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Mossie T. In vitro antibacterial activity of Bersama abyssinica Fresen crude extract against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1498. [PMID: 38896065 PMCID: PMC11186053 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bersama abyssinica Fresen is a plant that is used in folk medicine for the treatment of mastitis and other infectious diseases. OBIECTIVE The antibacterial activity of methanol crude extract of plant was evaluated against three common bacterial pathogens, including Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). METHODS The antibacterial activities and minimum inhibitory concentration of B. abyssinica crude extracts were evaluated using agar-well diffusion and broth dilution methods according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTS A significant difference in the antibacterial activity of crude extracts was observed among different levels of concentration against tested isolates. A higher mean inhibition zone diameter was recorded in E. coli (29.2 ± 1.5 mm), followed by S. aureus (27.8 ± 1.1 mm) and P. aeruginosa (18.0 ± 0.7 mm) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of crude plant extract at 100 mg/mL was comparable with that of a standard antibiotic (27.6 ± 2.6) against S. aureus and E. coli isolates. The findings indicated that bacterial growth inhibition increased as the concentration of the crude extracts increased. E. coli and S. aureus isolates showed significantly higher susceptibilities to crude extracts than P. aeruginosa at all concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates were 0.78 mg/mL, 1.56 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS All tested pathogenic bacterial species were susceptible to plant leaf extract and broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The study recommends further fractionation of the B. abyssinica plant that contributes to its antibacterial activity and understands the mode of action of this plant against bacteria and other microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfa Mossie
- Veterinary Microbiology, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)JimmaEthiopia
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2
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Bessler AL, Hoet AE, Nigatu S, Swisher S, Fentie T, Admassu B, Molla A, Brown M, Berrian AM. Advancing One Health through veterinary education: a mixed methods needs assessment for implementing a WOAH-harmonized national veterinary medicine curriculum in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1357855. [PMID: 38601911 PMCID: PMC11005791 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1357855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction International organizations now actively promote and implement One Health collaborative approaches to prevent, detect, and control diseases in humans and animals, recognizing the critical importance of the veterinary and agricultural sectors. Moreover, Veterinary Services are chronically under-resourced, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Given the importance of National Veterinary Services to food security, nutrition, poverty alleviation, and global health security, strengthening veterinary capacity is a priority for the international community. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) outlines a set of minimum competencies veterinarians need to support National Veterinary Services effectively. To improve the quality of veterinary education, Ethiopia has developed a new 2020 national curriculum that is harmonized with the WOAH competencies. Methods A mixed methods needs assessment was conducted to identify barriers and challenges that Ethiopian veterinary medicine programs have faced in implementing the new WOAH-harmonized national curriculum. Representatives from active veterinary programs granting a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree were invited to share their experiences via an online survey and follow-up focus group discussion. Results Fourteen veterinary programs, representing 93% of eligible programs nationwide, participated in the needs assessment. Quantitative analysis indicated that the most difficult topics associated with the new curriculum included Organization of Veterinary Services (Competency 3.1), Inspection and Certification Procedures (3.2), and practical applications of the regulatory framework for disease prevention and control (multiple competencies). Challenges associated with specific instructional methodologies, particularly the facilitation of off-site (private and public sector) student training, were also perceived as barriers to implementation. Focus group discussions elucidated reasons for these challenges and included limitations in faculty expertise, resource constraints (e.g., supplies, infrastructure), and access to off-site facilities for hands-on teaching. Conclusion The results of this needs assessment will be used to identify and prioritize solutions to implementation challenges, helping Ethiopian veterinary medicine programs move the new WOAH-harmonized curriculum from theory to practice. As veterinarians are integral partners in advancing One Health, strengthening the capacity of Veterinary Services can ultimately safeguard animal and human health, grow economies, and improve lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Bessler
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Armando E. Hoet
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shimelis Nigatu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Samantha Swisher
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Molla
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Manon Brown
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda M. Berrian
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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3
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Dorfman B, Marcos-Hadad E, Tadmor-Levi R, David L. Disease resistance and infectivity of virus susceptible and resistant common carp strains. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4677. [PMID: 38409362 PMCID: PMC10897132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases challenge health and welfare of humans and animals. Unlike for humans, breeding of genetically resistant animals is a sustainable solution, also providing unique research opportunities. Chances to survive a disease are improved by disease resistance, but depend also on chances to get infected and infect others. Considerable knowledge exists on chances of susceptible and resistant animals to survive a disease, yet, almost none on their infectivity and if and how resistance and infectivity correlate. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is widely produced in aquaculture, suffering significantly from a disease caused by cyprinid herpes virus type 3 (CyHV-3). Here, the infectivity of disease-resistant and susceptible fish types was tested by playing roles of shedders (infecting) and cohabitants (infected) in all four type-role combinations. Resistant shedders restricted spleen viral load and survived more than susceptible ones. However, mortality of susceptible cohabitants infected by resistant shedders was lower than that of resistant cohabitants infected by susceptible shedders. Virus levels in water were lower in tanks with resistant shedders leading to lower spleen viral loads in cohabitants. Thus, we empirically demonstrated that disease resistant fish survive better and infect less, with implications to epidemiology in general and to the benefit of aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batya Dorfman
- Department of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evgeniya Marcos-Hadad
- Department of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roni Tadmor-Levi
- Department of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior David
- Department of Animal Sciences, RH Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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Hai D, Guo B, Qiao M, Jiang H, Song L, Meng Z, Huang X. Evaluating the Potential Safety Risk of Plant-Based Meat Analogues by Analyzing Microbial Community Composition. Foods 2023; 13:117. [PMID: 38201145 PMCID: PMC10778452 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-based meat analogues offer an environmentally and scientifically sustainable option as a substitute for animal-derived meat. They contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, freshwater consumption, and the potential risks associated with zoonotic diseases linked to livestock production. However, specific processing methods such as extrusion or cooking, using various raw materials, can influence the survival and growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, resulting in differences between plant-based meat analogues and animal meat. In this study, the microbial communities in five different types of plant-based meat analogues were investigated using high-throughput sequencing. The findings revealed a diverse range of bacteria, including Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Chloroflexi, as well as fungi such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Phragmoplastophyta, Vertebrata, and Mucoromycota. Additionally, this study analyzed microbial diversity at the genus level and employed phenotype prediction to evaluate the relative abundance of various bacterium types, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobic bacteria, as well as potential pathogenic bacteria. The insights gained from this study provide valuable information regarding the microbial communities and phenotypes of different plant-based meat analogues, which could help identify effective storage strategies to extend the shelf-life of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
- Henan Shuanghui Investment & Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Baodang Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
- Henan Shuanghui Investment & Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Haisheng Jiang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Lianjun Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
- Henan Shuanghui Investment & Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, Luohe 462000, China
| | - Ziheng Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
| | - Xianqing Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (D.H.); (B.G.); (M.Q.); (L.S.); (Z.M.)
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
- Henan Shuanghui Investment & Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, Luohe 462000, China
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Thomsen AM, Borrie WT, Miller KK, Cardilini APA. Listen to Us: Perceptions of Animal Voice and Agency. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3271. [PMID: 37893995 PMCID: PMC10603673 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In many contexts, the interests of nonhuman animals (hereafter "animals") are often overlooked or considered to be a lower priority than those of humans. While strong arguments exist for taking animal moral claims seriously, these largely go unheard due to dominant anthropocentric attitudes and beliefs. This study aimed to explore how animal interests might be best represented in the human world. We conducted interviews to investigate people's perceptions of what it means to speak for other animals and who can reliably represent animal interests. Using Grounded Theory analytical methods, we identified one major theme: "Animal voice", and its subthemes: "Animals do/do not have a voice", "Human language constructs realities and paradigms", and "Let animals speak". Our findings illustrate how human language constructs contribute to shaping the realities of animals by contextually defining them as voiceless. This has serious implications for animals, society, and the environment. Drawing parallels with the relevant literature, our results reflect calls for the social and political recognition of animal voice as fundamental to animal representation. We recommend future research to focus on developing ethical and compassionate approaches to understanding animal subjective experiences to empower and amplify animal voices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M. Thomsen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (W.T.B.); (K.K.M.); (A.P.A.C.)
| | - William T. Borrie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (W.T.B.); (K.K.M.); (A.P.A.C.)
- PAN Works, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Kelly K. Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (W.T.B.); (K.K.M.); (A.P.A.C.)
| | - Adam P. A. Cardilini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia; (W.T.B.); (K.K.M.); (A.P.A.C.)
- PAN Works, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
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Mihailovskaya VS, Sutormin DA, Karipova MO, Trofimova AB, Mamontov VA, Severinov K, Kuznetsova MV. Bacteriocin-Producing Escherichia coli Q5 and C41 with Potential Probiotic Properties: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12636. [PMID: 37628817 PMCID: PMC10454217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteriocin-producing Escherichia coli are of interest for possible use as probiotics to selectively control the spread of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we evaluated the biosafety and efficacy of two new bacteriocin-producing E. coli strains, Q5 (VKM B-3706D) and C41 (VKM B-3707D), isolated from healthy farm animals. The genomes of both strains were sequenced, and genes responsible for the antagonistic and colonization abilities of each strain were identified. In vitro studies have shown that both strains were medium-adhesive and demonstrated antagonistic activity against most enteropathogens tested. Oral administration of 5 × 108 to 5 × 1010 colony-forming units of both strains to rats with drinking water did not cause any disease symptoms or side effects. Short-term (5 days) oral administration of both strains protected rats from colonization and pathogenic effects of a toxigenic beta-lactam-resistant strain of E. coli C55 and helped preserve intestinal homeostasis. Taken together, these in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data indicate that both strains (and especially E. coli Q5) can be potentially used for the prevention of colibacillosis in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika S. Mihailovskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva Street 13, 614081 Perm, Russia;
| | - Dmitry A. Sutormin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Marina O. Karipova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Perm State Medical University Named after Academician E. A. Wagner, 614000 Perm, Russia;
| | - Anna B. Trofimova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victor A. Mamontov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.S.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Konstantin Severinov
- Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Kuznetsova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva Street 13, 614081 Perm, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Perm State Medical University Named after Academician E. A. Wagner, 614000 Perm, Russia;
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Chase-Topping M, Plastow G, Dekkers J, Li Y, Fang Y, Gerdts V, Van Kessel J, Harding J, Opriessnig T, Doeschl-Wilson A. The WUR0000125 PRRS resilience SNP had no apparent effect on pigs' infectivity and susceptibility in a novel transmission trial. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:51. [PMID: 37488481 PMCID: PMC10364427 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most important infectious diseases for the pig industry. A novel small-scale transmission experiment was designed to assess whether the WUR0000125 (WUR for Wageningen University and Research) PRRS resilience single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) confers lower susceptibility and infectivity to pigs under natural porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-2) transmission. METHODS Commercial full- and half-sib piglets (n = 164) were assigned as either Inoculation, Shedder, or Contact pigs. Pigs were grouped according to their relatedness structure and WUR genotype, with R- and R+ referring to pigs with zero and one copy of the dominant WUR resilience allele, respectively. Barcoding of the PRRSV-2 strain (SD09-200) was applied to track pig genotype-specific transmission. Blood and nasal swab samples were collected and concentrations of PRRSV-2 were determined by quantitative (q)-PCR and cell culture and expressed in units of median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). The Log10TCID50 at each sampling event, derived infection status, and area under the curve (AUC) were response variables in linear and generalized linear mixed models to infer WUR genotype differences in Contact pig susceptibility and Shedder pig infectivity. RESULTS All Shedder and Contact pigs, except one, became infected through natural transmission. There was no significant (p > 0.05) effect of Contact pig genotype on any virus measures that would indicate WUR genotype differences in susceptibility. Contact pigs tended to have higher serum AUC (p = 0.017) and log10TCID50 (p = 0.034) when infected by an R+ shedder, potentially due to more infectious R+ shedders at the early stages of the transmission trial. However, no significant Shedder genotype effect was found in serum (p = 0.274) or nasal secretion (p = 0.951) that would indicate genotype differences in infectivity. CONCLUSIONS The novel design demonstrated that it is possible to estimate genotype effects on Shedder pig infectivity and Contact pig susceptibility that are not confounded by family effects. The study, however, provided no supportive evidence that genetic selection on WUR genotype would affect PRRSV-2 transmission. The results of this study need to be independently validated in a larger trial using different PRRSV strains before dismissing the effects of the WUR marker or the previously detected GBP5 gene on PRRSV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Gryaznova M, Smirnova Y, Burakova I, Morozova P, Nesterova E, Gladkikh M, Mikhaylov E, Syromyatnikov M. Characteristics of the Fecal Microbiome of Piglets with Diarrhea Identified Using Shotgun Metagenomics Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2303. [PMID: 37508080 PMCID: PMC10376196 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in piglets is one of the most common diseases leading to high mortality and, as a result, to economic losses. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on the DNBSEQ-G50, MGI system to study the role of the fecal microbiome in the development of diarrhea in newborn piglets. Analysis of the study data showed that the composition of the fecal microbiome at the level of bacteria and fungi did not differ in piglets with diarrhea from the healthy group. Bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria were the most abundant. However, a higher level of bacterial alpha diversity was observed in the group of piglets with diarrhea, which may be due to dysbacteriosis and inflammation. The study of the virome showed the difference between the two types of phages: Bacteroides B40-8 prevailed in diseased piglets, while Escherichia virus BP4 was found in greater numbers in healthy piglets. The results of our study suggest that the association between the fecal microbiome and susceptibility to diarrhea in suckling piglets may have been previously overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Gryaznova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuliya Smirnova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Inna Burakova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Polina Morozova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Nesterova
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mariya Gladkikh
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Evgeny Mikhaylov
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Syromyatnikov
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- FSBSI All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, 394061 Voronezh, Russia
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9
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Ghaderi Zefreh M, Doeschl-Wilson AB, Riggio V, Matika O, Pong-Wong R. Exploring the value of genomic predictions to simultaneously improve production potential and resilience of farmed animals. Front Genet 2023; 14:1127530. [PMID: 37252663 PMCID: PMC10213464 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1127530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable livestock production requires that animals have a high production potential but are also highly resilient to environmental challenges. The first step to simultaneously improve these traits through genetic selection is to accurately predict their genetic merit. In this paper, we used simulations of sheep populations to assess the effect of genomic data, different genetic evaluation models and phenotyping strategies on prediction accuracies and bias for production potential and resilience. In addition, we also assessed the effect of different selection strategies on the improvement of these traits. Results show that estimation of both traits greatly benefits from taking repeated measurements and from using genomic information. However, the prediction accuracy for production potential is compromised, and resilience estimates tends to be upwards biased, when families are clustered in groups even when genomic information is used. The prediction accuracy was also found to be lower for both traits, resilience and production potential, when the environment challenge levels are unknown. Nevertheless, we observe that genetic gain in both traits can be achieved even in the case of unknown environmental challenge, when families are distributed across a large range of environments. Simultaneous genetic improvement in both traits however greatly benefits from the use of genomic evaluation, reaction norm models and phenotyping in a wide range of environments. Using models without the reaction norm in scenarios where there is a trade-off between resilience and production potential, and phenotypes are collected from a narrow range of environments may result in a loss for one trait. The study demonstrates that genomic selection coupled with reaction-norm models offers great opportunities to simultaneously improve productivity and resilience of farmed animals even in the case of a trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghaderi Zefreh
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Pong-Wong
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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de Souza ZN, de Moura DF, de Almeida Campos LA, Córdula CR, Cavalcanti IMF. Antibiotic resistance profiles on pathogenic bacteria in the Brazilian environments. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:185. [PMID: 37043091 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to elaborate a review of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in soil, food, aquatic environments, cattle, poultry, and swine farms in Brazil. Initially, the literature database for published papers from 2012 to 2023 was Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and Google Scholar, through the descriptors: antimicrobial resistance, resistance profile, multidrug resistance, environmental bacteria, and pathogenic bacteria. The studies demonstrated the prevalence of pathogenic and resistant bacteria in environments that favor their rapid dissemination. Bacteria of medical importance, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., were present in samples from animal farms and foods, including cheese and milk, urban aquatic environments, hospital effluents, and shrimp farms. Studies suggested that important bacteria have been disseminated through different niches with easy contact with humans, animals, and food, demonstrating the danger of the emergence of increasingly difficult conditions for treating and controlling these infections. Thus, better understanding and characterizing the resistance profiles of bacteria in these regions, mainly referring to MDR bacteria, can help develop solutions to prevent the progression of this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Nascimento de Souza
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Danielle Feijó de Moura
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Luís André de Almeida Campos
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ribeiro Córdula
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Isabella Macário Ferro Cavalcanti
- Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Rua do Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55608-680, Brazil.
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11
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Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases and infections naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. Over the years, zoonoses have become increasingly significant threats to global health. They form the dominant group of diseases among the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and currently account for 73% of EID. Approximately 25% of zoonoses originate in domestic animals. The etiological agents of zoonoses include different pathogens, with viruses accounting for approximately 30% of all zoonotic infections. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly, by contact, via aerosols, through a vector, or vertically in utero. Zoonotic diseases are found in every continent except Antarctica. Numerous factors associated with the pathogen, human activities, and the environment play significant roles in the transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. Effective response and control of zoonotic diseases call for multiple-sector involvement and collaboration according to the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria; ,
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ,
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12
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Bambaradeniya YTB, Magni PA, Dadour IR. Traumatic sheep myiasis: A review of the current understanding. Vet Parasitol 2023; 314:109853. [PMID: 36577285 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis, or the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae, is a health issue worldwide. The economic impact and potential threat to animal health and wellbeing of this disease under the animal husbandry sector is considerable. Sheep are a highly vulnerable livestock category exposed to myiasis (sheep strike), due to several unique predisposing factors that attract flies. The successful mitigation of this disease relies on a thorough understanding of fly population dynamics associated with the change in weather patterns and the evaluation of this disease through different branches of science such as chemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology. The present review provides a summary of the existing knowledge of strike in sheep, discussed in relation to the application of volatile organic compounds, metagenomics, and molecular biology, and their use regarding implementing fly control strategies such as traps, and to increase the resilience of sheep to this disease through improving their health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T B Bambaradeniya
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - P A Magni
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch University Singapore, King's Centre, Singapore.
| | - I R Dadour
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Source Certain, PO Box 1570, Wangara DC, Western Australia 6947, Australia.
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13
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Mahanta DK, Komal J, Samal I, Bhoi TK, Dubey VK, Pradhan K, Nekkanti A, Gouda MNR, Saini V, Negi N, Bhateja S, Jat HK, Jeengar D. Nutritional aspects and dietary benefits of "Silkworms": Current scenario and future outlook. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1121508. [PMID: 36742434 PMCID: PMC9892554 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, it is estimated that by 2050, there will be an additional 2.5 billion people and a 70% increase in food demand. Crop yields are not increasing fast enough to support global needs, and world agriculture is facing several serious challenges. Therefore, insects can be a nutritious alternative to meet the ever-increasing food demand in the present and future. The majority of insect consumption occurs in developing countries, with approximately 1,900 insect species consumed worldwide. Food and feed derived from them are of high quality, have a high feed conversion ratio and emit a low level of greenhouse gases. Among insects silkworms are beneficial to humans, not only because of their high nutritional value, but also because of their several pharmacological properties. Silkworm eggs, larvae, and pupae contains high amount of proteins, oils, minerals, vitamins, and several other beneficial components which are nutritious as well as have positive effect on human health. Studies have shown that silkworm pupae protect the liver, enhance immunity, inhibit apoptosis, inhibit cancer, inhibit tumor growth, inhibit microbial growth, regulate blood glucose and blood lipids, and lower blood pressure. This review paper summerized the nutritional value of different life stages of silkworm, nutritional comparison of silkworm with the major human foods, and the effects of silkworm consumption on human health, thus ittargets to generate interest toward in sericulture and improve human health by using silkworm as a nutritious food and attain sustainability in food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Mahanta
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - J. Komal
- Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Ipsita Samal
- Department of Entomology, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi
- Forest Protection Division, ICFRE – Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Kiranamaya Pradhan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India
| | - Aarthi Nekkanti
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - M. N. Rudra Gouda
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Varun Saini
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nikita Negi
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Sheenam Bhateja
- Department of Entomology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hansa Kumari Jat
- Department of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepika Jeengar
- Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Ortiz-Naveda NR, Guamán-Rivera SA, González-Marcillo RL, Guerrero-Pincay AE. Descriptive cross-sectional study on major bovine diseases and associated risk factors in north-eastern Ecuadorian Amazon. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e269508. [PMID: 36921193 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.269508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle raising is a crucial element of production systems in the tropics and subtropics. However, in recent years, global public health security has been threatened by disease emergence. In Orellana Province, livestock is the most important activity to generate economic income. Nevertheless, there is no available data about Animal Health status. With this objective, a study was performed to describe the major Bovine diseases recorded between 2011 to 2019, and the main Risk factors associated. Data on main Bovine diseases were retrieved from the World Animal Health Information System database. Whereas Bovine population data used to calculate the prevalence rates and confidence intervals were obtained from Ecuador's Ministry of Agriculture. By contrast, the Risk factors identified with an epidemiological questionnaire were applied to 300 livestock farmers. As a result, from 2011 to 2019 in Orellana has been confirmed: 90 cases of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (31.58%), Bovine Rabies by hematophagous bats (Desmodus rotundus), 83 cases (29.12%), Bovine viral diarrhea with 43 cases (15.10%), Brucellosis by Brucella abortus 35 cases, which was (12.28%), and 34 cases related to Enzootic bovine leukosis (11.92%). Overall, the prevalence rates ranged from (0.24 to 15.37%). In addition, farm size, presence of forest, herd, and paddock sizes, cutting frequency of forages, and other animal species were involved as Risk factors (OR = 3.15 to 11.75; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69). In conclusion, there are animal diseases with reproductive and neurologic symptomology and high-Risk factors implicated in the transmission. Consequently, space-temporal and seroprevalence epidemiological studies should be performed in Orellana.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Ortiz-Naveda
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - S A Guamán-Rivera
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - R L González-Marcillo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - A E Guerrero-Pincay
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
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15
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Modeling nation-wide U.S. swine movement networks at the resolution of the individual premises. Epidemics 2022; 41:100636. [PMID: 36274568 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious livestock diseases is a major cause for concern in modern agricultural systems. In the dynamics of the transmission of such diseases, movements of livestock between herds play an important role. When constructing mathematical models used for activities such as forecasting epidemic development, evaluating mitigation strategies, or determining important targets for disease surveillance, including between-premises shipments is often a necessity. In the United States (U.S.), livestock shipment data is not routinely collected, and when it is, it is not readily available and mostly concerned with between-state shipments. To bridge this gap in knowledge and provide insight into the complete livestock shipment network structure, we have developed the U.S. Animal Movement Model (USAMM). Previously, USAMM has only existed for cattle shipments, but here we present a version for domestic swine. This new version of USAMM consists of a Bayesian model fit to premises demography, county-level livestock industry variables, and two limited data sets of between-state swine movements. The model scales up the data to simulate nation-wide networks of both within- and between-state shipments at the level of individual premises. Here we describe this shipment model in detail and subsequently explore its usefulness with a rudimentary predictive model of the prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) across the U.S. Additionally, in order to promote further research on livestock disease and other topics involving the movements of swine in the U.S., we also make 250 synthetic premises-level swine shipment networks with complete coverage of the entire conterminous U.S. freely available to the research community as a useful surrogate for the absent shipment data.
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16
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Stafford E, Kot M. Optimal reduced-mixing for an SIS infectious-disease model. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:746-765. [PMID: 36415142 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2148764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Which reduced-mixing strategy maximizes economic output during a disease outbreak? To answer this question, we formulate an optimal-control problem that maximizes the difference between revenue, due to healthy individuals, and medical costs, associated with infective individuals, for SIS disease dynamics. The control variable is the level of mixing in the population, which influences both revenue and the spread of the disease. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, we find a closed-form solution for our problem. We explore an example of our problem with parameters for the transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cows, and we perform sensitivity analyses to determine how model parameters affect optimal strategies. We find that less mixing is preferable when the transmission rate is high, the per-capita recovery rate is low, or when the revenue parameter is much smaller than the cost parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Stafford
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Kot
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Extracellular Vesicles in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192716. [PMID: 36230457 PMCID: PMC9559303 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles involved in many physiological and pathological processes not only in humans but also in all the organisms of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms. EV shedding constitutes a fundamental universal mechanism of intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom intercellular communication. A tremendous increase of interest in EVs has therefore grown in the last decades, mainly in humans, but progressively also in animals, parasites, and bacteria. With the present review, we aim to summarize the current status of the EV research on domestic and wild animals, analyzing the content of scientific literature, including approximately 220 papers published between 1984 and 2021. Critical aspects evidenced through the veterinarian EV literature are discussed. Then, specific subsections describe details regarding EVs in physiology and pathophysiology, as biomarkers, and in therapy and vaccines. Further, the wide area of research related to animal milk-derived EVs is also presented in brief. The numerous studies on EVs related to parasites and parasitic diseases are excluded, deserving further specific attention. The literature shows that EVs are becoming increasingly addressed in veterinary studies and standardization in protocols and procedures is mandatory, as in human research, to maximize the knowledge and the possibility to exploit these naturally produced nanoparticles.
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18
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Ellwanger JH, Fearnside PM, Ziliotto M, Valverde-Villegas JM, Veiga ABGDA, Vieira GF, Bach E, Cardoso JC, Müller NFD, Lopes G, Caesar L, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, Silveira ES, Spilki FR, Weber MN, Almeida SEDEM, Hora VPDA, Chies JAB. Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211530. [PMID: 36169531 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Philip Martin Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marina Ziliotto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier/IGMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/CNRS, Laboratoire coopératif IGMM/ABIVAX, 1919, route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Beatriz G DA Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Departamento de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle, Laboratório de Saúde Humana in silico, Avenida Victor Barreto, 2288, Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jáder C Cardoso
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Felipe D Müller
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lílian Caesar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Indiana University/IU, Department of Biology, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Kaminski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia/ICT, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Etiele S Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina E DE Matos Almeida
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P DA Hora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Faculdade de Medicina, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Centro, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur B Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Giménez-Romero À, Vazquez F, López C, Matías MA. Spatial effects in parasite-induced marine diseases of immobile hosts. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:212023. [PMID: 35991331 PMCID: PMC9382205 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.212023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging marine infectious diseases pose a substantial threat to marine ecosystems and the conservation of their biodiversity. Compartmental models of epidemic transmission in marine sessile organisms, available only recently, are based on non-spatial descriptions in which space is homogenized and parasite mobility is not explicitly accounted for. However, in realistic scenarios epidemic transmission is conditioned by the spatial distribution of hosts and the parasites' mobility patterns, calling for an explicit description of space. In this work, we develop a spatially explicit individual-based model to study disease transmission by waterborne parasites in sessile marine populations. We investigate the impact of spatial disease transmission through extensive numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. Specifically, the effects of parasite mobility into the epidemic threshold and the temporal progression of the epidemic are assessed. We show that larger values of pathogen mobility imply more severe epidemics, as the number of infections increases, and shorter timescales to extinction. An analytical expression for the basic reproduction number of the spatial model, R ~ 0 , is derived as a function of the non-spatial counterpart, R 0, which characterizes a transition between a disease-free and a propagation phase, in which the disease propagates over a large fraction of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlex Giménez-Romero
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Federico Vazquez
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
- Instituto de Cálculo, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristóbal López
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Matías
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
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20
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Bartlett H, Holmes MA, Petrovan SO, Williams DR, Wood JLN, Balmford A. Understanding the relative risks of zoonosis emergence under contrasting approaches to meeting livestock product demand. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211573. [PMID: 35754996 PMCID: PMC9214290 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that intensive livestock farming increases the risk of pandemics of zoonotic origin because of long-distance livestock movements, high livestock densities, poor animal health and welfare, low disease resistance and low genetic diversity. However, data on many of these factors are limited, and analyses to date typically ignore how land use affects emerging infectious disease (EID) risks, and how these risks might vary across systems with different yields (production per unit area). Extensive, lower yielding practices typically involve larger livestock populations, poorer biosecurity, more workers and more area under farming, resulting in different, but not necessarily lower, EID risks than higher yielding systems producing the same amount of food. To move this discussion forward, we review the evidence for each of the factors that potentially link livestock production practices to EID risk. We explore how each factor might vary with yield and consider how overall risks might differ across a mix of production systems chosen to reflect in broad terms the current livestock sector at a global level and in hypothetical low- and high-yield systems matched by overall level of production. We identify significant knowledge gaps for all potential risk factors and argue these shortfalls in understanding mean we cannot currently determine whether lower or higher yielding systems would better limit the risk of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Bartlett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silviu O. Petrovan
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, UK
| | - David R. Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Yadana S, Cheun-Arom T, Li H, Hagan E, Mendelsohn E, Latinne A, Martinez S, Putcharoen O, Homvijitkul J, Sathaporntheera O, Rattanapreeda N, Chartpituck P, Yamsakul S, Sutham K, Komolsiri S, Pornphatthananikhom S, Petcharat S, Ampoot W, Francisco L, Hemachudha T, Daszak P, Olival KJ, Wacharapluesadee S. Behavioral-biological surveillance of emerging infectious diseases among a dynamic cohort in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:472. [PMID: 35578171 PMCID: PMC9109443 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between humans and animals are the key elements of zoonotic spillover leading to zoonotic disease emergence. Research to understand the high-risk behaviors associated with disease transmission at the human-animal interface is limited, and few consider regional and local contexts. Objective This study employed an integrated behavioral–biological surveillance approach for the early detection of novel and known zoonotic viruses in potentially high-risk populations, in an effort to identify risk factors for spillover and to determine potential foci for risk-mitigation measures. Method Participants were enrolled at two community-based sites (n = 472) in eastern and western Thailand and two hospital (clinical) sites (n = 206) in northeastern and central Thailand. A behavioral questionnaire was administered to understand participants’ demographics, living conditions, health history, and animal-contact behaviors and attitudes. Biological specimens were tested for coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, influenza viruses, and paramyxoviruses using pan (consensus) RNA Virus assays. Results Overall 61/678 (9%) of participants tested positive for the viral families screened which included influenza viruses (75%), paramyxoviruses (15%), human coronaviruses (3%), flaviviruses (3%), and enteroviruses (3%). The most salient predictors of reporting unusual symptoms (i.e., any illness or sickness that is not known or recognized in the community or diagnosed by medical providers) in the past year were having other household members who had unusual symptoms and being scratched or bitten by animals in the same year. Many participants reported raising and handling poultry (10.3% and 24.2%), swine (2%, 14.6%), and cattle (4.9%, 7.8%) and several participants also reported eating raw or undercooked meat of these animals (2.2%, 5.5%, 10.3% respectively). Twenty four participants (3.5%) reported handling bats or having bats in the house roof. Gender, age, and livelihood activities were shown to be significantly associated with participants’ interactions with animals. Participants’ knowledge of risks influenced their health-seeking behavior. Conclusion The results suggest that there is a high level of interaction between humans, livestock, and wild animals in communities at sites we investigated in Thailand. This study highlights important differences among demographic and occupational risk factors as they relate to animal contact and zoonotic disease risk, which can be used by policymakers and local public health programs to build more effective surveillance strategies and behavior-focused interventions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07439-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yadana
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thaniwan Cheun-Arom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Opass Putcharoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Supalak Yamsakul
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 5, Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | - Krairoek Sutham
- The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 5, Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weenassarin Ampoot
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leilani Francisco
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training On Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Xu C, Kong L, Gao H, Cheng X, Wang X. A Review of Current Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics in Food Animals. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822689. [PMID: 35633728 PMCID: PMC9133924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics in food animals has led to the development of bacterial resistance and the widespread of resistant bacteria in the world. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in food animals are currently considered emerging contaminants, which are a serious threat to public health globally. The current situation of ARB and ARGs from food animal farms, manure, and the wastewater was firstly covered in this review. Potential risks to public health were also highlighted, as well as strategies (including novel technologies, alternatives, and administration) to fight against bacterial resistance. This review can provide an avenue for further research, development, and application of novel antibacterial agents to reduce the adverse effects of antibiotic resistance in food animal farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Kong
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfang Gao
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyu Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Horalskyi LP, Sokulskyi IM, Gutyj BV, Goralskaya IY, Kolesnik NL. Pathogenetic aspects of retroviral infections. UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.32718/ujvas5-1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia are registered in most regions of Ukraine and in many countries worldwide. This is accompanied by economic losses and reduced quality of livestock products, which determines the relevance of the study of retroviral infections, their diagnosis, and pathogenesis. The goal of our research was to find and improve the methodological foundations of the development of the pathological process for a more in-depth study of the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of retroviral infections. The object of the study was blood, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys for bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia. Hematological, anatomical, histological, histochemical, morphometric, and statistical research methods were used for their study. The research group included 304 cattle aged 4–9 years and 42 horses, of which 25 were infected with the virus, and 17 were in the control group. It has been established that bovine leukemia and infectious anemia of horses is an irreversible pathological process characterized by slow progression, the presence of a latent or persistent form, with damage to cells, organs, and systems of the body, which leads to death. Infectious anemia of horses differs from leukemia of cattle by the hidden course of the pathological process. The pathogenesis of leukemia occurs in six stages, which we have identified and conventionally named.
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24
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Sayed ASM, Alsaadawy RM, Ali MM, Abd El-Hamid RF, Baty RS, Elmahallawy EK. Serological and Molecular Detection of Bartonella henselae in Cats and Humans From Egypt: Current Status and Zoonotic Implications. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859104. [PMID: 35498750 PMCID: PMC9047710 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonellosis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium of genus Bartonella. The disease has a worldwide distribution and cats represent the major reservoir of this disease. Despite its global distribution, very limited previous studies have investigated the occurrence of bartonellosis in cats and their owners in Egypt. In an endeavor to explore this topic, we investigated the occurrence of Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) infection in 225 samples (blood, saliva, and claw) obtained from 75 healthy cats in Upper Egypt. These samples were routinely obtained during veterinary clinic visits. This study also involved an examination of 100 humans, including cat owners and people with a history of contact with cats. Attempted isolation and identification of B. henselae in cats were also performed. Furthermore, PCR was performed for molecular identification of B. henselae in blood samples from cats. Meanwhile, an immunofluorescent assay was performed to study the seroprevalence of B. henselae infection in humans. In this study, B. henselae could not be isolated from any of the examined blood, saliva, or claw samples from cats. Interestingly, B. henselae was identified molecularly in 8% (6/75) of blood samples from cats. The seroprevalence of B. henselae in humans was 46% and its occurrence was higher in females (46.6%) than in males (41.7%) (P = 0.748). B. henselae infection was higher among cat owners [51.4% (19/37)] than among people with a history of contact with cats [42.9% (27/63)] (P = 0.410). Infection was higher in rural regions [79.5% (31/39)] than in urban regions [24.6% (15/61)] (P < 0.001). Collectively, this data provide interesting baseline information about the occurrence of B. henselae in cats and humans in Upper Egypt, which reflects the potential zoonotic transmission of this bacterium. Future study is mandatory to explore the occurrence of B. henselae in major reservoirs in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S. M. Sayed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Amal S. M. Sayed
| | - Reem M. Alsaadawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Magda M. Ali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Rawhia F. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Roua Sami Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
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25
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Saeed SI, Mergani A, Aklilu E, Kamaruzzaman NF. Antimicrobial Peptides: Bringing Solution to the Rising Threats of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:851052. [PMID: 35464355 PMCID: PMC9024325 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.851052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy is the most applied method for treating and preventing bacterial infection in livestock. However, it becomes less effective due to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new antimicrobials to reduce the rising rate of AMR. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been receiving increasing attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, rapid killing activities, less toxicity, and cell selectivity. These features make them potent and potential alternative antimicrobials to be used in animals. Here, we discuss and summarize the AMPs in animals, classification, structures, mechanisms of action, and their potential use as novel therapeutic alternative antimicrobials to tackle the growing AMR threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
- *Correspondence: Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed
| | - AhmedElmontaser Mergani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Erkihun Aklilu
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Malaysia
- Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman
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26
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Nogueira Silva NF, de Lelis DAS, de Carvalho AF. Animal-source food legislation as a tool for the exclusion of smallholder farmers in Brazil. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:237-240. [PMID: 37118191 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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27
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Cristancho-Fajardo L, Ezanno P, Vergu E. Dynamic resource allocation for controlling pathogen spread on a large metapopulation network. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210744. [PMID: 35259957 PMCID: PMC8905161 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To control the spread of an infectious disease over a large network, the optimal allocation by a social planner of a limited resource is a fundamental and difficult problem. We address this problem for a livestock disease that propagates on an animal trade network according to an epidemiological–demographic model based on animal demographics and trade data. We assume that the resource is dynamically allocated following a certain score, up to the limit of resource availability. We adapt a greedy approach to the metapopulation framework, obtaining new scores that minimize approximations of two different objective functions, for two control measures: vaccination and treatment. Through intensive simulations, we compare the greedy scores with several heuristics. Although topology-based scores can limit the spread of the disease, information on herd health status seems crucial to eradicating the disease. In particular, greedy scores are among the most effective in reducing disease prevalence, even though they do not always perform the best. However, some scores may be preferred in real life because they are easier to calculate or because they use a smaller amount of resources. The developed approach could be adapted to other epidemiological models or to other control measures in the metapopulation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cristancho-Fajardo
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France.,INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
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28
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Mucha S, Tortereau F, Doeschl-Wilson A, Rupp R, Conington J. Animal Board Invited Review: Meta-analysis of genetic parameters for resilience and efficiency traits in goats and sheep. Animal 2022; 16:100456. [PMID: 35190322 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection focused purely on production traits has proven very successful in improving the productive performance of livestock. However, heightened environmental and infectious disease challenges have raised the need to also improve the resilience of animals to such external stressors, as well as their efficiency in utilising available resources. A better understanding of the relationship between efficiency and production and health traits is needed to properly account for it in breeding programmes and to produce animals that can maintain high production performance in a range of environmental conditions with minimal environmental footprint. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of genetic parameters for production, efficiency and health traits in sheep and goats. The dataset comprised 963 estimates of heritability and 572 genetic correlations collated from 162 published studies. A threelevel meta-analysis model was fitted. Pooled heritability estimates for milk production traits ranged between 0.27 ± 0.03 and 0.48 ± 0.13 in dairy goats and between 0.21 ± 0.06 and 0.33 ± 0.07 in dairy sheep. In meat sheep, the heritability of efficiency traits ranged from 0.09 ± 0.02 (prolificacy) up to 0.32 ± 0.14 (residual feed intake). For health traits, pooled heritability was 0.07 ± 0.01 (faecal egg count) and 0.21 ± 0.01 (somatic cell score) in dairy goats and 0.14 ± 0.04 (faecal egg count) and 0.13 ± 0.02 (somatic cell score) in dairy sheep. In meat sheep, the heritability of disease resistance and survival traits ranged between 0.07 ± 0.02 (mastitis) and 0.50 ± 0.10 (breech strike). Pooled estimates of genetic correlations between resilience and efficiency traits in dairy goats were not significantly different from zero with the exception of somatic cell score and fat content (-0.19 ± 0.01). In dairy sheep, only the unfavourable genetic correlation between somatic cell score and protein content (0.12 ± 0.03) was statistically significant. In meat sheep only, the correlations between growth and faecal egg count (-0.28 ± 0.11) as well as between growth and dagginess (-0.33 ± 0.13) were statistically significant and favourable. Results of this meta-analysis provide evidence of genetic antagonism between production and health in dairy sheep and goats. This was not observed in meat sheep where most of the pooled estimates had high standard errors and were non-significant. Based on the obtained results, it seems feasible to simultaneously improve efficiency and health in addition to production by including the different types of traits in the breeding goal. However, a better understanding of potential trade-offs between these traits would be beneficial. Particularly, more studies focused on reproduction and resilience traits linked to the animal's multi-trait response to challenges are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mucha
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - F Tortereau
- INRAE, INPT-ENVT, INPT-ENSAT, GenPhySE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - R Rupp
- INRAE, INPT-ENVT, INPT-ENSAT, GenPhySE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - J Conington
- Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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29
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Ewing DA, Pooley CM, Gamado KM, Porphyre T, Marion G. Exact Bayesian inference of epidemiological parameters from mortality data: application to African swine fever virus. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220013. [PMID: 35259955 PMCID: PMC8905154 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens such as African swine fever virus (ASFV) are an increasing threat to global livestock production with implications for economic well-being and food security. Quantification of epidemiological parameters, such as transmission rates and latent and infectious periods, is critical to inform efficient disease control. Parameter estimation for livestock disease systems is often reliant upon transmission experiments, which provide valuable insights in the epidemiology of disease but which may also be unrepresentative of at-risk populations and incur economic and animal welfare costs. Routinely collected mortality data are a potential source of readily available and representative information regarding disease transmission early in outbreaks. We develop methodology to conduct exact Bayesian parameter inference from mortality data using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo incorporating multiple routes of transmission (e.g. within-farm secondary and background transmission from external sources). We use this methodology to infer epidemiological parameters for ASFV using data from outbreaks on nine farms in the Russian Federation. This approach improves inference on transmission rates in comparison with previous methods based on approximate Bayesian computation, allows better estimation of time of introduction and could readily be applied to other outbreaks or pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ewing
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher M Pooley
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kokouvi M Gamado
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, UK.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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30
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Friant S, Bonwitt J, Ayambem WA, Ifebueme NM, Alobi AO, Otukpa OM, Bennett AJ, Shea C, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK. Zootherapy as a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover: a mixed-methods study of the use of animal products in medicinal and cultural practices in Nigeria. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:5. [PMID: 35216623 PMCID: PMC8881094 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how and why people interact with animals is important for the prevention and control of zoonoses. To date, studies have primarily focused on the most visible forms of human-animal contact (e.g., hunting and consumption), thereby blinding One Health researchers and practitioners to the broader range of human-animal interactions that can serve as cryptic sources of zoonotic diseases. Zootherapy, the use of animal products for traditional medicine and cultural practices, is widespread and can generate opportunities for human exposure to zoonoses. Existing research examining zootherapies omits details necessary to adequately assess potential zoonotic risks. METHODS We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field notes to examine the use of zootherapy in nine villages engaged in wildlife hunting, consumption, and trade in Cross River State, Nigeria. We analyzed medicinal and cultural practices involving animals from a zoonotic disease perspective, by including details of animal use that may generate pathways for zoonotic transmission. We also examined the sociodemographic, cultural, and environmental contexts of zootherapeutic practices that can further shape the nature and frequency of human-animal interactions. RESULTS Within our study population, people reported using 44 different animal species for zootherapeutic practices, including taxonomic groups considered to be "high risk" for zoonoses and threatened with extinction. Variation in use of animal parts, preparation norms, and administration practices generated a highly diverse set of zootherapeutic practices (n = 292) and potential zoonotic exposure risks. Use of zootherapy was patterned by demographic and environmental contexts, with zootherapy more commonly practiced by hunting households (OR = 2.47, p < 0.01), and prescriptions that were gender and age specific (e.g., maternal and pediatric care) or highly seasonal (e.g., associated with annual festivals and seasonal illnesses). Specific practices were informed by species availability and theories of healing (i.e., "like cures like" and sympathetic healing and magic) that further shaped the nature of human-animal interactions via zootherapy. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological investigations of zoonoses and public health interventions that aim to reduce zoonotic exposures should explicitly consider zootherapy as a potential pathway for disease transmission and consider the sociocultural and environmental contexts of their use in health messaging and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wilfred A. Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M. Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O. Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M. Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Corrigan Shea
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jerry K. Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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31
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Le T, Sun C, Chang J, Zhang G, Yin X. mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:401. [PMID: 35215994 PMCID: PMC8877136 DOI: 10.3390/v14020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine's potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Le
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Jitao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Guijie Zhang
- Departments of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (T.L.); (C.S.)
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32
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Attia YA, Giorgio GM, Addeo NF, Asiry KA, Piccolo G, Nizza A, Di Meo C, Alanazi NA, Al-qurashi AD, El-Hack MEA, Khafaga AF, Bovera F. COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on bees, beekeeping, and potential role of bee products as antiviral agents and immune enhancers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:9592-9605. [PMID: 34993785 PMCID: PMC8736297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has passed to the front all the contradictions of the beekeeping sector: the valuable role of bee products as immune enhancers and antiviral agents and the impact that unsustainability of human activities has on bees' health and survival. The COVID-19 emergency led several countries to adopt severe restriction measures to contrast the infection. The lowering of industrial and commercial activities, transports, and the general lockdown had immediate consequences on the air quality, significantly improving environmental conditions. This had a positive impact on honeybees' life's quality. On the other hand, the bee and beehive transportation limitations threaten to hit food production by affecting the pollinator service, and this is particularly true in large, food-exporting countries like the USA and China where due to the few numbers of local bees, beekeepers import them by other countries and convey by truck hives for thousands of kilometers to pollinate crops. Furthermore, honeybee products, focusing on their natural pharmacological properties, can play an essential role as a potential natural contrast to the virus by enhancing the immunity defenses of both humans and animals, and their demand by consumers is expected to increase. Several researchers in the last months focused their attention on bee products to evaluate their effect in the cure of COVID-19 patients to ameliorate the symptoms or to contrast the coronavirus directly. This review reports these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center To Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Gianpaolo M. Giorgio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola F. Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonino Nizza
- Department of Agronomy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli Italy
| | - Carmelo Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Naimah A. Alanazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ha’il, PO Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel D. Al-qurashi
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758 Egypt
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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33
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Bai X, Plastow GS. Breeding for disease resilience: opportunities to manage polymicrobial challenge and improve commercial performance in the pig industry. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2022; 3:6. [PMID: 35072100 PMCID: PMC8761052 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-022-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disease resilience, defined as an animal's ability to maintain productive performance in the face of infection, provides opportunities to manage the polymicrobial challenge common in pig production. Disease resilience can deliver a number of benefits, including more sustainable production as well as improved animal health and the potential for reduced antimicrobial use. However, little progress has been made to date in the application of disease resilience in breeding programs due to a number of factors, including (1) confusion around definitions of disease resilience and its component traits disease resistance and tolerance, and (2) the difficulty in characterizing such a complex trait consisting of multiple biological functions and dynamic elements of rates of response and recovery from infection. Accordingly, this review refines the definitions of disease resistance, tolerance, and resilience based on previous studies to help improve the understanding and application of these breeding goals and traits under different scenarios. We also describe and summarize results from a "natural disease challenge model" designed to provide inputs for selection of disease resilience. The next steps for managing polymicrobial challenges faced by the pig industry will include the development of large-scale multi-omics data, new phenotyping technologies, and mathematical and statistical methods adapted to these data. Genome editing to produce pigs resistant to major diseases may complement selection for disease resilience along with continued efforts in the more traditional areas of biosecurity, vaccination and treatment. Altogether genomic approaches provide exciting opportunities for the pig industry to overcome the challenges provided by hard-to-manage diseases as well as new environmental challenges associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Bai
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Graham S. Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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34
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Mason B, Piel AK, Modrý D, Petrželková KJ, Stewart FA, Pafčo B. Association of human disturbance and gastrointestinal parasite infection of yellow baboons in western Tanzania. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262481. [PMID: 35020760 PMCID: PMC8754341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human disturbance is an ongoing threat to many wildlife species, manifesting as habitat destruction, resource overuse, or increased disease exposure, among others. With increasing human: non-human primate (NHP) encounters, NHPs are increasingly susceptible to human-introduced diseases, including those with parasitic origins. As such, epidemiology of parasitic disease is becoming an important consideration for NHP conservation strategies. To investigate the relationship between parasite infections and human disturbance we studied yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) living outside of national park boundaries in western Tanzania, collecting 135 fresh faecal samples from nine troops occupying areas with varying levels of human disturbance. We fixed all samples in 10% formalin and later evaluated parasite prevalence and abundance (of isotrichid ciliates and Strongylida). We identified seven protozoan and four helminth taxa. Taxa showed varied relationships with human disturbance, baboon troop size and host age. In four taxa, we found a positive association between prevalence and troop size. We also report a trend towards higher parasite prevalence of two taxa in less disturbed areas. To the contrary, high levels of human disturbance predicted increased abundance of isotrichid ciliates, although no relationship was found between disturbance and Strongylida abundance. Our results provide mixed evidence that human disturbance is associated with NHP parasite infections, highlighting the need to consider monitoring parasite infections when developing NHP conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Mason
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alex K. Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (GMERC) Project, Busongola, Tanzania
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fiona A. Stewart
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (GMERC) Project, Busongola, Tanzania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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35
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Newman RA, Chase CCL, Matos JR, Abdelsalam K, Buterbaugh R, Van Holland S, Abdelaal H, Woolum A, Jagannadha Sastry K. Efficacy of oleandrin and PBI-05204 against bovine viruses of importance to commercial cattle health. Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221103960. [PMID: 35611441 PMCID: PMC9136442 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). and bovine coronavirus (BCV) threaten the productivity of cattle worldwide. Development of therapeutics that can control the spread of these viruses is an unmet need. The present research was designed to explore the in vitro antiviral activity of the Nerium oleander derived cardiac glycoside oleandrin and a defined N. oleander plant extract (PBI-05204) containing oleandrin. Methods Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells, Bovine Turbinate (BT) cells, and Human Rectal Tumor-18 (HRT-18) cells were used as in vitro culture systems for BVDV, BRSV and BCV, respectively. Cytotoxicity was established using serial dilutions of oleandrin or PBI-05204. Noncytotoxic concentrations of each drug were used either prior to or at 12 h and 24 h following virus exposure to corresponding viruses. Infectious virus titers were determined following each treatment. Results Both oleandrin as well as PBI-05204 demonstrated strong antiviral activity against BVDV, BRSV, and BCV, in a dose-dependent manner, when added prior to or following infection of host cells. Determination of viral loads by PCR demonstrated a concentration dependent decline in virus replication. Importantly, the relative ability of virus produced from treated cultures to infect new host cells was reduced by as much as 10,000-fold at noncytotoxic concentrations of oleandrin or PBI-05204. Conclusions The research demonstrates the potency of oleandrin and PBI-05204 to inhibit infectivity of three important enveloped bovine viruses in vitro. These data showing non-toxic concentrations of oleandrin inhibiting infectivity of three bovine viruses support further investigation of in vivo antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 2019South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.,RTI, LLC, Brookings SD 57006, USA
| | - Jose R Matos
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.,Innovar, LLC, Plano, TX 75025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia Woolum
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Departments of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology and Veterinary Sciences, 4002The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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36
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Metwally DM, Alajmi R, Alsulami MN, Al-Turaiki IM, Abdel-Gaber R, Alkhuriji AF, Albohiri HH, Mohamed K, Baghdadi HB, El-Khadragy MF, Isaias GT, El-Ashram S. Identification of Theileria spp. in sheep and goats from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, using molecular techniques. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12596. [PMID: 34966592 PMCID: PMC8667737 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thileriosis is a tick -born disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites which has global veterinary and economic implications. Methods Blood samples were collected from 216 sheep and 83 goats from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were analyzed to determine whether the animals were infected with Theileria spp. parasites. The parasites were detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the gene of 18S rRNA followed by sequencing. Results According to obtained findings, Theileria spp. were detected in sheep (57.8%, 48/83) and goats (51.9%, 112/216). Phylogenetic analysis to sequence data showed that T. ovis identified in this study were found to be closely connected to an isolate from Turkey, with 84.4–99.8% pairwise identity and 52.35–99.79% coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Metwally
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reem Alajmi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslimah N Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra M Al-Turaiki
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afrah F Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haleema H Albohiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Mohamed
- Epidemioligy Department, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi B Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, University of Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Guillermo T Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
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37
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Black Z, Balta I, Black L, Naughton PJ, Dooley JSG, Corcionivoschi N. The Fate of Foodborne Pathogens in Manure Treated Soil. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781357. [PMID: 34956145 PMCID: PMC8702830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an update on the complex relationship between manure application, altered pathogen levels and antibiotic resistance. This is necessary to protect health and improve the sustainability of this major farming practice in agricultural systems based on high levels of manure production. It is important to consider soil health in relation to environment and land management practices in the context of the soil microflora and the introduction of pathogens on the health of the soil microbiome. Viable pathogens in manure spread on agricultural land may be distributed by leaching, surface run-off, water source contamination and contaminated crop removal. Thus it is important to understand how multiple pathogens can persist in manures and on soil at farm-scale and how crops produced under these conditions could be a potential transfer route for zoonotic pathogens. The management of pathogen load within livestock manure is a potential mechanism for the reduction and prevention of outbreaks infection with Escherichia coli, Listeria Salmonella, and Campylobacter. The ability of Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella to combat environmental stress coupled with their survival on food crops and vegetables post-harvest emphasizes the need for further study of these pathogens along with the emerging pathogen Providencia given its link to disease in the immunocompromised and its’ high levels of antibiotic resistance. The management of pathogen load within livestock manure has been widely recognized as a potential mechanism for the reduction and prevention of outbreaks infection but any studies undertaken should be considered as region specific due to the variable nature of the factors influencing pathogen content and survival in manures and soil. Mediocre soils that require nutrients could be one template for research on manure inputs and their influence on soil health and on pathogen survival on grassland and in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Black
- Grassland and Plant Sciences Branch, AFBI Crossnacreevy, Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Igori Balta
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lisa Black
- Grassland and Plant Sciences Branch, AFBI Crossnacreevy, Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Naughton
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - James S G Dooley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania
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Torres RT, Carvalho J, Fernandes J, Palmeira JD, Cunha MV, Fonseca C. Mapping the scientific knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. One Health 2021; 13:100324. [PMID: 34541280 PMCID: PMC8435696 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be highlighted as one of the most significant health concerns among the last decades, for which antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals has contributed as one of the major drivers. Food-producing animals are one of the most important and rapidly expanding commercial agricultural sectors worldwide but there is currently limited knowledge on the temporal and geographical distribution of scientific research on antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. We provide a global overview of the spatial and temporal trends of scientific knowledge on AMR in food-producing animals. Peer-reviewed papers of AMR on food-producing animals were retrieved from the Web of Science, systemized and dissected. The final validated dataset contained 1341 occurrences observations covering the 1957-2018 period. There has been a shift of research efforts, both geographically and temporally, emphasizing regional differences in food animal production and changing practices in the food production industry. It becomes evident that many regions have been poorly surveyed, wherein intensified sampling and testing efforts should be most valuable. This systematization of knowledge will be crucial in helping to determine how to optimally allocate limited resources available for AMR monitor and control, aiding in the prediction where the threat of new resistant infections will be greatest. AMR research in food-producing animals in developing countries is markedly growing, reflecting changes in food animals production systems but also posing a particularly significant threat, not only due to intensive animal production, but also exacerbated by poor sanitation. We highlight that the use of antibiotics in food producing animals is pervasive, calling for urgent action. These findings raise the possibility to finetuning key priorities on AMR global issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tinoco Torres
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Josman D. Palmeira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica V. Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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39
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Doeschl-Wilson A, Knap PW, Opriessnig T, More SJ. Review: Livestock disease resilience: from individual to herd level. Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100286. [PMID: 34312089 PMCID: PMC8664713 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat to the sustainable production of high-producing animals. Control efforts, such as vaccination or breeding approaches often target improvements to individual resilience to infections, i.e., they strengthen an animal's ability to cope with infection, rather than preventing infection per se. There is increasing evidence for the contribution of non-clinical carriers (animals that become infected and are infectious but do not develop clinical signs) to the overall health and production of livestock populations for a wide range of infectious diseases. Therefore, we strongly advocate a shift of focus from increasing the disease resilience of individual animals to herd disease resilience as the appropriate target for sustainable disease control in livestock. Herd disease resilience not only captures the direct effects of vaccination or host genetics on the health and production performance of individuals but also the indirect effects on the environmental pathogen load that herd members are exposed to. For diseases primarily caused by infectious pathogens shed by herd members, these indirect effects on herd resilience are mediated both by individual susceptibility to infection and by characteristics (magnitude of infectiousness, duration of infectious period) that influence pathogen shedding from infected individuals. We review what is currently known about how vaccination and selective breeding affect herd disease resilience and its underlying components, and outline the changes required for improvement. To this purpose, we also seek to clarify and harmonise the terminology used in the different animal science disciplines to facilitate future collaborative approaches to infectious disease control in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
| | - P W Knap
- Genus-PIC, 24837 Schleswig, Germany
| | - T Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Veterinary Science Centre Belfield, Dublin D04 W6F6, Ireland
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40
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Soice E, Johnston J. How Cellular Agriculture Systems Can Promote Food Security. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.753996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular agriculture, the manufacturing of animal-sourced foods by cell cultures, may promote food security by providing a food source that is available, accessible, utilized, and stable. The extent to which cellular agriculture can promote food security, however, will depend in part on the supply system by which it produces food. Many cellular agriculture companies appear poised to follow a centralized supply system, in which production is concentrated within a small number of large plants and products are distributed over a wide area. This model benefits from economies of scale, but has several weaknesses to food security. By being built of a handful of plants with products distributed by a large transportation network, the centralized model is vulnerable to closures, as became clear for animal-sourced centralized system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cellular agriculture systems are being built now; therefore, alternative supply system models of decentralized and distributed systems should be considered as the systems of cellular agriculture production are established. This paper defines both the requirements of food security and three possible supply system models that cellular agriculture could take and evaluates each model based on the requirements of food security.
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41
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Huang S, Farrell M, Stephens PR. Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200350. [PMID: 34538145 PMCID: PMC8450632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maxwell Farrell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Cruz-Bustos T, Feix AS, Ruttkowski B, Joachim A. Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102891. [PMID: 34679913 PMCID: PMC8532714 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cellular reproduction is a key part of the apicomplexan life cycle, and both mitotic (asexual) and meiotic (sexual) cell divisions produce new individual cells. Sexual reproduction in most eukaryotic taxa indicates that it has had considerable success during evolution, and it must confer profound benefits, considering its significant costs. The phylum Apicomplexa consists of almost exclusively parasitic single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can affect a wide host range of animals from invertebrates to mammals. Their development is characterized by complex steps in which asexual and sexual replication alternate and the fertilization of a macrogamete by a microgamete results in the formation of a zygote that undergoes meiosis, thus forming a new generation of asexual stages. In apicomplexans, sex is assumed to be induced by the (stressful) condition of having to leave the host, and either gametes or zygotes (or stages arising from it) are transmitted to a new host. Therefore, sex and meiosis are linked to parasite transmission, and consequently dissemination, which are key to the parasitic lifestyle. We hypothesize that improved knowledge of the sexual biology of the Apicomplexa will be essential to design and implement effective transmission-blocking strategies for the control of the major parasites of this group. Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa is a major group of protozoan parasites including gregarines, coccidia, haemogregarines, haemosporidia and piroplasms, with more than 6000 named species. Three of these subgroups, the coccidia, hemosporidia, and piroplasms, contain parasites that cause important diseases of humans and animals worldwide. All of them have complex life cycles involving a switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, which is key to their development. Fertilization (i.e., fusion of female and male cells) results in the formation of a zygote that undergoes meiosis, forming a new generation of asexual stages. In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of recombination and segregation of DNA. Sex is well documented in many protist groups, and together with meiosis, is frequently linked with transmission to new hosts. Apicomplexan sexual stages constitute a bottleneck in the life cycle of these parasites, as they are obligatory for the development of new transmissible stages. Consequently, the sexual stages represent attractive targets for vaccination. Detailed understanding of apicomplexan sexual biology will pave the way for the design and implementation of effective transmission-blocking strategies for parasite control. This article reviews the current knowledge on the sexual development of Apicomplexa and the progress in transmission-blocking vaccines for their control, their advantages and limitations and outstanding questions for the future.
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Nag R, Markey BK, Whyte P, O'Flaherty V, Bolton D, Fenton O, Richards KG, Cummins E. A Bayesian inference approach to quantify average pathogen loads in farmyard manure and slurry using open-source Irish datasets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147474. [PMID: 33965832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Farm-to-fork quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRA) typically start with a preliminary estimate of initial concentration (Cinitial) of microorganism loading at farm level, consisting of an initial estimate of prevalence (P) and the resulting pathogen levels in animal faeces. An average estimation of the initial concentration of pathogens can be achieved by combining P estimates in animal populations and the levels of pathogens in colonised animals' faeces and resulting cumulative levels in herd farmyard manure and slurry (FYM&S). In the present study, 14 years of data were collated and assessed using a Bayesian inference loop to assess the likely P of pathogens. In this regard, historical and current survey data exists on P estimates for a number of pathogens, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., Campylobacter spp., pathogenic E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in several species (cattle, pigs, and sheep) in Ireland. The results revealed that Cryptosporidium spp. has potentially the highest mean P (Pmean) (25.93%), followed by MAP (15.68%) and Campylobacter spp. (8.80%) for cattle. The Pmean of E. coli is highest (7.42%) in pigs, while the Pmean of Clostridium spp. in sheep was estimated to be 7.94%. Cinitial for Cryptosporidium spp., MAP., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., and Campylobacter spp. in cattle faeces were derived with an average of 2.69, 4.38, 4.24, 3.46, and 3.84 log10 MPN g -1, respectively. Average Cinitial of Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium spp., and E. coli in pig slurry was estimated as 1.27, 3.12, 3.02, and 4.48 log10 MPN g -1, respectively. It was only possible to calculate the average Cinitial of Listeria monocytogenes in sheep manure as 1.86 log10 MPN g -1. This study creates a basis for future farm-to-fork risk assessment models to base initial pathogen loading values for animal faeces and enhance risk assessment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Bryan K Markey
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Declan Bolton
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Owen Fenton
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Karl G Richards
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Chakale MV, Mwanza M, Aremu AO. Ethnoveterinary Knowledge and Biological Evaluation of Plants Used for Mitigating Cattle Diseases: A Critical Insight Into the Trends and Patterns in South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:710884. [PMID: 34490402 PMCID: PMC8417044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle farming is a traditional agricultural system that contribute to the rural economic, social and cultural values of the communities. Cattle as common with other livestock, are affected by many diseases that cause mortality and economic losses. In many rural households, the use of plants and associated knowledge are popular for managing cattle diseases especially in areas experiencing challenges with conventional veterinary medicine. Evidence on the documentation of indigenous knowledge and biological evaluation of plants used against cattle diseases remain understudied and fragmented. The aim of the review is to collate and analyse the ethnoveterinary knowledge and biological evaluation of plants used against cattle diseases in South Africa. Different scientific databases were systematically explored to extract data from 37 eligible studies. A total of 310 medicinal plants from 81 families used to treat 10 categories of cattle diseases across seven (7) provinces in South Africa. Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Compositae (Astereceae), Asparagaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae were the most frequently used plant families. Common plant parts used were leaves and roots. Twenty-seven (27) combination remedies involving 2–6 plants were identified as treatment regimes against cattle diseases. Common preparation methods were infusion and decoction while the administration mode was predominantly unspecified (52%) while oral and topical contributed 26 and 22%, respectively. In terms of diseases, the most treated ones were general systems infection, reproduction disorders and gastrointestinal problems. Currently, an estimated 21% of the 310 plants have been evaluated for diverse biological activities using relevant bioassays related to cattle diseases. Antibacterial activity remained the most studied biological activity. Evidence from the review revealed the significance of ethnoveterinary medicine against cattle diseases especially in rural areas of South Africa. Nevertheless, the use of plants for cattle diseases among other ethnic groups, particularly in the Northern Cape and Western Cape, remain under-studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mompati V Chakale
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.,Centre for Animal Health Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Adeyemi O Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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45
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Hafez HM, Attia YA, Bovera F, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, de Oliveira MC. Influence of COVID-19 on the poultry production and environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44833-44844. [PMID: 34244934 PMCID: PMC8269985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although chickens are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, several coronavirus disease outbreaks have been described concerning poultry processing facilities in different countries. The COVID-19 pandemic and the developed strain caused 2nd, 3rd, and recent Indian strain waves of epidemics that have led to unexpected consequences, such as forced reductions in demands for some industries, transportation systems, employment, and businesses due to public confinement. Besides, poultry processing plants' conditions exacerbate the risks due to the proximity on the line, cold, and humidity. Most workers do not have access to paid sick time or adequate health care, and because of the low wages, they have limited reserves to enable them to leave steady employment. In addition, workers in meat and poultry slaughterhouses may be infected through respiratory droplets in the air and/or from touching dirty surfaces or objects such as workstations, break room tables, or tools. Egg prices have increased dramatically during the lockdown as consumers have started to change their behaviors and habits. The COVID pandemic might also substantially impact the international poultry trade over the next several months. This review will focus on the effect of COVID-19 on poultry production, environmental sustainability, and earth systems from different process points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Youssef A Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt.
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
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Skarlupka AL, Ross TM. Inherent Serum Inhibition of Influenza Virus Neuraminidases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:677693. [PMID: 34409085 PMCID: PMC8365353 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.677693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus vaccines have been designed for human and veterinary medicine. The development for broadly protective influenza virus vaccines has propelled the vaccine field to investigate and include neuraminidase (NA) components into new vaccine formulations. The antibody-mediated protection induced by NA vaccines is quantified by inhibition of sialic acid cleavage. Non-immune inhibitors against influenza viruses naturally occur in varying proportions in sera from different species. In this brief report, the inherent ability of raw animal sera to inhibit a panel of influenza virus NA was determined. Raw sera from the same species inhibited more than 50% of influenza viruses tested from four different subtypes, but the breadth of inhibiting NA activity depended on the source of sera. Furthermore, different influenza viruses were inhibited by different sources of sera. Overall, additional studies are needed to ensure that scientific methods are consistent across studies in order to compare NA inhibition results. Through future investigation into the differences between sera from different animal species and how they influence NA inhibition assays, there can be effective development of a broadly protective influenza virus vaccines for veterinary and human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Skarlupka
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Ted M. Ross
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Bai X, Yang T, Putz AM, Wang Z, Li C, Fortin F, Harding JCS, Dyck MK, Dekkers JCM, Field CJ, Plastow GS. Investigating the genetic architecture of disease resilience in pigs by genome-wide association studies of complete blood count traits collected from a natural disease challenge model. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:535. [PMID: 34256695 PMCID: PMC8278769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic improvement for disease resilience is anticipated to be a practical method to improve efficiency and profitability of the pig industry, as resilient pigs maintain a relatively undepressed level of performance in the face of infection. However, multiple biological functions are known to be involved in disease resilience and this complexity means that the genetic architecture of disease resilience remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 465,910 autosomal SNPs for complete blood count (CBC) traits that are important in an animal’s disease response. The aim was to identify the genetic control of disease resilience. Results Univariate and multivariate single-step GWAS were performed on 15 CBC traits measured from the blood samples of 2743 crossbred (Landrace × Yorkshire) barrows drawn at 2-weeks before, and at 2 and 6-weeks after exposure to a polymicrobial infectious challenge. Overall, at a genome-wise false discovery rate of 0.05, five genomic regions located on Sus scrofa chromosome (SSC) 2, SSC4, SSC9, SSC10, and SSC12, were significantly associated with white blood cell traits in response to the polymicrobial challenge, and nine genomic regions on multiple chromosomes (SSC1, SSC4, SSC5, SSC6, SSC8, SSC9, SSC11, SSC12, SSC17) were significantly associated with red blood cell and platelet traits collected before and after exposure to the challenge. By functional enrichment analyses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and literature review of previous CBC studies, candidate genes located nearby significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be involved in immune response, hematopoiesis, red blood cell morphology, and platelet aggregation. Conclusions This study helps to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of CBC traits collected before and after exposure to a polymicrobial infectious challenge and provides a step forward to improve disease resilience. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07835-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Bai
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tianfu Yang
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Current: ST Genetics, Navasota, TX, USA
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Changxi Li
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Frédéric Fortin
- Centre de Développement du Porc du Québec, Inc., Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Catherine J Field
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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Belton B, Rosen L, Middleton L, Ghazali S, Mamun AA, Shieh J, Noronha HS, Dhar G, Ilyas M, Price C, Nasr-Allah A, Elsira I, Baliarsingh BK, Padiyar A, Rajendran S, Mohan ABC, Babu R, Akester MJ, Phyo EE, Soe KM, Olaniyi A, Siriwardena SN, Bostock J, Little DC, Phillips M, Thilsted SH. COVID-19 impacts and adaptations in Asia and Africa's aquatic food value chains. MARINE POLICY 2021; 129:104523. [PMID: 34744258 PMCID: PMC8564473 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a shock affecting all areas of the global food system. We tracked the impacts of COVID-19 and associated policy responses on the availability and price of aquatic foods and production inputs during 2020, using a high frequency longitudinal survey of 768 respondents in Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Myanmar, Nigeria. We found the following: (1) Aquatic food value chains were severely disrupted but most effects on the availability and accessibility of aquatic foods and production inputs were short-lived. (2) Impacts on demand for aquatic foods, production inputs, and labor have been longer lasting than impacts on their supply. (3) Retail prices of aquatic foods spiked briefly during March-May 2020 but trended down thereafter, whereas prices of production inputs rose. These trends suggest a deepening 'squeeze' on the financial viability of producers and other value chain actors. (4) Survey respondents adapted to the challenges of COVID-19 by reducing production costs, sourcing alternative inputs, diversifying business activities, leveraging social capital, borrowing, seeking alternative employment, and reducing food consumption. Many of these coping strategies are likely to undermine well-being and longer-term resilience, but we also find some evidence of proactive strategies with potential to strengthen business performance. Global production of aquatic food likely contracted significantly in 2020. The importance of aquatic food value chains in supporting livelihoods and food and nutrition security in Asia and Africa makes their revitalization essential in the context of COVID-19 recovery efforts. We outline immediate and longer-term policies and interventions to support this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Belton
- WorldFish, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Leah Rosen
- WorldFish, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Abdullah-Al Mamun
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hamia S Noronha
- Insitute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A B C Mohan
- Seafood Solutions, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Babu
- Seafood Solutions, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Bostock
- Insitute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - David C Little
- Insitute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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