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Huang M, Liu Y, Yan Q, Peng M, Ge J, Mo Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Zeng Z, Li Y, Fan C, Xiong W. NK cells as powerful therapeutic tool in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:733-757. [PMID: 38170381 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells have gained considerable attention and hold great potential for their application in tumor immunotherapy. This is mainly due to their MHC-unrestricted and pan-specific recognition capabilities, as well as their ability to rapidly respond to and eliminate target cells. To artificially generate therapeutic NK cells, various materials can be utilized, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), umbilical cord blood (UCB), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and NK cell lines. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of NK cells to treat tumors through in vivo and in vitro therapeutic modalities has yielded positive therapeutic results. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive description of NK cell therapeutic approaches for tumors and discusses the current problems associated with these therapeutic approaches and the prospects of NK cell therapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building, RM N720, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Kaur A, Vaccari M. Exploring HIV Vaccine Progress in the Pre-Clinical and Clinical Setting: From History to Future Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:368. [PMID: 38543734 PMCID: PMC10974975 DOI: 10.3390/v16030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with millions of people affected and new cases emerging each year. While various treatment and prevention methods exist, including antiretroviral therapy and non-vaccine approaches, developing an effective vaccine remains the most crucial and cost-effective solution to combating the HIV epidemic. Despite significant advancements in HIV research, the HIV vaccine field has faced numerous challenges, and only one clinical trial has demonstrated a modest level of efficacy. This review delves into the history of HIV vaccines and the current efforts in HIV prevention, emphasizing pre-clinical vaccine development using the non-human primate model (NHP) of HIV infection. NHP models offer valuable insights into potential preventive strategies for combating HIV, and they play a vital role in informing and guiding the development of novel vaccine candidates before they can proceed to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitinder Kaur
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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3
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Rožmanić C, Lisnić B, Pribanić Matešić M, Mihalić A, Hiršl L, Park E, Lesac Brizić A, Indenbirken D, Viduka I, Šantić M, Adler B, Yokoyama WM, Krmpotić A, Juranić Lisnić V, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Perinatal murine cytomegalovirus infection reshapes the transcriptional profile and functionality of NK cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6412. [PMID: 37828009 PMCID: PMC10570381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42182-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections in early life can elicit substantially different immune responses and pathogenesis than infections in adulthood. Here, we investigate the consequences of murine cytomegalovirus infection in newborn mice on NK cells. We show that infection severely compromised NK cell maturation and functionality in newborns. This effect was not due to compromised virus control. Inflammatory responses to infection dysregulated the expression of major transcription factors governing NK cell fate, such as Eomes, resulting in impaired NK cell function. Most prominently, NK cells from perinatally infected mice have a diminished ability to produce IFN-γ due to the downregulation of long non-coding RNA Ifng-as1 expression. Moreover, the bone marrow's capacity to efficiently generate new NK cells is reduced, explaining the prolonged negative effects of perinatal infection on NK cells. This study demonstrates that viral infections in early life can profoundly impact NK cell biology, including long-lasting impairment in NK cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rožmanić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eugene Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ana Lesac Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ina Viduka
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marina Šantić
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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4
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Lee J, Chang WLW, Scott JM, Hong S, Lee T, Deere JD, Park PH, Sparger EE, Dandekar S, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Barry PA, Kim S. FcRγ- NK Cell Induction by Specific Cytomegalovirus and Expansion by Subclinical Viral Infections in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:443-452. [PMID: 37314415 PMCID: PMC10932550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
"Adaptive" NK cells, characterized by FcRγ deficiency and enhanced responsiveness to Ab-bound, virus-infected cells, have been found in certain hCMV-seropositive individuals. Because humans are exposed to numerous microbes and environmental agents, specific relationships between hCMV and FcRγ-deficient NK cells (also known as g-NK cells) have been challenging to define. Here, we show that a subgroup of rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-seropositive macaques possesses FcRγ-deficient NK cells that stably persist and display a phenotype resembling human FcRγ-deficient NK cells. Moreover, these macaque NK cells resembled human FcRγ-deficient NK cells with respect to functional characteristics, including enhanced responsiveness to RhCMV-infected target in an Ab-dependent manner and hyporesponsiveness to tumor and cytokine stimulation. These cells were not detected in specific pathogen-free (SPF) macaques free of RhCMV and six other viruses; however, experimental infection of SPF animals with RhCMV strain UCD59, but not RhCMV strain 68-1 or SIV, led to induction of FcRγ-deficient NK cells. In non-SPF macaques, coinfection by RhCMV with other common viruses was associated with higher frequencies of FcRγ-deficient NK cells. These results support a causal role for specific CMV strain(s) in the induction of FcRγ-deficient NK cells and suggest that coinfection by other viruses further expands this memory-like NK cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Graduate Group of Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - W L William Chang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Jeannine M Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Suyeon Hong
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jesse D Deere
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter H Park
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Graduate Group of Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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5
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Dong H, Ham JD, Hu G, Xie G, Vergara J, Liang Y, Ali A, Tarannum M, Donner H, Baginska J, Abdulhamid Y, Dinh K, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J, Glimcher LH, Chen J, Romee R. Memory-like NK cells armed with a neoepitope-specific CAR exhibit potent activity against NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122379119. [PMID: 35696582 PMCID: PMC9231490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122379119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge, and a paucity of tumor-specific targets has significantly hampered the development of effective immune-based therapies. Recent paradigm-changing studies have shown that natural killer (NK) cells exhibit innate memory upon brief activation with IL-12 and IL-18, leading to cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cell differentiation. CIML NK cells have enhanced antitumor activity and have shown promising results in early phase clinical trials in patients with relapsed/refractory AML. Here, we show that arming CIML NK cells with a neoepitope-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) significantly enhances their antitumor responses to nucleophosphmin-1 (NPM1)-mutated AML while avoiding off-target toxicity. CIML NK cells differentiated from peripheral blood NK cells were efficiently transduced to express a TCR-like CAR that specifically recognizes a neoepitope derived from the cytosolic oncogenic NPM1-mutated protein presented by HLA-A2. These CAR CIML NK cells displayed enhanced activity against NPM1-mutated AML cell lines and patient-derived leukemic blast cells. CAR CIML NK cells persisted in vivo and significantly improved AML outcomes in xenograft models. Single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry analyses identified up-regulation of cell proliferation, protein folding, immune responses, and major metabolic pathways in CAR-transduced CIML NK cells, resulting in tumor-specific, CAR-dependent activation and function in response to AML target cells. Thus, efficient arming of CIML NK cells with an NPM1-mutation-specific TCR-like CAR substantially improves their innate antitumor responses against an otherwise intracellular mutant protein. These preclinical findings justify evaluating this approach in clinical trials in HLA-A2+ AML patients with NPM1c mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - James Dongjoo Ham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Guozhu Xie
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Juliana Vergara
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yong Liang
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Alaa Ali
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mubin Tarannum
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hannah Donner
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joanna Baginska
- Center for Immuno-oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yasmin Abdulhamid
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Khanhlinh Dinh
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Robert J. Soiffer
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Laurie H. Glimcher
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Division of Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Transplant, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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6
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Jaiswal SR, Arunachalam J, Saifullah A, Lakhchaura R, Tailor D, Mehta A, Bhagawati G, Aiyer H, Khamar B, Malhotra SV, Chakrabarti S. Impact of an Immune Modulator Mycobacterium-w on Adaptive Natural Killer Cells and Protection Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887230. [PMID: 35603154 PMCID: PMC9115578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of NKG2C+ adaptive natural killer (ANK) cells and NKG2A+inhibitory NK (iNK) cells with respect to the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were studied for 6 months in a cohort of healthcare workers following the administration of the heat-killed Mycobacterium w (Mw group) in comparison to a control group. In both groups, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) correlated with lower NKG2C+ANK cells at baseline. There was a significant upregulation of NKG2C expression and IFN-γ release in the Mw group (p=0.0009), particularly in those with a lower baseline NKG2C expression, along with the downregulation of iNK cells (p<0.0001). This translated to a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in the Mw group (incidence risk ratio-0.15, p=0.0004). RNA-seq analysis at 6 months showed an upregulation of the ANK pathway genes and an enhanced ANK-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) signature. Thus, Mw was observed to have a salutary impact on the ANK cell profile and a long-term upregulation of ANK-ADCC pathways, which could have provided protection against COVID-19 in a non-immune high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani Jaiswal
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi, India
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Jaganath Arunachalam
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashraf Saifullah
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Lakhchaura
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhanir Tailor
- Department of Cell, Development & Cancer Biology and Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anupama Mehta
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitali Bhagawati
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Dharamshila Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemamalini Aiyer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Dharamshila Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bakulesh Khamar
- Research & Development, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Department of Cell, Development & Cancer Biology and Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Suparno Chakrabarti
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi, India
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
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7
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints (ICs) and the development of specific blockers to relieve immune effector cells from this inhibiting mechanism has changed the view of anti-cancer therapy. In addition to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed death 1 (PD1), classical ICs of T lymphocytes and recently described also on a fraction of natural killer (NK) cells, several NK cell receptors, including killer immunoglobulin-like inhibitory receptors (KIRs) and NGK2A, have been recognized as checkpoint members typical of the NK cell population. This offers the opportunity of a dual-checkpoint inhibition approach, targeting classical and non-classical ICs and leading to a synergistic therapeutic effect. In this review, we will overview and discuss this new perspective, focusing on the most relevant candidates for this role among the variety of potential NK ICs. Beside listing and defining classical ICs expressed also by NK cells, or non-classical ICs either on T or on NK cells, we will address their role in NK cell survival, chronic stimulation or functional exhaustion, and the potential relevance of this phenomenon on anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, NK ICs will be proposed as possible new targets for the development of efficient combined immunotherapy, not forgetting the relevant concerns that may be raised on NK IC blockade. Finally, the impact of epigenetic drugs in such a complex therapeutic picture will be briefly addressed.
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9
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Ren X, Chen X, Zhang X, Jiang S, Zhang T, Li G, Lu Z, Zhang D, Wang S, Qin C. Immune Microenvironment and Response in Prostate Cancer Using Large Population Cohorts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686809. [PMID: 34777331 PMCID: PMC8585452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune microenvironment of prostate cancer (PCa) is implicated in disease progression. However, previous studies have not fully explored PCa immune microenvironment. This study used ssGSEA algorithm to explore expression levels of 53 immune terms in a combined PCa cohort (eight cohorts; 1,597 samples). The top 10 immune terms were selected based on the random forest analysis and used for immune-related risk score (IRS) calculation. Furthermore, we explored differences in clinical and genomic features between high and low IRS groups. An IRS signature based on the 10 immune terms showed high prediction potential for PCa prognosis. Patients in the high IRS group showed significantly higher percentage of immunotherapy response factors, implying that IRS is effective in predicting immunotherapy response rate. Furthermore, consensus clustering was performed to separate the population into three IRSclusters with different clinical outcomes. Patients in IRScluster3 showed the worst prognosis and highest immunotherapy response rate. On the other hand, patients in IRScluster2 showed better prognosis and low immunotherapy response rate. In addition, VGLL3, ANPEP, CD38, CCK, DPYS, CST2, COMP, CRISP3, NKAIN1, and F5 genes were differentially expressed in the three IRSclusters. Furthermore, CMap analysis showed that five compounds targeted IRS signature, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, 0175029-0000, trichostatin A, and fluphenazine. In summary, immune characteristics of PCa tumor microenvironment was explored and an IRS signature was constructed based on 10 immune terms. Analysis showed that this signature is a useful tool for prognosis and prediction of immunotherapy response rate of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Ren
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinglin Chen
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Silin Jiang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongwen Lu
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Chikungunya Virus Exposure Partially Cross-Protects against Mayaro Virus Infection in Mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0112221. [PMID: 34549980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) are closely related members of the Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex classified as belonging to the genus Alphavirus of the family Togaviridae. These viruses cause human disease, with sudden fever and joint inflammation that can persist for long periods. CHIKV is the causative agent of large outbreaks worldwide, and MAYV infection represents a growing public health concern in Latin America, causing sporadic cases and geographically limited outbreaks. Considering the relationship between CHIKV and MAYV, the present study aimed to evaluate if preexisting CHIKV immunity protects against MAYV infection. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally infected with CHIKV and, 4 weeks later, they were infected with MAYV in their hind paw. We observed that the preexistence of CHIKV immunity conferred partial cross-protection against secondary MAYV infection, reducing disease severity, tissue viral load, and histopathological scores. Interestingly, CHIKV antibodies from humans and mice showed low cross-neutralization to MAYV, but neutralizing activity significantly increased after secondary infection. Furthermore, depletion of adaptive immune cells (CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and CD19+ B cells) did not alter the cross-protection phenotype, suggesting that distinct cell subsets or a combination of adaptive immune cells stimulated by CHIKV are responsible for the partial cross-protection against MAYV. The reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), in animals secondarily infected by MAYV, suggests a role for innate immunity in cross-protection. Our findings shed light on how preexisting immunity to arthritogenic alphaviruses may affect secondary infection, which may further develop relevant influence in disease outcome and viral transmission. IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne viruses have a worldwide impact, especially in tropical climates. Chikungunya virus has been present mostly in developing countries, causing millions of infections, while Mayaro virus, a close relative, has been limited to the Caribbean and tropical regions of Latin America. The potential emergence and spread of Mayaro virus to other high-risk areas have increased the scientific community's attention to an imminent worldwide epidemic. Here, we designed an experimental protocol of chikungunya and Mayaro virus mouse infection, which develops a measurable and quantifiable disease that allows us to make inferences about potential immunological effects during secondary virus infection. Our results demonstrate that previous chikungunya virus infection is able to reduce the severity of clinical outcomes during secondary Mayaro infection. We provide scientific understanding of immunological features during secondary infection with the closely related virus, thus assisting in better comprehending viral transmission and the pathological outcome of these diseases.
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11
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Yao CJ, Lü ZZ, Zhang SP, Kong LJ, Zhu QG, Cheng YB, Fang M. Research on clinical application of manual therapy to tumor-related adverse reactions. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-021-1276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Hu X, Zhu H, Zhang X, He X, Xu X. Comprehensive analysis of pan-cancer reveals potential of ASF1B as a prognostic and immunological biomarker. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6897-6916. [PMID: 34472711 PMCID: PMC8495294 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti‐silencing function 1 (ASF1) is a conserved histone H3–H4 chaperone protein. ASF1B, a paralog of ASF1, acts by promoting cell proliferation and influencing cell cycle progression. Although there is some evidence demonstrating that ASF1B plays a key role in the development, progression, and prognosis of certain cancers, there are no pan‐cancer analyses of ASF1B. Methods We used a range of bioinformatics approaches to investigate the predictive role of ASF1B, including its correlation with prognosis, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor microenvironment (TME), and immune cell infiltration, in diverse cancer types. Results We found that ASF1B was highly expressed in 22 cancers and was negatively correlated with the prognosis of multiple major cancer types. Furthermore, ASF1B expression was correlated with TMB in 21 cancers and with MSI in 7 cancers. We found that ASF1B was coexpressed with genes encoding immune activators, immune suppressors, major histocompatibility complexes, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. We further found that the role of ASF1B in the infiltration of different types of immune cells varied across tumor types. ASF1B may potentially affect several key immune‐related pathways, such as those involved in antigen processing and presentation, natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, and autoimmune thyroid disease. Conclusions Our findings show that ASF1B may serve as a prognostic marker and potential immunotherapeutic target for several malignancies due to its role in tumorigenesis and immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR NK) Cells in Cancer Treatment; Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2081-2106. [PMID: 34472037 PMCID: PMC8410173 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical members of the innate immunity lymphocytes and have a critical role in host defense against malignant cells. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) redirects the specificity of the immune cell against a target-specific antigen. ACT has recently created an outstanding opportunity for cancer treatment. Unlike CAR-armored T cells which hadnsome shortcomings as the CAR-receiving construct, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independency, shorter lifespan, the potential to produce an off-the-shelf immune product, and potent anti-tumor properties of the NK cells has introduced NK cells as a potent alternative target for expression of CAR. Here, we aim to provide an updated overview on the current improvements in CAR NK design and immunobiology and describe the potential of CAR-modified NK cells as an alternative “off-the-shelf” carrier of CAR. We also provide lists for the sources of NK cells in the process of CAR NK cell production, different methods for transduction of the CAR genetic sequence to NK cells, the differences between CAR T and CAR NK, and CAR NK-targeted tumor antigens in current studies. Additionally, we provide data on recently published preclinical and clinical studies of CAR NK therapy and a list of finished and ongoing clinical trials. For achieving CAR NK products with higher efficacy and safety, we discuss current challenges in transduction and expansion of CAR NK cells, CAR NK therapy side effects, and challenges that limit the optimal efficacy of CAR NK cells and recommend possible solutions to enhance the persistence, function, safety, and efficacy of CAR NK cells with a special focus on solid tumors.
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14
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Mikelez-Alonso I, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á, Borrego F. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapies and the many faces of NK cell memory: A look into how nanoparticles enhance NK cell activity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113860. [PMID: 34237404 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes able to exert potent antitumor and antiviral functions by different means. Besides their classification as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), NK cells exhibit memory-like and memory responses after cytokine preactivation, viral infections and hapten exposure. Multiple NK cell-based immunotherapies have been developed and are currently being tested, including the possibility to translate the NK cell memory responses into the clinic. Nevertheless, still there is a need to improve these therapies, especially for the treatment of solid tumors, and nanotechnology represents an attractive option to increase NK cell effector functions against transformed cells. In this article, we review the basis of NK cell activity, the diversity of the NK cell memory responses and the current NK cell-based immunotherapies that are being used in the clinic. Furthermore, we take a look into nanotechnology-based strategies targeting NK cells to modulate their responses for effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Mikelez-Alonso
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Vigo, Spain; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Vigo, Spain; Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Immunopathology Group, Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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15
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Evidence of Long-Lasting Humoral and Cellular Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Even in Elderly COVID-19 Convalescents Showing a Mild to Moderate Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080805. [PMID: 34440549 PMCID: PMC8401673 DOI: 10.3390/life11080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in 41 COVID-19 convalescents. As previous studies mostly included younger individuals, one advantage of our study is the comparatively high mean age of the convalescents included in the cohort considered (54 ± 8.4 years). While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were still detectable in 95% of convalescents up to 8 months post infection, an antibody-decay over time was generally observed in most donors. Using a multiplex assay, our data additionally reveal that most convalescents exhibit a broad humoral immunity against different viral epitopes. We demonstrate by flow cytometry that convalescent donors show a significantly elevated number of natural killer cells when compared to healthy controls, while no differences were found concerning other leucocyte subpopulations. We detected a specific long-lasting cellular immune response in convalescents by stimulating immune cells with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, covering domains of the viral spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein, and measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release thereafter. We modified a commercially available ELISA assay for IFN-γ determination in whole-blood specimens of COVID-19 convalescents. One advantage of this assay is that it does not require special equipment and can, thus, be performed in any standard laboratory. In conclusion, our study adds knowledge regarding the persistence of immunity of convalescents suffering from mild to moderate COVID-19. Moreover, our study provides a set of simple methods to characterize and confirm experienced COVID-19.
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16
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Mah-Som AY, Keppel MP, Tobin JM, Kolicheski A, Saucier N, Sexl V, French AR, Wagner JA, Fehniger TA, Cooper MA. Reliance on Cox10 and oxidative metabolism for antigen-specific NK cell expansion. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109209. [PMID: 34077722 PMCID: PMC8229496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell effector functions are dependent on metabolic regulation of cellular function; however, less is known about in vivo metabolic pathways required for NK cell antiviral function. Mice with an inducible NK-specific deletion of Cox10, which encodes a component of electron transport chain complex IV, were generated to investigate the role of oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Ncr1-Cox10Δ/Δ mice had normal numbers of NK cells but impaired expansion of antigen-specific Ly49H+ NK cells and impaired NK cell memory formation. Proliferation in vitro and homeostatic expansion were intact, indicating a specific metabolic requirement for antigen-driven proliferation. Cox10-deficient NK cells upregulated glycolysis, associated with increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, although this was insufficient to protect the host. These data demonstrate that oxidative metabolism is required for NK cell antiviral responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Y Mah-Som
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Molly P Keppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua M Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ana Kolicheski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nermina Saucier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R French
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. Human NK cells: From development to effector functions. Innate Immun 2021; 27:212-229. [PMID: 33761782 PMCID: PMC8054151 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system that mediates antiviral and anti-tumor responses. It is well established that they develop mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self during the process of NK cell education. Unlike T and B cells, natural killer cells lack clonotypic receptors and are activated after recognizing their target via germline-encoded receptors through natural cytotoxicity, cytokine stimulation, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they utilize cytotoxic granules, death receptor ligands, and cytokines to perform their effector functions. In this review, we provide a general overview of human NK cells, as opposed to murine NK cells, discussing their ontogeny, maturation, receptor diversity, types of responses, and effector functions. Furthermore, we also describe recent advances in human NK cell biology, including tissue-resident NK cell populations, NK cell memory, and novel approaches used to target NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Hofmann M, Thimme R. Hepatitis B vaccine and NK cells: a new player in memory. Gut 2021; 70:229-230. [PMID: 32669288 PMCID: PMC7815630 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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19
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Miyairi S, Baldwin WM, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. Natural Killer Cells: Critical Effectors During Antibody-mediated Rejection of Solid Organ Allografts. Transplantation 2021; 105:284-290. [PMID: 32384380 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is an important cause of graft loss and continues to present a formidable obstacle to successful transplantation. Unresolved problems continue to be the absence of effective strategies to ablate the donor-specific antibody (DSA) response as well as to attenuate the antibody-mediated graft tissue injury. While the properties of DSA that cause greater graft tissue injury and the characteristic microvascular pathology of the graft injury are well documented, the mechanisms underlying the injury mediated by the antibodies remains unclear. Recent transcriptome interrogation of kidney and heart biopsies procured during ongoing AMR has indicated the expression of genes associated with natural killer (NK) cell activation that is absent during T cell-mediated rejection. The expression of NK cell transcripts during AMR correlates with the presence of CD56+ cells in the microcirculation inflammation observed during AMR. Several mouse models have recently demonstrated the role of NK cells in antibody-mediated chronic vasculopathy in heart allografts and the requirement for NK cell activation during acute AMR of kidney allografts. In the latter model, NK cell activation within kidney allografts is regulated by the activation of myeloid cells producing myeloperoxidase. Overall, the studies to date indicate that AMR constitutes a complex series of DSA-induced interactions with components of the innate immune response. The innate immune participants and their expressed effector functions resulting in the rejection are beginning to be identified. The identification of these components should uncover novel targets that can be used to attenuate acute graft tissue injury in the presence of DSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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20
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Veenstra KA, Hodneland K, Fischer S, Takehana K, Belmonte R, Fischer U. Cellular Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Following Vaccination and Challenge Against Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV). Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040725. [PMID: 33276596 PMCID: PMC7761581 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral disease outbreaks remain a significant limiting factor for aquaculture. The majority of licensed vaccines used in the industry are administered as oil-adjuvanted formulations carrying inactivated whole pathogens. Cell-mediated immune responses, in particular those based on virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) to conventional inactivated oil-based vaccines, are largely unexplored. As vaccines cannot be optimized against viral pathogens if knowledge of host cellular immune mechanisms remains unknown, in this study we examined fundamental cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and after infection with SAV. A unique in vitro model system was developed to examine MHC class I restricted CTL responses in a clonal line of rainbow trout. The levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity were compared to pathology, virus load, specific antibody response, changes in immune cell populations, and mRNA expression. Our results hint that different protective mechanisms are being triggered by infection compared to vaccination. While vaccination itself did not cause a strong cytotoxic or humoral response, subsequent challenge of vaccinated fish resulted in significantly stronger and faster specific cytotoxicity, alongside reduced viral titers and pathology. Hence, testing a vaccine on the capacity to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity will still require a challenge test. Examination of cellular markers additionally indicates that the initial innate response induced by the vaccine could play an important role in steering adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Veenstra
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Kjartan Hodneland
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Kota Takehana
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 2871 Oaza-Nakagawate, Akashina, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-7102, Japan;
| | - Rodrigo Belmonte
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71175
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21
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Kaur K, Ko MW, Ohanian N, Cook J, Jewett A. Osteoclast-expanded super-charged NK-cells preferentially select and expand CD8+ T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20363. [PMID: 33230147 PMCID: PMC7683603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) and much less dendritic cells (DCs) induce significant expansion and functional activation of NK cells, and furthermore, the OC-expanded NK cells preferentially increase the expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells by targeting CD4+ T cells. When autologous OCs were used to expand patient NK cells much lower percentages of expanded CD8+ T cells, decreased numbers of expanded NK cells and decreased functions of NK cells could be observed, and the addition of allogeneic healthy OCs increased the patients' NK function. Mechanistically, OC-expanded NK cells were found to lyse CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells suggesting potential selection of CD8+ T cells before their expansion by OC activated NK cells. In agreement, Increased IFN-γ secretion, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and higher percentages of CD8+ T cells, in various tissue compartments of oral tumor-bearing hu-BLT mice in response to immunotherapy by OC-expanded NK cells were observed. Thus, our results indicate an important relationship between NK and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Meng-Wei Ko
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nick Ohanian
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jessica Cook
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Xu W, Wong G, Hwang YY, Larbi A. The untwining of immunosenescence and aging. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:559-572. [PMID: 33165716 PMCID: PMC7665974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
From a holistic point of view, aging results from the cumulative erosion of the various systems. Among these, the immune system is interconnected to the rest as immune cells are present in all organs and recirculate through bloodstream. Immunosenescence is the term used to define the remodelling of immune changes during aging. Because immune cells-and particularly lymphocytes-can further differentiate after their maturation in response to pathogen recognition, it is therefore unclear when senescence is induced in these cells. Additionally, it is also unclear which signals triggers senescence in immune cells (i) aging per se, (ii) specific response to pathogens, (iii) underlying conditions, or (iv) inflammaging. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge and concepts linked to immunosenescence and we focus this review on lymphocytes and T cells, which represent the typical model for replicative senescence. With the evidence presented, we propose to disentangle the senescence of immune cells from chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - You Yi Hwang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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23
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Market M, Angka L, Martel AB, Bastin D, Olanubi O, Tennakoon G, Boucher DM, Ng J, Ardolino M, Auer RC. Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1512. [PMID: 32655581 PMCID: PMC7324763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders critical for viral clearance and immunomodulation. Despite their vital role in viral infection, the contribution of NK cells in fighting SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been directly investigated. Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities can therefore be inferred from studies assessing NK cell phenotype and function during SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. These studies suggest a reduction in circulating NK cell numbers and/or an exhausted phenotype following infection and hint toward the dampening of NK cell responses by coronaviruses. Reduced circulating NK cell levels and exhaustion may be directly responsible for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Conversely, in light of data linking inflammation with coronavirus disease severity, it is necessary to examine NK cell potential in mediating immunopathology. A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond in both early and late coronavirus infections, and the implication for ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. Using this immunological lens, we outline recommendations for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in clearing the virus while preventing the harm of immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Market
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Angka
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andre B. Martel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Bastin
- Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Oladunni Olanubi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dominique M. Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Ng
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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24
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Tang G, Yuan X, Luo Y, Lin Q, Chen Z, Xing X, Song H, Wu S, Hou H, Yu J, Mao L, Liu W, Wang F, Sun Z. Establishing immune scoring model based on combination of the number, function, and phenotype of lymphocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9328-9343. [PMID: 32396527 PMCID: PMC7288950 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Quantitatively assessing host immunity remains a challenge in clinical practice. Results: Most parameters in lymphocyte number, function and phenotype were correlated with age. The reference ranges of these parameters were established in four age groups (children, adolescents, adults, and elders). The numbers of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, but not NK cells, were negatively correlated with age. However, the function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells was positively correlated with age. The expression of CD28 on T cells gradually decreased with increasing age and was negatively correlated with their function. An opposite phenomenon was observed in the expressions of HLA-DR and CD45RO on T cells. An immune scoring model was established by using 8 parameters (CD4+ T cell number × function, CD28+CD4+ T cell number, HLA-DR+CD4+ T cell number, CD45RO+CD4+ T cell number, CD8+ T cell number × function, CD28+CD8+ T cell number, HLA-DR+CD8+ T cell number, NK cell number × function) from the results of lymphocyte number, function, and phenotype. This immune scoring model showed sensitivities of 70% and 71.4% in determining hyper-immune and hypo-immune status, respectively. Conclusions: An immune scoring model based on combination of lymphocyte number, function, and phenotype shows potential value in quantitatively assessing host immunity. Methods: 261 healthy individuals aged 1 to 82 years were recruited from Tongji Hospital. The number, function, and phenotype of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells were simultaneously determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiji Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liyan Mao
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnosis, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Adaptive features of innate immune cells and their relevance to graft rejection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 24:664-669. [PMID: 31577598 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allograft rejection involves both innate and adaptive immune cells, and the adaptive immune cells have dominated transplant studies for decades. Recent studies have identified surprising new features for the innate immune cells, including memory recall responses, which may have significant implications in further improvement of transplant outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Transplant survival is excellent in the short-term, but the long-term graft outcomes are not so, and most grafts are continuously lost to chronic rejection in the clinic. In both animal models and clinical settings, graft loss to chronic rejection is often dominated by innate immune cells, especially macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells in the grafts. Recent studies suggest that innate immune cells can acquire features of adaptive cells in that they either directly sense allogeneic nonself or become 'trained' in the allogeneic milieu, where they show features of memory recall responses. In certain models, targeting the adaptive features of such innate immune cells can promote long-term allograft survival. These findings may open new therapeutic opportunities in promoting transplant survival in the clinic. SUMMARY The discovery of donor specificity and memory recall responses of certain innate immune cells, which are prominently featured in chronic allograft rejection, may open novel therapeutic opportunities in transplantation, as well as in treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
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26
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Nelson CS, Baraniak I, Lilleri D, Reeves MB, Griffiths PD, Permar SR. Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S45-S59. [PMID: 32134477 PMCID: PMC7057792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence: Cody S. Nelson, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2 Genome Ct, Durham, NC 27710 ()
| | - Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Transplantation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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27
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Briquez PS, Hauert S, de Titta A, Gray LT, Alpar AT, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Engineering Targeting Materials for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117911 PMCID: PMC7026271 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines constitute a valuable tool to educate the immune system to fight tumors and prevent cancer relapse. Nevertheless, the number of cancer vaccines in the clinic remains very limited to date, highlighting the need for further technology development. Recently, cancer vaccines have been improved by the use of materials, which can strongly enhance their intrinsic properties and biodistribution profile. Moreover, vaccine efficacy and safety can be substantially modulated through selection of the site at which they are delivered, which fosters the engineering of materials capable of targeting cancer vaccines to specific relevant sites, such as within the tumor or within lymphoid organs, to further optimize their immunotherapeutic effects. In this review, we aim to give the reader an overview of principles and current strategies to engineer therapeutic cancer vaccines, with a particular focus on the use of site-specific targeting materials. We will first recall the goal of therapeutic cancer vaccination and the type of immune responses sought upon vaccination, before detailing key components of cancer vaccines. We will then present how materials can be engineered to enhance the vaccine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Finally, we will discuss the rationale for site-specific targeting of cancer vaccines and provide examples of current targeting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S. Briquez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sylvie Hauert
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Laura T. Gray
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aaron T. Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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28
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Rosental B, Raveh T, Voskoboynik A, Weissman IL. Evolutionary perspective on the hematopoietic system through a colonial chordate: allogeneic immunity and hematopoiesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:91-98. [PMID: 31954962 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evolution and selection have shaped diverse immune systems throughout phylogeny, the vast majority of which remain unexplored. Botryllus schlosseri is a colonial tunicate, a sister group to vertebrates, that develops as a chordate, then metamorphoses to an asexually reproductive invertebrate that every week makes the same body plan from budded stem cells. Genetically distinct B. schlosseri colonies can fuse to form a chimera, or reject each other based on allogeneic recognition. In chimeras, circulating germline and somatic stem cells participate in development; stem cells compete in all individuals in the fused colonies, with rejection preventing germline parasitism. Here we review the isolation and characterization of B. schlosseri hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and their niches, and the role of the immune effector cells in allorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Rosental
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158, USA.
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA 94158, USA.
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29
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Sharrock J, Sun JC. Innate immunological memory: from plants to animals. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:69-78. [PMID: 31931432 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is defined by the ability of the host to recognise and mount a robust secondary response against a previously encountered pathogen. Classic immune memory is an evolutionary adaptation of the vertebrate immune system that has been attributed to adaptive lymphocytes, including T and B cells. In contrast, the innate immune system was known for its conserved, non-specific roles in rapid host defence, but historically was considered to be unable to generate memory. Recent studies have challenged our understanding of innate immunity and now provides a growing body of evidence for innate immune memory. However, in many species and in various cell types the underlying mechanisms of immune 'memory' formation remain poorly understood. The purpose of this review is to explore and summarise the emerging evidence for immunological 'memory' in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sharrock
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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30
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Manickam C, Shah SV, Nohara J, Ferrari G, Reeves RK. Monkeying Around: Using Non-human Primate Models to Study NK Cell Biology in HIV Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1124. [PMID: 31191520 PMCID: PMC6540610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major innate effectors primed to eliminate virus-infected and tumor or neoplastic cells. Recent studies also suggest nuances in phenotypic and functional characteristics among NK cell subsets may further permit execution of regulatory and adaptive roles. Animal models, particularly non-human primate (NHP) models, are critical for characterizing NK cell biology in disease and under homeostatic conditions. In HIV infection, NK cells mediate multiple antiviral functions via upregulation of activating receptors, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity through antibody Fc-FcR interaction and others. However, HIV infection can also reciprocally modulate NK cells directly or indirectly, leading to impaired/ineffective NK cell responses. In this review, we will describe multiple aspects of NK cell biology in HIV/SIV infections and their association with viral control and disease progression, and how NHP models were critical in detailing each finding. Further, we will discuss the effect of NK cell depletion in SIV-infected NHP and the characteristics of newly described memory NK cells in NHP models and different mouse strains. Overall, we propose that the role of NK cells in controlling viral infections remains incompletely understood and that NHP models are indispensable in order to efficiently address these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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31
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The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:865-878. [PMID: 31086333 PMCID: PMC6588410 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of host immunity to pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed c-Myc as a new and direct downstream target of XBP1 for regulation of NK cell proliferation. Genetic ablation or pharmaceutical blockade of IRE1α downregulated c-Myc, and NK cells with c-Myc haploinsufficency phenocopied IRE1α-XBP1 deficiency. c-Myc overexpression largely rescued the proliferation defect in IRE1α-/- NK cells. Like c-Myc, IRE1α-XBP1 also promotes oxidative phosphorylation in NK cells. Overall, our study identifies a IRE1α-XBP1-cMyc axis in NK cell immunity, providing insight into host protection against infection and cancer.
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32
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Das J, Lanier LL. Data analysis to modeling to building theory in NK cell biology and beyond: How can computational modeling contribute? J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1305-1317. [PMID: 31063614 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6mr1218-505r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mathematical and computational tools in investigating Natural Killer (NK) cell biology and in general the immune system has increased steadily in the last few decades. However, unlike the physical sciences, there is a persistent ambivalence, which however is increasingly diminishing, in the biology community toward appreciating the utility of quantitative tools in addressing questions of biological importance. We survey some of the recent developments in the application of quantitative approaches for investigating different problems in NK cell biology and evaluate opportunities and challenges of using quantitative methods in providing biological insights in NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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33
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Expression of the Pseudorabies Virus gB Glycoprotein Triggers NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Increases Binding of the Activating NK Cell Receptor PILRβ. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02107-18. [PMID: 30700600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immunity and are key players in the defense against virus-infected and malignant cells. NK cells are particularly important in the innate defense against herpesviruses, including alphaherpesviruses. Aggravated and life-threatening alphaherpesvirus-induced disease has been reported in patients with NK cell deficiencies. NK cells are regulated by a diversity of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors that recognize specific ligands on the plasma membrane of virus-infected or malignant target cells. Although alphaherpesviruses have developed several evasion strategies against NK cell-mediated attack, alphaherpesvirus-infected cells are still readily recognized and killed by NK cells. However, the (viral) factors that trigger NK cell activation against alphaherpesvirus-infected cells are largely unknown. In this study, we show that expression of the gB glycoprotein of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, both in PRV-infected and in gB-transfected cells. In addition, we report that, like their human and murine counterpart, porcine NK cells express the activating receptor paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta (PILRβ), and we show that gB expression triggers increased binding of recombinant porcine PILRβ to the surfaces of PRV-infected cells and gB-transfected cells.IMPORTANCE Natural killer (NK) cells display a prominent cytolytic activity against virus-infected cells and are indispensable in the innate antiviral response, particularly against herpesviruses. Despite their importance in the control of alphaherpesvirus infections, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that trigger NK cell cytotoxicity against alphaherpesvirus-infected cells. Here, using the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), we found that the conserved alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein gB triggers NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, both in virus-infected and in gB-transfected cells. In addition, we report that gB expression results in increased cell surface binding of porcine paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor beta (PILRβ), an activating NK cell receptor. The interaction between PILRβ and viral gB may have consequences that stretch beyond the interaction with NK cells, including virus entry into host cells. The identification of gB as an NK cell-activating viral protein may be of importance in the construction of future vaccines and therapeutics requiring optimized interactions of alphaherpesviruses with NK cells.
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34
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Ram DR, Manickam C, Lucar O, Shah SV, Reeves RK. Adaptive NK cell responses in HIV/SIV infections: A roadmap to cell-based therapeutics? J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1253-1259. [PMID: 30730588 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0718-303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a critical role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Although current NK cell immune therapies have focused primarily on cancer biology, many of these advances can be readily applied to target HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells. Promising developments include recent reports that CAR NK cells are capable of targeted responses while producing less off-target and toxic side effects than are associated with CAR T cell therapies. Further, CAR NK cells derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells or cell lines may allow for more rapid "off-the-shelf" access. Other work investigating the IL-15 superagonist ALT-803 (now N803) may also provide a recourse for enhancing NK cell responses in the context of the immunosuppressive and inflammatory environment of chronic HIV/SIV infections, leading to enhanced control of viremia. With a broader acceptance of research supporting adaptive functions in NK cells it is likely that novel immunotherapeutics and vaccine modalities will aim to generate virus-specific memory NK cells. In doing so, better targeted NK cell responses against virus-infected cells may usher in a new era of NK cell-tuned immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Spandan V Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research (CVVR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Maucourant C, Petitdemange C, Yssel H, Vieillard V. Control of Acute Arboviral Infection by Natural Killer Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020131. [PMID: 30709036 PMCID: PMC6410043 DOI: 10.3390/v11020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent explosive pandemic of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) followed by Zika (ZIKV) virus infections occurring throughout many countries represents the most unexpected arrival of arthropod-borne viral diseases in the past 20 years. Transmitted through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, the clinical picture associated with these acute arbovirus infections, including Dengue (DENV), CHIKV and ZIKV, ranges from classical febrile illness to life-threatening disease. Whereas ZIKV and CHIKV-mediated infections have previously been recognized as relatively benign diseases, in contrast to Dengue fever, recent epidemic events have brought waves of increased morbidity and mortality leading to a serious public health problem. Although the host immune response plays a crucial role in controlling infections, it may also promote viral spread and immunopathology. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of the immune response, with an emphasis on the early antiviral immune response mediated by natural killer cells and emphasize their Janus-faced effects in the control of arbovirus infection and pathogenesis. Improving our understanding knowledge on of the mechanisms that control viral infection is crucial in the current race against the globalization of arbovirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maucourant
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR9196, Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, 94800 Villejuif, France.
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.
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Englinger B, Pirker C, Heffeter P, Terenzi A, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Berger W. Metal Drugs and the Anticancer Immune Response. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1519-1624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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