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McSteen BW, Ying XH, Lucero C, Jesudian AB. Viral etiologies of acute liver failure. World J Virol 2024; 13:97973. [DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i3.97973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, with an estimated annual global incidence of more than one million cases. While drug-induced liver injury, including acetaminophen toxicity, is the leading cause of ALF in the Western world, viral infections remain a significant cause of ALF and the most common cause in many developing nations. Given the high mortality rates associated with ALF, healthcare providers should be aware of the broad range of viral infections that have been implicated to enable early diagnosis, rapid treatment initiation when possible, and optimal management, which may include liver transplantation. This review aims to provide a summary of viral causes of ALF, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and expected outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W McSteen
- Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Campus, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Xiao-Han Ying
- Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Campus, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Catherine Lucero
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Arun B Jesudian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, United States
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Chen X, Song J, Sun J, Zhang J, Chen X, Zeng C, Hu J, Chang X, Jin F, Luo S, Chen Z, Luo Y. Hepatitis B infection is associated with periodontitis: the national health and nutrition examination survey (2009-2014). BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:815. [PMID: 39020311 PMCID: PMC11256453 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research has been inconclusive regarding whether hepatitis B infection is associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. This study aims to test the null hypothesis that no association exists between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of periodontitis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2014). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2009-2014) to assess the rate of the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with and without hepatitis B infection. Participants who had tested for hepatitis B and periodontitis were included. The included participants were divided into no/mild periodontitis and moderate/severe periodontitis groups according to their periodontal status. The association between hepatitis B infection and chronic periodontitis was evaluated by multivariable regression analyses adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, income-to-poverty ratio, smoking, alcohol, BMI, ALT, AST, creatinine, hypertension, and diabetes. RESULTS A total of 5957 participants were included and divided into two groups: inactive periodontitis group (n = 3444) and active periodontitis group (n = 2513). The results showed that participants with hepatitis B had a higher risk of periodontitis. After adjusting for covariables, adults with hepatitis B infection were 38% more likely to have periodontitis compared to those without hepatitis B infection (95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.085-1.754). CONCLUSIONS In general, the results suggest that CHB is positively associated with the more severe periodontitis. These results suggest that people with hepatitis B infection should take good periodontal care measures to avoid the occurrence and development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianRun Chen
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - JiangLing Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - JiQin Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - XingJin Chen
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - ChongWen Zeng
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - JiaXin Hu
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - XingTao Chang
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - FuQian Jin
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - SiYang Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- Department of Endodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guiyang Stomatological Hospital, Guiyang, China.
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Liu Y, Wu D, Zhang K, Ren R, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Cheng J, Chen L, Huang J. Detection technology and clinical applications of serum viral products of hepatitis B virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1402001. [PMID: 39035352 PMCID: PMC11257880 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, caused by its etiology, hepatitis virus, is a public health problem globally. Among all infections caused by hepatitis-associated viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the most serious medical concern. HBV infection particularly affects people in East Asia and Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Eastern Europe, with a prevalence rate of > 2%. Currently, approximately 1 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV, and nearly 30% of them experience chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resulting in the related death of approximately 1 million people annually. Although preventative vaccines and antiviral therapies are currently available, there is no cure for this infection. Clinical testing is not only the gateway for diagnosis of HBV infection, but also crucial for judging the timing of medication, evaluating the effect of antiviral therapy, and predicting the risk of relapse after drug withdrawal in the whole follow-up management of hepatitis B infected persons. With advances in detection technology, it is now possible to measure various viral components in the blood to assess the clinical status of HBV infection. Serum viral products of HBV infection, such as HBV DNA, HBV RNA, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e-antigen, and hepatitis B core-related antigen, are non-invasive indicators that are critical for the rapid diagnosis and management of related diseases. Improving the sensitivity of monitoring of these products is essential, and the development of corresponding detection technologies is pivotal in achieving this goal. This review aims to offer valuable insights into CHB infection and references for its effective treatment. We provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of classical and novel methods for detecting HBV serum viral products and discusses their clinical applications, along with the latest research progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jilin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Geriatric Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Campos-Valdez M, Castro-García MA, Ramos-Márquez ME, Gurrola-Díaz CM, Salazar-Montes AM, Sánchez-Orozco LV. An Update on Viral Hepatitis B and C in Mexico: Advances and Pitfalls in Eradication Strategies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1368. [PMID: 39065136 PMCID: PMC11279215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In Mexico, hepatitis B and C infections are a significant burden on the health system. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the state of the art on hepatitis B and C in Mexico by searching and studying available data in academic articles and government reports and statements on epidemiology, prevention, treatment, and elimination strategies undertaken by the Mexican government. Even where the government has implemented a hepatitis B vaccination strategy to reduce its incidence, a very low proportion of people complete the vaccination schedule. Regarding hepatitis C, there is a National Elimination Program that emphasizes the importance of screening, diagnosis, and treatment focused on the population at risk. With the implementation of this program, more than a million fast tests have been carried out and the positive cases have been verified by viral load. Infected patients are tested to determine liver function, fibrosis stage, and coinfection with HBV and/or HIV. Patients without cirrhosis and/or coinfections are treated in first-level care centers, while those with cirrhosis and/or comorbidities are referred to specialists. The possibility of hepatitis C eradication in Mexico seems more likely than eradication of hepatitis B; however, major challenges remain to be overcome to reach both infections' elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Verónica Sánchez-Orozco
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Independencia Oriente, Puerta 7, Edificio Q Segundo Nivel, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico (M.A.C.-G.)
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Palladino C, Ramis R, Ezeonwumelu IJ, Biondi A, Carreras G, Fischer F, Gallus S, Golinelli D, Gorini G, Hassan S, Kabir Z, Koyanagi A, Lazarus JV, Mentis AFA, Meretoja TJ, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Mulita F, Postma MJ, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Thiyagarajan A, Taveira N, Briz V. Impact of the 2008 economic crisis on the burden of hepatitis B and C diseases in Southern European countries. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1642. [PMID: 38902642 PMCID: PMC11188182 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The economic crisis that began in 2008 has severely affected Southern (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain) Western European (SWE) countries of Western Europe (WE) and may have affected ongoing efforts to eliminate viral hepatitis. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of the economic crisis on the burden of HBV and HCV disease. METHODS Global Burden of Diseases 2019 data were used to analyse the rates of epidemiological metrics of HBV and HCV acute and chronic infections in SWE and WE. Time series modelling was performed to quantify the impact of healthcare expenditure on the time trend of HBV and HCV disease burden in 2000-2019. RESULTS Declining trends in incidence and prevalence rates of acute HBV (aHBV) and chronic HBV were observed in SWE and WE, with the pace of decline being slower in the post-austerity period (2010-2019) and mortality due to HBV stabilised in SWE. Acute HCV (aHCV) metrics and chronic HCV incidence and mortality showed a stable trend in SWE and WE, whereas the prevalence of chronic HCV showed an oscillating trend, decreasing in WE in 2010-2019 (p < 0.001). Liver cancer due to both hepatitis infections showed a stagnant burden over time. An inverse association was observed between health expenditure and metrics of both acute and chronic HBV and HCV. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological metrics for HBV and HCV showed a slower pace of decline in the post-austerity period with better improvement for HBV, a stabilisation of mortality and a stagnant burden for liver cancer due to both hepatitis infections. The economic crisis of 2008 had a negative impact on the burden of hepatitis B and C. Elimination of HBV and HCV by 2030 will be a major challenge in the SWE countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palladino
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, Lisbon, 1649-003, Portugal.
| | - Rebeca Ramis
- Nacional Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu
- Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias I Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention, and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Mario, Italy
| | - Davide Golinelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention, and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Shoaib Hassan
- Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zubair Kabir
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesk Mulita
- Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maarten J Postma
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arulmani Thiyagarajan
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nuno Taveira
- University Institute "Egas Moniz", Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Verónica Briz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Florea A, Pak KJ, Gounder P, Malden DE, Im TM, Chitnis AS, Wong RJ, Sahota AK, Tartof SY. Characterization of Individuals With Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cirrhosis in a Large Integrated Health Care Organization, 2008-2019. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024:00124784-990000000-00285. [PMID: 38936394 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a risk factor for cirrhosis. The management of HBV-related cirrhosis is challenging, with guidelines recommending treatment initiation and regular monitoring for those affected. OBJECTIVE Our study characterized Kaiser Permanente Southern California patients with HBV-related cirrhosis and assessed whether they received recommended laboratory testing and imaging monitoring. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We identified KPSC members aged ≥18 years with CHB (defined by 2, consecutive positive hepatitis B surface antigens ≥6 months apart) from 2008 to 2019. Of these patients, we further identified patients with potential HBV-related cirrhosis through ICD-10 code diagnosis, adjudicated via chart review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age, race/ethnicity, laboratory tests (eg, alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening (based on standard screening recommendations via imaging) were described in those with HBV-related cirrhosis versus those without. RESULTS Among patients with CHB, we identified 65 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis over ~8 years. Diabetes was the most common comorbidity and was approximately 3 times more prevalent among patients with cirrhosis compared to patients without cirrhosis (21.5% vs. 7.1%). Of the 65 patients with cirrhosis, 72.3% (N = 47) received treatment. Generally, we observed that liver function tests (eg, ALT) were completed frequently in this population, with patients completing a median of 10 (6, 16) tests/year. All patients with cirrhosis had ≥1 ALT completed over the study period, and almost all cirrhotic patients (N = 64; 98.5%) had ≥1 HBV DNA test. However, the proportion of yearly imaging visits completed varied across the study years, between 64.0% in 2012 and 87.5% in 2009; overall, 35% (N = 23) completed annual imaging. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that among patients with HBV-related cirrhosis, at the patient-level, completed imaging orders for HCC screening were sub-optimal. However, we observed adequate disease management practices through frequent liver function tests, linkage to specialty care, image ordering, and shared EHR between KPSC providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Florea
- Author Affiliations: Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California (Dr Florea, Ms Pak, Dr Malden, Ms Im, and Drs Sahota and Tartof); Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California (Dr Gounder); Tuberculosis Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Alameda County Public Health Department, San Leandro, California (Dr Chitnis); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California (Dr Wong); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California (Dr Wong); and Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California (Dr Tartof)
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Du T, Yu B, Luo W. Liver cirrhosis reversal and recompensation: Existing evidence and future prospects. WORLD CHINESE JOURNAL OF DIGESTOLOGY 2024; 32:320-326. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v32.i5.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
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Hossain MG, Islam M, Araf Y, Paul SK, Akter S, Khan MK, Ahmed MU, Khan S, Akbar SMF, Debnath CR. Comprehensive analysis of antigenic variations and genomic properties of hepatitis B virus in clinical samples in the mid-north east region of Bangladesh. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 119:105572. [PMID: 38367678 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This investigation delineates an exhaustive analysis of the clinical, immunological, and genomic landscapes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection across a cohort of 22 verified patients. The demographic analysis unveiled a pronounced male bias (77.27%), with patient ages spanning 20 to 85 years and durations of illness ranging from 10 days to 4 years. Predominant clinical manifestations included fever, fatigue, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and arthralgia, alongside observed co-morbidities such as chronic renal disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antigenic profiling of the HBV envelope proteins elucidated significant heterogeneity among the infected subjects, particularly highlighted by discordances in the detection capabilities of small and large HBsAg assays, suggesting antigenic diversity. Quantitative assessment of viral loads unveiled a broad spectrum, accompanied by atypical HBeAg reactivity patterns, challenging the reliability of existing serological markers. Correlative studies between viral burden and antigenicity of the envelope proteins unearthed phenomena indicative of diagnostic evasion. Notably, samples demonstrating robust viral replication were paradoxically undetectable by the large HBsAg ELISA kit, advocating for more sophisticated diagnostic methodologies. Genotypic examination of three HBV isolates classified them as genotype D (D2), with phylogenetic alignment to strains from various global origins. Mutational profiling identified pivotal mutations within the basic core promoter and preS2/S1 regions, associated with an augmented risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Further, mutations discerned in the small HBsAg and RT/overlap regions were recognized as contributors to vaccine and/or diagnostic escape mechanisms. In summation, this scholarly discourse elucidates the intricate interplay of clinical presentations, antigenic diversity, and genomic attributes in HBV infection, accentuating the imperative for ongoing investigative endeavors to refine diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Mahfuz Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shyamal Kumar Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Muzahed Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Oita, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Oita, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Miyakawa Memorial Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
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Lunel Fabiani F, El Bara A, Hamed CT, LE Guillou Guillemette H. [Delta hepatitis in Africa: epidemiological and clinical particularities]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2023; 3:mtsi.v3i4.2023.430. [PMID: 38390020 PMCID: PMC10879896 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i4.2023.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections caused 1.5 million deaths, mostly attributable to complications from chronic infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the availability of a vaccine, 296 million people were chronically infected in 2019. Asia and Africa are the continents most affected by this infection, with around 100 million people infected in Africa as a whole.Hepatitis Delta or D virus (HDV), which is a "satellite" virus of HBV, is often misunderstood and its diagnosis remains neglected. However, it is associated with acute fulminant forms and chronic forms of hepatitis leading to a more rapid evolution towards cirrhosis and HCC than during HBV mono-infection. Research on these two viruses HBV and HDV has progressed a lot in recent years, and new treatments are currently in development.In people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PlHIV), liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Due to common modes of transmission, dual or triple HIV/HBV or HIV/HBV/HDV infections are relatively common, particularly in HBV endemic regions such as Africa. However, while today most co-infected patients benefit from effective treatment against both HIV and HBV, the latter is not active against HDV. In Africa, hepatitis B and D have already been the subject of several studies. However, the frequency and clinical consequences of these co-infections have been little studied in the general population and in PlHIV.This review seeks to update the epidemiological and clinical data and the therapeutic perspectives of HDV co-infections or triple infections (HIV-HBV-HDV) in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Lunel Fabiani
- Service de virologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, Laboratoire HIFIH (Hémodynamique, interaction fibrose et invasivité tumorales hépatiques), EA 3859, Angers, France
| | - Ahmed El Bara
- Université d'Angers, Laboratoire HIFIH (Hémodynamique, interaction fibrose et invasivité tumorales hépatiques), EA 3859, Angers, France
| | - Cheikh Tijani Hamed
- INRSP (Institut national de recherche en santé publique), Nouakchott, Mauritanie
| | - Hélène LE Guillou Guillemette
- Service de virologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
- Université d'Angers, Laboratoire HIFIH (Hémodynamique, interaction fibrose et invasivité tumorales hépatiques), EA 3859, Angers, France
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Osasona OG, Oguntoye OO, Arowosaye AO, Abdulkareem LO, Adewumi MO, Happi C, Folarin O. Patterns of hepatitis b virus immune escape and pol/rt mutations across clinical cohorts of patients with genotypes a, e and occult hepatitis b infection in Nigeria: A multi-centre study. Virulence 2023; 14:2218076. [PMID: 37262110 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immune escape and Pol/RT mutations account for HBV immunoprophylactic, therapeutic, and diagnostic failure globally. Little is known about circulating HBV immune escape and Pol/RT mutants in Nigeria. This study focused on narrowing the knowledge gap of the pattern and prevalence of the HBV mutants across clinical cohorts of infected patients in southwestern Nigeria. Ninety-five enrollees were purposively recruited across clinical cohorts of HBV-infected patients with HBsAg or anti-HBc positive serological outcome and occult HBV infection. Total DNA was extracted from patients' sera. HBV S and Pol gene-specific nested PCR amplification was carried out. The amplicons were further sequenced for serotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic, and mutational analysis. HBV S and Pol genes were amplified in 60 (63.2%) and 19 (20%) of HBV isolates, respectively. All the sixty HBV S gene and 14 of 19 Pol gene sequences were exploitable. The ayw4 serotype was predominant (95%) while ayw1 serotype was identified in 5% of isolates. Genotype E predominates in 95% of sequences, while genotype A, sub-genotype A3 was observed in 5%. Prevalence of HBV IEMs in the "a" determinant region was 29%. Commonest HBV IEM was S113T followed by G145A and D144E. The Pol/RT mutations rtV214A and rtI163V among others were identified in this study. This study provided data on the occurrence of existing and new HBV IEMs and Pol gene mutations in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola G Osasona
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Abiola O Arowosaye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lukman O Abdulkareem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Moses O Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Christian Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe Folarin
- African Centre of Excellence for the Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
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11
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Agbesanwa TA, Aina FO, Ibrahim AO. Knowledge and Awareness of Hepatitis B Infection Among Young Adults in Ekiti, Nigeria: Implications for Education and Vaccination. Cureus 2023; 15:e49778. [PMID: 38161573 PMCID: PMC10757744 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Hepatitis B is a preventable infection with transmission of the virus through sex, by blood and from mother to child during childbirth. Young adults are prone to some of these risk factors, yet data on awareness and knowledge of hepatitis B among them is still limited in Nigeria and none from our locality. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B among young adults attending a tertiary health institution in Nigeria with the aim of giving recommendations based on the findings. Methods A total of 223 young adults who attended the adolescent and young adult clinic of the Family Medicine Department of the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti between 1 March and 31 May 2023 were analyzed using a predesigned self-administered questionnaire. Knowledge of hepatitis B was assessed by asking 12 questions relating to awareness of the disease, basic knowledge, route of transmission, the seriousness of the disease when compared to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), complications from the disease, their vaccination status and the number of doses received by the participants. Results The prevalence of awareness of hepatitis B among respondents was 88 (39.5%). Of the 223 respondents studied, 158 (70.9%) had a poor knowledge score of the disease. There was a significant association between the highest educational background of the respondents and awareness of hepatitis B (p=0.05). Awareness of hepatitis B was also associated with previous participation in any health screening (p=0.04) and vaccine awareness (p=<0.001). The majority of the respondents with good knowledge scores of hepatitis B preferred social media for disseminating information about their health (p=0.03). Out of all the participants studied, only one (0.4%) had completed the three doses of the hepatitis B vaccine with 11 (4.9%) of them yet to get fully vaccinated. Conclusion Efforts are needed to target social media platforms with information about hepatitis B and vaccination. With awareness campaigns of hepatitis B directed at various social media platforms, this population at risk could be educated about the disease and the benefits of vaccination. The low vaccination state among the respondents brought to the fore the urgent need for the government to ensure the provision of appropriate interventions for viral hepatitis among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix O Aina
- Family Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, NGA
| | - Azeez O Ibrahim
- Family Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti, Ido Ekiti, NGA
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12
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Zhao S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qiao L, Wang S, Jin Y, Wu S, Li Y, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of carboxyl-containing heteroaryldihydropyrimidine derivatives as novel HBV capsid assembly modulators with significantly improved metabolic stability. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2380-2400. [PMID: 37974964 PMCID: PMC10650354 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfering with the assembly of hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid is a promising approach for treating chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In order to enhance the metabolic stability and reduce the strong hERG inhibitory effect of HBV capsid assembly modulator (CAM) GLS4, we rationally designed a series of carboxyl-containing heteroaryldihydropyrimidine (HAP) derivatives based on structural biology information combined with medicinal chemistry strategies. The results from biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 6a-25 (EC50 = 0.020 μM) exhibited greater potency than the positive drug lamivudine (EC50 = 0.09 μM), and was comparable to the lead compound GLS4 (EC50 = 0.007 μM). Furthermore, it was observed that 6a-25 reduced levels of core protein (Cp) and capsid in cells. Preliminary assessment of drug-likeness revealed that 6a-25 exhibited superior water solubility (pH 2.0: 374.81 μg mL-1; pH 7.0: 6.85 μg mL-1; pH 7.4: 25.48 μg mL-1), liver microsomal metabolic stability (t1/2 = 108.2 min), and lower hERG toxicity (10 μM inhibition rate was 72.66%) compared to the lead compound GLS4. Overall, compound 6a-25 holds promise for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100050 Beijing PR China
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Lijun Qiao
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100050 Beijing PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Shuo Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100050 Beijing PR China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100050 Beijing PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
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13
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Patel A, Dossaji Z, Gupta K, Roma K, Chandler TM, Minacapelli CD, Catalano K, Gish R, Rustgi V. The Epidemiology, Transmission, Genotypes, Replication, Serologic and Nucleic Acid Testing, Immunotolerance, and Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2023; 3:139-150. [PMID: 39129942 PMCID: PMC11307719 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has drastically changed in recent decades due to public health initiatives, including universal infant vaccination programs,urbanization driving global travel, and migration patterns. Despite screening of pregnant women and newborns significantly reducing the rate of perinatal transmission in certain parts of the world, other, perhaps more uncommon, routes (e.g., parenteral) have led to outbreaks in specific areas affected by the opioid epidemic and injection drug use. Although our current understanding of the effect of genetic variants of HBV is lacking, we review current knowledge and patterns of genetic variants with geographical predominance, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. Serologic and molecular markers are used to screen, identify phase and activity of infection, and monitor response to antivirals and/or reactivation. This review will provide the most up-to-date summary of the epidemiology, transmission, genotype, replication, and current methods of screening to follow the various phases of HBV, including immunotolerance and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankoor Patel
- Internal Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zahra Dossaji
- Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Kapil Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Katerina Roma
- Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Toni-Marie Chandler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Carlos D. Minacapelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kaitlyn Catalano
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Robert Gish
- Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, Pennsylvania
| | - Vinod Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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14
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Chavda V, Zajac KK, Gunn JL, Balar P, Khadela A, Vaghela D, Soni S, Ashby CR, Tiwari AK. Ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence and therapeutic outcomes. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6 Suppl 1:e1821. [PMID: 37344125 PMCID: PMC10440848 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC is affected by genetic and non-genetic factors. Genetically, mutations in the genes, tumor protein P53 (TP53), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARIC1A), cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), mannose 6-phosphate (M6P), smooth muscle action against decapentaplegic (SMAD2), retinoblastoma gene (RB1), cyclin D, antigen presenting cells (APC), AXIN1, and E-cadherin, have been shown to contribute to the occurrence of HCC. Non-genetic factors, including alcohol consumption, exposure to aflatoxin, age, gender, presence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), increase the risk of HCC. RECENT FINDINGS The severity of the disease and its occurrence vary based on geographical location. Furthermore, men and minorities have been shown to be disproportionately affected by HCC, compared with women and non-minorities. Ethnicity has been reported to significantly affect tumorigenesis and clinical outcomes in patients diagnosed with HCC. Generally, differences in gene expression and/or the presence of comorbid medical diseases affect or influence the progression of HCC. Non-Caucasian HCC patients are significantly more likely to have poorer survival outcomes, compared to their Caucasian counterparts. Finally, there are a number of factors that contribute to the success rate of treatments for HCC. CONCLUSION Assessment and treatment of HCC must be consistent using evidence-based guidelines and standardized outcomes, as well as international clinical practice guidelines for global consensus. Standardizing the assessment approach and method will enable comparison and improvement of liver cancer research through collaboration between researchers, healthcare providers, and advocacy groups. In this review, we will focus on discussing epidemiological factors that result in deviations and changes in treatment approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL M College of PharmacyAhmedabadIndia
| | - Kelsee K. Zajac
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToledoOhioUSA
| | - Jenna Lynn Gunn
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToledoOhioUSA
| | - Pankti Balar
- Pharmacy SectionL M College of PharmacyAhmedabadIndia
| | - Avinash Khadela
- Department of PharmacologyL M College of PharmacyAhmedabadIndia
| | - Dixa Vaghela
- Pharmacy SectionL M College of PharmacyAhmedabadIndia
| | - Shruti Soni
- PharmD SectionL M College of PharmacyAhmedabadIndia
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacySt. John's UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ToledoOhioUSA
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
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15
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Kosuta I, Ostojic A, Vujaklija Brajkovic A, Babel J, Simunov B, Sremac M, Mrzljak A. Shifting perspectives in liver diseases after kidney transplantation. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:883-896. [PMID: 37547033 PMCID: PMC10401415 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i7.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases after kidney transplantation range from mild biochemical abnormalities to severe hepatitis or cirrhosis. The causes are diverse and mainly associated with hepatotropic viruses, drug toxicity and metabolic disorders. Over the past decade, the aetiology of liver disease in kidney recipients has changed significantly. These relates to the use of direct-acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus, the increasing availability of vaccination against hepatitis B and a better understanding of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has brought new challenges to kidney recipients. This review aims to provide healthcare professionals with a comprehensive understanding of recent advances in the management of liver complications in kidney recipients and to enable them to make informed decisions regarding the risks and impact of liver disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kosuta
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ana Ostojic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liver Transplant Center, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ana Vujaklija Brajkovic
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jaksa Babel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Bojana Simunov
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Maja Sremac
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liver Transplant Center, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liver Transplant Center, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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16
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Jagirdhar GSK, Pulakurthi YS, Chigurupati HD, Surani S. Gastrointestinal tract and viral pathogens. World J Virol 2023; 12:136-150. [PMID: 37396706 PMCID: PMC10311582 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is the most common viral illness that affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, causing inflammation and irritation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Common signs and symptoms associated with this condition include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration. The infections commonly involved in viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, which spread through the fecal-oral and contact routes and cause non-bloody diarrhea. These infections can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Since the pandemic in 2019, coronavirus gastroenteritis has increased in incidence and prevalence. Morbidity and mortality rates from viral gastroenteritis have declined significantly over the years due to early recognition, treatment with oral rehydration salts, and prompt vaccination. Improved sanitation measures have also played a key role in reducing the transmission of infection. In addition to viral hepatitis causing liver disease, herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus are responsible for ulcerative GI disease. They are associated with bloody diarrhea and commonly occur in im-munocompromised individuals. Hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, herpesvirus 8, and human papillomavirus have been involved in benign and malignant diseases. This mini review aims to list different viruses affecting the GI tract. It will cover common symptoms aiding in diagnosis and various important aspects of each viral infection that can aid diagnosis and management. This will help primary care physicians and hospitalists diagnose and treat patients more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salim Surani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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17
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Ali AS, Hussein NA, Elmi EOH, Ismail AM, Abdi MM. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and associated factors among medical students: a cross-sectional study in Bosaso, Somalia, 2021. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1060. [PMID: 37268892 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver cancer and remains a global public health concern. The risk of acquiring HBV is higher in HCWs than in non-HCWs. Medical students are considered a high-risk group because similar to HCWs, they tend to be exposed to body fluids and blood during training in clinical settings. New infections can be effectively prevented and eliminated with an increased coverage of HBV vaccination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HBV immunization coverage and associated factors among medical students attending universities in Bosaso, Somalia. METHODOLOGY An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A stratified sampling method was employed to draw a sample from four universities in Bosaso. From each university, participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among 247 medical students. The data were analysed with SPSS version 21, and the findings are presented in tables and proportions. The chi-square test was used to measure statistical associations. RESULTS Although 73.7% of the respondents had an above-average knowledge level of HBV and 95.9% knew that HBV can be prevented by vaccination, only 2.8% were fully immunized, while 5.3% were partially immunized. The students reported six main reasons for not being vaccinated: unavailability of the vaccine (32.8%), high vaccine cost (26.7%), fear of vaccine side effects (12.6%), lack of trust in vaccine quality (8.5%), lack of awareness about where to get vaccinated (5.7%), and lack of time (2.8%). Occupation and the availability of HBV vaccination in the workplace were associated with HBV vaccine uptake (p values of 0.005 and 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSION HBV immunization coverage among medical students was extremely low (2.8%), indicating the urgent need for increased vaccination coverage in this population. This should start with evidence-based advocacy for the development of a clear national HBV elimination policy, followed by implementing effective, large-scale immunization strategies and interventions. Future studies should expand the sample size to include multiple cities for increased representativeness and conduct HBV titre tests among participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdifitah Said Ali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Global Science University (GSU), Galkayo, Somalia.
| | - Nur Ahmed Hussein
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Bosaso, Somalia
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18
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Boora S, Sharma V, Kaushik S, Bhupatiraju AV, Singh S, Kaushik S. Hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a persistent global problem. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:679-689. [PMID: 37059940 PMCID: PMC10235410 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly prevalent globally, representing a serious public health problem. The diverse modes of transmission and the burden of the chronic carrier population pose challenges to the effective management of HBV. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure available in the current scenario. Still, HBV is one of the significant health issues in various parts of the globe due to non-response to vaccines, the high number of concealed carriers, and the lack of access and awareness. Universal vaccination programs must be scaled up in neonates, especially in the developing parts of the world, to prevent new HBV infections. Novel treatments like combinational therapy, gene silencing, and new antivirals must be available for effective management. The prolonged infection of HBV, direct and indirect, can promote the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present review emphasizes the problems and probable solutions for better managing HBV infections, causal risk factors of HCC, and mechanisms of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Boora
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | - Vikrant Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India
| | | | | | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, 124001, Haryana, Rohtak, India.
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Wang Y, Xie N, Li F, Wang Z, Ding S, Hu X, Wang K. Spatial age-period-cohort analysis of hepatitis B risk in Xinjiang from 2006 to 2019. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1171516. [PMID: 37325304 PMCID: PMC10264624 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1171516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in 96 districts and counties of Xinjiang and to give useful information for hepatitis B prevention and treatment. Methods Based on the incidence data of hepatitis B in 96 districts and counties of Xinjiang from 2006 to 2019, the global trend analysis method was used to characterize the spatial variability of the disease, and the spatial autocorrelation and spatio-temporal aggregation analysis were used to explore the spatial clustering of hepatitis B and to identify high-risk areas and periods. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA)-based spatial age-period-cohort model was established to further explore the influence of age, period, birth queue effect, and spatial distribution on the incidence risk of hepatitis B, and sum-to-zero constraint was adopted to avoid the issue of model unrecognition. Results The risk of hepatitis B in Xinjiang is increasing from west to east and from north to south, with spatial heterogeneity and spatio-temporal scanning statistics yielding five clustering areas. The spatial age-period-cohort model showed two peaks in the average risk of hepatitis B, at [25,30) years old and [50,55) years old, respectively. The mean risk of hepatitis B incidence fluctuated up and down around 1 with time, and the average risk of disease by birth cohort displayed an increasing-decreasing-stabilizing trend. Taking age, period, and cohort effect into consideration, it was found that the areas with a high risk of hepatitis B are Tianshan District, Xinshi District, Shuimogou District, Changji City, Aksu City, Kashi City, Korla City, Qiemo County and Yopurga County in Xinjiang. According to the spatio-temporal effect item, it was found that there are unobserved variables affecting the incidence of hepatitis B in some districts and counties of Xinjiang. Conclusion The spatio-temporal characteristics of hepatitis B and the high-risk population needed to be taken into attention. It is suggested that the relevant disease prevention and control centers should strengthen the prevention and control of hepatitis B among young people while paying attention to middle-aged and older adult people, and strengthening the prevention and monitoring of high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Wang
- College of Mathematics and System Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Na Xie
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Fengjun Li
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Ding
- College of Mathematics and System Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xijian Hu
- College of Mathematics and System Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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20
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Ruta S, Grecu L, Iacob D, Cernescu C, Sultana C. HIV-HBV Coinfection-Current Challenges for Virologic Monitoring. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051306. [PMID: 37238976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-HBV coinfected patients have higher rates of liver-related morbidity, hospitalizations, and mortality compared to HBV or HIV mono-infected ones. Clinical studies have shown an accelerated progression of liver fibrosis and an increased incidence of HCC, resulting from the combined action of HBV replication, immune-mediated hepatocytolysis, and HIV-induced immunosuppression and immunosenescence. Antiviral therapy based on dually active antiretrovirals is highly efficient, but late initiation, global disparities in accessibility, suboptimal regimens, and adherence issues may limit its impact on the development of end-stage liver disease. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of liver injuries in HIV-HBV coinfected patients and the novel biomarkers that can be used for treatment monitoring in HIV-HBV coinfected persons: markers that assess viral suppression, markers for liver fibrosis evaluation, and predictors of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ruta
- Virology Discipline, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Emerging Viral Diseases, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Grecu
- Department of Emerging Viral Diseases, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Iacob
- Department for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare Associated Infections, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Camelia Sultana
- Virology Discipline, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Emerging Viral Diseases, "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Zhao S, Zhang X, da Silva-Júnior EF, Zhan P, Liu X. Computer-aided drug design in seeking viral capsid modulators. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103581. [PMID: 37030533 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Approved or licensed antiviral drugs have limited applications because of their drug resistance and severe adverse effects. By contrast, by stabilizing or destroying the viral capsid, compounds known as capsid modulators prevent viral replication by acting on new targets and, therefore, overcoming the problem of clinical drug resistance. For example. computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods, using strategies based on structures of biological targets (structure-based drug design; SBDD), such as docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and virtual screening (VS), have provided opportunities for fast and effective development of viral capsid modulators. In this review, we summarize the application of CADD in the discovery, optimization, and mechanism prediction of capsid-targeting small molecules, providing new insights into antiviral drug discovery modalities. Teaser: Computer-aided drug design will accelerate the development of viral capsid regulators, which brings new hope for the treatment of refractory viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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The Role of Red Cell Distribution Width as a Prognostic Marker in Chronic Liver Disease: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043487. [PMID: 36834895 PMCID: PMC9967940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily available, non-invasive marker to aid in monitoring and prognosticating hepatic disorders. Recently, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with various inflammatory conditions with implications for its use as a potential marker for assessing disease progression and prognosis in multiple conditions. Multiple factors effect red blood cell production whereby a dysfunction in any process can lead to anisocytosis. Furthermore, a chronic inflammatory state leads to increased oxidative stress and produces inflammatory cytokines causing dysregulation and increased intracellular uptake and use of both iron and vitamin B12, which leads to a reduction in erythropoiesis causing an increase in RDW. This literature review reviews in-depth pathophysiology that may lead to an increase in RDW and its potential correlation with chronic liver diseases, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In our review, we examine the use of RDW as a prognostic and predictive marker for hepatic injury and chronic liver disease.
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Faenko AP, Filippova AA, Golosova SA, Glazov YN, Ivanova IV, Klyueva EA, Kasatkin MA. The introduction of Laboratory testing for anti-HBcore in blood donors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.35754/0234-5730-2022-67-4-525-534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The introduction of screening testing for antibodies to the hepatitis B virus nuclear antigen (anti-HBcore) is designed to prevent the procurement of donated blood from individuals with the latent (occult) form of viral hepatitis B, in which surface HBsAg is not identified.Aim – to evaluate the frequency of anti-HBcore markers’ occurrence in donors under the current regulatory and legal framework.Materials and methods. This retrospective observational study was conducted with a follow-up period of one year among blood donors of the Blood Center (BC) of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency. The screening study for anti-HBcore in blood donors and its components was selective in accordance with the requirements of Appendix № 4 of Order № 1166n of October 28, 2020 of the Ministry of Health of Russia.Results. During the study period, the BC was visited by 17,180 donors who donated blood and its components 35,840 times. There were 181 anti-HBcore tests (0.5 % of all blood samples) in 178 unique donors of blood and blood components (1.03 % of all donors). There were 14 positive, 2 questionable and 166 negative results on anti-HBcore tests. The probability of finding a positive result depending on the conditions was 9 % (7.3–14.7 %). There were no statistically significant differences in the detection of anti-HBcore in primary versus regular donors (OR = 2.539; 95% CI: 0.7321–8; p = 0.13), as well as for male donors compared with female donors (OR = 2.448; 95% CI: 0.7141–11.11; p = 0.17). 86.7 % of donors with a positive test for anti-HBcore previously had no signs of viral hepatitis B disease, the presence of questionable HBsAg was not detected, i. e. these cases may be associated with an occult form. Donors who did not previously have questionable results for various bloodborne infections during their donor career had a slightly higher probability of detecting a positive anti-HBcore test compared to donors who previously had these questionable results (OR = 1.24; 95% CI”: 0.42–3.69; p = 0.69). During the period of the donor career, 233 donations of blood and its components were made by donors with a positive result for anti-HBcore, 468 units of donor components were received, of which 365 units were given to medical institutions.Conclusion. The probability of obtaining a positive test for anti-HBcore in the current regulatory environment is random and does not depend on the results of other infectious markers testing. It is recommended to perform anti-HBcore testing with each donation of blood and blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Faenko
- Blood Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency
| | | | | | - Ya. N. Glazov
- Blood Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency
| | - I. V. Ivanova
- Blood Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency
| | - E. A. Klyueva
- Blood Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency
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Ren H, Li W, Liu X, Zhao N. γδ T cells: The potential role in liver disease and implications for cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1663-1668. [PMID: 36098208 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0822-733rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cell subset was discovered over 30 years ago, yet continues to be an exciting and challenging component of the adaptive immune response. While γδ T cells represent a very small fraction of all T cells in humans, γδ T cells have a vital effect on human immunity, serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. The characteristics of γδ T cells include recognition of non-MHC restrictive antigens, as well as the ability to secrete an abundance of cytokines, suggesting that γδ T cells have high antitumor activity. As such, they have gained ample attention with respect to tumor immunotherapy in the last decade. The γδ T cell subset comprises up to ∼15-20% of the T-lymphocyte population in the liver, although the liver is recognized as an immune organ with primary immune functions, the role of γδ T cells in liver disease has not been established. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of molecular mechanisms underlying immune γδ T cell activity in liver disease, including immune liver injury, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and review γδ T cell-based clinical immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - WanJing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Han K, Theodore D, McMullen G, Swayze E, McCaleb M, Billioud G, Wieland S, Hood S, Paff M, Bennett CF, Kwoh TJ. Preclinical and Phase 1 Assessment of Antisense Oligonucleotide Bepirovirsen in Hepatitis B Virus-Transgenic Mice and Healthy Human Volunteers: Support for Clinical Dose Selection and Evaluation of Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1191-1202. [PMID: 35971951 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dose-dependent reductions in hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA, DNA, and viral proteins following bepirovirsen administration were observed in HepG2.2.15 cells. In HBV-transgenic mice treated at 50 mg/kg/wk, hepatic HBV RNA and DNA were reduced by 90% and 99%, respectively. Subsequently, a phase 1 first-in-human study assessed pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single (75-450 mg) and multiple (150-450 mg on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, and 22) subcutaneous bepirovirsen doses in 96 healthy volunteers. Bepirovirsen at all dose levels was rapidly absorbed (maximum plasma concentration 3-8 hours after dosing), rapidly distributed to peripheral tissues, and slowly eliminated (median plasma terminal half-life: 22.5-24.6 days across cohorts). Plasma exposure (dose-proportional at 150-450 mg) and concentration-time profiles were similar following the first and sixth doses, suggesting little to no plasma accumulation (steady state achieved by day 22). Renal elimination of full-length bepirovirsen accounted for <2% of the total dose. Across the single and multiple dose cohorts, 197 treatment-emergent adverse events were reported, with 99% and 65% classified as mild in severity and local injection site reactions, respectively. In conclusion, bepirovirsen showed an acceptable safety profile in humans with observed pharmacokinetics consistent with the chemical class, warranting further evaluation of bepirovirsen in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina McMullen
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Eric Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Wieland
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - T Jesse Kwoh
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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Assessment of Hepatitis B Vaccination Status and Associated Factors among Healthcare Workers in Bosaso, Puntland, Somalia 2020. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9074294. [PMID: 35355823 PMCID: PMC8960009 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9074294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B virus disease is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is a major public health problem worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, two billion people worldwide have serologic evidence of past or present HBV infection. The risk of infection is high among health professionals due to the risk of occupational contact with fluids of infected patients and the risk of needle stick injury. This study is aimed at assessing HBV vaccination coverage and reasons for possible defiance of the vaccine among healthcare workers in Bosaso, Somalia. Methodology. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted by using a quantitative approach to identify hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage and reasons for vaccine defiance in Bosaso from September 2020 to November 2020. Healthcare workers (HCWs) in Bosaso city both in public and private health facilities who accepted to participate in this study were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire, and SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. Results We found that only (16.4%) of HCWs were fully vaccinated. The main reasons for not taking the vaccine by the participants were the unavailability of the vaccine (42%), high vaccine cost (28.7%), lack of time (20.7%), and fear of vaccine side effects (7.5%). The majority (69.7%) of HCWs demonstrated good knowledge about HBV infection. The vaccination uptake was significantly higher among midwives (p = 0.02; OR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.39 - 67.41) and individuals aged under 30 years (p = 0.03; OR = 8.6; 95%CI = 1.17-63.26). Conclusion Our study revealed that vaccination coverage of HCWs in Bosaso was very low because of the unavailability of vaccines, high cost of the vaccine, lack of time, and fear of vaccine side effects. Therefore, the development and implementation of policies related to HBV vaccination are recommended.
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Peng YC, Xu JX, Zeng CF, Zhao XH, You XM, Xu PP, Li LQ, Qi LN. Operable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: gut microbiota profile of patients at different ages. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:477. [PMID: 35571398 PMCID: PMC9096381 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Age was important prognostic factors for operable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the difference in gut microbiota in patients with operable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) at different ages ; to investigate the features of the microbiota and its function associated with different ages; to provide a preliminary look at effects of the gut microbiota dimension on prognostic. Methods From September 2020 to May 2021, patients with HBV-HCC were able to undergo liver resection and were recruited consecutively and divided into the younger age group (age <45 years) (Y.AG) (n=20), middle age group (age from 45 to 65 years) (M.AG) (n=13) 45–65 years, and older age group (age >65 years) (O.AG) (n=20). The relationships between gut microbiota and different ages were explored using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. PICRUST2 was used to examine the metagenomic data in PHLF patients. Fisher’s exact and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for the data analysis. Results Pairwise comparison between the three groups showed that the α-diversity of Y.AG was significantly higher than that of O.AG (ACE Index, P=0.017; chao1 Index, P=0.031; observed_species Index, P=0.011; and goods_coverage Index, P=0.041). The β-diversity in the 3 groups differed significantly (stress =0.100), while the composition (β-diversity) differed significantly between the Y.AG and the M.AG (stress =0.090), the M.AG and the O.AG (stress =0.095), and the Y.AG and the O.AG (stress =0.099). At the genus level, 7 bacterial genera were significantly enriched in the O.AG compared with the Y.AG, of which Streptococcus, Blautia, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, and Fusicatenibacter represented the major variances in O.AG microbiomes. Eleven genera were significantly increased in the O.AG, of which Prevotella, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Ruminiclostridium, and Phascolarctobacterium represented the major variances in the O.AG. The Y.AG and the O.AG were predicted by PICRUSt2 analysis, which found 72 pathways related to differential gut microbiome at the genus level. Redundancy analysis showed that 7 environmental factors were significantly correlated with intestinal microorganisms, especially in the Y.AG compared with the O.AG. Conclusions Analysis of gut microbiota characteristics in patients of different ages could ultimately contribute to the development of novel avenues for the treatment of HCC at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Chuan-Fa Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xue-Mei You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Ping-Ping Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
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Peng YC, Zhao XH, Zeng CF, Xu JX, Qi LN, Li LQ. Integrated omics analysis: the relationship between significantly increased Klebsiella post-hepatectomy and decreased hub-metabolite 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is associated with induced liver failure. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:326-343. [PMID: 35284109 PMCID: PMC8899754 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to evaluate the association between intestinal Klebsiella and post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (B-HCC), and identify the inner relationship. METHODS Patients with B-HCC were divided into Groups A and B based on the presence or absence of PHLF. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid surveys were used to identify gut microbiome alterations. PICRUST2 was used to examine the metagenomic data in PHLF patients. Fecal and serum samples were processed by chromatography-mass spectrometry based non-targeted metabonomics, then comprehensively analyzed to obtain hub metabolites. A Spearman correlation analysis was then conducted to find any associations between fecal differential metabolites and the relative abundance of differential microbes. RESULTS Hepatectomies were significantly associated with a gut microbial imbalance in B-HCC patients, and a significant elevation of Klebsiella abundance was observed in PHLF patients. Klebsiella appears to act on 13 amino acid-related pathways, especially significantly observed in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolic pathways. Additionally, Klebsiella was found to be highly correlated with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid shared by feces and serum in the BCAA metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Hepatectomy can lead to an imbalance of intestinal microflora in B-HCC patients. Due to its potential connections with 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid in the BCAA pathway, significantly increased Klebsiella has the potential to be an evaluation indicator of PHLF in B-HCC patients. Moreover, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid has research value in PHLF-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Chuan-Fa Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Lu-Nan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
| | - Le-Qun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, China
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Chen X, Zhou J, Wu L, Zhu X, Deng H. MAFLD is Associated with the Risk of Liver Fibrosis and Inflammatory Activity in HBeAg-Negative CHB Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:673-683. [PMID: 35256849 PMCID: PMC8898022 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s351492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are both important public health problems. The effect of concomitant MAFLD on patients with CHB is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of MAFLD on liver fibrosis and inflammation in CHB patients with different hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 399 treatment-naïve CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy. All patients were divided into two groups (HBeAg± group). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with liver inflammatory activity and significant fibrosis in patients with CHB. Multivariable logistic regressions were repeated in subgroups stratified by HBeAg status. RESULTS In patients with CHB, MAFLD was independently associated with a risk of moderate-to-severe liver activity and significant fibrosis (P <0.05). In the HBeAg-negative group, patients with MAFLD had significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P <0.05) and more severe liver inflammatory activity and fibrosis (P <0.05) compared to those without MAFLD. MAFLD was independently associated with a risk of moderate-to-severe liver activity (A ≥3: OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.71-9.22, P =0.001) and significant fibrosis (F ≥2: OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.09-3.73, P =0.026). In the HBeAg-positive group, MAFLD was found to be independently associated with moderate-to-severe liver activity (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.03-5.79, P =0.044) but not fibrosis (P =0.618). CONCLUSION MAFLD is associated with the risk of liver fibrosis and inflammatory activity in HBeAg-negative CHB patients. Sufficient attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of MAFLD in patients with CHB, especially in HBeAg-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Deng; Xiang Zhu, Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-2085252506, Fax +86-2085252063, Email ;
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Ding R, Shen Y, Yuan M, Zheng X, Chen S, Duan G. Rapid and facile detection of HBV with CRISPR/Cas13a. NEW J CHEM 2022; 46:19997-20004. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
A rapid point-of-care assay based on CRISPR-Cas13a for HBV was built with a LOD of 1 copy per μL was achieved in 50 min. The lateral flow test strip method can achieve naked-eye results, and the fluorescence readout can achieve real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
- Jining No. 1 People′s Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Mingzhu Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
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Medhat A, Arzumanyan A, Feitelson MA. Hepatitis B x antigen (HBx) is an important therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2421-2433. [PMID: 34853663 PMCID: PMC8629409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen that has infected an estimated two billion people worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficacious vaccines, universal screening of the blood supply for virus, and potent direct acting anti-viral drugs, there are more than 250 million carriers of HBV who are at risk for the sequential development of hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More than 800,000 deaths per year are attributed to chronic hepatitis B. Many different therapeutic approaches have been developed to block virus replication, and although effective, none are curative. These treatments have little or no impact upon the portions of integrated HBV DNA, which often encode the virus regulatory protein, HBx. Although given little attention, HBx is an important therapeutic target because it contributes importantly to (a) HBV replication, (b) in protecting infected cells from immune mediated destruction during chronic infection, and (c) in the development of HCC. Thus, the development of therapies targeting HBx, combined with other established therapies, will provide a functional cure that will target virus replication and further reduce or eliminate both the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease and HCC. Simultaneous targeting of all these characteristics underscores the importance of developing therapies against HBx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Medhat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Azad University, North Unit, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liang Y, Bai X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Pang X, Nie L, Qiu W, Zhao W, Hu G. Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Rates and Associated Factors: A Community-Based, Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Beijing, 2019-2020. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1070. [PMID: 34696178 PMCID: PMC8539675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates are low throughout most populations in China. Factors influencing low coverage rates, including population-specific hepatitis B vaccination barriers, may inform policies that promote vaccination. A cross-sectional survey of residents from 43 communities assessed their vaccination status and identified associated factors via uni- and multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses. In total, 11,280 of 36,007 respondents received a hepatitis B vaccine, indicating a 31.33% coverage rate. Multivariable logistic regression revealed non-Beijing (odds ratio (OR) = 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76-0.85) and residents who self-rated their health as very healthy (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68-0.99) were unlikely to be vaccinated. Farmers (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.51-1.86), commerce and service workers (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.63-2.04), government employees (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.38-1.77), professionals and technicians (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.63-2.09), and students (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.10-2.59) had increased hepatitis B vaccination rates. The multivariable assessment revealed hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates are associated with confirmed or suspected family cases, vaccination unwillingness or uncertainty, and unawareness of its prevention of the hepatitis B virus. Low hepatitis B vaccination coverage rates among Beijing subpopulations highlight the need for improved strategies, including those that target specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xinxin Bai
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; (X.P.); (L.N.)
| | - Li Nie
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China; (X.P.); (L.N.)
| | - Wuqi Qiu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Beijing, Beijing 100020, China; (Y.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
| | - Guangyu Hu
- Center for Health Policy and Management, Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;
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Ouchida T, Takamatsu S, Maeda M, Asuka T, Morita C, Kondo J, Ueda K, Miyoshi E. Challenges in the Application of Glyco-Technology to Hepatitis B Virus Therapy and Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091860. [PMID: 34578441 PMCID: PMC8473023 DOI: 10.3390/v13091860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major pathogen that causes acute/chronic hepatitis. Continuous HBV infection can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although several different anti-HBV treatments are available for chronic hepatitis B patients, discontinuing these medications is difficult. Patients with chronic hepatitis B at high risk for HCC therefore require close observation. However, no suitable biomarkers for detecting high-risk groups for HCC exist, except for serum HBV-DNA, but a number of HCC biomarkers are used clinically, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II). Glycosylation is an important post-translational protein modification involved in many human pathologic conditions. HBV surface proteins contain various oligosaccharides, and several reports have described their biological functions. Inhibition of HBV glycosylation represents a potential novel anti-HBV therapy. It is thought that glycosylation of hepatocytes/hepatoma cells is also important for HBV infection, as it prevents HBV from infecting cells other than hepatocytes, even if the cells express the HBV receptor. In this review, we summarize considerable research regarding the relationship between HBV and glycosylation as it relates to the development of novel diagnostic tests and therapies for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunenori Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Tatsuya Asuka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Chiharu Morita
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; (T.O.); (S.T.); (M.M.); (T.A.); (C.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-6-6879-2590
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Ali Khan M, Haider MS, Nusrat B, Abbas Razvi SK, Shah ZZ, Shah AM, Khalid T, Haleem F. Demographics, Biochemical Characteristics, and Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Retrospective Analysis From a Secondary Care Setup. Cureus 2021; 13:e16558. [PMID: 34430162 PMCID: PMC8380003 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of cirrhosis in the developing world. Despite the development of effective vaccine(s) and direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) such as tenofovir and entecavir, the eradication of chronic HBV remains a distant dream in endemic regions. Factors such as treatment naivety, longer duration of disease, late diagnosis, family history of liver disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma, fatty liver disease, multiple comorbidities, alcoholism, use of tobacco products, noncompliance to drugs, and loss to follow-up all contribute to disease progression and development of complications. In order to promote a better understanding of the treatment initiation, duration, and eventual outcomes, the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) updated its guidelines in 2017 and introduced a new staging system for chronic HBV. Since these guidelines are relatively recent, data regarding the new staging is virtually absent in local/regional settings. Moreover, it has been observed that patients presenting to secondary care setups at major urban centers have disease characteristics quite distinct from those of their rural counterparts or patients presenting to tertiary care setups, even in the same cities. Additionally, there is scarce published data with regard to this aspect. With this study, we hope to make progress on all of those fronts. Objective We aimed to evaluate the demographics, biochemical characteristics, and phases of chronic HBV at the secondary care level. Methods This was a retrospective observational cohort conducted at the Sindh Government Hospital, Liaquatabad from January to December 2020. Patients of either gender who were aged ≥12 years, and diagnosed as a case of chronic HBV were eligible to be enrolled in the study. Only treatment-naive patients were enrolled in the study. Demographics, biochemical characteristics, and phases of HBV (in light of the updated guidelines issued by EASL in 2017 with respect to HBV) were recorded and analyzed. Patient confidentiality was ensured at all times. Results A total of 102 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of our cohort was 34.31 ±12.42 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 3:2. All referrals were made from within the city district. Housewives and laborers made up the majority of our patients. The mean alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were 39.83 ±21.33 IU/L; otherwise, the biochemical profile of the patients was unremarkable. Phase III was the most frequently recorded stage of chronic HBV; 41 (40.19%) of the patients were diagnosed with it. However, nearly half of the patients had chronic active hepatitis (phases II and IV). Only a single case each of hepatitis Delta virus and decompensated liver disease (DCLD) was recorded. Conclusions All patients of chronic HBV presenting at the secondary care level were referred locally, were relatively older, and exhibited a higher frequency of chronic active hepatitis (phases II and IV). This corresponded to borderline elevations of ALT. But the remainder of the biochemical profile was largely unremarkable due to the very low prevalence of cirrhosis among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad S Haider
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Baakh Nusrat
- Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Zunaira Z Shah
- Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ali M Shah
- Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Tahreem Khalid
- Department of Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Farhan Haleem
- Gastroenterology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, PAK
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Gomes LC, Sanson MCG, Brainin P, de Melo MDCV, de Souza RM, Mazaro J, Lima KO, Resende JS, Vieira IVM, Mesquita EDS, Matos LO, Dutra ICS, Palmisano G, Wrenger C, Marinho CRF, da Silva RDSU. Levels of hepatitis B antibody titers are affected by age and doses gap time in children from a high endemic area of the western Amazon. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253752. [PMID: 34197516 PMCID: PMC8248698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite completion of the vaccine schedule for hepatitis B virus (HBV), children may display levels of HBV surface antibodies (anti-HBs) that are considered inadequate for sufficient protection (<10 IU/L). AIMS Our aim was to investigate if age and gap time between HBV vaccine doses may negatively affect the levels of anti-HBs in children, and if these relationships are modified by sex. METHODS In a high-endemic HBV region of the western Brazilian Amazon we enrolled children who had completed the HBV vaccine schedule. All children underwent analysis of anti-HBs and a clinical examination. RESULTS We included 522 children (mean age 4.3 ± 0.8 years; 50% male). Median anti-HBs was 28.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 5.4 to 128.6] IU/L and 32% had anti-HBs <10 IU/L. The median gap time from last to preceding dose was 2.4 [IQR 2.1 to 3.3] months. Levels of anti-HBs decreased with higher age (-42% per year increase [95%CI -56% to -24%], p<0.001), but not with longer gap time (+23% per month increase [95%CI -16% to +62%], p = 0.249). After adjusting for relevant confounders, gap time became significant (p = 0.032) and age remained a significant predictor of anti-HBs (p<0.001). CONCLUSION One third of assessed children displayed anti-HBs <10 IU/L. Levels of anti-HBs decreased with higher age and increased with longer gap time between the last two doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cordeiro Gomes
- Health and Sport Science Center, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karine Oliveira Lima
- Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Júnia Silva Resende
- Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luan Oliveira Matos
- Multidisciplinary Center, Federal University of Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Campos-Valdez M, Monroy-Ramírez HC, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Sánchez-Orozco LV. Molecular Mechanisms during Hepatitis B Infection and the Effects of the Virus Variability. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061167. [PMID: 34207116 PMCID: PMC8235420 DOI: 10.3390/v13061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved during a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have made the approaches for research complex, especially concerning the patients’ responses in the course of the early acute stage. The study of molecular bases involved in the viral clearance or persistence of the infection is complicated due to the difficulty to detect patients at the most adequate points of the disease, especially in the time lapse between the onset of the infection and the viral emergence. Despite this, there is valuable data obtained from animal and in vitro models, which have helped to clarify some aspects of the early immune response against HBV infection. The diversity of the HBV (genotypes and variants) has been proven to be associated not only with the development and outcome of the disease but also with the response to treatments. That is why factors involved in the virus evolution need to be considered while studying hepatitis B infection. This review brings together some of the published data to try to explain the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of the infection, clinical outcomes, viral persistence, and the impact of the variants of HBV in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Campos-Valdez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Hugo C. Monroy-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendáriz-Borunda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, México
| | - Laura V. Sánchez-Orozco
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, México; (M.C.-V.); (H.C.M.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-3954-5677
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Yu C, Sun Y, Xu L, Zhang X, Liu K, Jin J, Huang X, Wang Y. Hepatitis B Seropositive Status in Recipients or Donors Is Not Related to Worse Outcomes after Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:668.e1-668.e9. [PMID: 34052506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a high rate of chronic infection in Asian populations, and only limited studies have been performed to analyze the impact of HBV-seropositive haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) recipients and donors. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect on clinical outcomes in those patients. We conducted a retrospective study enrolling 237 consecutive patients undergoing first haplo-HSCT. The patients were classified into 3 groups: recipient HBV-positive group (R+D-; n = 62), donor HBV-positive group (D+; n = 83), and HBV-negative group (R-D-; n = 92). Corresponding prophylactic antiviral treatment was given in the R+D- and D+ groups. The results were compared among the 3 groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, Pearson's chi-square test for categorical variables, the competing-risk method to evaluate cumulative incidence, Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and a Cox proportional hazard model to analyze multivariable influences. The 3-year cumulative HBV reactivation rate was 4.2%. The median time to HBV reactivation was 845 days (range, 545 to 1439 days) after haplo-HSCT. The R+D- group tended to have a higher cumulative incidence of HBV reactivation compared with the D+ group (11.8% versus 3.1%; P = .080). Significant differences in the causes of hepatic damage were observed among the 3 groups (P = .017), and all patients with acute hepatitis B after haplo-HSCT were from the R+D- group. Multivariate analysis showed that pretransplantation HBV status was associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation (R+D- versus R-D-: hazard ratio, 1.514; 95% confidence interval, 1.060 to 2.163; P = .023). The 3-year OS and DFS, 3-year cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality (NRM), rates of relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and causes of death were comparable among the 3 groups. Pretransplantation HBV serostatus had no significant effect on OS, DFS, NRM, relapse, or GVHD in the multivariate analysis. Based on our data, seropositivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) or core antibody (HBcAb) in donors or recipients before transplantation did not negatively affect the overall outcome after haplo-HSCT under the premise of proper antiviral prophylaxis along with regular post-transplantation surveillance, and HBV seropositivity should not be considered a contraindication to haplo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzi Yu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqian Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Ben Dhifallah I, Ayouni K, Jmel H, Kammoun W, Hamzaoui K, Sadraoui A, Triki H. Strong association of functional polymorphism in IL-12B with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in Tunisia. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4949-4956. [PMID: 33739474 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronicity or clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection depends on viral and genetic variables. The immune response against HBV is thought to be responsible for viral persistence or clearance. Cytokines such as interleukin 1-2B (IL1-2B) involved in the T-helper 1 system are key mediators in the defence mechanisms against viral infection and play a role in the regulation of HBV clearance during infection. We aimed to examine whether the polymorphic variant TaqI polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR; rs3212227) suspected to modulate interleukin-levels of IL-12B has an influence on the risk of development of chronicity after HBV exposure. METHODS Genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for 236 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 240 controls from different cities of Tunisia recruited in the Pasteur Institute of Tunisia between January 2017 and December 2018. RESULTS We found that the IL-12B polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk of CHB in patients (p = 1 × 10-3 ; χ 2 = 10.31 and odds ratio [OR] = 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-3.52) when AC/CC variant genotypes were compared with the wild-type AA homozygote. Statistical significance was found when CHB-males were compared with CHB-females (p = 2 × 10-7 ; χ 2 = 26.62 and p = 1 × 10-3 ; χ 2 = 10.36, for genotypic and allelic frequencies, respectively). Also, CHB-patients carrying C-allele less than 50-years were at an increased risk of developing chronic HBV infection than patients more than 50-years (p = 6.1 × 10-5 ; χ 2 = 16.07). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the C-allele would affect susceptibility to chronicity after HBV exposure in Tunisian patients especially for males less than 50-years. Age and sex have an influence on this polymorphism in CHB Tunisian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Ben Dhifallah
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Jmel
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Pasteur Institute Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Kammoun
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Regional Training Center supported by WHO-TDR for East Mediterranean Region (EMR), Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences Histology, Immunology and cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Wooddell CI, Gehring AJ, Yuen MF, Given BD. RNA Interference Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Predicts the Importance of Addressing Viral Integration When Developing Novel Cure Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040581. [PMID: 33808298 PMCID: PMC8065501 DOI: 10.3390/v13040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a globally important cause of morbidity and mortality and has recently undergone a renaissance in therapeutic interest with increased pre-clinical and clinical testing of new drug classes. One of the first new classes in the clinic was RNA interference agents, which have the potential to impact the entire viral life cycle by reducing all virus-produced mRNA. Early clinical testing with the first of these agents in the clinic, ARC-520, demonstrated that rapid and deep reductions in viral proteins, RNA and DNA could be produced with this approach, but also the surprising insight that HBsAg production from incomplete HBV DNA integrated into the host genome appears to play a heretofore unappreciated and important role in maintaining circulating HBsAg, thought to play a fundamental role in preventing host clearance of the virus. Thus, accounting for viral DNA integration in novel HBV treatment approaches may prove to be essential to achieving successful finite therapies of this difficult to treat chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine I. Wooddell
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-316-3930
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Bruce D. Given
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
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KİLİÇASLAN Ö, SAV NM, ERİŞEN KARACA S, SUNGUR MA, ÖZTÜRK C, KOCABAY K. Adolesan Çocuklarda Hepatit B Belirteçlerinin İncelenmesi-Düzce Üniversitesi Hastanesi 5 Yıllık Sonuçlar. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.824589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Westenberger G, Sellers J, Fernando S, Junkins S, Han SM, Min K, Lawan A. Function of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Hepatic Inflammation. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2021; 2:172-180. [PMID: 34557866 PMCID: PMC8457364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The western diet and overuse of anti-inflammatory medication have caused a great deal of stress on the liver. Obesity and the associated inflammatory state in insulin-responsive tissues result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates the stress-responsive MAPKs, p38 MAPK, and JNK. These MAPKs have figured prominently as critical effectors in physiological and pathophysiological hepatic inflammation. In contrast, evidence for a role for ERK1/2 in hepatic inflammation has been less well developed. In this review article, we describe recent insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of the role of stress-responsive MAPKs in hepatic inflammation during obesity and liver injury with a focus on macrophages, hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. In response to metabolic stress and liver injury, JNK activation in macrophages and hepatocytes promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. p38 MAPK plays an important role in contributing to the progression of hepatic inflammation in response to various hepatic cellular stresses, although the precise substrates mediating these effects in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells remain to be identified. Both JNK and p38 MAPK promotes profibrotic behavior in hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Westenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Jacob Sellers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Savanie Fernando
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Sadie Junkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA
| | - Sung Min Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute of Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Kisuk Min
- Division of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
| | - Ahmed Lawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmed Lawan;
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Getnet MA, Bayu NH, Abtew MD, W/Mariam TG. Hepatitis B Vaccination Uptake Rate and Predictors in Healthcare Professionals of Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:2875-2885. [PMID: 33335433 PMCID: PMC7737625 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s286488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Healthcare professionals continue to be at risk of acquiring occupation-related hepatitis B virus infection because of noncompliance for the 3-dose primary series of hepatitis B vaccine recommended. The objective of the study was to determine the rate of and to identify the predictors of hepatitis B vaccination uptake in healthcare professionals in Ethiopia. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted between May 19 2018 and June 15 2018. A stratified with systematic random sampling technique was used to select 260 healthcare professionals. A structured questionnaire was used to collect all the necessary primary data from samples. This survey analyzed hepatitis B vaccination uptake as the binary outcome variable ("noncomplete" vs "complete") with regard to the 30 potential predictor variables. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques have been used to address the study objective. Results The rate of complete vs noncomplete hepatitis B vaccination uptake was 37.7% vs 62.3%. The significantly independent predictors of hepatitis B vaccination uptake were professional qualification (P=0.004), professional experience (P=0.013), household income (P=0.006), workload status (P=0.015), routine infant immunization program existence at the workplace (P=0.014), perceived susceptibility to infection (P=0.005), perceived safety of vaccine (P=0.001), prior occupational exposure to blood (P=0.006), training on universal precautions (P=0.015), and colleagues' suggestion (P=0.002). Conclusion The rate of hepatitis B vaccination uptake found was currently low. The significantly independent predictors of hepatitis B vaccination uptake included perceived safety, colleagues' suggestion, professional qualification, perceived susceptibility, household income, prior occupational exposure to blood, professional experience, existence of routine infant immunization program at the workplace facility, workload status, and universal precautions training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehammed Adem Getnet
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Habtie Bayu
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekdes Dessie Abtew
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfamichael G/Mariam W/Mariam
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Evaluation for the Genetic Association between Store-Operated Calcium Influx Pathway (STIM1 and ORAI1) and Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110388. [PMID: 33182378 PMCID: PMC7695319 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often develops from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) through replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays an essential role in HBV replication. Store-operated calcium (SOC) channels are a major pathway of Ca2+ entry into non-excitable cells such as immune cells and cancer cells. The basic components of SOC signaling include the STIM1 and ORAI1 genes. However, the roles of STIM1 and ORAI1 in HBV-mediated HCC are still unclear. Thus, long-term follow-up of HBV cohort was carried out in this study. This study recruited 3631 patients with chronic hepatitis (345 patients with HCC, 3286 patients without HCC) in a Taiwanese population. Genetic variants of the STIM1 and ORAI1 genes were detected using an Axiom CHB1 genome-wide array. Clinical associations of 40 polymorphisms were analyzed. Three of the STIM1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6578418, rs7116520, and rs11030472) and one SNP of ORAI1 (rs6486795) showed a trend of being associated with HCC disease (p < 0.05). However, after correction for multiple testing, none of the SNPs reached a significant level (q > 0.05); in contrast, neither STIM1 nor ORAI1 showed a significant association with HCC progression in CHB patients. Functional studies by both total internal reflection fluorescence images and transwell migration assay indicated the critical roles of SOC-mediated signaling in HCC migration. In conclusion, we reported a weak correlation between STIM1/ORAI1 polymorphisms and the risk of HCC progression in CHB patients.
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Al-Jumaa ZM, Ajaj EA, Dahl MO. Seroprevalence of canine hepatitis in stray dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq. Vet World 2020; 13:2326-2329. [PMID: 33363322 PMCID: PMC7750242 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2326-2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was conducted to explore evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Serum samples of 78 dogs were used to (i) estimate levels of the antibodies against HBV through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and (ii) measure the activity of liver function enzymes. Results: Seropositive dogs for HBV constituted 9% of total tested dogs. The differences in seropositivity among males compared to females and among different ages were not statistically significant. Liver function enzymes analysis revealed a significant increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in seropositive dogs compared to those seronegative. Conclusion: Hepatitis B is evident in dogs in Nineveh Province, Iraq, with a significant impact on liver function in affected dogs. It is important to confirm this evidence through molecular tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Mustafa Al-Jumaa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Eva Aisser Ajaj
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Osamah Dahl
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
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Kumar A, Shariff M, Doshi R. Association Between Past Hepatitis B Infection and Ischemic Heart Disease: An Analysis From the 2007-2016 NHANES Data. Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:372-377. [PMID: 32723514 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is postulated as a possible risk factor for ischemic heart disease with a spiralling body of evidence. Hepatitis B is one of the most comprehensively investigated infection for its association with ischemic heart disease. This study aims at establishing an association between Hepatitis B core antibody status and ischemic heart disease using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. METHODS NHANES data from 2007 to 2016 were used for the present analysis. To identify patients with self-reported coronary heart disease, angina/angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, we examined the answers to questions MCQ160c, MCQ160d, MCQ160e delineated in NHANES data. These questions as described in the NHANES dataset are as follows: MCQ160c-Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had coronary heart disease?, MCQ160d-Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had angina, also called angina pectoris?, MCQ160e- Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had a heart attack also called myocardial infarction?. Next, to identify patients with positive Hepatitis B core antibody, we examined the variable LBXHBC of the NHANES dataset. Baseline characteristics, along with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio using multivariable logistic regression analysis, of included patients were analyzed for Hepatitis B core antibody and its association with ischemic heart disease. RESULTS A total of 3,248 individuals with ischemic heart disease and 42,345 individuals with no ischemic heart disease were included in the final analysis. Hepatitis B core antibody positive status was associated with lower incidence of ischemic heart disease, adjusted odds ratio of 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.41-0.92, P value < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present analysis points toward a possible association between past Hepatitis B infection and ischemic heart disease. Hepatitis B infection was associated with a decreased incidence of ischemic heart disease. Further research with better design and possible molecular mechanism is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - Mariam Shariff
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajkumar Doshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Mechanisms of HBV immune evasion. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104816. [PMID: 32387476 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immune evasion is a longstanding topic of debate during chronic Hepatitis B Virus infection. The 292 million individuals chronically infected by HBV are clear evidence that the virus avoids elimination by the immune system. The exact mechanisms of immune evasion remain undefined and are distinct, but likely interconnected, between innate and adaptive immunity. There is a significant body of evidence that supports peripheral tolerance and exhaustion of adaptive immunity but our understanding of the role that central tolerance plays is still developing. Innate immunity instructs the adaptive immune response and subversion of its functionality will impact both T and B cell responses. However, literature around the interaction of HBV with innate immunity is inconsistent, with reports suggesting that HBV avoids innate recognition, suppresses innate recognition, or activates innate immunity. This complexity has led to confusion and controversy. This review will discuss the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance/exhaustion of adaptive immunity in the context of chronic HBV infection. We also cover the interaction of HBV with cells of the innate immune system and propose concepts for the heterogeneity of responses in chronically infected patients.
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Irham LM, Wong HSC, Perwitasari DA, Chou WH, Yang HI, Chang WC. Single-nucleotide polymorphism of rs7944135 (macrophage-expressed gene 1) is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B infection: A cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17936. [PMID: 31860948 PMCID: PMC6940119 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the ultimate aim of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Genetic, factor age, and gender were reported to be involved in the clearance of HBsAg. However, the rate of HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients is still low globally and few of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) had been identified to associated with HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients.Recently, 3 associated SNPs (rs7944135, rs171941, and rs6462008) were reported in the clearance of HBsAg in the Korean population. However, these SNPs have not been investigated in the CHB Taiwanese population. In present study, these 3 SNPs were genotyped in 2565 Taiwanese CHB patients including 493 CHB patients with HBsAg seroclearance and 2072 without HBsAg seroclearance.We observed that SNP rs7944135 was solely associated with HBsAg seroclearance. Subjects with the AA genotype at rs7944135 of macrophage-expressed gene 1 had a higher susceptibility to HBsAg clearance, compared to those with the AG or GG genotype under the genotypic model (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76. 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-2.72, P = .045). Furthermore, we found a 1.74-fold increased risk of acquiring HBsAg seroclearance associated with the AA genotype compared to AG + GG of rs7944135 under the recessive model (OR = 1.74. 95% CI = 1.13-2.66, P = .014). According to the cumulative fraction curve with the log-rank test revealed that patients with the AA genotype of rs7944135 showed higher susceptibility to occur HBsAg seroclearance (P = .039) and HBV DNA undetectable (P = .0074) compared to those with the AG or GG genotype.This study examined the associations of 3 SNPs (rs7944135, rs171941, and rs6462008) with HBsAg seroclearance, and we identified that rs7944135 is solely associated with HBsAg seroclearance in Taiwanese CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalu Muhammad Irham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Henry Sung-Ching Wong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wan-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica
- Integrative Research Center for Critical Care, Wan fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Oliveira MSD, Silva RPM, Valle SDCND, Souza RMD, Figueiredo END, Taminato M, Fram DS. Hepatitis B and Delta: clinical aspects of patients in the Brazilian Western Amazonia. Rev Bras Enferm 2019; 72:1265-1270. [PMID: 31531650 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to analyze clinical, serological, biochemical and hematological aspects in patients infected with the hepatitis B (HBV) and Delta (HDV) viruses. METHOD cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study, performed with patients chronically infected with HBV and superinfected with HDV. RESULTS among the 112 patients selected, 74% were monoinfected with HBV (Group HBV) and 26% were superinfected with HDV (Group HBV+HDV). There was no difference in gender distribution. The average age was 36 years with standard deviation of ±12 years. The symptoms and signs presented a higher proportion in Group HBV+HDV (p=0.001). In both groups, most patients had non-reactive AgHBe. The records of biochemical and hematologic changes showed highest proportion in Group VHB+VHD Group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION the study found that patients were in clinical stages of the disease different from those in the initial examination for monitoring their chronic condition. The clinical profile suggests greater severity of liver disease among the patients superinfected with HDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mônica Taminato
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thomas E, Baumert TF. Hepatitis B Virus-Hepatocyte Interactions and Innate Immune Responses: Experimental Models and Molecular Mechanisms. Semin Liver Dis 2019; 39:301-314. [PMID: 31266064 PMCID: PMC7377277 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1685518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide. While current therapeutic approaches can efficiently control viral infection, efficient curative antivirals are absent. The understanding of virus-hepatocyte interactions and sensing of viral infection is an important prerequisite for the development of novel antiviral therapies for cure. Hepatocyte intrinsic innate immunity provides a rapid first line of defense to combat viral infection through the upregulation of antiviral and inflammatory genes. However, the functional relevance of many of these antiviral signaling pathways in the liver and their role in HBV pathogenesis is still only partially understood. The recent identification of intracellular RNA and DNA sensing pathways and their involvement in disease biology, including viral pathogenesis and carcinogenesis, is currently transforming our understanding of virus-host interactions. Here the authors review the current knowledge on intrinsic antiviral innate immune responses including the role of viral nucleic acid sensing pathways in the liver. Since HBV has been designated as a "stealth virus," the study of the impact of HBV on signaling pathways in the hepatocyte is of significant interest to understand viral pathogenesis. Characterizing the mechanism underlying these HBV-host interactions and targeting related pathways to enhance antiviral innate responses may open new strategies to trigger noncytopathic clearance of covalently closed circular DNA to ultimately cure patients with chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thomas
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France,Laboratory of Excellence HEPSYS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
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