. Effect of daidzein and equol on DNA replication in MCF-7 cells. J Biochem 2018; 163:371-380. [PMID: 29346578 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that daidzein and equol stimulate DNA replication and proliferation of MCF-7 cells. However, their molecular mechanisms of action are still unclear. We examined the effects of daidzein and equol on DNA replication of MCF-7 cells, focusing on MCM2-7 proteins, which function as the replicative helicase. In the presence of either 1 μM of daidzein or equol, the number of cells in S-phase, which was determined by detecting bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into replicated DNA, almost doubled. The total amounts of MCM7 protein and chromatin-bound MCM7 protein increased in the presence of daidzein. The data suggest that phytoestrogens facilitate cell cycle progression in G1-phase by increasing the level of MCM proteins. In the presence of phytoestrogens, phosphorylation of Rb and levels of MCM2, 3 and 7 mRNA increased, suggesting that stimulation of MCM2-7 transcription is involved in the cell cycle progression. Under the same conditions, double-stranded DNA breakage in logarithmically growing MCF-7 cells, which was detected using anti-γ-H2AX antibodies, did not increase in the presence of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Tsuji
- Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuko Tousen
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishide
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yukio Ishimi
- Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
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Abstract
This review summarizes the 2016 NAMS/Pfizer-Wulf H. Utian Endowed Lecture that focused on the history and basic science of soy isoflavones. Described is a personal perspective of the background and history that led to the current interest in soy and isoflavones with a specific focus on the role that soy isoflavones play in the health of postmenopausal women. This overview covers the metabolism and physiological behavior of isoflavones, their biological properties that are of potential relevance to aging, issues related to the safety of soy isoflavones, and the role of the important intestinally derived metabolite S-(-)equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Lee PG, Kim J, Kim EJ, Lee SH, Choi KY, Kazlauskas RJ, Kim BG. Biosynthesis of (-)-5-Hydroxy-equol and 5-Hydroxy-dehydroequol from Soy Isoflavone, Genistein Using Microbial Whole Cell Bioconversion. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2883-2890. [PMID: 28985044 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equols are isoflavandiols formed by reduction of soy isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein by gut microorganisms. These phytoestrogens are of interest for their various biological effects. We report biosynthesis from genistein to (-)-5-hydroxy-equol in recombinant E. coli expressing three reductases (daidzein reductase DZNR, dihidrodaidzein reductase DHDR, tetrahydrodaidzein reductase THDR) and a racemase (dihydrodaidzein racemase, DDRC) originating from the gut bacterium, Slackia isoflavoniconvertens. The biosynthesized 5-hydroxy-equol proved as an optically negative enantiomer, nonetheless it displayed an inverse circular dichroism spectrum to (S)-equol. Compartmentalized expression of DZNR and DDRC in one E. coli strain and DHDR and THDR in another increased the yield to 230 mg/L and the productivity to 38 mg/L/h. If the last reductase was missing, the intermediate spontaneously dehydrated to 5-hydroxy-dehydroequol in up to 99 mg/L yield. This novel isoflavene, previously not known to be synthesized in nature, was also detected in this biotransformation system. Although (S)-equol favors binding to human estrogen receptor (hER) β over hERα, (-)-5-hydroxy-equol showed the opposite preference. This study provides elucidation of the biosynthetic route of (-)-5-hydroxy-equol and measurement of its potent antagonistic character as a phytoestrogen for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental
Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Romas J. Kazlauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics and The Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute
of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Liu J, Yuan F, Gao J, Shan B, Ren Y, Wang H, Gao Y. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17369-79. [PMID: 26967050 PMCID: PMC4951218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isoflavone from soy and other plants modulate hormonal effects in women, and the hormone disorder might result in different caners including endometrial cancer. However, it's effect on the risk of endometrial cancer is still inconclusive. We aimed to assess the effects of isoflavone on endometrial thickness, a risk factor of endometrial cancer in peri- and post-menopausal women. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in peri- and post-menopausal women. Electronic searches were performed on the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, web of science, CINAHL, and WHO ICTRP to August 1st, 2015. Reviews and reference lists of relevant articles were also searched to identify more studies. Summary estimates of standard mean differences (SMD's) and 95%CIs were obtained with random-effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated with meta-regression and stratified analyses. Results A total of 23 trials were included in the current analysis. The overall results did not show significant change of endometrial thickness after oral isoflavone supplementation (23 studies, 2167subjects; SMD:-0.05; 95%CI:-0.23, 0.13; P=0.60). Stratified analysis suggested that a daily dose of more than 54mg could decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.26mm (10 trials, 984subjects; SMD:-0.26; 95%CI:-0.45, −0.07; P=0.007). Furthermore, isoflavone supplementation significantly decrease the endometrial thickness for 0.23mm in North American studies (7 trials, 726 subjects; SMD:-0.23; 95%CI:-0.44, −0.01; P=0.04), but it suggested an increase for 0.23mm in Asian studies (3 trials, 224 subjects; SMD: 0.23; 95%CI:-0.04, 0.50; P=0.10). Conclusion Oral isoflavone supplementation might have different effects in different populations and at different daily doses. Multiple-centre, larger, and long-term trials are deserved to further evaluate its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Nutrition Department, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boer Shan
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Ren
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaying Wang
- Department of Female Tumor, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Davinelli S, Scapagnini G, Marzatico F, Nobile V, Ferrara N, Corbi G. Influence of equol and resveratrol supplementation on health-related quality of life in menopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Maturitas 2016; 96:77-83. [PMID: 28041599 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the effects of equol and resveratrol supplementation on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in otherwise healthy menopausal women with hot flashes, anxiety and depressive symptoms. METHODS Sixty recently menopausal women aged 50-55 years were randomized in a 12-week, placebo-controlled trial to receive 200mg of fermented soy containing 10mg of equol and 25mg of resveratrol (1 tablet/day). The primary outcome was the change in score on the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), used to evaluate the severity of age-/menopause-related complaints. Additional outcome measures included the subject-reported score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), which was used specifically to assess sleep quality. RESULTS The symptoms assessed by the MRS improved during treatment in the active group. Comparison between placebo and treatment groups revealed statistically significant improvement in particular for dryness of vagina (-85.7%) (p<0.001), heart discomfort (-78.8%; p<0.001) and sexual problems (-73.3%; p<0.001). On the HAM-D significant improvements at week 12 were seen in work and activities (-94.1%) (p<0.001). Subjects treated with equol and resveratrol also had significant differences in the sleep domain of the NHP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that 12 weeks of dietary supplementation with equol and resveratrol may improve menopause-related quality of life in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marzatico
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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30
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Lephart ED. Skin aging and oxidative stress: Equol's anti-aging effects via biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 31:36-54. [PMID: 27521253 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen in biology is essential for life. It comes at a cost during normal cellular function, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by oxidative metabolism. Human skin exposed to solar ultra-violet radiation (UVR) dramatically increases ROS production/oxidative stress. It is important to understand the characteristics of human skin and how chronological (intrinsic) aging and photo-aging (extrinsic aging) occur via the impact of ROS production by cascade signaling pathways. The goal is to oppose or neutralize ROS insults to maintain good dermal health. Botanicals, as active ingredients, represent one of the largest categories used in dermatology and cosmeceuticals to combat skin aging. An emerging botanical is equol, a polyphenolic/isoflavonoid molecule found in plants and food products and via gastrointestinal metabolism from precursor compounds. Introductory sections cover oxygen, free radicals (ROS), oxidative stress, antioxidants, human skin aging, cellular/molecular ROS events in skin, steroid enzymes/receptors/hormonal actions and genetic factors in aging skin. The main focus of this review covers the characteristics of equol (phytoestrogenic, antioxidant and enhancement of extracellular matrix properties) to reduce skin aging along with its anti-aging skin influences via reducing oxidative stress cascade events by a variety of biochemical/molecular actions and mechanisms to enhance human dermal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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31
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Relationship of equol production between children aged 5–7 years and their mothers. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1911-1917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Utian WH, Jones M, Setchell KDR. S-equol: a potential nonhormonal agent for menopause-related symptom relief. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24:200-8. [PMID: 25692726 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many women suffering from vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are now seeking nonpharmaceutical treatments for symptom relief. Recently, S-equol, an intestinal bacterial metabolite of the soybean isoflavone daidzein has received attention for its ability to alleviate VMS and provide other important health benefits to menopausal women. S-equol is found in very few foods and only in traces. About 50% of Asians and 25% of non-Asians host the intestinal bacteria that convert daidzein into S-equol. Clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of an S-equol-containing product found that VMS were alleviated but these trials were limited in scope and primarily involved Japanese women for whom hot flashes are a minor complaint. The only trial in the United States evaluating hot flashes found symptoms were significantly reduced by S-equol, but the study lacked a placebo group, although it did include a positive control. The daily dose of S-equol used in most trials was 10 mg, and because the half-life of S-equol is 7-10 hours, to maximize efficacy, it was taken twice daily. Subanalysis of epidemiologic studies suggests that equol producers are more likely to benefit from soyfood consumption than nonproducers with respect to both cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, although the data are inconsistent. The limited safety data for S-equol do not suggest cause for concern, especially with regard to its effects on breast and endometrial tissue. Further studies are needed before definitive conclusions of its effectiveness for VMS can be made, but the preliminary evidence warrants clinicians discussing the potential of S-equol for the alleviation of VMS with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf H Utian
- 1 Scientific Director, Rapid Medical Research , Cleveland, Ohio
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33
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The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 2015; 5:56-73. [PMID: 25594250 PMCID: PMC4381290 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are found in leguminous plants, especially soybeans. They have a structural similarity to natural estrogens, which enables them to bind to estrogen receptors and elicit biological activities similar to natural estrogens. They have been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention and therapy of hormone-dependent diseases. After soy products are consumed, the bacteria of the intestinal microflora metabolize isoflavones to metabolites with altered absorption, bioavailability, and estrogenic characteristics. Variations in the effect of soy products have been correlated with the isoflavone metabolites found in plasma and urine samples of the individuals consuming soy products. The beneficial effects of the soy isoflavone daidzin, the glycoside of daidzein, have been reported in individuals producing equol, a reduction product of daidzein produced by specific colonic bacteria in individuals called equol producers. These individuals comprise 30% and 60% of populations consuming Western and soy-rich Asian diets, respectively. Since the higher percentage of equol producers in populations consuming soy-rich diets is correlated with a lower incidence of hormone-dependent diseases, considerable efforts have been made to detect the specific colonic bacteria involved in the metabolism of daidzein to the more estrogenic compound, equol, which should facilitate the investigation of the metabolic activities related to this compound.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Uchiyama
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute
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35
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Ueno T, Abiru Y, Uchiyama S, Ishimi Y. Distribution of 24-h urinary equol excretion as an indicator of the physiological range in healthy Japanese equol excretors. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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36
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Usui T, Tochiya M, Sasaki Y, Muranaka K, Yamakage H, Himeno A, Shimatsu A, Inaguma A, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Satoh-Asahara N. Effects of natural S-equol supplements on overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome in the Japanese, based on sex and equol status. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:365-72. [PMID: 22469418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiologic studies indicate that soy intake has an important role in the prevention of age-related health problems. Daidzein, the principal isoflavone contained in soy, is converted to S-equol by the intestinal bacteria. Not all individuals, however, can produce S-equol, which is considered the most biologically active metabolite. We studied the effects of a natural S-equol supplement on metabolic parameters associated with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome. METHODS The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design with no washout period. All subjects were considered overweight or obese if they had a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) . Placebo or natural S-equol tablets containing 10 mg S-equol were orally ingested each day for 12 weeks. A total of 54 Japanese overweight or obese outpatients were enrolled. The equol phenotype was determined, and various metabolic parameters, including cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), were measured. RESULTS Equol non-producers comprised 67.9% of the overweight or obese subjects. The ratio of equol non-producers in this overweight or obese subject group was higher than the previously reported ratio of equol non-producers (approximately 50%) in the general population. Compared with the placebo group, intervention with natural S-equol led to a significant decrease in HbA1c, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and CAVI score. Furthermore, the effect was more prominent in the subgroup of female equol non-producers. CONCLUSION The ratio of equol non-producers in overweight or obese populations might be higher than generally reported. Natural S-equol might have a role in glycaemic control and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease by its effects to lower LDL-C levels and CAVI scores in overweight or obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Usui
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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37
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Abiru Y, Kumemura M, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Masaki K. Discovery of an S-equol rich food stinky tofu, a traditional fermented soy product in Taiwan. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:964-70. [PMID: 22594820 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.687369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A recent epidemiological study showed that daily intake of mg quantities of S-equol is required for health-promoting effects in menopausal women. However, the maximum equol content in food was reported to be approximately 130 μg/100 g in egg yolk. The objective of this study was to find a high equol-containing food. We measured the equol content of 33 egg yolks and 21 fermented soybean foods. Equol was detected in 28 egg yolks at the maximum content of 43 μg/100 g. In the fermented soybean foods, equol was detected only in stinky tofu. We examined 16 stinky tofu samples purchased during different seasons and the average equol content was 1.39 mg/100 g, ranging from 0.34 to 2.68 mg/100 g. Equol was present in stinky tofu as the S-enantiomeric form and as an aglycon type. This is the first report demonstrating that stinky tofu contains high levels of S-equol, which may exert beneficial effects in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Abiru
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Saga, Japan.
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