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Li J, Zhang F, Zhao L, Dong C. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and related therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease: prospects for multitherapy and inflammation control. Rev Neurosci 2023:revneuro-2023-0006. [PMID: 37076953 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly and causes neurodegeneration, leading to memory loss, behavioral disorder, and psychiatric impairment. One potential mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of AD may be the imbalance in gut microbiota, local and systemic inflammation, and dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Most of the AD drugs approved for clinical use today are symptomatic treatments that do not improve AD pathologic changes. As a result, researchers are exploring novel therapeutic modalities. Treatments involving the MGBA include antibiotics, probiotics, transplantation of fecal microbiota, botanical products, and others. However, single-treatment modalities are not as effective as expected, and a combination therapy is gaining momentum. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in MGBA-related pathological mechanisms and treatment modalities in AD and to propose a new concept of combination therapy. "MGBA-based multitherapy" is an emerging view of treatment in which classic symptomatic treatments and MGBA-based therapeutic modalities are used in combination. Donepezil and memantine are two commonly used drugs in AD treatment. On the basis of the single/combined use of these two drugs, two/more additional drugs and treatment modalities that target the MGBA are chosen based on the characteristics of the patient's condition as an adjuvant treatment, as well as the maintenance of good lifestyle habits. "MGBA-based multitherapy" offers new insights for the treatment of cognitive impairment in AD patients and is expected to show good therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Chunbo Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
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2
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Ma J, Kitaura H, Ogawa S, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Nara Y, Pramusita A, Kinjo R, Kanou K, Kishikawa A, Ichimura A, Mizoguchi I. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and orthodontic tooth movement through GPR120. Front Immunol 2023; 13:929690. [PMID: 36741381 PMCID: PMC9889988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that has a range of positive impacts on human health, including anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of osteoclast formation via G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). Orthodontic force was reported to induce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, which activates osteoclast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of DHA on TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and OTM in vivo. We examined osteoclast formation and bone resorption within the calvaria of both wild-type (WT) and GPR120-deficient (GPR120-KO) mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), TNF-α, TNF-α and DHA, or DHA. DHA inhibited TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in WT mice but had no effect in GPR120-KO mice. OTM experiments were performed in mouse strains with or without regular injection of DHA, and the effects of DHA on osteoclast formation in the alveolar bones during OTM were examined. DHA also suppressed OTM in WT but not GPR120-KO mice. Our data showed that DHA suppresses TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via GPR120. TNF-α has considerable significance in OTM, and therefore, DHA may also inhibit TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Ma
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan,*Correspondence: Hideki Kitaura,
| | - Saika Ogawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nara
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Adya Pramusita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ria Kinjo
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kanou
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiko Kishikawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Orphan GPR26 Counteracts Early Phases of Hyperglycemia-Mediated Monocyte Activation and Is Suppressed in Diabetic Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071736. [PMID: 35885041 PMCID: PMC9312814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the ninth leading cause of death, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. T2D increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, and kidney failure by two-to three-fold. Hyperglycemia, as a hallmark of diabetes, acts as a potent stimulator of inflammatory condition by activating endothelial cells and by dysregulating monocyte activation. G-protein couple receptors (GPCRs) can both exacerbate and promote inflammatory resolution. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) indicate that GPCRs are differentially regulated in inflammatory and vessel cells from diabetic patients. However, most of these GPCRs are orphan receptors, for which the mechanism of action in diabetes is unknown. Our data indicated that orphan GPCR26 is downregulated in the PBMC isolated from T2D patients. In contrast, GPR26 was initially upregulated in human monocytes and PBMC treated with high glucose (HG) levels and then decreased upon chronic and prolonged HG exposure. GPR26 levels were decreased in T2D patients treated with insulin compared to non-insulin treated patients. Moreover, GPR26 inversely correlated with the BMI and the HbA1c of diabetic compared to non-diabetic patients. Knockdown of GPR26 enhanced monocyte ROS production, MAPK signaling, pro-inflammatory activation, monocyte adhesion to ECs, and enhanced the activity of Caspase 3, a pro-apoptotic molecule. The same mechanisms were activated by HG and exacerbated when GPR26 was knocked down. Hence, our data indicated that GPR26 is initially activated to protect monocytes from HG and is inhibited under chronic hyperglycemic conditions.
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Urso C, Zhou H. Palmitic Acid Lipotoxicity in Microglia Cells Is Ameliorated by Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169093. [PMID: 34445796 PMCID: PMC8396597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Palmitic acid (PA) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of obese patients with cognitive impairment. This study was therefore designed to examine fatty acid (FA) lipotoxicity in BV2 microglia cells. We found that PA induced time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in cell death without affecting the cell cycle profile and that PA lipotoxicity did not depend on cell surface free fatty acid receptors but rather on FA uptake. Treatment with sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO), an irreversible inhibitor of fatty acid translocase CD36, significantly inhibited FA uptake in BSA- and PA-treated cells and blocked PA-induced decrease in cell viability. Inhibition of ER stress or treatment with N-acetylcysteine was not able to rescue PA lipotoxicity. Our study also showed that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were not lipotoxic but instead protected microglia against PA-induced decrease in cell viability. Co-treatment of PA with LA, OA, and DHA significantly inhibited FA uptake in PA-treated cells. All UFAs tested induced the incorporation of FAs into and the amount of neutral lipids, while PA did not significantly affect the amount of neutral lipids compared with BSA control.
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Maciel Junior M, Camaçari de Carvalho S, Saenz Suarez PA, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ. Fish oil attenuated dystrophic muscle markers of inflammation via FFA1 and FFA4 in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1305-1312. [PMID: 33136305 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the involvement of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors in the anti-inflammatory role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dystrophic muscles, by administering FFA blockers in the mdx mouse model of dystrophy. Mdx mice (3 months-old) were treated with fish oil capsules (FDC Vitamins; 0.4 g EPA and 0.2 g DHA; gavage) alone or concomitant to FFA1 and FFA4 blockers (GW1100 and AH7614; i.p.). C57BL/10 mice (3 months-old) and untreated-mdx mice received mineral oil and were used as controls. After 1 month of treatment, plasma markers of myonecrosis (total and cardiac creatine kinase; CK), the levels of FFA1 and FFA4 and of the markers of inflammation, nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFkB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were analyzed in the diaphragm muscle and heart by western blot. Fish oil significantly reduced total CK, cardiac CK and the levels of NFkB (diaphragm), and of TNF-α and IL-1β (diaphragm and heart) in mdx. In the dystrophic diaphragm, FFA1 was increased compared to normal. Blockers of FFA1 and FFA4 significantly inhibited the effects of fish oil treatment in both dystrophic muscles. The anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil in dystrophic diaphragm muscle and heart were mediated through FFA1 and FFA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maciel Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Camaçari de Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Andrea Saenz Suarez
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Santo Neto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Marques
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Eissa NG, Elsabahy M, Allam A. Engineering of smart nanoconstructs for delivery of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120317. [PMID: 33540005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are being increasingly exploited in clinical practice for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to their ability to lower blood glucose levels and reduce off-target effects of current therapeutics. Nanomaterials had viewed myriad breakthroughs in protecting peptides against degradation and carrying therapeutics to targeted sites for maximizing their pharmacological activity and overcoming limitations associated with their application. This review highlights the latest advances in designing smart multifunctional nanoconstructs and engineering targeted and stimuli-responsive nanoassemblies for delivery of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Furthermore, advanced nanoconstructs of sophisticated supramolecular assembly yet efficient delivery of GLP-1/GLP-1 analogs, nanodevices that mediate intrinsic GLP-1 secretion per se, and nanomaterials with capabilities to load additional moieties for synergistic antidiabetic effects, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura G Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Ayat Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut City, Assiut 10, Egypt
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7
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Niu D, An S, Chen X, Bi H, Zhang Q, Wang T, Han B, Zhang H, Kang J. Corni Fructus as a Natural Resource Can Treat Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1385-1407. [PMID: 32907359 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The nutrient-rich resource Cornus Fructus (CF) showed curative effects on diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity remains obscure. Herein, the antidiabetic potential of four extracts from CF, including saponin (CTS), iridoid glycoside (CIG), tannin (CT), and alcohol extract (CCA) was evaluated in vivo. The results showed that all four extracts could increase the body weight, decrease the blood glucose levels, and elevate the glucose tolerance. Moreover, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile were significantly improved in fed mice. In the [Formula: see text]-diversity index of samples, compared to the DM group, the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in mice to a certain extent were reduced in both CF extracts and Metformin (PC). Among them, there was statistical significance in PC (ACE, [Formula: see text]) and CCA (ACE, [Formula: see text]; chao1: [Formula: see text]). Beta diversity showed the same trend as the UPGMA clustering trees, which revealed that CF extracts could improve intestinal homeostasis in T2DM mice. Also, CF extracts could elevate the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as regulate the composition of gut microbiota. The key bacteria related to T2DM including Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium were modulated by metformin and CF. Altogether, CF is a potential nutrient-rich candidate that can be used in functional foods for the treatment of T2DM, and the change of gut microbiota might be a novel mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Niu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Shujing An
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Huailong Bi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Qiusheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Binkai Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Food and Health Sciences, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jiefang Kang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource, Development of Endangered Crude, Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China
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8
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ROS-associated immune response and metabolism: a mechanistic approach with implication of various diseases. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2293-2317. [PMID: 32524152 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining the defense mechanism against external agents and also internal danger signals. Metabolic programming of immune cells is required for functioning of different subsets of immune cells under different physiological conditions. The field of immunometabolism has gained ground because of its immense importance in coordination and balance of immune responses. Metabolism is very much related with production of energy and certain by-products. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as one of the by-products of various metabolic pathways. The amount, localization of ROS and redox status determine transcription of genes, and also influences the metabolism of immune cells. This review discusses ROS, metabolism of immune cells at different cellular conditions and sheds some light on how ROS might regulate immunometabolism.
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Montgomery MK, Osborne B, Brandon AE, O'Reilly L, Fiveash CE, Brown SHJ, Wilkins BP, Samsudeen A, Yu J, Devanapalli B, Hertzog A, Tolun AA, Kavanagh T, Cooper AA, Mitchell TW, Biden TJ, Smith NJ, Cooney GJ, Turner N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84. FASEB J 2019; 33:12264-12276. [PMID: 31415180 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900234r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid receptors have been recognized as important players in glycaemic control. This study is the first to describe a role for the medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor G-protein-coupled receptor (Gpr) 84 in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and insulin secretion. We are able to show that Gpr84 is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Mice with global deletion of Gpr84 [Gpr84 knockout (KO)] exhibit a mild impairment in glucose tolerance when fed a MCFA-enriched diet. Studies in mice and pancreatic islets suggest that glucose intolerance is accompanied by a defect in insulin secretion. MCFA-fed KO mice also exhibit a significant impairment in the intrinsic respiratory capacity of their skeletal muscle mitochondria, but at the same time also exhibit a substantial increase in mitochondrial content. Changes in canonical pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover are unable to explain these mitochondrial differences. Our results show that Gpr84 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function and quality control.-Montgomery, M. K., Osborne, B., Brandon, A. E., O'Reilly, L., Fiveash, C. E., Brown, S. H. J., Wilkins, B. P., Samsudeen, A., Yu, J., Devanapalli, B., Hertzog, A., Tolun, A. A., Kavanagh, T., Cooper, A. A., Mitchell, T. W., Biden, T. J., Smith, N. J., Cooney, G. J., Turner, N. Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal muscle by the medium-chain fatty acid receptor Gpr84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brenna Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam O'Reilly
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Corrine E Fiveash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan P Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Azrah Samsudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beena Devanapalli
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashley Hertzog
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- New South Wales (NSW) Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Genomic Medicine, and Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomas Kavanagh
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antony A Cooper
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J Biden
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Division of Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Activation of GPR120 promotes the metastasis of breast cancer through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:260-270. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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García-Ríos A, Camargo Garcia A, Perez-Jimenez F, Perez-Martinez P. Gut microbiota: A new protagonist in the risk of cardiovascular disease? CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2019; 31:178-185. [PMID: 30737071 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the first cause of mortality in Western countries. New strategies for prevention and control of cardiovascular disease are needed. At the same time, the incidence of risk factors that lead to the development of this disease, such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, continues to rise. Therefore, the search for new markers or mediators is a priority in most cardiovascular prevention programs. The study of the intestinal microbiota is emerging because it is known that intestinal microorganisms act collectively as an integrated organ, regulating multiple biological functions that can modulate cardiovascular risk factors and the pathogenic mechanisms of this process. This review considers the current situation regarding the influence of gut microbiota on cardiovascular disease and particularly, its influence on the main traditional risk factors that lead to cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Ríos
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, España.
| | - Antonio Camargo Garcia
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, España
| | - Francisco Perez-Jimenez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, España
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, España
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12
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Kishikawa A, Kitaura H, Kimura K, Ogawa S, Qi J, Shen WR, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Nara Y, Ichimura A, Mizoguchi I. Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Inflammation-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption in vivo Through GPR120 by Inhibiting TNF-α Production in Macrophages and Directly Inhibiting Osteoclast Formation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:157. [PMID: 30949128 PMCID: PMC6436080 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an n-3 fatty acid that is an important structural component of the cell membrane. DHA exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects through G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), which is a functional receptor for n-3 fatty acids. DHA also regulates osteoclast formation and function. However, no studies have investigated the effect of DHA on inflammation-induced osteoclast formation in vivo. In the present study, we investigated whether DHA influences osteoclast formation, bone resorption and the expression of osteoclast-associated cytokines during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo, and then we elucidated the underlying mechanisms by using in vitro experiments. In vitro experiments revealed both receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)- and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced osteoclast formation was inhibited by DHA. Supracalvarial administration of LPS with or without DHA was carried out for 5 days and then the number of osteoclasts, ratio of bone resorption pits and the level of type I collagen C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide were measured. All measurements were significantly lower in LPS+DHA-co-administered mice than LPS-administered mice. However, this DHA-induced inhibition was not observed in LPS-, DHA-, and selective GPR120 antagonist AH7614-co-administered mice. Furthermore, the expression of RANKL and TNF-α mRNAs was lower in the LPS+DHA-co-administered group than in the LPS-administered group in vivo. TNF-α mRNA levels were decreased in macrophages co-treated with LPS+DHA compared with cells treated with LPS in vitro. In contrast, RANKL mRNA expression levels from osteoblasts co-treated with DHA and LPS in vitro were equal to that in cells treated with LPS alone. Finally, the inhibitory effects of DHA on osteoclast formation in vitro were not observed by using osteoclast precursors from GPR120-deficient mice, and inhibition of LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption by DHA in vivo was not observed in GPR120-deficient mice. These results suggest that DHA inhibits LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo via GPR120 by inhibiting LPS-induced TNF-α production in macrophages along with direct inhibition of osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kishikawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideki Kitaura
| | - Keisuke Kimura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saika Ogawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jiawei Qi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wei-Ren Shen
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nara
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ichimura
- Department of Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Li G, Robles S, Lu Z, Li Y, Krayer JW, Leite RS, Huang Y. Upregulation of free fatty acid receptors in periodontal tissues of patients with metabolic syndrome and periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:356-363. [PMID: 30597558 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) exacerbates periodontitis. Since saturated fatty acid (SFA) is increased in MetS and enhances lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, it has been considered to play a role in MetS-exacerbated periodontitis. However, it remains unknown how fatty acid receptors, which mediate the interaction of cells with SFA and uptake of SFA, are expressed and regulated in the periodontal tissue. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that the periodontal expression of fatty acid receptors GPR40 and CD36 is increased in patients with both MetS and periodontitis. We also determined the effect of SFA and LPS on GPR40 and CD36 expression in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from 11 participants without MetS and periodontitis, 12 participants with MetS, 11 participants with periodontitis, and 14 participants with both MetS and periodontitis after surgeries. The tissues were processed, and GPR40 and CD36 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, cultured macrophages and gingival fibroblasts were treated with LPS, palmitate, a major SFA, or LPS plus palmitate and the expression of GPR40 and CD36 was then quantified. RESULTS Analysis of clinical data showed that age, smoker, gender, and race/ethnicity were not significantly different among 4 groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that GPR40 and CD36 were expressed by epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Quantitative data showed that GPR40 expression is increased in patients with periodontitis, MetS, or both periodontitis and MetS while CD36 expression is increased only in patients with both periodontitis and MetS. The in vitro studies showed that the expression of GPR40 and CD36 in macrophages and fibroblasts was upregulated by the combination of LPS and palmitate. CONCLUSION Periodontal expression of GPR40 and CD36 was upregulated in patients with both MetS and periodontitis, and GPR40 and CD36 in macrophages and fibroblasts were upregulated in vitro by the combination of LPS and palmitate, suggesting that GPR40 and CD36 may be involved in MetS-exacerbated periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Samantha Robles
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Joe W Krayer
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Renata S Leite
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Center for Oral Health Research, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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14
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Halade GV, Black LM, Verma MK. Paradigm shift - Metabolic transformation of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids to bioactives exemplify the promise of fatty acid drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:935-953. [PMID: 29499340 PMCID: PMC5971137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid drug discovery (FADD) is defined as the identification of novel, specialized bioactive mediators that are derived from fatty acids and have precise pharmacological/therapeutic potential. A number of reports indicate that dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and limited intake of omega-6 promotes overall health benefits. In 1929, Burr and Burr indicated the significant role of essential fatty acids for survival and functional health of many organs. In reference to specific dietary benefits of differential omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA and EPA) are transformed to monohydroxy, dihydroxy, trihydroxy, and other complex mediators during infection, injury, and exercise to resolve inflammation. The presented FADD approach describes the metabolic transformation of DHA and EPA in response to injury, infection, and exercise to govern uncontrolled inflammation. Metabolic transformation of DHA and EPA into a number of pro-resolving molecules exemplifies a novel, inexpensive approach compared to traditional, expensive drug discovery. DHA and EPA have been recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease since 1970. Therefore, the FADD approach is relevant to cardiovascular disease and resolution of inflammation in many injury models. Future research demands identification of novel action targets, receptors for biomolecules, mechanism(s), and drug-interactions with resolvins in order to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Laurence M Black
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mahendra Kumar Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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15
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Shrestha N, Bouttefeux O, Vanvarenberg K, Lundquist P, Cunarro J, Tovar S, Khodus G, Andersson E, Keita ÅV, Gonzalez Dieguez C, Artursson P, Préat V, Beloqui A. The stimulation of GLP-1 secretion and delivery of GLP-1 agonists via nanostructured lipid carriers. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:603-613. [PMID: 29235598 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07736j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate based drug delivery systems have been extensively studied to efficiently encapsulate and deliver peptides orally. However, most of the existing data mainly focus on the nanoparticles as a drug carrier, but the ability of nanoparticles having a biological effect has not been exploited. Herein, we hypothesize that nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) could activate the endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and also act as oral delivery systems for GLP-1 analogs (exenatide and liraglutide). NLCs effectively encapsulated the peptides, the majority of which were only released under the intestinal conditions. NLCs, with and without peptide encapsulation, showed effective induction of GLP-1 secretion in vitro from the enteroendocrinal L-cells (GLUTag). NLCs also showed a 2.9-fold increase in the permeability of exenatide across the intestinal cell monolayer. The intestinal administration of the exenatide and liraglutide loaded NLCs did not demonstrate any glucose lowering effect on normal mice. Further, ex vivo studies depicted that the NLCs mainly adhered to the mucus layer. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NLCs need further optimization to overcome the mucosal barrier in the intestine; nonetheless, this study also presents a promising strategy to use a dual-action drug delivery nanosystem which synergizes its own biological effect and that of the encapsulated drug molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shrestha
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Jamieson KL, Endo T, Darwesh AM, Samokhvalov V, Seubert JM. Cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoids and heart function. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:47-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Im DS. FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 64:92-108. [PMID: 28887275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been suggested to be beneficial in the context of cardiovascular disorders based in epidemiologic studies conducted in Greenland and Mediterranean. DHA and EPA are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are plentiful in fish oil, and oleic acid is an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid, rich in olive oil. Dietary intake of these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids have been associated with insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which contrasts with the impairment of insulin sensitivity and weight gain associated with high intakes of saturated long-chain fatty acids. The recent discovery that free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) acts as a sensor for unsaturated long-chain fatty acids started to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial functions played by these unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in various physiological processes, which include the secretions of gastrointestinal peptide hormones and glucose homeostasis. In this review, the physiological roles and therapeutic significance of FFA4 in appetite control, insulin sensitization, and inflammation reduction are discussed in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes from pharmacological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Wei L, Tokizane K, Konishi H, Yu HR, Kiyama H. Agonists for G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) alter cellular morphology and motility but do not induce pro-inflammatory responses in microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:198. [PMID: 28974234 PMCID: PMC5627487 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to be important signaling mediators between neurons and glia. In our previous screening for identification of nerve injury-associated GPCRs, G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) mRNA showed the highest up-regulation by microglia after nerve injury. GPR84 is a pro-inflammatory receptor of macrophages in a neuropathic pain mouse model, yet its function in resident microglia in the central nervous system is poorly understood. Methods We used endogenous, natural, and surrogate agonists for GPR84 (capric acid, embelin, and 6-OAU, respectively) and examined their effect on mouse primary cultured microglia in vitro. Results 6-n-Octylaminouracil (6-OAU), embelin, and capric acid rapidly induced membrane ruffling and motility in cultured microglia obtained from C57BL/6 mice, although these agonists failed to promote microglial pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Concomitantly, 6-OAU suppressed forskolin-induced increase of cAMP in cultured microglia. Pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi-coupled signaling, completely suppressed 6-OAU-induced microglial membrane ruffling and motility. In contrast, no 6-OAU-induced microglial membrane ruffling and motility was observed in microglia from DBA/2 mice, a mouse strain that does not express functional GPR84 protein due to endogenous nonsense mutation of the GPR84 gene. Conclusions GPR84 mediated signaling causes microglial motility and membrane ruffling but does not promote pro-inflammatory responses. As GPR84 is a known receptor for medium-chain fatty acids, those released from damaged brain cells may be involved in the enhancement of microglial motility through GPR84 after neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.,National Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Institute of Population and Family Planning, Chongqing, 400020, China.,College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Kyohei Tokizane
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hua-Rong Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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19
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Castilla-Madrigal R, Barrenetxe J, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Lostao MP. EPA blocks TNF-α-induced inhibition of sugar uptake in Caco-2 cells via GPR120 and AMPK. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2426-2433. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Castilla-Madrigal
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology; University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- University of Navarra; Nutrition Research Centre; Pamplona Spain
| | - Jaione Barrenetxe
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology; University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - María J. Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology; University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- University of Navarra; Nutrition Research Centre; Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA; Navarra Institute for Health Research; Pamplona Spain
- CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition; Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - María Pilar Lostao
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology; University of Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- University of Navarra; Nutrition Research Centre; Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA; Navarra Institute for Health Research; Pamplona Spain
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20
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Shen W, McIntosh MK. Nutrient Regulation: Conjugated Linoleic Acid's Inflammatory and Browning Properties in Adipose Tissue. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 36:183-210. [PMID: 27431366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the most widespread nutritional disease in the United States. Developing effective and safe strategies to manage excess body weight is therefore of paramount importance. One potential strategy to reduce obesity is to consume conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements containing isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, or trans-10, cis-12 alone. Proposed antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include regulation of (a) adipogenesis, (b) lipid metabolism, (c) inflammation, (d) adipocyte apoptosis, (e) browning or beiging of adipose tissue, and (f) energy metabolism. However, causality of CLA-mediated responses to body fat loss, particularly the linkage between inflammation, thermogenesis, and energy metabolism, is unclear. This review examines whether CLA's antiobesity properties are due to inflammatory signaling and considers CLA's linkage with lipogenesis, lipolysis, thermogenesis, and browning of white and brown adipose tissue. We propose a series of questions and studies to interrogate the role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating CLA's antiobesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shen
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
| | - Michael K McIntosh
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402; ,
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21
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Mathews JA, Kasahara DI, Cho Y, Bell LN, Gunst PR, Karoly ED, Shore SA. Effect of acute ozone exposure on the lung metabolomes of obese and lean mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181017. [PMID: 28704544 PMCID: PMC5509247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary responses to the air pollutant, ozone, are increased in obesity. Both obesity and ozone cause changes in systemic metabolism. Consequently, we examined the impact of ozone on the lung metabolomes of obese and lean mice. Lean wildtype and obese db/db mice were exposed to acute ozone (2 ppm for 3 h) or air. 24 hours later, the lungs were excised, flushed with PBS to remove blood and analyzed via liquid-chromatography or gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for metabolites. Both obesity and ozone caused changes in the lung metabolome. Of 321 compounds identified, 101 were significantly impacted by obesity in air-exposed mice. These included biochemicals related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which were each increased in lungs of obese versus lean mice. These metabolite changes may be of functional importance given the signaling capacity of these moieties. Ozone differentially affected the lung metabolome in obese versus lean mice. For example, almost all phosphocholine-containing lysolipids were significantly reduced in lean mice, but this effect was attenuated in obese mice. Glutathione metabolism was also differentially affected by ozone in obese and lean mice. Finally, the lung metabolome indicated a role for the microbiome in the effects of both obesity and ozone: all measured bacterial/mammalian co-metabolites were significantly affected by obesity and/or ozone. Thus, metabolic derangements in obesity appear to impact the response to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Andrew Mathews
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Itiro Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Nicole Bell
- Metabolon Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Philip Ross Gunst
- Metabolon Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward D. Karoly
- Metabolon Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Ann Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Khatibjoo A, Mahmoodi M, Fattahnia F, Akbari-Gharaei M, Shokri AN, Soltani S. Effects of dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acids on performance, carcass traits, jejunum morphology, and serum parameters of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1345741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khatibjoo
- Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mitra Mahmoodi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farshid Fattahnia
- Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Ali-Naghi Shokri
- Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
| | - Salman Soltani
- Central Laboratoary Department, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran
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23
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Park J, Yoon H, Kang WY, Cho S, Seong SJ, Lee HW, Yoon Y, Kim H. G protein‐coupled receptor 84 controls osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1481-1489. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hye‐Jin Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Seungil Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Young‐Ran Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun‐Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Clinical Trial Center, School of MedicineKyungpook National University and HospitalDaeguRepublic of Korea
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24
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Shore SA, Cho Y. Obesity and Asthma: Microbiome-Metabolome Interactions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:609-17. [PMID: 26949916 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0052ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for asthma, but obese subjects with asthma respond poorly to standard asthma drugs. Obesity also alters gut bacterial community structure. Obesity-related changes in gut bacteria contribute to weight gain and other obesity-related conditions, including insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Here, we review the rationale for the hypothesis that obesity-related changes in gut bacteria may also play a role in obesity-related asthma. The metabolomes of the liver, serum, urine, and adipose tissue are altered in obesity. Gut bacteria produce a large number of metabolites, which can reach the blood and circulate to other organs, and gut bacteria-derived metabolites have been shown to contribute to disease processes outside the gastrointestinal tract, including cardiovascular disease. Here, we describe the potential roles for two such classes of metabolites in obesity-related asthma: short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Greater understanding of the role of microbiota in obesity-related asthma could lead to novel microbiota-based treatments for these hard-to-treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Sparks SM, Aquino C, Banker P, Collins JL, Cowan D, Diaz C, Dock ST, Hertzog DL, Liang X, Swiger ED, Yuen J, Chen G, Jayawickreme C, Moncol D, Nystrom C, Rash V, Rimele T, Roller S, Ross S. Exploration of phenylpropanoic acids as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4): Identification of an orally efficacious FFA4 agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1278-1283. [PMID: 28148462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The long chain free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) has recently been recognized as lipid sensor playing important roles in nutrient sensing and inflammation and thus holds potential as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. To explore the effects of stimulating this receptor in animal models of metabolic disease, we initiated work to identify agonists with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties to support progression into in vivo studies. Extensive SAR studies of a series of phenylpropanoic acids led to the identification of compound 29, a FFA4 agonist which lowers plasma glucose in two preclinical models of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Sparks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Christopher Aquino
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Pierette Banker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jon L Collins
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Caroline Diaz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Steven T Dock
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Donald L Hertzog
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Xi Liang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Erin D Swiger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Josephine Yuen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Channa Jayawickreme
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Moncol
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Christopher Nystrom
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vincent Rash
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Thomas Rimele
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Shane Roller
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sean Ross
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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26
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Beloqui A, Alhouayek M, Carradori D, Vanvarenberg K, Muccioli GG, Cani PD, Préat V. A Mechanistic Study on Nanoparticle-Mediated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Secretion from Enteroendocrine L Cells. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:4222-4230. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beloqui
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research
Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dario Carradori
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research
Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence
in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Louvain Drug Research Institute,
Metabolism and Nutrition Group, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Kim J, Okla M, Erickson A, Carr T, Natarajan SK, Chung S. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Potentiates Brown Thermogenesis through FFAR4-dependent Up-regulation of miR-30b and miR-378. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20551-62. [PMID: 27489163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promote brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we hypothesize that n-3 PUFA promotes brown adipogenesis by modulating miRNAs. To test this hypothesis, murine brown preadipocytes were induced to differentiate the fatty acids of palmitic, oleate, or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The increases of brown-specific signature genes and oxygen consumption rate by EPA were concurrent with up-regulation of miR-30b and 378 but not by oleate or palmitic acid. Next, we hypothesize that free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4), a functional receptor for n-3 PUFA, modulates miR-30b and 378. Treatment of Ffar4 agonist (GW9508) recapitulated the thermogenic activation of EPA by increasing oxygen consumption rate, brown-specific marker genes, and miR-30b and 378, which were abrogated in Ffar4-silenced cells. Intriguingly, addition of the miR-30b mimic was unable to restore EPA-induced Ucp1 expression in Ffar4-depleted cells, implicating that Ffar4 signaling activity is required for up-regulating the brown adipogenic program. Moreover, blockage of miR-30b or 378 by locked nucleic acid inhibitors significantly attenuated Ffar4 as well as brown-specific signature gene expression, suggesting the signaling interplay between Ffar4 and miR-30b/378. The association between miR-30b/378 and brown thermogenesis was also confirmed in fish oil-fed C57/BL6 mice. Interestingly, the Ffar4 agonism-mediated signaling axis of Ffar4-miR-30b/378-Ucp1 was linked with an elevation of cAMP in brown adipocytes, similar to cold-exposed or fish oil-fed brown fat. Taken together, our work identifies a novel function of Ffar4 in modulating brown adipogenesis partly through a mechanism involving cAMP activation and up-regulation of miR-30b and miR-378.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Meshail Okla
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Anjeza Erickson
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Timothy Carr
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
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28
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The pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different fatty acids on visceral adipocytes are partially mediated by GPR120. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1743-1752. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Zhang Q, Yang H, Li J, Xie X. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Small-Molecule Agonist for Medium-Chain Free Fatty Acid Receptor G Protein-Coupled Receptor 84. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:337-44. [PMID: 26962172 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a free fatty acid receptor activated by medium-chain free fatty acids with 9-14 carbons. It is expressed mainly in the immune-related tissues, such as spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood leukocytes. GPR84 plays significant roles in inflammatory processes and may represent a novel drug target for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. However, the lack of potent and specific ligands for GPR84 hindered the study of its functions and the development of potential clinical applications. Here, we report the screen of 160,000 small-molecule compounds with a calcium mobilization assay using a human embryonic kidney 293 cell line stably expressing GPR84 and Gα16, and the identification of 2-(hexylthio)pyrimidine-4,6-diol (ZQ-16) as a potent and selective agonist of GPR84 with a novel structure. ZQ-16 activates several GPR84-mediated signaling pathways, including calcium mobilization, inhibition of cAMP accumulation, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, receptor desensitization and internalization, and receptor-β-arrestin interaction. This compound may be a useful tool to study the functions of GPR84 and a potential candidate for further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., X.X.); and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., H.Y., J.L., X.X.)
| | - Hui Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., X.X.); and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., H.Y., J.L., X.X.)
| | - Jing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., X.X.); and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., H.Y., J.L., X.X.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., X.X.); and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Q.Z., H.Y., J.L., X.X.)
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30
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Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for asthma, but standard asthma drugs have reduced efficacy in the obese. Obesity alters the gastrointestinal microbial community structure. This change in structure contributes to some obesity-related conditions and also could be contributing to obesity-related asthma. Although currently unexplored, obesity may also be altering lung microbiota. Understanding the role of microbiota in obesity-related asthma could lead to novel treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngji Cho
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Shore
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Marion-Letellier R, Savoye G, Ghosh S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:659-67. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marion-Letellier
- INSERM Unit UMR1073, Rouen University and Rouen University Hospital; 22, Boulevard Gambetta Rouen Cedex 76183 France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- INSERM Unit UMR1073, Rouen University and Rouen University Hospital; 22, Boulevard Gambetta Rouen Cedex 76183 France
- Department of Gastroenterology; Rouen University Hospital; 1 Rue De Germont Rouen Cedex 76031 France
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Division of Gastroenterology; University of Calgary; AB Canada
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32
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Kim HJ, Yoon HJ, Kim BK, Kang WY, Seong SJ, Lim MS, Kim SY, Yoon YR. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Signaling Negatively Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation, Survival, and Function. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:844-51. [PMID: 26280807 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the role of GPR120 in osteoclast development and found that GPR120 regulates osteoclast differentiation, survival and function. We observed that GPR120 was highly expressed in osteoclasts compared to their precursors, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Activation of GPR120 by its ligand GW9508 suppressed receptor activator of NF- κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation and the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), a key modulator of osteoclastogenesis. GPR120 activation further inhibited the RANKL-stimulated phosphorylation of IκBα and JNK. In addition to osteoclast differentiation, GPR120 activation increased the apoptosis of mature osteoclasts by inducing caspase-3 and Bim expression. Activation of GPR120 also interfered with cell spreading and actin cytoskeletal organization mediated by M-CSF but not by RANKL. Coincident with the impaired cytoskeletal organization, GPR120 activation blocked osteoclast bone resorbing activity. Furthermore, knockdown of GPR120 using small hairpin RNA abrogated all these inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function. Together, our findings identify GPR120 as a negative modulator of osteoclast development that may be an attractive therapeutic target for bone-destructive diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 844-851, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsan, Korea
| | - Shin-Yoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Clinical Trial Center, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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33
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The Deleterious Effects of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress on Palmitoylation, Membrane Lipid Rafts and Lipid-Based Cellular Signalling: New Drug Targets in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4638-58. [PMID: 26310971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) is causatively implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia and depression. Many of the consequences stemming from O&NS, including damage to proteins, lipids and DNA, are well known, whereas the effects of O&NS on lipoprotein-based cellular signalling involving palmitoylation and plasma membrane lipid rafts are less well documented. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the mechanisms involved in lipid-based signalling, including palmitoylation, membrane/lipid raft (MLR) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) functions, the effects of O&NS processes on these processes and their role in the abovementioned diseases. S-palmitoylation is a post-translational modification, which regulates protein trafficking and association with the plasma membrane, protein subcellular location and functions. Palmitoylation and MRLs play a key role in neuronal functions, including glutamatergic neurotransmission, and immune-inflammatory responses. Palmitoylation, MLRs and n-3 PUFAs are vulnerable to the corruptive effects of O&NS. Chronic O&NS inhibits palmitoylation and causes profound changes in lipid membrane composition, e.g. n-3 PUFA depletion, increased membrane permeability and reduced fluidity, which together lead to disorders in intracellular signal transduction, receptor dysfunction and increased neurotoxicity. Disruption of lipid-based signalling is a source of the neuroimmune disorders involved in the pathophysiology of the abovementioned diseases. n-3 PUFA supplementation is a rational therapeutic approach targeting disruptions in lipid-based signalling.
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Berger E, Héraud S, Mojallal A, Lequeux C, Weiss-Gayet M, Damour O, Géloën A. Pathways commonly dysregulated in mouse and human obese adipose tissue: FAT/CD36 modulates differentiation and lipogenesis. Adipocyte 2015; 4:161-80. [PMID: 26257990 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.987578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to adipose tissue hypertrophy (increased adipocyte cell size) and hyperplasia (increased cell number). Comparative analyses of gene datasets allowed us to identify 1426 genes which may represent common adipose phenotype in humans and mice. Among them we identified several adipocyte-specific genes dysregulated in obese adipose tissue, involved in either fatty acid storage (acyl CoA synthase ACSL1, hormone-sensitive lipase LIPE, aquaporin 7 AQP7, perilipin PLIN) or cell adhesion (fibronectin FN1, collagens COL1A1, COL1A3, metalloprotein MMP9, or both (scavenger receptor FAT/CD36). Using real-time analysis of cell surface occupancy on xCELLigence system we developed a new method to study lipid uptake and differentiation of mouse 3T3L1 fibroblasts and human adipose stem cells. Both processes are regulated by insulin and fatty acids such as oleic acid. We showed that fatty acid addition to culture media increased the differentiation rate and was required for full differentiation into unilocular adipocytes. Significant activation of lipogenesis, i.e. lipid accumulation, by either insulin or oleic acid was monitored in times ranging from 1 to 24 h, depending on differentiation state, whereas significant effects on adipogenesis, i.e., surperimposed lipid accumulation and gene transcriptional regulations were measured after 3 to 4 d. Combination of selected times for analysis of lipid contents, cell counts, size fractionations, and gene transcriptional regulations showed that FAT/CD36 specific inhibitor AP5258 significantly increased cell survival of oleic acid-treated mouse and human adipocytes, and partially restored the transcriptional response to oleic acid in the presence of insulin through JNK pathway. Taken together, these data open new perspectives to study the molecular mechanisms commonly dysregulated in mouse and human obesity at the level of lipogenesis linked to hypertrophy and adipogenesis linked to hyperplasia.
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Key Words
- (h)ASCs, (human)adipose stem cells
- (h)dA, (human) adipocytes differentiated in vitro
- ACSL1, Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1
- AQP7, aquaporin 7
- BSA, bovine serum albumin, lipid-free
- CEBPA, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α
- CIDEA &
- CIDEC, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effectors a and c
- COL1A1 &
- COL1A3, Collagens 1 α
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FABP1 and 4, fatty acid binding proteins 1 and 4
- FAT/CD36, fatty acid translocase
- FCS, foetal calf serum
- FN1, fibronectin
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- IBMX, isobutylmethylxanthine
- IL6, interleukin 6
- JNK, Jun-NH2 kinase
- LIPE, hormone-sensitive lipase
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PLIN, perilipin
- PPARG, peroxisome-proliferator receptor gamma
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- RTCA, Real-time Cell Analyzer
- TA, adipose tissue
- TNFA, tumor necrosis factor α
- adipogenesis
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- bio-informatics
- fatty acid
- lipogenesis
- obesity
- real-time cell analysis
- subunits 1 and 3
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will summarize recent literature highlighting the roles of sensory Gpr receptors and their roles in renal function. RECENT FINDINGS Chemoreceptors play important roles in renal physiology wherein they modulate renal function in response to ligands from a variety of sources. SUMMARY As specialized chemical detectors, chemoreceptors in the kidney monitor the level of a variety of chemical ligands in the body and adjust renal function accordingly. In addition to olfactory receptors and taste receptors, G-protein coupled receptors of the orphan Gpr family are now being found to play a 'sensory' role in renal physiology. Identifying the physiological roles of these receptors and elucidating the cell biology underlying these signaling pathways can give us novel insights into renal function.
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36
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Choi YJ, Shin D, Lee JY. G-protein coupled receptor 40 agonists as novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 37:435-9. [PMID: 24234912 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With growing needs for new antidiabetic drugs which are safe and effective alone or in combination with existing drugs, G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) has drawn a considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. As GPR40 agonist may offer advantages to commonly used agents, by acting ambient glucose dependent manner which mechanistically leads to reduced risk of developing hypoglycemia. Since deorphanization in 2003, development of small molecule GPR40 agonists has been spurred by several research groups. There are a number of lead molecules targeting GPR40, and among these molecules TAK-875 (full agonist) and AMG 837 (partial agonist) advanced into clinical stage.
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37
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Hua YL, Ji P, Xue ZY, Wei YM. Construction and analysis of correlation networks based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabonomics data for lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and intervention with volatile oil from Angelica sinensis in rats. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:3174-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angelica sinensis (AS) is a well-known important traditional Chinese medicine that yields a volatile oil with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-li Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-yu Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-ming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou
- People's Republic of China
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38
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Fleming I. The Pharmacology of the Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenase/Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Axis in the Vasculature and Cardiovascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:1106-40. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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39
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Schurmann BL, Walpole ME, Górka P, Ching JCH, Loewen ME, Penner GB. Short-term adaptation of the ruminal epithelium involves abrupt changes in sodium and short-chain fatty acid transport. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R802-16. [PMID: 25080498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of an increase in diet fermentability on 1) the rate and extent to which short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption pathways adapt relative to changes in Na(+) transport, 2) the epithelial surface area (SA), and 3) the barrier function of the bovine ruminal epithelium. Twenty-five Holstein steer calves were assigned to either the control diet (CON; 91.5% hay and 8.5% supplement) or a moderately fermentable diet (50% hay; 41.5% barley grain (G), and 8.5% supplement) fed for 3 (G3), 7 (G7), 14 (G14), or 21 days (G21). All calves were fed at 2.25% body weight at 0800. Calves were killed (at 1000), and ruminal tissue was collected to determine the rate and pathway of SCFA transport, Na(+) transport and barrier function in Ussing chambers. Tissue was also collected for SA measurement and gene expression. Mean reticular pH decreased from 6.90 for CON to 6.59 for G7 and then increased (quadratic P < 0.001). While effective SA of the ruminal epithelium was not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary treatment, the net Na(+) flux increased by 125% within 7 days (quadratic P = 0.016). Total acetate and butyrate flux increased from CON to G21, where passive diffusion was the primary SCFA absorption pathway affected. Increased mannitol flux, tissue conductance, and tendencies for increased expression of IL-1β and TLR2 indicated reduced rumen epithelium barrier function. This study indicates that an increase in diet fermentability acutely increases Na(+) and SCFA absorption in the absence of increased SA, but reduces barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney L Schurmann
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew E Walpole
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pawel Górka
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - John C H Ching
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Rodriguez-Pacheco F, Garcia-Serrano S, Garcia-Escobar E, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Garcia-Arnes J, Valdes S, Gonzalo M, Soriguer F, Moreno-Ruiz FJ, Rodriguez-Cañete A, Gallego-Perales JL, Martinez-Ferriz A, Rojo-Martínez G, Garcia-Fuentes E. Effects of obesity/fatty acids on the expression of GPR120. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1852-60. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Rodriguez-Pacheco
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Sara Garcia-Serrano
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Eva Garcia-Escobar
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Carolina Gutierrez-Repiso
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Juan Garcia-Arnes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Sergio Valdes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Montserrat Gonzalo
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Federico Soriguer
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Francisco J. Moreno-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Alberto Rodriguez-Cañete
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Jose L. Gallego-Perales
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Abelardo Martinez-Ferriz
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Cirugía General; Digestiva y Trasplantes; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Endocrinogía y Nutrición; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario; Malaga Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
- CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Malaga Spain
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41
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Savastano DM, Hodge RJ, Nunez DJ, Walker A, Kapikian R. Effect of two dietary fibers on satiety and glycemic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory study. Nutr J 2014; 13:45. [PMID: 24886409 PMCID: PMC4046024 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary carbohydrates may affect metabolic and physiologic parameters. The present study evaluated whether a combination of two dietary fibers, oligofructose (OFS) and pectin (P), altered satiety and glycemic parameters. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation for 3 weeks with OFS + P would produce a greater reduction in energy intake of an ad libitum test meal compared to control. METHODS This was a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study in overweight and obese, otherwise healthy, subjects (N = 96). There were two OFS + P treatment groups: high-dose (30 g/d), low-dose (15 g/d), and a control group (maltodextrin 15 g/d). Energy intake, appetite measures based on Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude (SLIM) scale, fasting and post-prandial glucose, and insulin levels and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of 3 weeks. Adverse events and gastrointestinal tolerability of the treatments were also assessed. RESULTS An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) performed on the primary endpoint change from baseline in energy intake, showed no statistically significant difference in energy intake among the three treatment groups (p = 0.5387). The LS mean changes (SE) in energy intake from baseline to week 3 were -58.3 (42.4) kilocalories (kcal) for the high dose group, -74.2 (43.6) kcal for the low dose group, and -9.0 (42.9) kcal for the control group. For the pairwise comparisons of OFS + P doses and control, confidence intervals were constructed around the difference in LS mean changes. All study products were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION There was a directional benefit in ad libitum energy intake for both OFS + P doses compared to control, with a greater reduction in kilocalories in the low dose comparison, but the reductions were not significant. Further studies are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION GSK Clinical Study Register # W7781293.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J Hodge
- Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, MS N2-3208, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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42
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Cullberg KB, Larsen JØ, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Effects of LPS and dietary free fatty acids on MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophages in vitro. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e113. [PMID: 24662749 PMCID: PMC3974034 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of free fatty acids (FFA) have been suggested to be one of the underlying mechanisms for adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and dysfunction in obesity. Human AT produces several adipokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-mediated inflammation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a panel of dietary FFA on MCP-1 gene and protein expression in adipocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, we investigated whether the effect of LPS and FFA were mediated through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). METHODS 3T3-L1 adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 24 h with the following FFA: monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid), saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) and trans fatty acid (elaidic acid; 500 μM) with and without LPS (2 ng ml(-1)), and MCP-1 and TLR4 mRNA expression and MCP-1 protein secretion was determined. RESULTS The results showed that LPS significantly increased MCP-1 and TLR4 expression and MCP-1 secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and that the MCP-1 expression was blocked by a TLR4 inhibitor (CLI095). The effects of the various FFA on MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein secretion in the adipocytes showed no significant changes either alone or in combination with LPS. In macrophages, palmitic acid increased MCP-1 mRNA expression by 1.8-fold (P<0.05), but oleic acid and elaidic acid had no effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in 3T3-L1 adipocyte, the TLR4-agonist, LPS, stimulates the proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1. The different classes of FFA did not induce MCP-1 mRNA expression or protein secretion in the adipocytes, but the saturated FFA, palmitic acid, induced MCP-1 mRNA expression in macrophages, possibly because of the higher expression level of TLR4 in the macrophages than the adipocytes. Our results indicate that FFA may induce AT inflammation through proinflammatory stimulation of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Cullberg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, MEA, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J Ø Larsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, MEA, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, MEA, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - B Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, MEA, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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43
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Hu YW, Yang JY, Ma X, Chen ZP, Hu YR, Zhao JY, Li SF, Qiu YR, Lu JB, Wang YC, Gao JJ, Sha YH, Zheng L, Wang Q. A lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2/GPR119/GLP-1R/ABCA1-dependent signal transduction pathway is essential for the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:681-97. [PMID: 24493833 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m044669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) plays a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we explored the effect of GPR119 on cholesterol metabolism and inflammation in THP-1 macrophages and atherosclerotic plaque progression in apoE(-/-) mice. We found that oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) significantly induced long intervening noncoding RNA (lincRNA)-DYNLRB2-2 expression, resulting in the upregulation of GPR119 and ABCA1 expression through the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor signaling pathway. GPR119 significantly decreased cellular cholesterol content and increased apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. In vivo, apoE(-/-) mice were randomly divided into two groups and infected with lentivirus (LV)-Mock or LV-GPR119 for 8 weeks. GPR119-treated mice showed decreased liver lipid content and plasma TG, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, whereas plasma levels of apoA-I were significantly increased. Consistent with this, atherosclerotic lesion development was significantly inhibited by infection of apoE(-/-) mice with LV-GPR119. Our findings clearly indicate that, Ox-LDL significantly induced lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 expression, which promoted ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux and inhibited inflammation through GPR119 in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Moreover, GPR119 decreased lipid and serum inflammatory cytokine levels, decreasing atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice. These suggest that GPR119 may be a promising candidate as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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A role for oleoylethanolamide in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:1381-7. [PMID: 24413323 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a bioactive lipid that stimulates nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors and regulates appetite and fat metabolism. It has not previously been shown to have a role in cancer. However, a mass spectrometry-based lipidomics platform revealed the presence of high amounts of OEA in the plasma of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients compared with normal donors. CLL cells produced OEA and the magnitude of plasma OEA levels was related directly to the circulating leukemic cell number. OEA from CLL cells was increased by URB-597, an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and decreased by inflammatory mediators that downregulate expression of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). These enzymes degrade and synthesize OEA, respectively. Nonphysiologic doses of OEA prevented spontaneous apoptosis of CLL cells in a receptor-independent manner that was mimicked by its free fatty acid (FFA) derivative oleate. However, OEA-containing supernatants from CLL cells induced lipolysis in adipocytes, lipid products from adipocytes protected CLL cells from cytotoxic chemotherapy, and increased levels of FFAs were found in CLL plasma that correlated with OEA. We suggest OEA is a lipolytic factor produced by CLL cells to fuel their growth with a potential role in drug resistance and cancer cachexia.
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Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. GPR120 agonism as a countermeasure against metabolic diseases. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:670-9. [PMID: 24315954 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are at epidemic proportions in developed nations globally, representing major causes of ill-health and premature death. The search for drug targets to counter the growing prevalence of metabolic diseases has uncovered G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). GPR120 agonism has been shown to improve inflammation and metabolic health on a systemic level via regulation of adiposity, gastrointestinal peptide secretion, taste preference and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, GPR120 agonists present as a novel therapeutic option that could be exploited for the treatment of impaired metabolic health. This review summarizes the current knowledge of GPR120 functionality and the potential applications of GPR120-specific agonists for the treatment of disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Cornall
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
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46
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Gilbertson TA, Khan NA. Cell signaling mechanisms of oro-gustatory detection of dietary fat: advances and challenges. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 53:82-92. [PMID: 24269201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CD36 and two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), i.e., GPR120 and GPR40, have been implicated in the gustatory perception of dietary fats in rodents. These glycoproteins are coupled to increases in free intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations, [Ca²⁺](i), during their activation by dietary long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). The transient receptor potential type M5 (TRPM5) channel, activated by [Ca²⁺](i), participates in downstream signaling in taste bud cells (TBC). The mice, knocked-out for expression of CD36, GPR120, GPR40 or TRPM5 have a reduced spontaneous preference for fat. The delayed rectifying K⁺ (DRK) channels believed to lie downstream of these receptors are also important players in fat taste transduction. The trigeminal neurons by triggering increases in [Ca²⁺](i) may influence the taste signal to afferent nerve fibers. Why are there so many taste receptor candidates for one taste modality? We discuss the recent advances on the role of CD36, GPR120, GPR40, TRPM5 and DRK channels, in signal transduction in TBC. We shed light on their cross-talk and delineate their roles in obesity as a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind their regulation could eventually lead to new strategies to fight against this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gilbertson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Naim A Khan
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup, Dijon 2100, France.
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Offermanns S. Free fatty acid (FFA) and hydroxy carboxylic acid (HCA) receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:407-34. [PMID: 24160702 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), as well as hydroxy carboxylic acids (HCAs) such as lactate and ketone bodies, are carriers of metabolic energy, precursors of biological mediators, and components of biological structures. However, they are also able to exert cellular effects through G protein-coupled receptors named FFA1-FFA4 and HCA1-HCA3. Work during the past decade has shown that these receptors are widely expressed in the human body and regulate the metabolic, endocrine, immune and other systems to maintain homeostasis under changing dietary conditions. The development of genetic mouse models and the generation of synthetic ligands of individual FFA and HCA receptors have been instrumental in identifying cellular and biological functions of these receptors. These studies have produced strong evidence that several FFA and HCA receptors can be targets for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany and Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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48
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Li X, Yu Y, Funk CD. Cyclooxygenase‐2 induction in macrophages is modulated by docosahexaenoic acid
via
interactions with free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4). FASEB J 2013; 27:4987-97. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and MetabolismInstitute for Nutritional SciencesShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Colin D. Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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49
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Identification of G-protein-coupled receptor 120 as a tumor-promoting receptor that induces angiogenesis and migration in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 32:5541-50. [PMID: 23851494 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) functions as a receptor for unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids and has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, a role for GPR120 in the development of tumors has not yet been clarified. Here, we show that GPR120 signaling promotes angiogenic switching and motility of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. We show that the expression of GPR120 is significantly induced in CRC tissues and cell lines, which is associated with tumor progression. Activation of GPR120 signaling in human CRC promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, largely by inducing the expression and secretion of proangiogenic mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2. The PI3K/Akt-NF-κB pathway is activated by GPR120 signaling and is required for GPR120 signaling-induced angiogenic switching in CRC cells. And, GPR120 activation enhances the motility of CRC cells and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, in vivo study shows that activation of GPR120 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Finally, we find that GPR120 expression is positively correlated with VEGF expression and inversely correlated with the epithelial marker E-cadherin in CRC tissues. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GPR120 functions as a tumor-promoting receptor in CRC and, therefore, shows promise as a new potential target for cancer therapeutics.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss recent studies reporting on the influence of fatty acids on gene expression in relation to inflammation and immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS Saturated fatty acids promote, whereas several n-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, some isomers of conjugated linoleic acid, and punicic acid suppress, expression of inflammatory genes. The most common targets of fatty acids are genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloproteinases. The anti-inflammatory actions of fatty acids often involve inhibition of activation of nuclear factor-κB and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ. Common upstream events include actions on Toll-like receptors and via G-protein coupled receptors. Fatty acids can influence expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory cell development and differentiation. Recent studies using genome-wide analyses demonstrate that dietary fatty acids can alter expression of a large number (many hundreds) of genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. SUMMARY A wide range of fatty acids alter expression of genes involved in development, differentiation, and function of cells involved in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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