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Guo H, Wu H, Hou Y, Hu P, Du J, Cao L, Yang R, Dong X, Li Z. Oat β-D-glucan ameliorates type II diabetes through TLR4/PI3K/AKT mediated metabolic axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126039. [PMID: 37516222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major global public health problems. Our previous results found that oat β-D-glucan exhibited ameliorative effects on diabetic mice, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The present study indicates that oat β-D-glucan increased glycogen content, decreased glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation and increased hepatic glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation for glycogen synthesis via PI3K/AKT/GSK3-mediated GS activation. Moreover, oat β-D-glucan inhibited gluconeogenesis through the PI3K/AKT/Foxo1-mediated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) decrease. In addition, oat β-D-glucan enhanced glucose catabolism through elevated protein levels of COQ9, UQCRC2, COXIV and ATP5F complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, as well as that of TFAM, a key regulator of mitochondrial gene expression. Importantly, our results showed that oat β-D-glucan maintained hepatic glucose balance via TLR4-mediated intracellular signal. After TLR4 blocking with anti-TLR4 antibody, oat β-D-glucan had almost no effect on high glucose-induced HepG2 cells. These data revealed that oat β-D-glucan maintains glucose balance by regulating the TLR4/PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Guo
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China; Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Haili Wu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - YanBing Hou
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Pengli Hu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Jine Du
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Lijia Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Ruipeng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China
| | - Xiushan Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030002, China.
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2
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Pinho RM, Garas LC, Huang BC, Weimer BC, Maga EA. Malnourishment affects gene expression along the length of the small intestine. Front Nutr 2022; 9:894640. [PMID: 36118759 PMCID: PMC9478944 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.894640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnourishment is a risk factor for childhood mortality, jeopardizing the health of children by aggravating pneumonia/acute respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases. Malnourishment causes morphophysiological changes resulting in stunting and wasting that have long-lasting consequences such as cognitive deficit and metabolic dysfunction. Using a pig model of malnutrition, the interplay between the phenotypic data displayed by the malnourished animals, the gene expression pattern along the intestinal tract, microbiota composition of the intestinal contents, and hepatic metabolite concentrations from the same animals were correlated using a multi-omics approach. Samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of malnourished (protein and calorie-restricted diet) and full-fed (no dietary restrictions) piglets were subjected to RNA-seq. Gene co-expression analysis and phenotypic correlations were made with WGCNA, while the integration of transcriptome with microbiota composition and the hepatic metabolite profile was done using mixOmics. Malnourishment caused changes in tissue gene expression that influenced energetic balance, cell proliferation, nutrient absorption, and response to stress. Repression of antioxidant genes, including glutathione peroxidase, in coordination with induction of metal ion transporters corresponded to the hepatic metabolite changes. These data indicate oxidative stress in the intestine of malnourished animals. Furthermore, several of the phenotypes displayed by these animals could be explained by changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M. Pinho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Raquel M. Pinho
| | - Lydia C. Garas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - B. Carol Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Maga
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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3
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Ding Q, Lu C, Hao Q, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Olsen RE, Ringo E, Ran C, Zhang Z, Zhou Z. Dietary Succinate Impacts the Nutritional Metabolism, Protein Succinylation and Gut Microbiota of Zebrafish. Front Nutr 2022; 9:894278. [PMID: 35685883 PMCID: PMC9171437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.894278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate is widely used in the food and feed industry as an acidulant, flavoring additive, and antimicrobial agent. This study investigated the effects of dietary succinate on growth, energy budget, nutritional metabolism, protein succinylation, and gut microbiota composition of zebrafish. Zebrafish were fed a control-check (0% succinate) or four succinate-supplemented diets (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.2%) for 4 weeks. The results showed that dietary succinate at the 0.15% additive amount (S0.15) can optimally promote weight gain and feed intake. Whole body protein, fat, and energy deposition increased in the S0.15 group. Fasting plasma glucose level decreased in fish fed the S0.15 diet, along with improved glucose tolerance. Lipid synthesis in the intestine, liver, and muscle increased with S0.15 feeding. Diet with 0.15% succinate inhibited intestinal gluconeogenesis but promoted hepatic gluconeogenesis. Glycogen synthesis increased in the liver and muscle of S0.15-fed fish. Glycolysis was increased in the muscle of S0.15-fed fish. In addition, 0.15% succinate-supplemented diet inhibited protein degradation in the intestine, liver, and muscle. Interestingly, different protein succinylation patterns in the intestine and liver were observed in fish fed the S0.15 diet. Intestinal proteins with increased succinylation levels were enriched in the tricarboxylic acid cycle while proteins with decreased succinylation levels were enriched in pathways related to fatty acid and amino acid degradation. Hepatic proteins with increased succinylation levels were enriched in oxidative phosphorylation while proteins with decreased succinylation levels were enriched in the processes of protein processing and transport in the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, fish fed the S0.15 diet had a higher abundance of Proteobacteria but a lower abundance of Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium. In conclusion, dietary succinate could promote growth and feed intake, promote lipid anabolism, improve glucose homeostasis, and spare protein. The effects of succinate on nutritional metabolism are associated with alterations in the levels of metabolic intermediates, transcriptional regulation, and protein succinylation levels. However, hepatic fat accumulation and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by dietary succinate suggest potential risks of succinate application as a feed additive for fish. This study would be beneficial in understanding the application of succinate as an aquatic feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Ding
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chenyao Lu
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingshuang Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Ringo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Zhang,
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhigang Zhou,
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Wang B, Zhang SQ, Dong JL, Li Y, Jin YX, Xiao HW, Wang HC, Fan SJ, Cui M. Ambient temperature structures the gut microbiota of zebrafish to impact the response to radioactive pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118539. [PMID: 34798219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potential nuclear accidents propel serious environmental pollution, and the resultant radionuclide release devastates severely the environment severely and threatens aquatic organism survival. Likewise, ongoing climate change coupled with the gradual increase in global surface temperatures can also adversely impact the aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, we preconditioned zebrafish (Danio rerio) at three different temperatures (18 °C, 26 °C and 34 °C) to investigate the effects of a temperature profile on their radiosensitivity (exposure to 20 Gy of gamma rays) to identify the potential biochemical mechanism responsible for influencing radiosensitivity. We found that preconditioning of zebrafish at different temperatures moulded specific gut microbiota configurations and impacted hepatic glycometabolism and sensitivity to subsequent radiation. Following antibiotic treatment to reduce gut bacteria, these observed differences in the expression of hepatic glycometabolism-related genes and radiation-induced intestinal toxicity were minimal, supporting the hypothesis that the gut bacteria reshaped by different ambient temperatures might be the key modulators of hepatic functions and radiosensitivity in zebrafish. Together, our findings provide novel insights into the connection of radiation injuries with temperature alterations in fish, and suggest that maintaining the stability of gram-positive bacteria may be efficacious to protect aquatic organisms against short or long-term radioactive contamination in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Qin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Li Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Wen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Chao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, USA
| | - Sai-Jun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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Boscaini S, Leigh SJ, Lavelle A, García-Cabrerizo R, Lipuma T, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota and body weight control: Weight watchers within? Mol Metab 2021; 57:101427. [PMID: 34973469 PMCID: PMC8829807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite several decades of research, managing body weight remains an unsolved clinical problem. Health problems associated with dysregulated body weight, such as obesity and cachexia, exhibit several gut microbiota alterations. There is an increased interest in utilising the gut microbiota for body weight control, as it responds to intervention and plays an important role in energy extraction from food, as well as biotransformation of nutrients. Scope of the review This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbiota in the physiological and metabolic alterations observed in two body weight dysregulation-related disorders, namely obesity and cachexia. Second, we assess the available evidence for different strategies, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, bariatric surgery, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, high-fibre diet, and fermented foods – effects on body weight and gut microbiota composition. This approach was used to give insights into the possible link between body weight control and gut microbiota configuration. Major conclusions Despite extensive associations between body weight and gut microbiota composition, limited success could be achieved in the translation of microbiota-related interventions for body weight control in humans. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight and future research is needed with a combination of strategies to enhance the effects of lifestyle interventions. The gut microbiota is involved in the control of nutrient availability, appetite, and body weight. Both obesity and cachexia are associated with altered gut microbiota. Specific dietary and surgical approaches positively impact body weight and gut microbiota. Manipulation of the gut microbiota alone is insufficient to alter body weight in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boscaini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aonghus Lavelle
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Lipuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Al-Yousif N, Rawal S, Jurczak M, Mahmud H, Shah FA. Endogenous Glucose Production in Critical Illness. Nutr Clin Pract 2021; 36:344-359. [PMID: 33682953 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of endogenous glucose production (EGP) by hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic signaling pathways contributes to the maintenance of euglycemia under normal physiologic conditions. EGP is defined by the generation of glucose from substrates through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, usually in fasted states, for local and systemic use. Abnormal increases in EGP are noted in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, and elevated EGP may also impact the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and congestive heart failure. In this narrative review, we performed a literature search in PubMed to identify recently published English language articles characterizing EGP in critical illness. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies demonstrates that critical illness can disrupt EGP through multiple mechanisms including increased systemic inflammation, counterregulatory hormone and catecholamine release, alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, insulin resistance, lactic acidosis, and iatrogenic insults such as vasopressors and glucocorticoids administered as part of clinical care. EGP contributes to hyperglycemia in critical illness when abnormally elevated and to hypoglycemia when abnormally depressed, each of which has been independently associated with increased mortality. Increased EGP may also promote protein catabolism that could worsen critical illness myopathy and impede recovery. Better understanding of the mechanisms and factors contributing to dysregulated EGP in critical illness may help in the development of therapeutic strategies that promote euglycemia, reduce intensive care unit-associated catabolism, and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nameer Al-Yousif
- Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sagar Rawal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hussain Mahmud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faraaz Ali Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy in healthy mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4450. [PMID: 33627830 PMCID: PMC7904906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, metabolic adaptations occur to maintain the balance between maternal and foetal growth, including increased insulin secretion and decreased insulin sensitivity. When the body fails to adjust, gestational diabetes mellitus develops. To gain insight in the pregnancy-induced adaptations, we applied continuous glucose monitoring via telemetric transmitters. We show that continuous glucose monitoring in conscious, non-stressed, freely moving mice throughout the full pregnancy is feasible, accurate and safe. We show that healthy mice during a full pregnancy develop adaptations in glucose homeostasis reminiscent of those in pregnant women. Furthermore, continuous glucose monitoring allows the complete analysis of all aspects of glucose excursions associated with spontaneous feeding episodes, and the thorough analysis of glycaemic variability. In conclusion, continuous glucose monitoring allows a detailed description of the glycaemic status during pregnancy, which will help to unravel specific mechanisms for gestational diabetes mellitus.
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8
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Swallah MS, Fan H, Wang S, Yu H, Piao C. Prebiotic Impacts of Soybean Residue (Okara) on Eubiosis/Dysbiosis Condition of the Gut and the Possible Effects on Liver and Kidney Functions. Molecules 2021; 26:E326. [PMID: 33440603 PMCID: PMC7826621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara is a white-yellow fibrous residue consisting of the insoluble fraction of the soybean seeds remaining after extraction of the aqueous fraction during the production of tofu and soymilk, and is generally considered a waste product. It is packed with a significant number of proteins, isoflavones, soluble and insoluble fibers, soyasaponins, and other mineral elements, which are all attributed with health merits. With the increasing production of soy beverages, huge quantities of this by-product are produced annually, which poses significant disposal problems and financial issues for producers. Extensive studies have been done on the biological activities, nutritional values, and chemical composition of okara as well as its potential utilization. Owing to its peculiar rich fiber composition and low cost of production, okara might be potentially useful in the food industry as a functional ingredient or good raw material and could be used as a dietary supplement to prevent varied ailments such as prevention of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, as well as to stimulate the growth of intestinal microbes and production of microbe-derived metabolites (xenometabolites), since gut dysbiosis (imbalanced microbiota) has been implicated in the progression of several complex diseases. This review seeks to compile scientific research on the bioactive compounds in soybean residue (okara) and discuss the possible prebiotic impact of this fiber-rich residue as a functional diet on eubiosis/dysbiosis condition of the gut, as well as the consequential influence on liver and kidney functions, to facilitate a detailed knowledge base for further exploration, implementation, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.S.S.); (H.F.); (S.W.)
- Soybean Research & Development Centre, Division of Soybean Processing, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
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9
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He Y, Peng X, Liu Y, Wu Q, Zhou Q, Hu L, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Zhuo Y, Wu D, Che L. Effects of Maternal Fiber Intake on Intestinal Morphology, Bacterial Profile and Proteome of Newborns Using Pig as Model. Nutrients 2020; 13:E42. [PMID: 33375592 PMCID: PMC7823571 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber intake during pregnancy may improve offspring intestinal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal high fiber intake during late gestation on intestinal morphology, microbiota, and intestinal proteome of newborn piglets. Sixteen sows were randomly allocated into two groups receiving the control diet (CD) and high-fiber diet (HFD) from day 90 of gestation to farrowing. Newborn piglets were selected from each litter, named as CON and Fiber group, respectively. Maternal high fiber intake did not markedly improve the birth weight, but increased the body length, the ileal crypt depth and colonic acetate level. In addition, maternal high fiber intake increased the -diversity indices (Observed species, Simpson, and ACE), and the abundance of Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes at phylum level, significantly increased the abundance of Bradyrhizobium and Phyllobacterium at genus level in the colon of newborn piglets. Moreover, maternal high fiber intake markedly altered the ileal proteome, increasing the abundances of proteins associated with oxidative status, energy metabolism, and immune and inflammatory responses, and decreasing abundances of proteins related to cellular apoptosis, cell structure, and motility. These findings indicated that maternal high fiber intake could alter intestinal morphology, along with the altered intestinal microbiota composition and proteome of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Xie Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Liang Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.H.); (X.P.); (Y.L.); (Q.W.); (Q.Z.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (S.X.); (B.F.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.W.)
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Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids. Cell Rep 2020; 26:222-235.e5. [PMID: 30605678 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated the metabolic benefits of Parabacteroides distasonis (PD) on decreasing weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Treatment with live P. distasonis (LPD) dramatically altered the bile acid profile with elevated lithocholic acid (LCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and increased the level of succinate in the gut. In vitro cultivation of PD demonstrated its capacity to transform bile acids and production of succinate. Succinate supplementation in the diet decreased hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice via the activation of intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN). Gavage with a mixture of LCA and UDCA reduced hyperlipidemia by activating the FXR pathway and repairing gut barrier integrity. Co-treatment with succinate and LCA/UDCA mirrored the benefits of LPD. The binding target of succinate was identified as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in IGN. The succinate and secondary bile acids produced by P. distasonis played key roles in the modulation of host metabolism.
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11
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Chen L, Chen XW, Huang X, Song BL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1420-1458. [PMID: 31686320 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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12
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Nepocatych S, Melson CE, Madzima TA, Balilionis G. Comparison of the effects of a liquid breakfast meal with varying doses of plant-based soy protein on appetite profile, energy metabolism and intake. Appetite 2019; 141:104322. [PMID: 31207253 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A dose dependent satiating and thermogenic effect of animal-based protein has been observed, however, less is known wherever plant-based protein elicits same response. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a breakfast meal containing varying doses of plant-based soy protein (SP) on appetite profile, hormone response, energy metabolism and energy intake. METHODS Seventeen participants (age: 27 ± 7 y, body fat: 21.5 ± 6.9%) in randomized order consumed one of three isoenergetic liquid breakfast meals (482 ± 5 kcals): high SP (HSP; 50 g), low SP (LSP; 25 g) and control (CON; 50 g carbohydrate) followed by an ad libitum lunch 3 h later. Appetite profile was measured before, immediately after and hourly during the 3 h postprandial period. Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were measured before, at 30 and 180 min. RESULTS Energy intake at lunch per kilogram of body weight was significantly higher after CON (11 ± 3.6 kcal/kg) compared to HSP (9.1 ± 3.0 kcal/kg) but not compared to LSP (10.2 ± 2.7 kcal/kg). Participants hunger was higher, whereas, satiety and fullness were lower after CON (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed in leptin or insulin responses between meals, however, a significant change over time was observed for insulin (p = 0.02) but not leptin (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Liquid breakfast meals with higher dose of soy protein reduced energy intake when adjusted by body weight at lunch and was rated as more satiating compared to an isoenergetic CON meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Nepocatych
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, North Carolina, United States.
| | - Caroline E Melson
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, North Carolina, United States
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Exercise Science, Elon University, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gytis Balilionis
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, North Carolina, United States
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13
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Sabir S, Akash MSH, Fiayyaz F, Saleem U, Mehmood MH, Rehman K. Role of cadmium and arsenic as endocrine disruptors in the metabolism of carbohydrates: Inserting the association into perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108802. [PMID: 30921704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have widespread environmental distribution originated from both natural and anthropogenic sources. From the last few decades, their contamination has been raised dramatically owing to continuous discharge in sewage and untreated industrial effluents. They have rapidly gained a considerable attention due to their critical role in the development of multiple endocrine-related disorders notably diabetes mellitus (DM). Cadmium and arsenic, among the most hazardous EDCs, are not only widely spread in our environment, but they are also found to be associated with wide range of health hazards. After entering into the human body, they are preferably accumulated in the liver, kidney and pancreas where they exhibit deleterious effects on carbohydrate metabolism pathways notably glycolysis, glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis through the modification and impairment of relevant key enzymes activity. Impairment of hepatic glucose homeostasis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DM. Along with compromised function of pancreas and muscles, diminished liver and kidney functions also contribute considerably to increase the blood glucose level. These metals have potential to bring conformational changes in these enzymes and make them inactive. Additionally, these metals also disturb the hormonal balance, such as insulin, glucocorticoids and catecholamines; by damaging pancreas and adrenal gland, respectively. Moreover, these metals also enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and depress the anti-oxidative defense mechanism with subsequent disruption of multiple organs. In this article, we have briefly highlighted the impact of arsenic and cadmium on the metabolism of carbohydrates and the enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Sabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Fareeha Fiayyaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Fernandes G, Santo MA, Crespo ADFCB, Biancardi GB, Mota FC, Antonangelo L, de Cleva R. Early glycemic control and incretin improvement after gastric bypass: the role of oral and gastrostomy route. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 15:595-601. [PMID: 30803884 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with obesity have a suppressed incretin effect and a consequent imbalance of glycemic homeostasis. Several studies have shown improved type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The mechanisms of early action are linked to caloric restriction, improvement of insulin resistance, pancreatic beta cell function, and the incretin effect of glycogen-like protein 1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, but reported data are conflicting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate glycemic metabolism, including the oral glucose tolerance test and enterohormonal profile in the early postoperative period in severely obese patients who underwent RYGB with gastrostomy, comparing the preoperative supply of a standard bolus of nutrient against the postoperative administration through an oral and a gastrostomy route. SETTING Clinics Hospital of University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Eleven patients with obesity and diabetes underwent RYGB with a gastrostomy performed in the excluded gastric remnant. Patients were given preoperative assessments of glycemic and enterohormone profiles and an oral glucose tolerance test; these were compared with early postoperative assessments after oral and gastrostomy route administrations. RESULTS The mean preoperative body mass index of the group was 44.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2, mean fasting blood glucose of 194.5 ± 62.4 mg/dL, and glycated hemoglobin 8.7 ± 1.6%. In 77.7% of the patients, there was normalization of the glycemic curve in the early postoperative period as evaluated by the oral glucose tolerance test. Significant decreases in glycemia, insulinemia, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance were also observed, regardless of the route of administration. There was significant increase in glycogen-like protein 1 by the postoperative oral route and reduction of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in both routes. Ghrelin did not change. CONCLUSION Glycemia and peripheral insulin resistance reductions were observed in early-postoperative RYGB, independent of the oral or gastrostomy route. Incretin improvement, mediated by glycogen-like protein 1 increased was observed only in the postoperative oral route, while GIP reduced for both routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fernandes
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Santo
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Barbosa Biancardi
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Filippe Camarotto Mota
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Cleva
- Hospital das Clínicas, Digestive Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
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Ansari FA, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Protective effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat intestine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19380-19392. [PMID: 29728968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) as food preservative, rampant use of nitrogenous fertilizers for agricultural practices, and improper disposal of nitrogenous wastes have drastically increased human exposure to high nitrite levels causing various health disorders and death. In the present study, the protective effect of carnosine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against NaNO2-induced intestinal toxicity in rats was investigated. Animals were given a single acute oral dose of NaNO2 at 60 mg/kg body weight with or without prior administration of either carnosine at 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days or NAC at 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 5 days. Rats were killed after 24 h, and intestinal preparations were used for the evaluation of biochemical alterations and histological abrasions. Administration of NaNO2 alone decreased the activities of intestinal brush border membrane and metabolic enzymes and significantly weakened the anti-oxidant defense system. DNA damage was also evident as observed by increased DNA-protein crosslinking and fragmentation. However, prior administration of carnosine or NAC significantly ameliorated NaNO2-induced damage in intestinal cells. Histological studies support these biochemical results, showing intestinal damage in NaNO2-treated animals and reduced tissue injury in the combination groups. The intrinsic anti-oxidant properties of carnosine and NAC must have contributed to the observed mitigation of nitrite-induced metabolic alterations and oxidative damage. Based on further validation from clinical trials, carnosine and NAC can potentially be used as chemo-preventive agents against NaNO2 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariheen Aisha Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to critically assess the contributing role of the gut microbiota in human obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). RECENT FINDINGS Experiments in animal and human studies have produced growing evidence for the causality of the gut microbiome in developing obesity and T2D. The introduction of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided novel insight into the interpersonal differences in microbiome composition and function. The intestinal microbiota is known to be associated with metabolic syndrome and related comorbidities. Associated diseases including obesity, T2D, and fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH) all seem to be linked to altered microbial composition; however, causality has not been proven yet. Elucidating the potential causal and personalized role of the human gut microbiota in obesity and T2D is highly prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömrüm Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenberg, Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gerdes
- Department of Internal Medicine, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, AMC-UVA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Damgaard MTF, Pærregaard SI, Søgaard I, Agerholm M, Paulson JN, Treebak JT, Sina C, Holm JB, Kristiansen K, Jensen BAH. Age-dependent alterations of glucose clearance and homeostasis are temporally separated and modulated by dietary fat. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 54:66-76. [PMID: 29268121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diet- and age-dependent changes in glucose regulation in mice occur, but the temporal development, mechanisms and influence of dietary fat source remain to be defined. We followed metabolic changes in three groups of mice including a low-fat diet (LFD) reference group and two high-fat, high-sucrose diets based on either fish oil (FOD) or soybean oil (SOD), rich in ω3- and ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, to closely monitor the age-dependent development in glucose regulation in both obese (SOD-fed) and lean (LFD- and FOD-fed) mice. We assessed glucose homeostasis and glucose clearance at week 8, 12, 16, 24, 31, and 39 and performed an insulin tolerance test at week 40. We further analyzed correlations between the gut microbiota and key metabolic parameters. Interestingly, alterations in glucose homeostasis and glucose clearance were temporally separated, while 16S ribosomal gene amplicon sequencing revealed that gut microbial alterations formed correlation clusters with fat mass and either glucose homeostasis or glucose clearance, but rarely both. Importantly, effective glucose clearance was maintained in FOD- and even increased in LFD-fed mice, whereas SOD-fed mice rapidly developed impaired glucose clearance followed by a gradual improvement from week 8 to week 39. All groups had similar responses to insulin 40 weeks post diet initiation despite severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in SOD-fed mice. We conclude that age-related alterations in glucose regulation may occur in both lean and obese mice and are modulated by dietary fat as indicated by the sustained metabolic homeostasis observed in mice fed ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads T F Damgaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone I Pærregaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Søgaard
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Agerholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph N Paulson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and Medical Department 1, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jacob B Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Martins HA, Bazotte RB, Vicentini GE, Lima MM, Guarnier FA, Hermes-Uliana C, Frez FCV, Bossolani GDP, Fracaro L, Fávaro LDS, Manzano MI, Zanoni JN. l-Glutamine supplementation promotes an improved energetic balance in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695960. [PMID: 28345452 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation with oral l-glutamine in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats aged 54 days were randomly divided into four groups: rats without Walker-256 tumor, that is, control rats (C group); control rats supplemented with l-glutamine (CG group); Walker-256 tumor rats without l-glutamine supplementation (WT group); and WT rats supplemented with l-glutamine (WTG group). l-Glutamine was incorporated into standard food at a proportion of 2 g/100 g (2%). After 10 days of the experimental period, the jejunum and duodenum were removed and processed. Protein expression levels of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, that is, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. In addition, plasma corticosterone, glucose, insulin, and urea levels were evaluated. The WTG group showed significantly increased plasma glucose and insulin levels ( p < 0.05); however, plasma corticosterone and urea remained unchanged. Moreover, the WTG group showed increased immunoreactive staining for jejunal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and increased expression of duodenal glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, the WTG group presented with less intense cancer cachexia and slower tumor growth. These results could be attributed, at least partly, to increased intestinal gluconeogenesis and insulinemia, and better glycemia maintenance during fasting in Walker-256 tumor rats on a diet supplemented with l-glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heber Amilcar Martins
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado Lima
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Catchia Hermes-Uliana
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Fracaro
- 1 Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Casteras S, Abdul-Wahed A, Soty M, Vulin F, Guillou H, Campana M, Le Stunff H, Pirola L, Rajas F, Mithieux G, Gautier-Stein A. The suppression of hepatic glucose production improves metabolism and insulin sensitivity in subcutaneous adipose tissue in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2645-2653. [PMID: 27631137 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Despite the strong correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis is associated with greater whole-body insulin sensitivity in several models. We previously reported that the inhibition of hepatic glucose production (HGP) protects against the development of obesity and diabetes despite severe steatosis, thanks to the secretion of specific hepatokines such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and angiopoietin-related growth factor. In this work, we focused on adipose tissue to assess whether liver metabolic fluxes might, by interorgan communication, control insulin signalling in lean animals. METHODS Insulin signalling was studied in the adipose tissue of mice lacking the catalytic subunit of glucose 6-phosphatase, the key enzyme in endogenous glucose production, in the liver (L-G6pc -/- mice). Morphological and metabolic changes in the adipose tissues were characterised by histological analyses, gene expression and protein content. RESULTS Mice lacking HGP exhibited improved insulin sensitivity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in the subcutaneous adipose tissue associated with a browning of adipocytes. The suppression of HGP increased FGF21 levels in lean animals, and increased FGF21 was responsible for the metabolic changes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue but not for its greater insulin sensitivity. The latter might be linked to an increase in the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids released by the liver. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides evidence that HGP controls subcutaneous adipose tissue browning and insulin sensitivity through two pathways: the release of beneficial hepatokines and changes in hepatic fatty acids profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Casteras
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aya Abdul-Wahed
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maud Soty
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fanny Vulin
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA, ToxAlim UMR1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Campana
- Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative -UMR CNRS 8251, Université Paris- Diderot (7), Paris, France
- I2BC - UMR 9198 Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative -UMR CNRS 8251, Université Paris- Diderot (7), Paris, France
- I2BC - UMR 9198 Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Luciano Pirola
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, CarMeN, Oullins, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Inserm U1213, Faculté Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France.
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France.
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20
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Kieffer DA, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Impact of Dietary Fibers on Nutrient Management and Detoxification Organs: Gut, Liver, and Kidneys. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1111-1121. [PMID: 28140328 PMCID: PMC5105045 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) intake elicits a wide range of physiologic effects, not just locally in the gut, but systemically. DFs can greatly alter the gut milieu by affecting the gut microbiome, which in turn influences the gut barrier, gastrointestinal immune and endocrine responses, and nitrogen cycling and microbial metabolism. These gut-associated changes can then alter the physiology and biochemistry of the body's other main nutrient management and detoxification organs, the liver and kidneys. The molecular mechanisms by which DF alters the physiology of the gut, liver, and kidneys is likely through gut-localized events (i.e., bacterial nitrogen metabolism, microbe-microbe, and microbe-host cell interactions) coupled with specific factors that emanate from the gut in response to DF, which signal to or affect the physiology of the liver and kidneys. The latter may include microbe-derived xenometabolites, peptides, or bioactive food components made available by gut microbes, inflammation signals, and gut hormones. The intent of this review is to summarize how DF alters the gut milieu to specifically affect intestinal, liver, and kidney functions and to discuss the potential local and systemic signaling networks that are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Rines AK, Sharabi K, Tavares CDJ, Puigserver P. Targeting hepatic glucose metabolism in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:786-804. [PMID: 27516169 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycaemia. Although current diabetes treatments have exhibited some success in lowering blood glucose levels, their effect is not always sustained and their use may be associated with undesirable side effects, such as hypoglycaemia. Novel antidiabetic drugs, which may be used in combination with existing therapies, are therefore needed. The potential of specifically targeting the liver to normalize blood glucose levels has not been fully exploited. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, and assess the prospect of therapeutically targeting associated pathways to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Rines
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clint D J Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Lehmann A, Hornby PJ. Intestinal SGLT1 in metabolic health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G887-98. [PMID: 27012770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00068.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Na(+)-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1/SLC5A1) is predominantly expressed in the small intestine. It transports glucose and galactose across the apical membrane in a process driven by a Na(+) gradient created by Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. SGLT2 is the major form found in the kidney, and SGLT2-selective inhibitors are a new class of treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent data from patients treated with dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors or SGLT2-selective drugs such as canagliflozin (SGLT1 IC50 = 663 nM) warrant evaluation of SGLT1 inhibition for T2DM. SGLT1 activity is highly dynamic, with modulation by multiple mechanisms to ensure maximal uptake of carbohydrates (CHOs). Intestinal SGLT1 inhibition lowers and delays the glucose excursion following CHO ingestion and augments glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) secretion. The latter is likely due to increased glucose exposure of the colonic microbiota and formation of metabolites such as L cell secretagogues. GLP-1 and PYY secretion suppresses food intake, enhances the ileal brake, and has an incretin effect. An increase in colonic microbial production of propionate could contribute to intestinal gluconeogenesis and mediate positive metabolic effects. On the other hand, a threshold of SGLT1 inhibition that could lead to gastrointestinal intolerability is unclear. Altered Na(+) homeostasis and increased colonic CHO may result in diarrhea and adverse gastrointestinal effects. This review considers the potential mechanisms contributing to positive metabolic and negative intestinal effects. Compounds that inhibit SGLT1 must balance the modulation of these mechanisms to achieve therapeutic efficacy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lehmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Pamela J Hornby
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Fournel A, Marlin A, Abot A, Pasquio C, Cirillo C, Cani PD, Knauf C. Glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract: Impact on glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G645-58. [PMID: 26939867 PMCID: PMC4867329 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00015.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an important interface of exchange between ingested food and the body. Glucose is one of the major dietary sources of energy. All along the gastrointestinal tube, e.g., the oral cavity, small intestine, pancreas, and portal vein, specialized cells referred to as glucosensors detect variations in glucose levels. In response to this glucose detection, these cells send hormonal and neuronal messages to tissues involved in glucose metabolism to regulate glycemia. The gastrointestinal tract continuously communicates with the brain, especially with the hypothalamus, via the gut-brain axis. It is now well established that the cross talk between the gut and the brain is of crucial importance in the control of glucose homeostasis. In addition to receiving glucosensing information from the gut, the hypothalamus may also directly sense glucose. Indeed, the hypothalamus contains glucose-sensitive cells that regulate glucose homeostasis by sending signals to peripheral tissues via the autonomous nervous system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glucosensors along the gastrointestinal tract detect glucose, as well as the results of such detection in the whole body, including the hypothalamus. We also highlight how disturbances in the glucosensing process may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the pathways regulating glucose homeostasis will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audren Fournel
- 1NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France;
| | - Alysson Marlin
- 1NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France;
| | - Anne Abot
- 1NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France;
| | - Charles Pasquio
- 1NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France;
| | - Carla Cirillo
- 2Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- 3NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Toulouse, France;
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Nutritional regulation of the anabolic fate of amino acids within the liver in mammals: concepts arising from in vivo studies. Nutr Res Rev 2016; 28:22-41. [PMID: 26156215 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the crossroad between nutrient supply and requirements, the liver plays a central role in partitioning nitrogenous nutrients among tissues. The present review examines the utilisation of amino acids (AA) within the liver in various physiopathological states in mammals and how the fates of AA are regulated. AA uptake by the liver is generally driven by the net portal appearance of AA. This coordination is lost when demands by peripheral tissues is important (rapid growth or lactation), or when certain metabolic pathways within the liver become a priority (synthesis of acute-phase proteins). Data obtained in various species have shown that oxidation of AA and export protein synthesis usually responds to nutrient supply. Gluconeogenesis from AA is less dependent on hepatic delivery and the nature of nutrients supplied, and hormones like insulin are involved in the regulatory processes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by nutritional factors very differently between mammals (glucose absorbed from the diet is important in single-stomached animals, while in carnivores, glucose from endogenous origin is key). The underlying mechanisms explaining how the liver adapts its AA utilisation to the body requirements are complex. The highly adaptable hepatic metabolism must be capable to deal with the various nutritional/physiological challenges that mammals have to face to maintain homeostasis. Whereas the liver responds generally to nutritional parameters in various physiological states occurring throughout life, other complex signalling pathways at systemic and tissue level (hormones, cytokines, nutrients, etc.) are involved additionally in specific physiological/nutritional states to prioritise certain metabolic pathways (pathological states or when nutritional requirements are uncovered).
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25
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Su Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C. Bariatric surgery: beta cells in type 2 diabetes remission. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:122-31. [PMID: 25959613 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is a new emerging treatment that demonstrates a favourable effect on type 2 diabetes, although its underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. After receiving bariatric surgery, beta cells undergo the process of rebirth, which involves apoptosis evasion, regeneration and improved beta-cell function. Therefore, further studies are necessary to elucidate how bariatric surgery can resolve type 2 diabetes. Here, our review focuses mainly on beta cells, the insulin-generating cells, whose biological features change dramatically after bariatric surgery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Su
- Battalion 8th, Trainee Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Health Center of Kumutamu, Aksu City, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Brun JF, Guiraudou M, Romain AJ, Pollatz M, Fédou C, Mercier J. Le niveau d’oxydation maximale des lipides (LIPOXmax), un niveau d’exercice adapté par ses propriétés énergétiques et comportementales au « génotype économe » du syndrome métabolique : l’hypothèse du « healthy primitive lifestyle ». Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhu L, Yin Q, Irwin DM, Zhang S. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 gene (Pck1) displays parallel evolution between Old World and New World fruit bats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118666. [PMID: 25807515 PMCID: PMC4373879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are an ideal mammalian group for exploring adaptations to fasting due to their large variety of diets and because fasting is a regular part of their life cycle. Mammals fed on a carbohydrate-rich diet experience a rapid decrease in blood glucose levels during a fast, thus, the development of mechanisms to resist the consequences of regular fasts, experienced on a daily basis, must have been crucial in the evolution of frugivorous bats. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK1, encoded by the Pck1 gene) is the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis and is largely responsible for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis during fasting in fruit-eating bats. To test whether Pck1 has experienced adaptive evolution in frugivorous bats, we obtained Pck1 coding sequence from 20 species of bats, including five Old World fruit bats (OWFBs) (Pteropodidae) and two New World fruit bats (NWFBs) (Phyllostomidae). Our molecular evolutionary analyses of these sequences revealed that Pck1 was under purifying selection in both Old World and New World fruit bats with no evidence of positive selection detected in either ancestral branch leading to fruit bats. Interestingly, however, six specific amino acid substitutions were detected on the ancestral lineage of OWFBs. In addition, we found considerable evidence for parallel evolution, at the amino acid level, between the PEPCK1 sequences of Old World fruit bats and New World fruit bats. Test for parallel evolution showed that four parallel substitutions (Q276R, R503H, I558V and Q593R) were driven by natural selection. Our study provides evidence that Pck1 underwent parallel evolution between Old World and New World fruit bats, two lineages of mammals that feed on a carbohydrate-rich diet and experience regular periods of fasting as part of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, SKLEC & IECR & IAIR, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, SKLEC & IECR & IAIR, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - David M. Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, SKLEC & IECR & IAIR, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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28
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De Vadder F, Plessier F, Gautier-Stein A, Mithieux G. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a local mediator in a gut-brain neural axis activating intestinal gluconeogenesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:443-8. [PMID: 25586379 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) promotes metabolic benefits through activation of a gut-brain neural axis. However, the local mediator activating gluconeogenic genes in the enterocytes remains unknown. We show that (i) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) signaling through VPAC1 receptor activates the intestinal glucose-6-phosphatase gene in vivo, (ii) the activation of IGN by propionate is counteracted by VPAC1 antagonism, and (iii) VIP-positive intrinsic neurons in the submucosal plexus are increased under the action of propionate. These data support the role of VIP as a local neuromodulator released by intrinsic enteric neurons and responsible for the induction of IGN through a VPAC1 receptor-dependent mechanism in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Vadder
- Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Soty M, Penhoat A, Amigo-Correig M, Vinera J, Sardella A, Vullin-Bouilloux F, Zitoun C, Houberdon I, Mithieux G. A gut-brain neural circuit controlled by intestinal gluconeogenesis is crucial in metabolic health. Mol Metab 2014; 4:106-17. [PMID: 25685698 PMCID: PMC4314540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Certain nutrients positively regulate energy homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a deficient IGN in glucose control independently of nutritional environment. Methods We used mice deficient in the intestine glucose-6 phosphatase catalytic unit, the key enzyme of IGN (I-G6pc−/− mice). We evaluated a number of parameters involved in energy homeostasis, including insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp), the pancreatic function (insulin secretion in vivo and in isolated islets) and the hypothalamic homeostatic function (leptin sensitivity). Results Intestinal-G6pc−/− mice exhibit slight fasting hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and a deteriorated pancreatic function, despite normal diet with no change in body weight. These defects evoking type 2 diabetes (T2D) derive from the basal activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). They are corrected by treatment with an inhibitor of α-2 adrenergic receptors. Deregulation in a key target of IGN, the homeostatic hypothalamic function (highlighted here through leptin resistance) is a mechanistic link. Hence the leptin resistance and metabolic disorders in I-G6pc−/− mice are corrected by rescuing IGN by portal glucose infusion. Finally, I-G6pc−/− mice develop the hyperglycaemia characteristic of T2D more rapidly under high fat/high sucrose diet. Conclusions Intestinal gluconeogenesis is a mandatory function for the healthy neural control of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Soty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Armelle Penhoat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Marta Amigo-Correig
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Jennifer Vinera
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Anne Sardella
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Fanny Vullin-Bouilloux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Isabelle Houberdon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
- Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- Corresponding author. Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France. Tel.: +33 478 77 10 28; fax: +33 478 77 87 62.
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Soenen S, Giezenaar C, Hutchison AT, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Effects of intraduodenal protein on appetite, energy intake, and antropyloroduodenal motility in healthy older compared with young men in a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1108-15. [PMID: 25099545 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of undernutrition in older people. The use of protein supplements in older people could, however, be counterproductive by reducing appetite and overall energy intake. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether aging influences the effects of protein loads, administered directly into the small intestine, on energy intake, antropyloroduodenal motility, and appetite. DESIGN Intraduodenal infusions (240 mL, 60 min) of saline (0 kcal, control) and protein (hydrolyzed whey) loads of 30, 90, and 180 kcal were followed by an ad libitum buffet meal in 10 young (19-29 y) and 10 healthy older (68-81 y) men. Suppression of energy intake (kcal) at the meal by protein infusion compared with control was calculated. RESULTS In young subjects, a dose-responsive suppression (±SEM) of energy intake was found at the buffet meal by protein (suppression at 30 kcal: 7 ± 8%, P = 0.189; 90 kcal: 17 ± 8%, P = 0.054; 180 kcal: 33 ± 7%, P = 0.002), whereas suppression was observed only after the 180-kcal load in older subjects (30 kcal: 7 ± 4% increase, P = 0.126; 90 kcal: 6 ± 7% increase, P = 0.291; 180 kcal: 17 ± 6% suppression, P = 0.016). Suppression of energy intake by protein was less in older than in young subjects (P < 0.005). In young subjects, total energy intake (meal + infusion) on the 180-kcal protein-infusion day was lower than that on the control day (P = 0.041), whereas in older subjects it was greater on the 30-kcal (P = 0.033) and 90-kcal (P = 0.016) infusion days. Energy intake was inversely related to isolated pyloric pressure waves (r = -0.32, P = 0.013) and positively related to antral (r = 0.30, P = 0.021) and duodenal (r = 0.35, P = 0.006) pressure waves. Suppression of energy intake by protein was inversely related to the change in isolated pyloric pressure waves (r = -0.35, P = 0.027) and positively related to duodenal pressure waves (r = 0.32, P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal protein suppresses appetite and energy intake less in healthy older than in young adults. In older subjects, intraduodenal protein at low doses increased overall energy intake, which supports the use of protein supplements in undernourished older people. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12612000906853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Soenen
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Giezenaar
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- From the Discipline of Medicine and National Health, Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Binder E, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Elie M, Leste-Lasserre T, Belluomo I, Clark S, Duchampt A, Mithieux G, Cota D. Leucine supplementation modulates fuel substrates utilization and glucose metabolism in previously obese mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:713-20. [PMID: 23894080 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-protein diets favor weight loss and its maintenance. Whether these effects might be recapitulated by certain amino acids is unknown. Therefore, the impact of leucine supplementation on energy balance and associated metabolic changes in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice during and after weight loss was investigated. METHODS DIO C57BL/6J mice were fed a normocaloric diet to induce weight loss while receiving or not the amino acid leucine in drinking water. Body weight, food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, insulin, and leptin sensitivity were evaluated. Q-PCR analysis was performed on muscle, brown and white adipose tissues. RESULTS DIO mice decreased body weight and fat mass in response to chow, but supplementation with leucine did not affect these parameters. During weight maintenance, mice supplemented with leucine had improved glucose tolerance, increased leptin sensitivity, and lower respiratory quotient. The latter was associated with changes in the expression of several genes modulating fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial activity in the epididymal white and the brown adipose tissues, but not muscle. CONCLUSIONS Leucine supplementation might represent an adjuvant beneficial nutritional therapy during weight loss and maintenance, because it improves lipid and glucose metabolism and restores leptin sensitivity in previously obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Binder
- NeuroCentre Magendie, INSERM, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France; NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Université de Bordeaux, U862, Bordeaux, France
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Glycogen storage disease type 1 and diabetes: Learning by comparing and contrasting the two disorders. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2013; 39:377-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Binder E, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, André C, Elie M, Romero-Zerbo SY, Leste-Lasserre T, Belluomo L, Duchampt A, Clark S, Aubert A, Mezzullo M, Fanelli F, Pagotto U, Layé S, Mithieux G, Cota D. Leucine supplementation protects from insulin resistance by regulating adiposity levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74705. [PMID: 24086364 PMCID: PMC3783457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine supplementation might have therapeutic potential in preventing diet-induced obesity and improving insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms are at present unclear. Additionally, it is unclear whether leucine supplementation might be equally efficacious once obesity has developed. Methodology/Principal Findings Male C57BL/6J mice were fed chow or a high-fat diet (HFD), supplemented or not with leucine for 17 weeks. Another group of HFD-fed mice (HFD-pairfat group) was food restricted in order to reach an adiposity level comparable to that of HFD-Leu mice. Finally, a third group of mice was exposed to HFD for 12 weeks before being chronically supplemented with leucine. Leucine supplementation in HFD-fed mice decreased body weight and fat mass by increasing energy expenditure, fatty acid oxidation and locomotor activity in vivo. The decreased adiposity in HFD-Leu mice was associated with increased expression of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP-3) in the brown adipose tissue, better insulin sensitivity, increased intestinal gluconeogenesis and preservation of islets of Langerhans histomorphology and function. HFD-pairfat mice had a comparable improvement in insulin sensitivity, without changes in islets physiology or intestinal gluconeogenesis. Remarkably, both HFD-Leu and HFD-pairfat mice had decreased hepatic lipid content, which likely helped improve insulin sensitivity. In contrast, when leucine was supplemented to already obese animals, no changes in body weight, body composition or glucose metabolism were observed. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that leucine improves insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice by primarily decreasing adiposity, rather than directly acting on peripheral target organs. However, beneficial effects of leucine on intestinal gluconeogenesis and islets of Langerhans's physiology might help prevent type 2 diabetes development. Differently, metabolic benefit of leucine supplementation is lacking in already obese animals, a phenomenon possibly related to the extent of the obesity before starting the supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Binder
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- IBIMA-Hospital Carlos Haya, Laboratorio de Investigación, Malaga, Spain
| | - Caroline André
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Melissa Elie
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Silvana Y. Romero-Zerbo
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- IBIMA-Hospital Carlos Haya, Laboratorio de Investigación, Malaga, Spain
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - llaria Belluomo
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- INSERM, U855, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnes Aubert
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Clinical Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Clinical Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Clinical Medicine, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- INSERM, U855, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Mithieux G. Nutrient control of hunger by extrinsic gastrointestinal neurons. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:378-84. [PMID: 23714040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neural sensing of nutrients during food digestion plays a key role in the regulation of hunger. Recent data have emphasized that the extrinsic gastrointestinal nervous system is preponderant in this phenomenon and in its translation to the control of food intake by the central nervous system (CNS). Nutrient sensing by the extrinsic gastrointestinal nervous system may account for the satiation induced by food lipids, the satiety initiated by food protein, and for the rapid benefits of gastric bypass surgeries on both glucose and energy homeostasis. Thus, this recent knowledge provides novel examples of the mechanisms that control food intake and body weight, and this might pave the way for future approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est 'Laennec', 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
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Duodenal–Jejunal Bypass Surgery Up-Regulates the Expression of the Hepatic Insulin Signaling Proteins and the Key Regulatory Enzymes of Intestinal Gluconeogenesis in Diabetic Goto–Kakizaki Rats. Obes Surg 2013; 23:1734-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mithieux G. Comment about intestinal gluconeogenesis after gastric bypass in human in relation with the paper by Hayes et al., Obes. Surg. 2011. Obes Surg 2012; 22:1920-2; author reply 1923-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ryan AT, Feinle-Bisset C, Kallas A, Wishart JM, Clifton PM, Horowitz M, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Intraduodenal protein modulates antropyloroduodenal motility, hormone release, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in lean men. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:474-82. [PMID: 22854403 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraduodenal fat and carbohydrate modulate antropyloroduodenal motility and hormone release and suppress appetite and energy intake in a load-dependent manner. Protein also suppresses energy intake, but its effects on these gastrointestinal factors and their role in the appetite-suppressive effects of protein remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the effects of different intraduodenal protein loads on antropyloroduodenal pressures, gastrointestinal hormone release, glucose and insulin concentrations, appetite perceptions, and energy intake. DESIGN Sixteen lean, healthy men were studied on 4 occasions in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin, peptide YY, ghrelin, blood glucose, serum insulin, and appetite were measured during 60-min, 4-mL/min intraduodenal infusions of protein at 0.5, 1.5, or 3 kcal/min or saline (control). Energy intakes at a buffet lunch consumed immediately after the infusion were quantified. RESULTS Increases in the load of protein resulted in greater suppression of antral motility, greater stimulation of basal and isolated pyloric pressures and plasma cholecystokinin and GLP-1 concentrations, and greater suppression of energy intake. However, energy intake was reduced only after a protein load of 3 kcal/min compared with after all other treatments (P < 0.05). The suppression of energy intake after adjustment for cholecystokinin, GLP-1, and insulin was related inversely with basal pyloric pressure (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The acute effects of intraduodenal protein on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, glucose, and insulin are load dependent and contribute to the suppression of energy intake. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12610000376044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Ryan
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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Umeda LM, Silva EA, Carneiro G, Arasaki CH, Geloneze B, Zanella MT. Early improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery and its relationships with insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. Obes Surg 2012; 21:896-901. [PMID: 21559794 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgical treatment of obesity ameliorates metabolic abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on metabolic and hormonal parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS Ten patients with T2DM (BMI, 39.7 ± 1.9) were evaluated before and 7, 30, and 90 days after RYGB. A meal test was performed, and plasma insulin, glucose, glucagon, and glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels were measured at fasting and postprandially. RESULTS Seven days after RYGB, a significant reduction was observed in HOMA-IR index from 7.8 ± 5.5 to 2.6 ± 1.7; p < 0.05 was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in body weight. The insulin and GLP-1 curves began to show a peak at 30 min after food ingestion, while there was a progressive decrease in glucagon and blood glucose levels throughout the meal test. Thirty and 90 days after RYGB, along with progressive weight loss, blood glucose and hormonal changes remained in the same direction and became more expressive with the post-meal insulin curve suggesting recovery of the first phase of insulin secretion and with the increase in insulinogenic index, denoting improvement in β-cell function. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between changes in GLP-1 and insulin levels measured at 30 min after meal (r = 0.6; p = 0.000). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the RYGB surgery, beyond weight loss, induces early beneficial hormonal changes which favor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mela Umeda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Leandro Dupret 365, CEP 04025011, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Penhoat A, Mutel E, Amigo-Correig M, Pillot B, Stefanutti A, Rajas F, Mithieux G. Protein-induced satiety is abolished in the absence of intestinal gluconeogenesis. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Nässl AM, Rubio-Aliaga I, Sailer M, Daniel H. The intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1 is involved in food intake regulation in mice fed a high-protein diet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26407. [PMID: 22031831 PMCID: PMC3198773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-protein diets are effective in achieving weight loss which is mainly explained by increased satiety and thermogenic effects. Recent studies suggest that the effects of protein-rich diets on satiety could be mediated by amino acids like leucine or arginine. Although high-protein diets require increased intestinal amino acid absorption, amino acid and peptide absorption has not yet been considered to contribute to satiety effects. We here demonstrate a novel finding that links intestinal peptide transport processes to food intake, but only when a protein-rich diet is provided. When mice lacking the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1 were fed diets containing 8 or 21 energy% of protein, no differences in food intake and weight gain were observed. However, upon feeding a high-protein (45 energy%) diet, Pept1(-/-) mice reduced food intake much more pronounced than control animals. Although there was a regain in food consumption after a few days, no weight gain was observed which was associated with a reduced intestinal energy assimilation and increased fecal energy losses. Pept1(-/-) mice on high-protein diet displayed markedly reduced plasma leptin levels during the period of very low food intake, suggesting a failure of leptin signaling to increase energy intake. This together with an almost two-fold elevated plasma arginine level in Pept1(-/-) but not wildtype mice, suggests that a cross-talk of arginine with leptin signaling in brain, as described previously, could cause these striking effects on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Nässl
- ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Manuela Sailer
- ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Abteilung Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chai F, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Geng D, Liu J. Adiponectin Downregulates Hyperglycemia and Reduces Pancreatic Islet Apoptosis After Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. Obes Surg 2011; 21:768-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Down-regulation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene in human colon tumors and induction by omega-3 fatty acids. Biochimie 2010; 92:1772-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Polakof S, Alvarez R, Soengas JL. Gut glucose metabolism in rainbow trout: implications in glucose homeostasis and glucosensing capacity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R19-32. [PMID: 20357022 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00005.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of the intestine to glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout. In a first set of in vivo experiments trout were subjected to oral glucose treatments alone or in combination with insulin injections to assess changes in glucose-related enzymes activities, metabolite levels, and mRNA levels. Rainbow trout gut displays an important glucose metabolism that includes the ability to store glucose as glycogen (mostly in the muscle layers) and a large capacity to oxidize glucose. This constitutes a surprising result for a carnivorous fish. In a second set of in vivo experiments, trout received an oral amino acid solution alone or in combination with insulin injection to determine whether other factors besides fasting could regulate gluconeogenesis in intestine. The results confirm the absence of regulation of gluconeogenesis in trout gut, which does not respond to hormones, glucose, lactate, or amino acid changes, either in vivo or in vitro. We also fully characterized gut glucose metabolism in vitro. We observed that a large amount of glucose is oxidized to lactate, supporting the importance of glucose in gut metabolism. Moreover, we corroborated the minor actions of insulin in trout gut, whereas other hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and C-peptide appear to be major hormonal regulators of glucose metabolism in fish gut. Finally, we obtained the first evidence for the existence of a glucosensing mechanism in the midgut of this carnivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Polakof
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Facultade de Bioloxía, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentais, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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