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Cui C, Wang X, Zheng Y, Wu L, Li L, Wei H, Peng J. Nur77 as a novel regulator of Paneth cell differentiation and function. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:752-767. [PMID: 37683828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Serving as a part of intestinal innate immunity, Paneth cells play an important role in intestinal homeostasis maintenance via their multiple functions. However, the regulation of Paneth cells has been proven to be complex and diverse. Here, we identified nuclear receptor Nur77 as a novel regulator of Paneth cell differentiation and function. Nur77 deficiency led to the loss of Paneth cells in murine ileal crypts. Intestinal tissues or organoids with Nur77 deficiency exhibited the impaired intestinal stem cell niche and failed to enhance antimicrobial peptide expression after Paneth cell degranulation. The defects in Paneth cells and antimicrobial peptides in Nur7-/- mice led to intestinal microbiota disorders. Nur77 deficiency rendered postnatal mice susceptible to necrotizing enterocolitis. Mechanistically, Nur77 transcriptionally inhibited Dact1 expression to activate Wnt signaling activity, thus promoting Paneth cell differentiation and function. Taken together, our data suggest the regulatory role of Nur77 in Paneth cell differentiation and function and reveal a novel Dact1-mediated Wnt inhibition mechanism in Paneth cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lindeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Peng Z, Bao L, Iben J, Wang S, Shi B, Shi YB. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 regulates mouse enteroendocrine cell development and homeostasis. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:70. [PMID: 38835047 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult intestinal epithelium is a complex, self-renewing tissue composed of specialized cell types with diverse functions. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the bottom of crypts, where they divide to either self-renew, or move to the transit amplifying zone to divide and differentiate into absorptive and secretory cells as they move along the crypt-villus axis. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs), one type of secretory cells, are the most abundant hormone-producing cells in mammals and involved in the control of energy homeostasis. However, regulation of EEC development and homeostasis is still unclear or controversial. We have previously shown that protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 1, a histone methyltransferase and transcription co-activator, is important for adult intestinal epithelial homeostasis. RESULTS To investigate how PRMT1 affects adult intestinal epithelial homeostasis, we performed RNA-Seq on small intestinal crypts of tamoxifen-induced intestinal epithelium-specific PRMT1 knockout and PRMT1fl/fl adult mice. We found that PRMT1fl/fl and PRMT1-deficient small intestinal crypts exhibited markedly different mRNA profiles. Surprisingly, GO terms and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the topmost significantly enriched pathways among the genes upregulated in PRMT1 knockout crypts were associated with EECs. In particular, genes encoding enteroendocrine-specific hormones and transcription factors were upregulated in PRMT1-deficient small intestine. Moreover, a marked increase in the number of EECs was found in the PRMT1 knockout small intestine. Concomitantly, Neurogenin 3-positive enteroendocrine progenitor cells was also increased in the small intestinal crypts of the knockout mice, accompanied by the upregulation of the expression levels of downstream targets of Neurogenin 3, including Neuod1, Pax4, Insm1, in PRMT1-deficient crypts. CONCLUSIONS Our finding for the first time revealed that the epigenetic enzyme PRMT1 controls mouse enteroendocrine cell development, most likely via inhibition of Neurogenin 3-mediated commitment to EEC lineage. It further suggests a potential role of PRMT1 as a critical transcriptional cofactor in EECs specification and homeostasis to affect metabolism and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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3
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Akinsuyi OS, Xhumari J, Ojeda A, Roesch LFW. Gut permeability among Astronauts during Space missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:171-180. [PMID: 38670644 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently become widely acknowledged for its potential to cause adverse effects on a systemic level, rendering it a critical factor to investigate in the context of spaceflight. Here, we propose that astronauts experience the onset of leaky gut during space missions supported by transcriptomic and metagenomic analysis of human and murine samples. A genetic map contributing to intestinal permeability was constructed from a systematic review of current literature. This was referenced against our re-analysis of three independent transcriptomic datasets which revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns associated with the gut barrier. Specifically, in astronauts during flight, we observed a substantial reduction in the expression genes that are crucial for intestinal barrier function, goblet cell development, gut microbiota modulation, and immune responses. Among rodent spaceflight studies, differential expression of cytokines, chemokines, and genes which regulate mucin production and post-translational modifications suggest a similar dysfunction of intestinal permeability. Metagenomic analysis of feces from two murine studies revealed a notable reduction probiotic, short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and an increase in the Gram-negative pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium, Enterobacter cloacea, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Proteus hauseri which promote LPS circulation, a recipe for barrier disruption and systemic inflammatory activation. These findings emphasize the critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop interventions to maintain gastrointestinal health in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa S Akinsuyi
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Xhumari
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Ojeda
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA
| | - Luiz F W Roesch
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA.
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4
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Yin JT, Zhang MR, Zhang S, Yang SH, Li JP, Liu Y, Duan JA, Guo JM. Astragalus membranaceus Polysaccharide Regulates Small Intestinal Microbes and Activates IL-22 Signal Pathway to Promote Intestinal Stem Cell Regeneration in Aging Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:513-539. [PMID: 38533568 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aging can cause degenerative changes in multiple tissues and organs. Gastrointestinal diseases and dysfunctions are common in the elderly population. In this study, we investigated the effects of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (APS) and Astragalus membranaceus ethanol extract (AEE) on age-related intestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis in naturally aging mice. The energy expenditure and physical activity of 23-month-old C57BL6/J mice were recorded using a metabolic cage system. Pathological changes in the intestine were evaluated using Alcian blue staining. The protein levels of leucine-rich repeats containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and Stat3 in the small intestine were determined using immunohistochemistry. The intestinal cell migration distance was assessed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescence staining. The gene transcription levels of intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers and ISC-related signaling pathways were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Microbiota analysis based on 16S rDNA was performed to evaluate the composition of the gut microbiota. APS and AEE improved a series of aging phenotypes in female but not in male aging mice. APS and AEE ameliorate intestinal dysfunction and histopathological changes in aging mice. APS had a more significant anti-aging effect than AEE, particularly on intestinal dysfunction. APS promotes ISC regeneration by activating the IL-22 signaling pathway. Cohousing (CH) experiments further confirmed that APS induced the IL-22 signaling pathway by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus, thereby promoting the regeneration of ISCs. Our results show that APS may serve as a promising agent for improving age-related intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ting Yin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ruo Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Hui Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM, Formulae Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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5
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Ventrello SW, McMurry NR, Edwards NM, Bain LJ. Chronic arsenic exposure affects stromal cells and signaling in the small intestine in a sex-specific manner. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:303-315. [PMID: 38310360 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxicant that is ingested through drinking water and food, exposing nearly 140 million people to levels above the 10 ppb guideline concentration. Studies have shown that arsenic affects intestinal stem cells (ISCs), but the mechanisms by which arsenic alters the formation of adult cells in the small intestine are not well understood. Signals derived from intestinal stromal cells initiate and maintain differentiation. The goal of this study is to evaluate arsenic's effect on intestinal stromal cells, including PdgfrαLo trophocytes, located proximal to the ISCs, and PdgfrαHi telocytes, located proximal to the transit-amplifying region and up the villi. Adult Sox9tm2Crm-EGFP mice were exposed to 0, 33, and 100 ppb sodium arsenite in their drinking water for 13 weeks, and sections of duodenum were examined. Flow cytometry indicated that arsenic exposure dose-responsively reduced Sox9+ epithelial cells and trended toward increased Pdgfrα+ cells. The trophocyte marker, CD81, was reduced by 10-fold and 9.0-fold in the 100 ppb exposure group in male and female mice, respectively. Additionally, a significant 2.2- to 3.1-fold increase in PdgfrαLo expression was found in male mice in trophocytes and Igfbp5+ cells. PdgfrαHi protein expression, a telocyte marker, was more prevalent along the villus/crypt structure in females, whereas Gli1 expression (telocytes) was reduced in male mice exposed to arsenic. Principle coordinate analysis confirmed the sex-dependent response to arsenic exposure, with an increase in trophocyte and decrease in telocyte marker expression observed in male mice. These results imply that arsenic alters intestinal mesenchymal cells in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Ventrello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Nicholas R McMurry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Nicholas M Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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6
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Xiao YY, Zhang Q, Huang F, Rao L, Yao TX, Yang SY, Xie L, Zou XX, Cai LP, Yang JW, Yang B, Huang LS. Single-cell profiling of the pig cecum at various developmental stages. Zool Res 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 38114433 PMCID: PMC10839672 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination, and microbial defense. Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding of cellular diversity, functional heterogeneity, and their importance in intestinal tract development and disease. Although such profiling has been extensively conducted in humans and mice, the single-cell gene expression landscape of the pig cecum remains unexplored. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 45 572 cells obtained from seven cecal samples in pigs at four different developmental stages (days (D) 30, 42, 150, and 730). Analysis revealed 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes, as well as their distinctive genes, transcription factors, and regulons, many of which were conserved in humans. An increase in the relative proportions of CD8 + T and Granzyme A (low expression) natural killer T cells (GZMA low NKT) cells and a decrease in the relative proportions of epithelial stem cells, Tregs, RHEX + T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were noted across the developmental stages. Moreover, the post-weaning period exhibited an up-regulation in mitochondrial genes, COX2 and ND2, as well as genes involved in immune activation in multiple cell types. Cell-cell crosstalk analysis indicated that IBP6 + fibroblasts were the main signal senders at D30, whereas IBP6 - fibroblasts assumed this role at the other stages. NKT cells established interactions with epithelial cells and IBP6 + fibroblasts in the D730 cecum through mediation of GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs. This study provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity and function in the pig cecum at different development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuan Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lin Rao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Tian-Xiong Yao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lei Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zou
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Li-Ping Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jia-Wen Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China. E-mail:
| | - Lu-Sheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China. E-mail:
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7
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Peng W, Zeng C, Xu J, Zhao H, Zhu Q, Xu H, Chen H, Huang H, Zhou Y, Zhao C. Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation by the Ubiquitous expressed transcript isoform 1 in ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:2006-2017. [PMID: 37608570 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Mucosal healing has emerged as a desirable treatment goal for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Healing of mucosal wounds involves epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, and Y-box transcription factor ZONAB has recently been identified as the key modulator of intestinal epithelial restitution. METHODS We studied the characteristics of UXT-V1 expression in UC patients using immunohistochemistry and qPCR. The functional role of UXT-V1 in the colonic epithelium was investigated using lentivirus-mediated shRNA in vitro and ex vivo. Through endogenous Co-immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS, we identified ZONAB as a UXT-V1-interactive protein. RESULTS Herein, we report that UXT-V1 promotes differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells by regulating the nuclear translocation of ZONAB. UXT-V1 was upregulated in the intestinal epithelia of UC patients compared with that of healthy controls. Knocking down UXT-V1 in NCM-460 cells led to the enrichment of pathways associated with proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the absence of UXT-V1 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells and colonic organoids inhibited differentiation to the goblet cell phenotype. Mechanistically, the loss of UXT-V1 in the intestinal epithelial cells allowed nuclear translocation of ZONAB, wherein it regulated the transcription of differentiation-related genes, including AML1 and KLF4. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study reveals a potential role of UXT-V1 in regulating epithelial cell differentiation, proving a molecular basis for mucosal healing in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medical, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Lin L, DeMartino J, Wang D, van Son GJF, van der Linden R, Begthel H, Korving J, Andersson-Rolf A, van den Brink S, Lopez-Iglesias C, van de Wetering WJ, Balwierz A, Margaritis T, van de Wetering M, Peters PJ, Drost J, van Es JH, Clevers H. Unbiased transcription factor CRISPR screen identifies ZNF800 as master repressor of enteroendocrine differentiation. Science 2023; 382:451-458. [PMID: 37883554 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are hormone-producing cells residing in the epithelium of stomach, small intestine (SI), and colon. EECs regulate aspects of metabolic activity, including insulin levels, satiety, gastrointestinal secretion, and motility. The generation of different EEC lineages is not completely understood. In this work, we report a CRISPR knockout screen of the entire repertoire of transcription factors (TFs) in adult human SI organoids to identify dominant TFs controlling EEC differentiation. We discovered ZNF800 as a master repressor for endocrine lineage commitment, which particularly restricts enterochromaffin cell differentiation by directly controlling an endocrine TF network centered on PAX4. Thus, organoid models allow unbiased functional CRISPR screens for genes that program cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeff DeMartino
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daisong Wang
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J F van Son
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stieneke van den Brink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Lopez-Iglesias
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Willine J van de Wetering
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc van de Wetering
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Zheng X, Betjes MA, Ender P, Goos YJ, Huelsz-Prince G, Clevers H, van Zon JS, Tans SJ. Organoid cell fate dynamics in space and time. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6480. [PMID: 37595032 PMCID: PMC10438469 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are a major new tool to study tissue renewal. However, characterizing the underlying differentiation dynamics remains challenging. Here, we developed TypeTracker, which identifies cell fates by AI-enabled cell tracking and propagating end point fates back along the branched lineage trees. Cells that ultimately migrate to the villus commit to their new type early, when still deep inside the crypt, with important consequences: (i) Secretory cells commit before terminal division, with secretory fates emerging symmetrically in sister cells. (ii) Different secretory types descend from distinct stem cell lineages rather than an omnipotent secretory progenitor. (iii) The ratio between secretory and absorptive cells is strongly affected by proliferation after commitment. (iv) Spatial patterning occurs after commitment through type-dependent cell rearrangements. This "commit-then-sort" model contrasts with the conventional conveyor belt picture, where cells differentiate by moving up the crypt-villus axis and hence raises new questions about the underlying commitment and sorting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander J Tans
- Bionanoscience Department, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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10
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Kolev HM, Kaestner KH. Mammalian Intestinal Development and Differentiation-The State of the Art. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:809-821. [PMID: 37507088 PMCID: PMC10520362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian intestine, from its earliest origins as a morphologically uniform sheet of endoderm cells during gastrulation into the complex organ system that is essential for the life of the organism, is a truly fascinating process. During midgestation development, reciprocal interactions between endoderm-derived epithelium and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme enable villification, or the conversion of a radially symmetric pseudostratified epithelium into the functional subdivision of crypts and villi. Once a mature crypt-villus axis is established, proliferation and differentiation of new epithelial cells continue throughout life. Spatially localized signals including the wingless and Int-1, fibroblast growth factor, and Hippo systems, among others, ensure that new cells are being born continuously in the crypt. As cells exit the crypt compartment, a gradient of bone morphogenetic protein signaling limits proliferation to allow for the specification of multiple mature cell types. The first major differentiation decision is dependent on Notch signaling, which specifies epithelial cells into absorptive and secretory lineages. The secretory lineage is subdivided further into Paneth, goblet, tuft, and enteroendocrine cells via a complex network of transcription factors. Although some of the signaling molecules are produced by epithelial cells, critical components are derived from specialized crypt-adjacent mesenchymal cells termed telocytes, which are marked by Forkhead box l1, GLI Family Zinc Finger 1, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α. The crucial nature of these processes is evidenced by the multitude of intestinal disorders such as colorectal cancer, short-bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, which all reflect perturbations of the development and/or differentiation of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Kolev
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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11
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Liu Y, Reyes E, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Klein OD, Nystul T, Barber DL. Intracellular pH dynamics regulates intestinal stem cell lineage specification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3745. [PMID: 37353491 PMCID: PMC10290085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH dynamics is increasingly recognized to regulate myriad cell behaviors. We report a finding that intracellular pH dynamics also regulates adult stem cell lineage specification. We identify an intracellular pH gradient in mouse small intestinal crypts, lowest in crypt stem cells and increasing along the crypt column. Disrupting this gradient by inhibiting H+ efflux by Na+/H+ exchanger 1 abolishes crypt budding and blocks differentiation of Paneth cells, which are rescued with exogenous WNT. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and lineage tracing we demonstrate that intracellular pH dynamics acts downstream of ATOH1, with increased pH promoting differentiation toward the secretory lineage. Our findings indicate that an increase in pH is required for the lineage specification that contributes to crypt maintenance, establishing a role for intracellular pH dynamics in cell fate decisions within an adult stem cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Efren Reyes
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Departments of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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12
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Chattopadhyay A, Mukherjee P, Sulaiman D, Wang H, Girjalva V, Dorreh N, Jacobs JP, Delk S, Moolenaar WH, Navab M, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. Role of Enterocyte Enpp2 and Autotaxin in Regulating Lipopolysaccharide Levels, Systemic Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100370. [PMID: 37059333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by autotaxin, a secreted phospholipase D, is a major pathway for producing LPA. We previously reported that feeding Ldlr-/- mice standard mouse chow supplemented with unsaturated LPA or LPC qualitatively mimicked the dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by feeding a Western diet (WD). Here we report that adding unsaturated LPA to standard mouse chow also increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) in jejunum mucus. To determine the role of intestinal autotaxin, enterocyte specific Ldlr-/-/Enpp2 knockout (iKO) mice were generated. In control mice, the WD increased enterocyte Enpp2 expression and raised autotaxin levels. Ex vivo, addition of OxPL to jejunum from Ldlr-/- mice on a chow diet induced expression of Enpp2. In control mice, the WD raised OxPL levels in jejunum mucus, and decreased gene expression in enterocytes for a number of peptides and proteins that affect antimicrobial activity. On the WD, the control mice developed elevated levels of LPS in jejunum mucus and plasma, with increased dyslipidemia and increased atherosclerosis. All of these changes were reduced in the iKO mice. We conclude that the WD increases the formation of intestinal OxPL, which i) induce enterocyte Enpp2 and autotaxin resulting in higher enterocyte LPA levels; that ii) contribute to the formation of ROS that help to maintain the high OxPL levels; iii) decrease intestinal antimicrobial activity; and iv) raise plasma LPS levels that promote systemic inflammation and enhance atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pallavi Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dawoud Sulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Victor Girjalva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nasrin Dorreh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Microbiome Center, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Delk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Cui C, Wang F, Zheng Y, Wei H, Peng J. From birth to death: The hardworking life of Paneth cell in the small intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122258. [PMID: 36969191 PMCID: PMC10036411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are a group of unique intestinal epithelial cells, and they play an important role in host-microbiota interactions. At the origin of Paneth cell life, several pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and BMP signaling, affect the differentiation of Paneth cells. After lineage commitment, Paneth cells migrate downward and reside in the base of crypts, and they possess abundant granules in their apical cytoplasm. These granules contain some important substances such as antimicrobial peptides and growth factors. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the composition of microbiota and defend against mucosal penetration by commensal and pathogenic bacteria to protect the intestinal epithelia. The growth factors derived from Paneth cells contribute to the maintenance of the normal functions of intestinal stem cells. The presence of Paneth cells ensures the sterile environment and clearance of apoptotic cells from crypts to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. At the end of their lives, Paneth cells experience different types of programmed cell death such as apoptosis and necroptosis. During intestinal injury, Paneth cells can acquire stem cell features to restore the intestinal epithelial integrity. In view of the crucial roles of Paneth cells in the intestinal homeostasis, research on Paneth cells has rapidly developed in recent years, and the existing reviews on Paneth cells have mainly focused on their functions of antimicrobial peptide secretion and intestinal stem cell support. This review aims to summarize the approaches to studying Paneth cells and introduce the whole life experience of Paneth cells from birth to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangke Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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14
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Carlos dos Reis D, Dastoor P, Santos AK, Sumigray K, Ameen NA. CFTR high expresser cells in cystic fibrosis and intestinal diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14568. [PMID: 36967909 PMCID: PMC10031467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), the Cl-/HCO3 - channel implicated in Cystic Fibrosis, is critical to the pathophysiology of many gastrointestinal diseases. Defects in CFTR lead to intestinal dysfunction, malabsorption, obstruction, infection, inflammation, and cancer that increases morbidity and reduces quality of life. This review will focus on CFTR in the intestine and the implications of the subpopulation of CFTR High Expresser Cells (CHEs) in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), intestinal physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos dos Reis
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Parinaz Dastoor
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anderson Kenedy Santos
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kaelyn Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA.
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15
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View from the Biological Property: Insight into the Functional Diversity and Complexity of the Gut Mucus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044227. [PMID: 36835646 PMCID: PMC9960128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to mucin's important protective effect on epithelial tissue, it has garnered extensive attention. The role played by mucus in the digestive tract is undeniable. On the one hand, mucus forms "biofilm" structures that insulate harmful substances from direct contact with epithelial cells. On the other hand, a variety of immune molecules in mucus play a crucial role in the immune regulation of the digestive tract. Due to the enormous number of microorganisms in the gut, the biological properties of mucus and its protective actions are more complicated. Numerous pieces of research have hinted that the aberrant expression of intestinal mucus is closely related to impaired intestinal function. Therefore, this purposeful review aims to provide the highlights of the biological characteristics and functional categorization of mucus synthesis and secretion. In addition, we highlight a variety of the regulatory factors for mucus. Most importantly, we also summarize some of the changes and possible molecular mechanisms of mucus during certain disease processes. All these are beneficial to clinical practice, diagnosis, and treatment and can provide some potential theoretical bases. Admittedly, there are still some deficiencies or contradictory results in the current research on mucus, but none of this diminishes the importance of mucus in protective impacts.
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16
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Zhou X, Chakraborty D, Murray IA, Coslo D, Kehs Z, Vijay A, Ton C, Desai D, Amin SG, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Coordinates Mouse Small Intestinal Epithelial Cell Programming. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100012. [PMID: 37039146 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of mechanical, chemical, microbial, and immunologic pressure, intestinal homeostasis is maintained through balanced cellular turnover, proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Here, we present evidence supporting the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the adaptive reprogramming of small intestinal gene expression, leading to altered proliferation, lineage commitment, and remodeling of the cellular repertoire that comprises the intestinal epithelium to promote intestinal resilience. Ahr gene/protein expression and transcriptional activity exhibit marked proximalHI to distalLO and cryptHI to villiLO gradients. Genetic ablation of Ahr impairs commitment/differentiation of the secretory Paneth and goblet cell lineages and associated mucin production, restricts expression of secretory/enterocyte differentiation markers, and increases crypt-associated proliferation and villi-associated enterocyte luminal exfoliation. Ahr-/- mice display a decrease in intestinal barrier function. Ahr+/+ mice that maintain a diet devoid of AHR ligands intestinally phenocopy Ahr-/- mice. In contrast, Ahr+/+ mice exposed to AHR ligands reverse these phenotypes. Ligand-induced AHR transcriptional activity positively correlates with gene expression (Math1, Klf4, Tff3) associated with differentiation of the goblet cell secretory lineage. Math1 was identified as a direct target gene of AHR, a transcription factor critical to the development of goblet cells. These data suggest that dietary cues, relayed through the transcriptional activity of AHR, can reshape the cellular repertoire of the gastrointestinal tract.
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17
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Yagishita Y, Joshi T, Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N. Transcriptional Regulation of Math1 by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Effect on Math1 + Progenitor Cells in Mouse Small Intestine. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:43-63. [PMID: 36720468 PMCID: PMC9937019 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2022.2160610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the small intestine have been revealed as immunomodulatory and barrier functions. However, its contributions to cell fate regulation are incompletely understood. The Notch-activated signaling cascade is a central component of intestinal cell fate determinations. The lateral inhibitory mechanism governed by Notch directs cell fates toward distinct cell lineages (i.e., absorptive and secretory cell lineages) through its downstream effector, mouse atonal homolog 1 (MATH1). An investigation employing cell lines and intestinal crypt cells revealed that AhR regulates Math1 expression in a xenobiotic response element (XRE)-dependent manner. The AhR-Math1 axis was further addressed using intestinal organoids, where AhR-Math1 and HES1-Math1 axes appeared to coexist within the underlying Math1 transcriptional machinery. When the HES1-Math1 axis was pharmacologically suppressed, β-naphthoflavone-mediated AhR activation increased the number of goblet and Math1+ progenitor cells in the organoids. The same pharmacological dissection of the AhR-Math1 axis was applied in vivo, demonstrating an enhanced number of Math1+ progenitor cells in the small intestine following AhR activation. We report here that AhR-Math1 is a direct transcriptional axis with effects on Math1+ progenitor cells in the small intestine, highlighting a novel molecular basis for fine-tuning Notch-mediated cell fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yagishita
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tanvi Joshi
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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18
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Ma N, Guo P, Chen J, Qi Z, Liu C, Shen J, Sun Y, Chen X, Chen GQ, Ma X. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate alleviated diarrhea and colitis via Lactobacillus johnsonii biofilm-mediated maturation of sulfomucin. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022:10.1007/s11427-022-2213-6. [PMID: 36580163 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maintainance of sulfomucin is a key end point in the treatment of diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying the microbial sense to sulfomucin are poorly understood, and to date, there are no therapies targeting the secretion and maturation of sulfomucin in IBD. Herein, we biosynthesized poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and found that PHB could alleviate inflammation caused by diarrhea and colitis by enhancing the differentiation of sulfomucin. Microbiota transplantation and clearance together demonstrate that PHB promoting sulfomucin is mediated by Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii). Further studies revealed that PHB provides a favorable niche for L. johnsonii biofilm formation to resist disturbance and support its growth. L. johnsonii-biofilm alleviates colitis by regulating fucose residues to promote goblet cell differentiation and subsequent sulfomucin maturation. Importantly, PHB alleviates colitis by enhancing sulfomucin secretion and maturation in a L. johnsonii-dependent manner. PHB represents a class of guardians, acting as a safe probiotic-biofilm delivery system that significantly promotes probiotic proliferation. Altogether, this study adds weight to the possible role of probiotics and functional materials in the treatment of intestinal inflammation. The application of PHB and biofilm self-coating L. johnsonii carries high translational potential and may be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengkai Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, School of Life Sciences and Dept Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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19
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Moscat J, Linares JF, Duran A, Diaz-Meco MT. Protein kinase Cλ/ι in cancer: a contextual balance of time and signals. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:1023-1034. [PMID: 35501226 PMCID: PMC9716658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nononcogenic cancer drivers often impinge on complex signals that create new addictions and vulnerabilities. Protein kinase Cλ/ι (PKCλ/ι) suppresses tumorigenesis by blocking metabolic pathways that regulate fuel oxidation and create building blocks for the epigenetic control of cell differentiation. Reduced levels of PKCλ/ι unleash these pathways to promote tumorigenesis, but the simultaneous activation of the STING-driven interferon cascade prevents tumor initiation by triggering immunosurveillance mechanisms. However, depending on the context of other signaling pathways, such as WNT/β-catenin or PKCζ, and timing, PKCλ/ι deletion can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss in detail the molecular and cellular underpinnings of PKCλ/ι functions in cancer with the perspective of the crosstalk between metabolism and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moscat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Juan F Linares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Angeles Duran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Gustafsson JK, Johansson MEV. The role of goblet cells and mucus in intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:785-803. [PMID: 36097076 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract faces numerous challenges that require several layers of defence. The tight epithelium forms a physical barrier that is further protected by a mucus layer, which provides various site-specific protective functions. Mucus is produced by goblet cells, and as a result of single-cell RNA sequencing identifying novel goblet cell subpopulations, our understanding of their various contributions to intestinal homeostasis has improved. Goblet cells not only produce mucus but also are intimately linked to the immune system. Mucus and goblet cell development is tightly regulated during early life and synchronized with microbial colonization. Dysregulation of the developing mucus systems and goblet cells has been associated with infectious and inflammatory conditions and predisposition to chronic disease later in life. Dysfunctional mucus and altered goblet cell profiles are associated with inflammatory conditions in which some mucus system impairments precede inflammation, indicating a role in pathogenesis. In this Review, we present an overview of the current understanding of the role of goblet cells and the mucus layer in maintaining intestinal health during steady-state and how alterations to these systems contribute to inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemisty and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Luo H, Li M, Wang F, Yang Y, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Du F, Chen Y, Shen J, Zhao Q, Zeng J, Wang S, Chen M, Li X, Li W, Sun Y, Gu L, Wen Q, Xiao Z, Wu X. The role of intestinal stem cell within gut homeostasis: Focusing on its interplay with gut microbiota and the regulating pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5185-5206. [PMID: 35982910 PMCID: PMC9379405 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.72600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via promoting a healthy gut barrier. Within the stem cell niche, gut microbiota linking the crosstalk of dietary influence and host response has been identified as a key regulator of ISCs. Emerging insights from recent research reveal that ISC and gut microbiota interplay regulates epithelial self-renewal. This article reviews the recent knowledge on the key role of ISC in their local environment (stem cell niche) associating with gut microbiota and their metabolites as well as the signaling pathways. The current progress of intestinal organoid culture is further summarized. Subsequently, the key challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianyun Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiuping Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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22
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Singh PNP, Madha S, Leiter AB, Shivdasani RA. Cell and chromatin transitions in intestinal stem cell regeneration. Genes Dev 2022; 36:684-698. [PMID: 35738677 PMCID: PMC9296007 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349412.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The progeny of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) dedifferentiate in response to ISC attrition. The precise cell sources, transitional states, and chromatin remodeling behind this activity remain unclear. In the skin, stem cell recovery after injury preserves an epigenetic memory of the damage response; whether similar memories arise and persist in regenerated ISCs is not known. We addressed these questions by examining gene activity and open chromatin at the resolution of single Neurog3-labeled mouse intestinal crypt cells, hence deconstructing forward and reverse differentiation of the intestinal secretory (Sec) lineage. We show that goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells arise by multilineage priming in common precursors, followed by selective access at thousands of cell-restricted cis-elements. Selective ablation of the ISC compartment elicits speedy reversal of chromatin and transcriptional features in large fractions of precursor and mature crypt Sec cells without obligate cell cycle re-entry. ISC programs decay and reappear along a cellular continuum lacking discernible discrete interim states. In the absence of gross tissue damage, Sec cells simply reverse their forward trajectories, without invoking developmental or other extrinsic programs, and starting chromatin identities are effectively erased. These findings identify strikingly plastic molecular frameworks in assembly and regeneration of a self-renewing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik N P Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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23
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Paneth cell maturation is related to epigenetic modification during neonatal-weaning transition. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:5-13. [PMID: 35469099 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are antimicrobial peptide-secreting epithelial cells located at the bottom of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn. The crypts begin to form around postnatal day 7 (P7) mice, and Paneth cells usually appear within the first 2 weeks. Paneth cell dysfunction has been reported to correlate with Crohn's disease-like inflammation, showing narrow crypts or loss of crypt architecture in mice. The morphology of dysfunctional Paneth cells is similar to that of Paneth/goblet intermediate cells. However, it remains unclear whether the formation of the crypt is related to the maturation of Paneth cells. In this study, we investigated the histological changes including epigenetic modification in the mouse ileum postnatally and assessed the effect of the methyltransferase inhibitor on epithelium development using an organoid culture. The morphological and functional maturation of Paneth cells occurred in the first 2 weeks and was accompanied by histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation, although significant differences in DNA methylation or other histone H3 trimethylation were not observed. Inhibition of H3K27 trimethylation in mouse ileal organoids suppressed crypt formation and Paneth cell maturation, until around P10. Overall, our findings show that post-transcriptional modification of histones, particularly H3K27 trimethylation, leads to the structural and functional maturation of Paneth cells during postnatal development.
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24
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Walker NM, Liu J, Young SM, Woode RA, Clarke LL. Goblet cell hyperplasia is not epithelial-autonomous in the Cftr knockout intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G282-G293. [PMID: 34878935 PMCID: PMC8793866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00290.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cell hyperplasia is an important manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) disease in epithelial-lined organs. Explants of CF airway epithelium show normalization of goblet cell numbers; therefore, we hypothesized that small intestinal enteroids from Cftr knockout (KO) mice would not exhibit goblet cell hyperplasia. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (Tlr2 and Tlr4) were investigated as markers of inflammation and influence on goblet cell differentiation. Ex vivo studies found goblet cell hyperplasia in Cftr KO jejunum compared with wild-type (WT) mice. IL-13, SAM pointed domain-containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef), Tlr2, and Tlr4 protein expression were increased in Cftr KO intestine relative to WT. In contrast, WT and Cftr KO enteroids did not exhibit differences in basal or IL-13-stimulated goblet cell numbers, or differences in expression of Tlr2, Tlr4, and Spdef. Ileal goblet cell numbers in Cftr KO/Tlr4 KO and Cftr KO/Tlr2 KO mice were not different from Cftr KO mice, but enumeration was confounded by altered mucosal morphology. Treatment with Tlr4 agonist LPS did not affect goblet cell numbers in WT or Cftr KO enteroids, whereas the Tlr2 agonist Pam3Csk4 stimulated goblet cell hyperplasia in both genotypes. Pam3Csk4 stimulation of goblet cell numbers was associated with suppression of Notch1 and Neurog3 expression and upregulated determinants of goblet cell differentiation. We conclude that goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammation of the Cftr KO small intestine are not exhibited by enteroids, indicating that this manifestation of CF intestinal disease is not epithelial-automatous but secondary to the altered CF intestinal environment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Studies of small intestinal organoids from cystic fibrosis (CF) mice show that goblet cell hyperplasia and increased Toll-like receptor 2/4 expression are not primary manifestations of the CF intestine. Intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia in the CF mice was not strongly altered by genetic ablation of Tlr2 and Tlr 4, but could be induced in both wild-type and CF intestinal organoids by a Tlr2-dependent suppression of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Walker
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah M Young
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rowena A Woode
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lane L Clarke
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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25
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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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26
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Grinat J, Kosel F, Goveas N, Kranz A, Alexopoulou D, Rajewsky K, Sigal M, Stewart AF, Heuberger J. Epigenetic modifier balances Mapk and Wnt signalling in differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101187. [PMID: 35064075 PMCID: PMC8807877 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase Mll1 controls intestinal secretory cell fate by promoting Wnt-driven Paneth and restricting Mapk-dependent goblet cell differentiation through regulation of Gata4/6 transcription factors Differentiation and lineage specification are controlled by cooperation of growth factor signalling. The involvement of epigenetic regulators in lineage specification remains largely elusive. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase Mll1 prevents intestinal progenitor cells from differentiation, whereas it is also involved in secretory lineage specification of Paneth and goblet cells. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that loss of Mll1 renders intestinal progenitor cells permissive for Wnt-driven secretory differentiation. However, Mll1-deficient crypt cells fail to segregate Paneth and goblet cell fates. Mll1 deficiency causes Paneth cell-determined crypt progenitors to exhibit goblet cell features by unleashing Mapk signalling, resulting in increased numbers of mixed Paneth/goblet cells. We show that loss of Mll1 abolishes the pro-proliferative effect of Mapk signalling in intestinal progenitor cells and promotes Mapk-induced goblet cell differentiation. Our data uncover Mll1 and its downstream targets Gata4/6 as a regulatory hub of Wnt and Mapk signalling in the control of lineage specification of intestinal secretory Paneth and goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Grinat
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Kosel
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neha Goveas
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Kranz
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Mukherjee P, Chattopadhyay A, Grijalva V, Dorreh N, Lagishetty V, Jacobs JP, Clifford BL, Vallim T, Mack JJ, Navab M, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. Oxidized phospholipids cause changes in jejunum mucus that induce dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100153. [PMID: 34808192 PMCID: PMC8953663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that adding a concentrate of transgenic tomatoes expressing the apoA-I mimetic peptide 6F (Tg6F) to a Western diet (WD) ameliorated systemic inflammation. To determine the mechanism(s) responsible for these observations, Ldlr-/- mice were fed chow, a WD, or WD plus Tg6F. We found that a WD altered the taxonomic composition of bacteria in jejunum mucus. For example, Akkermansia muciniphila virtually disappeared, while overall bacteria numbers and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels increased. In addition, gut permeability increased, as did the content of reactive oxygen species and oxidized phospholipids in jejunum mucus in WD-fed mice. Moreover, gene expression in the jejunum decreased for multiple peptides and proteins that are secreted into the mucous layer of the jejunum that act to limit bacteria numbers and their interaction with enterocytes including regenerating islet-derived proteins, defensins, mucin 2, surfactant A, and apoA-I. Following WD, gene expression also decreased for Il36γ, Il23, and Il22, cytokines critical for antimicrobial activity. WD decreased expression of both Atoh1 and Gfi1, genes required for the formation of goblet and Paneth cells, and immunohistochemistry revealed decreased numbers of goblet and Paneth cells. Adding Tg6F ameliorated these WD-mediated changes. Adding oxidized phospholipids ex vivo to the jejunum from mice fed a chow diet reproduced the changes in gene expression in vivo that occurred when the mice were fed WD and were prevented with addition of 6F peptide. We conclude that Tg6F ameliorates the WD-mediated increase in oxidized phospholipids that cause changes in jejunum mucus, which induce dysbiosis and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor Grijalva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nasrin Dorreh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Microbiome Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Microbiome Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Vallim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia J Mack
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Kim Y, Lee S, Kim S, Kim TY, Lee SH, Chang JH, Kweon MN. LKB1 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Regulates Bile Acid Metabolism by Modulating FGF15/19 Production. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1121-1139. [PMID: 34973477 PMCID: PMC8873961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a master upstream protein kinase involved in nutrient sensing and glucose and lipid metabolism in many tissues; however, its metabolic role in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of LKB1 on bile acid (BA) homeostasis. METHODS We generated mice with IEC-specific deletion of LKB1 (LKB1ΔIEC) and analyzed the characteristics of IEC development and BA level. In vitro assays with small interfering RNA, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, metagenomics, and RNA-sequencing were used to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying perturbed BA homeostasis. RESULTS LKB1 deletion resulted in abnormal differentiation of secretory cell lineages. Unexpectedly, BA pool size increased substantially in LKB1ΔIEC mice. A significant reduction of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), known to inhibit BA synthesis, was found in the small intestine (SI) ileum of LKB1ΔIEC mice. We observed that LKB1 depletion reduced FGF15/19 protein level in human IECs in vitro. Additionally, a lower abundance of bile salt hydrolase-producing bacteria and elevated levels of FXR antagonist (ie, T-βMCA) were observed in the SI of LKB1ΔIEC mice. Moreover, LKB1ΔIEC mice showed impaired conversion of retinol to retinoic acids in the SI ileum. Subsequently, vitamin A treatment failed to induce FGF15 production. Thus, LKB1ΔIEC mice fed with a high-fat diet showed improved glucose tolerance and increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 in IECs manages BA homeostasis by controlling FGF15/19 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungil Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dr Mi-Na Kweon, Asan Medical Center, Department of Convergence Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea. tel: 82-2-3010-2096.
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29
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Moriichi K, Fujiya M, Okumura T. The endoscopic diagnosis of mucosal healing and deep remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Endosc 2021; 33:1008-1023. [PMID: 33020947 DOI: 10.1111/den.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic goal in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients has shifted from controlling the clinical activity alone to managing other associated problems. The concept of mucosal healing (MH) and deep remission (DR) are advocated and regarded as new therapeutic goals in IBD. However, the definition of MH still remains controversial. It is unclear whether or not the histological structures or functional factors should be included in the definition of DR in addition to clinical remission and MH. The classifications of white-light imaging (e.g. Mayo endoscopic subscore, UCEIS, CD Endoscopic Index of Severity, simple Endoscopic Score-CD) have been proposed and are now widely used to assess the severity as well as the MH of inflammation in IBD. In ulcerative colitis, magnifying chromoendoscopy has been shown to be useful to assess the MH of inflammation while other types of image-enhanced endoscopy, such as narrow-band imaging, have not. Endocytoscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) are also applied to assess the activity in IBD. These endoscopic procedures can estimate MH with more precision through observing the details of superficial structures, such as crypt openings. In addition, CLE can partially assess the mucosal function by detecting fluorescence leakage. Molecular imaging can possibly detect the molecules associated with inflammation, intestinal regeneration and differentiation, and various functions including the intestinal barrier and mucus secretion. These novel procedures may improve the diagnosis strategy of DR through the assessment of DR-associated factors such as the histological structures and functional factors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Moriichi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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30
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Capdevila C, Trifas M, Miller J, Anderson T, Sims PA, Yan KS. Cellular origins and lineage relationships of the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G413-G425. [PMID: 34431400 PMCID: PMC8560372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00188.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the development and hierarchical organization of tissues is key to understanding how they are perturbed in injury and disease, as well as how they may be therapeutically manipulated to restore homeostasis. The rapidly regenerating intestinal epithelium harbors diverse cell types and their lineage relationships have been studied using numerous approaches, from classical label-retaining and genetic lineage tracing methods to novel transcriptome-based annotations. Here, we describe the developmental trajectories that dictate differentiation and lineage specification in the intestinal epithelium. We focus on the most recent single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq)-based strategies for understanding intestinal epithelial cell lineage relationships, underscoring how they have refined our view of the development of this tissue and highlighting their advantages and limitations. We emphasize how these technologies have been applied to understand the dynamics of intestinal epithelial cells in homeostatic and injury-induced regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Capdevila
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria Trifas
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Troy Anderson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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31
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Qin T, Yang J, Huang D, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen H, Xu G. DOCK4 stimulates MUC2 production through its effect on goblet cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6507-6519. [PMID: 33559155 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is in continuous contact with milliard of microorganisms, thus intestinal epithelial barrier is a critical component in the arsenal of defense mechanisms required to prevent infection and inflammation. Mucin 2 (MUC2), which is produced by the goblet cells, forms the skeleton of the intestinal mucus and protects the intestinal tract from self-digestion and numerous microorganisms. Dedicator of cytokinesis 4 (DOCK4) is a member of the DOCK-B subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. It is reported that DOCK4 plays a critical role in the repair of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium after chemical damage. In this study, the role of DOCK4 in the goblet cell differentiation and MUC2 production is explored. Disordered intestinal epithelium and shortage of goblet cells were observed in DOCK4 gene knockout mice. Furthermore, DOCK4 deletion contributed to the low expression of MUC2 and the goblet cell differentiation/maturation factors including growth factor independent 1 (Gfi1) and SAM pointed domain epithelial-specific transcription factor (Spdef) in mouse ileums and colons. Overexpression of DOCK4 caused a marked increase in Gfi1, Spdef, and MUC2, while siRNA knockdown of endogenous DOCK4 significantly decreased Gfi1, Spdef, and MUC2 in HT-29 cells. In addition, MUC2, DOCK4, and the goblet cell differentiation/maturation factors mRNA levels were decreased in colorectal cancer samples compared with normal colons. A significant positive correlation was found between MUC2 and DOCK4. In conclusion, DOCK4 may serve as a critical regulator of goblet cell differentiation and MUC2 production in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfeng Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dayin Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanling Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geyang Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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32
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Yang S, Yu M. Role of Goblet Cells in Intestinal Barrier and Mucosal Immunity. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3171-3183. [PMID: 34285541 PMCID: PMC8286120 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s318327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells and the mucus they secrete serve as an important barrier, preventing pathogens from invading the mucosa to cause intestinal inflammation. The perspective regarding goblet cells and mucus has changed, with current evidence suggesting that they are not passive but play a positive role in maintaining intestinal tract immunity and mucosal homeostasis. Goblet cells could obtain luminal antigens, presenting them to the underlying antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that induces adaptive immune responses. Various immunomodulatory factors can promote the differentiation and maturation of goblet cells, and the secretion of mucin. The abnormal proliferation and differentiation of goblet cells, as well as the deficiency synthesis and secretion of mucins, result in intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. This review provides an extensive outline of the signaling pathways that regulate goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and control mucins synthesis and secretion to elucidate how altering these pathways affects goblet functionality. Furthermore, the interaction between mucins and goblet cells in intestinal mucosal immunology is described. Therefore, the contribution of goblet cells and mucus in promoting gut defense and homeostasis is illustrated, while clarifying the regulatory mechanisms involved may allow the development of new therapeutic strategies for intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
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33
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Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1239-1250. [PMID: 34153524 PMCID: PMC8446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are professional secretory cells that classically play a role in the innate immune system by secreting antimicrobial factors into the lumen to control enteric bacteria. In this role, Paneth cells are able to sense cues from luminal bacteria and respond by changing production of these factors to protect the epithelial barrier. Paneth cells rely on autophagy to regulate their secretory capability and capacity. Disruption of this pathway through mutation of genes, such as Atg16L1, results in decreased Paneth cell function, dysregulated enteric microbiota, decreased barrier integrity, and increased risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans. Upon differentiation Paneth cells migrate downward and intercalate among active intestinal stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts. This localization puts them in a unique position to interact with active intestinal stem cells, and recent work shows that Paneth cells play a critical role in influencing the intestinal stem cell niche. This review discusses the numerous ways Paneth cells can influence intestinal stem cells and their niche. We also highlight the ways in which Paneth cells can alter cells and other organ systems.
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34
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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35
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The transcription factors GFI1 and GFI1B as modulators of the innate and acquired immune response. Adv Immunol 2021; 149:35-94. [PMID: 33993920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GFI1 and GFI1B are small nuclear proteins of 45 and 37kDa, respectively, that have a simple two-domain structure: The first consists of a group of six c-terminal C2H2 zinc finger motifs that are almost identical in sequence and bind to very similar, specific DNA sites. The second is an N-terminal 20 amino acid SNAG domain that can bind to the pocket of the histone demethylase KDM1A (LSD1) near its active site. When bound to DNA, both proteins act as bridging factors that bring LSD1 and associated proteins into the vicinity of methylated substrates, in particular histone H3 or TP53. GFI1 can also bring methyl transferases such as PRMT1 together with its substrates that include the DNA repair proteins MRE11 and 53BP1, thereby enabling their methylation and activation. While GFI1B is expressed almost exclusively in the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineage, GFI1 has clear biological roles in the development and differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid immune cells. GFI1 is required for lymphoid/myeloid and monocyte/granulocyte lineage decision as well as the correct nuclear interpretation of a number of important immune-signaling pathways that are initiated by NOTCH1, interleukins such as IL2, IL4, IL5 or IL7, by the pre TCR or -BCR receptors during early lymphoid differentiation or by T and B cell receptors during activation of lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells also depend on GFI1 at both stages of early differentiation as well as later stages in the process of activation of macrophages through Toll-like receptors in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The knowledge gathered on these factors over the last decades puts GFI1 and GFI1B at the center of many biological processes that are critical for both the innate and acquired immune system.
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36
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Hood R, Chen YH, Goldsmith JR. TNFAIP8 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation and May Alter Terminal Differentiation of Secretory Progenitors. Cells 2021; 10:871. [PMID: 33921306 PMCID: PMC8070212 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a highly proliferative dynamic environment that relies on constant self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium to maintain homeostasis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE0) is a regulator of PI3K-mediated signaling. By binding to PIP2 and PIP3, TIPE family members locally activate PI3K activity while globally inhibiting PI3K activity through sequestration of membranous PIP2. Single-cell RNA sequencing survey of Tipe0-/- small intestine was used to investigate the role of TIPE0 in intestinal differentiation. Tipe0-/- intestinal cells were shown to shift towards an undifferentiated state, with the notable exception of goblet cells. Additionally, three possible novel regulators of terminal cell fate decisions in the secretory lineage were identified: Nupr1, Kdm4a, and Gatad1. We propose that these novel regulators drive changes involved in goblet cell (Nupr1) or tuft cell (Kdm4a and Gatad1) fate commitment and that TIPE0 may play a role in orchestrating terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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Parmar N, Burrows K, Vornewald PM, Lindholm HT, Zwiggelaar RT, Díez-Sánchez A, Martín-Alonso M, Fosslie M, Vallance BA, Dahl JA, Zaph C, Oudhoff MJ. Intestinal-epithelial LSD1 controls goblet cell maturation and effector responses required for gut immunity to bacterial and helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009476. [PMID: 33788902 PMCID: PMC8041206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases in the intestine remain a serious threat for patients world-wide. Reprogramming of the intestinal epithelium towards a protective effector state is important to manage inflammation and immunity and can be therapeutically targeted. The role of epigenetic regulatory enzymes within these processes is not yet defined. Here, we use a mouse model that has an intestinal-epithelial specific deletion of the histone demethylase Lsd1 (cKO mice), which maintains the epithelium in a fixed reparative state. Challenge of cKO mice with bacteria-induced colitis or a helminth infection model both resulted in increased pathogenesis. Mechanistically, we discovered that LSD1 is important for goblet cell maturation and goblet-cell effector molecules such as RELMß. We propose that this may be in part mediated by directly controlling genes that facilitate cytoskeletal organization, which is important in goblet cell biology. This study therefore identifies intestinal-epithelial epigenetic regulation by LSD1 as a critical element in host protection from infection. The epithelium that lines our intestine has the important task of taking up nutrients, while also providing a barrier against pathogens. The intestinal epithelium performs these different tasks by having specialized cell types; enterocytes take up nutrients whereas goblet cells are in charge of producing a mucus layer. In addition, goblet cells can be stimulated to make special antimicrobial proteins. This occurs in response to cues called cytokines that come from immune cells, which are able to detect and act on the presence of pathogens such as bacteria or parasitic worms. In this study, we found that LSD1, an enzyme that controls gene expression, was important for goblet cells. Mice that lacked LSD1 specifically in their intestinal epithelium were unable to respond to cytokines and could not defend themselves against bacterial and parasitic infections. In part, we also made use of a specific inhibitor against the enzyme activity of LSD1. This inhibitor also blocked goblet cell differentiation and goblet-cell specific antimicrobial responses to cytokines. We are thus able to manipulate epithelial responses, which may be an important tool in the future to treat patients with infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Parmar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pia M Vornewald
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard T Lindholm
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rosalie T Zwiggelaar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alberto Díez-Sánchez
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Madeleine Fosslie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - John Arne Dahl
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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38
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Quintero M, Liu S, Xia Y, Huang Y, Zou Y, Li G, Hu L, Singh N, Blumberg R, Cai Y, Xu H, Li H. Cdk5rap3 is essential for intestinal Paneth cell development and maintenance. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:131. [PMID: 33504792 PMCID: PMC7841144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal Paneth cells are professional exocrine cells that play crucial roles in maintenance of homeostatic microbiome, modulation of mucosal immunity, and support for stem cell self-renewal. Dysfunction of these cells may lead to the pathogenesis of human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cdk5 activator binding protein Cdk5rap3 (also known as C53 and LZAP) was originally identified as a binding protein of Cdk5 activator p35. Although previous studies have indicated its involvement in a wide range of signaling pathways, the physiological function of Cdk5rap3 remains largely undefined. In this study, we found that Cdk5rap3 deficiency resulted in very early embryonic lethality, indicating its indispensable role in embryogenesis. To further investigate its function in the adult tissues and organs, we generated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific knockout mouse model to examine its role in intestinal development and tissue homeostasis. IEC-specific deletion of Cdk5rap3 led to nearly complete loss of Paneth cells and increased susceptibility to experimentally induced colitis. Interestingly, Cdk5rap3 deficiency resulted in downregulation of key transcription factors Gfi1 and Sox9, indicating its crucial role in Paneth cell fate specification. Furthermore, Cdk5rap3 is highly expressed in mature Paneth cells. Paneth cell-specific knockout of Cdk5rap3 caused partial loss of Paneth cells, while inducible acute deletion of Cdk5rap3 resulted in disassembly of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and abnormal zymogen granules in the mature Paneth cells, as well as loss of Paneth cells. Together, our results provide definitive evidence for the essential role of Cdk5rap3 in Paneth cell development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Quintero
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yanhua Xia
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Richard Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yafei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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39
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Hou Q, Huang J, Ayansola H, Masatoshi H, Zhang B. Intestinal Stem Cells and Immune Cell Relationships: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623691. [PMID: 33584726 PMCID: PMC7874163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is the largest immune organ that contains the intestinal stem cells (ISC), differentiated epithelial cells (enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, tuft cells, etc.), and gut resident-immune cells (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cell, etc.). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by mucosa damage and inflammation, threatens the integrity of the intestine. The continuous renewal and repair of intestinal mucosal epithelium after injury depend on ISCs. Inflamed mucosa healing could be a new target for the improvement of clinical symptoms, disease recurrence, and resection-free survival in IBD treated patients. The knowledge about the connections between ISC and immune cells is expanding with the development of in vitro intestinal organoid culture and single-cell RNA sequencing technology. Recent findings implicate that immune cells such as T cells, ILCs, dendritic cells, and macrophages and cytokines secreted by these cells are critical in the regeneration of ISCs and intestinal epithelium. Transplantation of ISC to the inflamed mucosa may be a new therapeutic approach to reconstruct the epithelial barrier in IBD. Considering the links between ISC and immune cells, we predict that the integration of biological agents and ISC transplantation will revolutionize the future therapy of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hammed Ayansola
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hori Masatoshi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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40
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Non-canonical Wnt/PCP signalling regulates intestinal stem cell lineage priming towards enteroendocrine and Paneth cell fates. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:23-31. [PMID: 33398177 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal and differentiation is required to treat chronic intestinal diseases. However, the different models of ISC lineage hierarchy1-6 and segregation7-12 are subject to debate. Here, we have discovered non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP)-activated ISCs that are primed towards the enteroendocrine or Paneth cell lineage. Strikingly, integration of time-resolved lineage labelling with single-cell gene expression analysis revealed that both lineages are directly recruited from ISCs via unipotent transition states, challenging the existence of formerly predicted bi- or multipotent secretory progenitors7-12. Transitory cells that mature into Paneth cells are quiescent and express both stem cell and secretory lineage genes, indicating that these cells are the previously described Lgr5+ label-retaining cells7. Finally, Wnt/PCP-activated Lgr5+ ISCs are molecularly indistinguishable from Wnt/β-catenin-activated Lgr5+ ISCs, suggesting that lineage priming and cell-cycle exit is triggered at the post-transcriptional level by polarity cues and a switch from canonical to non-canonical Wnt/PCP signalling. Taken together, we redefine the mechanisms underlying ISC lineage hierarchy and identify the Wnt/PCP pathway as a new niche signal preceding lateral inhibition in ISC lineage priming and segregation.
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41
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Abstract
The cardinal properties of adult tissue stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to generate diverse resident cell types. The daily losses of terminally differentiated intestinal, skin, and blood cells require "professional" stem cells to produce replacements. This occurs by continuous expansion of stem cells and their immediate progeny, followed by coordinated activation of divergent transcriptional programs to generate stable cells with diverse functions. Other tissues turn over slowly, if at all, and vary widely in strategies for facultative stem cell activity or interconversion among mature resident cell types (transdifferentiation). Cell fate potential is programmed in tissue-specific configurations of chromatin, which restrict the complement of available genes and cis-regulatory elements, hence allowing specific cell types to arise. Using as a model the transcriptional and chromatin basis of cell differentiation and dedifferentiation in intestinal crypts, we discuss here how self-renewing and other tissues execute homeostatic and injury-responsive stem cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Saxena
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Current affiliation: Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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42
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Beauchemin H, Möröy T. Multifaceted Actions of GFI1 and GFI1B in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Lineage Commitment. Front Genet 2020; 11:591099. [PMID: 33193732 PMCID: PMC7649360 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.591099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factor independence 1 (GFI1) and the closely related protein GFI1B are small nuclear proteins that act as DNA binding transcriptional repressors. Both recognize the same consensus DNA binding motif via their C-terminal zinc finger domains and regulate the expression of their target genes by recruiting chromatin modifiers such as histone deacetylases (HDACs) and demethylases (LSD1) by using an N-terminal SNAG domain that comprises only 20 amino acids. The only region that is different between both proteins is the region that separates the zinc finger domains and the SNAG domain. Both proteins are co-expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and, to some extent, in multipotent progenitors (MPPs), but expression is specified as soon as early progenitors and show signs of lineage bias. While expression of GFI1 is maintained in lymphoid primed multipotent progenitors (LMPPs) that have the potential to differentiate into both myeloid and lymphoid cells, GFI1B expression is no longer detectable in these cells. By contrast, GFI1 expression is lost in megakaryocyte precursors (MKPs) and in megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs), which maintain a high level of GFI1B expression. Consequently, GFI1 drives myeloid and lymphoid differentiation and GFI1B drives the development of megakaryocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. How such complementary cell type- and lineage-specific functions of GFI1 and GFI1B are maintained is still an unresolved question in particular since they share an almost identical structure and very similar biochemical modes of actions. The cell type-specific accessibility of GFI1/1B binding sites may explain the fact that very similar transcription factors can be responsible for very different transcriptional programming. An additional explanation comes from recent data showing that both proteins may have additional non-transcriptional functions. GFI1 interacts with a number of proteins involved in DNA repair and lack of GFI1 renders HSCs highly susceptible to DNA damage-induced death and restricts their proliferation. In contrast, GFI1B binds to proteins of the beta-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway and lack of GFI1B leads to an expansion of HSCs and MKPs, illustrating the different impact that GFI1 or GFI1B has on HSCs. In addition, GFI1 and GFI1B are required for endothelial cells to become the first blood cells during early murine development and are among those transcription factors needed to convert adult endothelial cells or fibroblasts into HSCs. This role of GFI1 and GFI1B bears high significance for the ongoing effort to generate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells de novo for the autologous treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarik Möröy
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Cell fate specification and differentiation in the adult mammalian intestine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 22:39-53. [PMID: 32958874 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells at the bottom of crypts fuel the rapid renewal of the different cell types that constitute a multitasking tissue. The intestinal epithelium facilitates selective uptake of nutrients while acting as a barrier for hostile luminal contents. Recent discoveries have revealed that the lineage plasticity of committed cells - combined with redundant sources of niche signals - enables the epithelium to efficiently repair tissue damage. New approaches such as single-cell transcriptomics and the use of organoid models have led to the identification of the signals that guide fate specification of stem cell progeny into the six intestinal cell lineages. These cell types display context-dependent functionality and can adapt to different requirements over their lifetime, as dictated by their microenvironment. These new insights into stem cell regulation and fate specification could aid the development of therapies that exploit the regenerative capacity and functionality of the gut.
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Zwiggelaar RT, Lindholm HT, Fosslie M, Terndrup Pedersen M, Ohta Y, Díez-Sánchez A, Martín-Alonso M, Ostrop J, Matano M, Parmar N, Kvaløy E, Spanjers RR, Nazmi K, Rye M, Drabløs F, Arrowsmith C, Arne Dahl J, Jensen KB, Sato T, Oudhoff MJ. LSD1 represses a neonatal/reparative gene program in adult intestinal epithelium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/37/eabc0367. [PMID: 32917713 PMCID: PMC7486101 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by adult intestinal stem cells, which, alongside Paneth cells, appear after birth in the neonatal period. We aimed to identify regulators of neonatal intestinal epithelial development by testing a small library of epigenetic modifier inhibitors in Paneth cell-skewed organoid cultures. We found that lysine-specific demethylase 1A (Kdm1a/Lsd1) is absolutely required for Paneth cell differentiation. Lsd1-deficient crypts, devoid of Paneth cells, are still able to form organoids without a requirement of exogenous or endogenous Wnt. Mechanistically, we find that LSD1 enzymatically represses genes that are normally expressed only in fetal and neonatal epithelium. This gene profile is similar to what is seen in repairing epithelium, and we find that Lsd1-deficient epithelium has superior regenerative capacities after irradiation injury. In summary, we found an important regulator of neonatal intestinal development and identified a druggable target to reprogram intestinal epithelium toward a reparative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie T Zwiggelaar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard T Lindholm
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Madeleine Fosslie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Terndrup Pedersen
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Alberto Díez-Sánchez
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenny Ostrop
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naveen Parmar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie Kvaløy
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roos R Spanjers
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), 1081LA Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Morten Rye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway
- BioCore-Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn Drabløs
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John Arne Dahl
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, NO-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Li HJ, Ray SK, Kucukural A, Gradwohl G, Leiter AB. Reduced Neurog3 Gene Dosage Shifts Enteroendocrine Progenitor Towards Goblet Cell Lineage in the Mouse Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:433-448. [PMID: 32822913 PMCID: PMC7788244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transient expression of Neurog3 commits intestinal secretory progenitors to become enteroendocrine-biased progenitors and hence drive enteroendocrine differentiation. Loss of Neurog3 in mouse resulted in the depletion of intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and an increase in goblet cells. Earlier studies in developing mouse pancreas identified a role of Neurog3 gene dosage in endocrine and exocrine cell fate allocation. We aimed to determine whether Neurog3 gene dosage controls fate choice of enteroendocrine progenitors. METHODS We acquired mutant Neurog3 reporter mice carrying 2, 1, or null Neurog3 alleles to study Neurog3 gene dosage effect by lineage tracing. Cell types arising from Neurog3+ progenitors were determined by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against intestinal lineage-specific markers. RNA sequencing of sorted Neurog3+/+, Neurog3+/-, or bulk intestinal cells were performed and differentially expressed genes were analyzed. RESULTS We identified 2731 genes enriched in sorted Neurog3+/+-derived cells in the Neurog3+/+EYFP mouse intestine when compared with bulk duodenum epithelial cells. In the intestine of Neurog3+/-EGFP heterozygous mouse, we observed a 63% decrease in EEC numbers. Many Neurog3-derived cells stained for goblet marker Mucin 2. RNA sequencing of sorted Neurog3+/- cells uncovered enriched expression of genes characteristic for both goblet and enteroendocrine cells, indicating the mixed lineages arose from Neurog3+ progenitors. Consistent with this hypothesis, deletion of both Neurog3 alleles resulted in the total absence of EECs. All Neurog3+-derived cells stained for Mucin 2. CONCLUSIONS We identified that the fate of Neurog3+ enteroendocrine progenitors is dependent on Neurog3 gene dosage. High Neurog3 gene dosage enforces the commitment of secretory progenitors to an EE lineage, while constraining their goblet cell lineage potential. Transcriptome profiling data was deposited to Gene Ontology omnibus, accession number: GSE149203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Subir K Ray
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gerard Gradwohl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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46
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Verzi MP, Shivdasani RA. Epigenetic regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G189-G196. [PMID: 32628072 PMCID: PMC7500269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00084.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To fulfill the lifelong need to supply diverse epithelial cells, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) rely on executing accurate transcriptional programs. This review addresses the mechanisms that control those programs. Genes that define cell behaviors and identities are regulated principally through thousands of dispersed enhancers, each individually <1 kb long and positioned from a few to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites, upstream or downstream from coding genes or within introns. Wnt, Notch, and other epithelial control signals feed into these cis-regulatory DNA elements, which are also common loci of polymorphisms and mutations that confer disease risk. Cell-specific gene activity requires promoters to interact with the correct combination of signal-responsive enhancers. We review the current state of knowledge in ISCs regarding active enhancers, the nucleosome modifications that may enable appropriate and hinder inappropriate enhancer-promoter contacts, and the roles of lineage-restricted transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Verzi
- 1Department of Genetics, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey,2Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ramesh A. Shivdasani
- 3Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,4Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,5Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Ashour N, Angulo JC, González-Corpas A, Orea MJ, Lobo MVT, Colomer R, Colás B, Esteller M, Ropero S. Epigenetic Regulation of Gfi1 in Endocrine-Related Cancers: a Role Regulating Tumor Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134687. [PMID: 32630147 PMCID: PMC7370116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer constitute the most common cancers among men and women worldwide. The aging population is one of the main risk factors for prostate and breast cancer development and accumulating studies link aging with epigenetic changes. Growth factor independence-1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor with an important role in human malignancies, including leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, and lung cancer, but its role in prostate and breast cancer is unknown. We have found that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing is a common event in prostate and breast cancer. Gfi1 re-expression in prostate and breast cancer cell lines displaying Gfi1 epigenetic silencing decreases cell proliferation, reduced colony formation density, and tumor growth in nude mice xenografts. In addition, we found that Gfi1 repress alpha 1-anti-trypsin (AAT) and alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin (ACT) expression, two genes with important functions in cancer development, suggesting that Gfi1 silencing promotes tumor growth by increasing AAT and ACT expression in our system. Finally, Gfi1 epigenetic silencing could be a promising biomarker for prostate cancer progression because it is associated with shorter disease-free survival. In conclusion, our findings strongly indicate that Gfi1 epigenetic silencing in prostate and breast cancer could be a crucial step in the development of these two-well characterized endocrine related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ashour
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28054 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (A.G.-C.); (M.J.O.); (B.C.)
| | - Javier C. Angulo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana González-Corpas
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28054 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (A.G.-C.); (M.J.O.); (B.C.)
| | - María J. Orea
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28054 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (A.G.-C.); (M.J.O.); (B.C.)
| | - María V. T. Lobo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28054 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ramón Colomer
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, HU La Princesa, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Colás
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28054 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (A.G.-C.); (M.J.O.); (B.C.)
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Santiago Ropero
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28054 Madrid, Spain; (N.A.); (A.G.-C.); (M.J.O.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Huang D, Xiong M, Xu X, Wu X, Xu J, Cai X, Lu L, Zhou H. Bile acids elevated by high-fat feeding induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal stem cells and contribute to mucosal barrier damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:289-295. [PMID: 32703425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-term high-fat feeding (HF) induces intestinal mucosal barrier damage. However, the mechanism for this remains unclear. HF can elevate the intestinal and circulating bile acid (BA) levels, especially deoxycholic acid (DCA). We hypothesize that BAs elevated by HF regulate intestinal stem cell (ISC) function, which may contribute to mucosal barrier injury in the ileum of mice. In this study, we showed that 2 weeks of HF resulted in a shortening of intestinal villi and a decrease in the tight junction (TJ) protein occludin in the ileum of mice, accompanied by an increase in circulating BA levels. Importantly, 2 weeks of HF also reduced ileal ISCs and goblet cells and decreased the proliferation function of ISCs and their ability to differentiate into goblet cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was found to be involved in the process of ISC damage. All these alterations were reversed by cofeeding with the bile acid binder cholestyramine. In addition, the in vitro studies also confirmed a cytotoxic effect of DCA at a high concentration on ISCs and goblet cells. In conclusion, these data suggested that high levels of BAs induced by HF could impair ISC function by triggering ER stress, resulting in the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minli Xiong
- Medical Department, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Gao Y, Yan Y, Tripathi S, Pentinmikko N, Amaral A, Päivinen P, Domènech-Moreno E, Andersson S, Wong IPL, Clevers H, Katajisto P, Mäkelä TP. LKB1 Represses ATOH1 via PDK4 and Energy Metabolism and Regulates Intestinal Stem Cell Fate. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1389-1401.e10. [PMID: 31930988 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In addition to the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, energy metabolism also regulates intestinal stem cell (ISC) function. Tumor suppressor and kinase STK11 (also called LKB1) regulates stem cells and cell metabolism. We investigated whether loss of LKB1 alters ISC homeostasis in mice. METHODS We deleted LKB1 from ISCs in mice using Lgr5-regulated CRE-ERT2 (Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice) and the traced lineages by using a CRE-dependent TdTomato reporter. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. We purified ISCs and intestinal progenitors using flow cytometry and performed RNA-sequencing analysis. We measured organoid-forming capacity and ISC percentages using intestinal tissues from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice. We analyzed human Ls174t cells with knockdown of LKB1 or other proteins by immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the Seahorse live-cell metabolic assay. RESULTS Some intestinal crypts from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice lost ISCs compared with crypts from control mice. However, most crypts from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice contained functional ISCs that expressed increased levels of Atoh1 messenger RNA (mRNA), acquired a gene expression signature associated with secretory cells, and generated more cells in the secretory lineage compared with control mice. Knockdown of LKB1 in Ls174t cells induced expression of Atoh1 mRNA and a phenotype of increased mucin production; knockdown of ATOH1 prevented induction of this phenotype. The increased expression of Atoh1 mRNA after LKB1 loss from ISCs or Ls174t cells did not involve Notch or Wnt signaling. Knockdown of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) or inhibition with dichloroacetate reduced the up-regulation of Atoh1 mRNA after LKB1 knockdown in Ls174t cells. Cells with LKB1 knockdown had a reduced rate of oxygen consumption, which was partially restored by PDK4 inhibition with dichloroacetate. ISCs with knockout of LKB1 increased the expression of PDK4 and had an altered metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 represses transcription of ATOH1, via PDK4, in ISCs, restricting their differentiation into secretory lineages. These findings provide a connection between metabolism and the fate determination of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Gao
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Yan
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Amaral
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pekka Päivinen
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Domènech-Moreno
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Andersson
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris P L Wong
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Máxima Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Takahashi T, Shiraishi A. Stem Cell Signaling Pathways in the Small Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062032. [PMID: 32188141 PMCID: PMC7139586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to divide and differentiate is necessary for tissue repair and homeostasis. Appropriate spatial and temporal mechanisms are needed. Local intercellular signaling increases expression of specific genes that mediate and maintain differentiation. Diffusible signaling molecules provide concentration-dependent induction of specific patterns of cell types or regions. Differentiation of adjacent cells, on the other hand, requires cell–cell contact and subsequent signaling. These two types of signals work together to allow stem cells to provide what organisms require. The ability to grow organoids has increased our understanding of the cellular and molecular features of small “niches” that modulate stem cell function in various organs, including the small intestine.
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