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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Liang C, Wei C, Wang L, Guan Z, Shi T, Huang J, Li B, Lu Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Characterization of a Novel Creeping Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum) Mutant lazy1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:815131. [PMID: 35574111 PMCID: PMC9094088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.815131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is known as an important environmental factor involved in the regulation of plant architecture. To identify genes related to the gravitropism of Tartary buckwheat, a creeping line was obtained and designated as lazy1 from the mutant bank by 60Co-γ ray radiation. Genetic analysis indicated that the creeping phenotype of lazy1 was attributed to a single recessive locus. As revealed by the horizontal and inverted suspension tests, lazy1 was completely lacking in shoot negative gravitropism. The creeping growth of lazy1 occurred at the early seedling stage, which could not be recovered by exogenous heteroauxin, hormodin, α-rhodofix, or gibberellin. Different from the well-organized and equivalent cell elongation of wild type (WT), lazy1 exhibited dilated, distorted, and abnormally arranged cells in the bending stem. However, no statistical difference of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels was found between the far- and near-ground bending sides in lazy1, which suggests that the asymmetric cell elongation of lazy1 was not induced by auxin gradient. Whereas, lazy1 showed up-expressed gibberellin-regulated genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) as well as significantly higher levels of gibberellin, suggesting that gibberellin might be partly involved in the regulation of creeping growth in lazy1. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to gravitropism at stages I (before bending), II (bending), and III (after bending) between WT and lazy1. Venn diagram indicated that only Pectate lyase 5 was down-expressed at stages I [Log2 fold change (Log2FC): -3.20], II (Log2FC: -4.97), and III (Log2FC: -1.23) in lazy1, compared with WT. Gene sequencing revealed that a fragment deletion occurred in the coding region of Pectate lyase 5, which induced the destruction of a pbH domain in Pectate lyase 5 of lazy1. qRT-PCR indicated that Pectate lyase 5 was extremely down-expressed in lazy1 at stage II (0.02-fold of WT). Meanwhile, lazy1 showed the affected expression of lignin- and cellulose-related genes and cumulatively abnormal levels of pectin, lignin, and cellulose. These results demonstrate the possibility that Pectate lyase 5 functions as the key gene that could mediate primary cell wall metabolism and get involved in the asymmetric cell elongation regulation of lazy1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyu Wei
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhixiu Guan
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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Zhong HL, Liu Y, Nie YD, Wang Z, Zhu L, Wang N, Li JH, Han FX, Li GY. Change of soluble acid invertase gene ( SAI-1) haplotype in hybrid sorghum breeding program in China. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:37. [PMID: 37309441 PMCID: PMC10236051 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugar metabolism is the most important and core one which drives plant growth and development. Invertases are key enzymes that regulate sugar metabolism. A still-growing number of studies have revealed that invertases play a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and development. Crop yield is the product of sugar metabolism; it could be deduced that invertase also regulated the yield formation. So we have done a series of research on soluble acid invertase in sweet sorghum from enzyme activity to gene cloning and functional marker development. In this paper, we sequenced full length of SAI-1 gene in 69 grain sorghum parent lines, trying to see how it differs in their gene sequences and their distribution in related hybrid varieties released in the past. To our surprise, the result showed that B-lines and restore lines (R-line) have almost different SAI-1 haplotype distribution. The change of haplotype of SAI-1 gene is associated with yield gain as with grain sorghum breeding progress, which proved that SAI-1 may take a very important role in yield formation. And we also found the SAI-1 gene tends to become shorter as with the breeding advance, which means short sequence in introns, while exon remains unchanged leading to higher gene efficiency. The best SAI-1 haplotype combination of sorghum hybrid was also found for different planting regions. These findings are of great significance for improving breeding efficiency, understanding heterosis, and germplasm enhancement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01231-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Zhong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yang Liu
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, 524013 Guangdong China
| | - Yuan-Dong Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Li Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Nai Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Ji-Hong Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Fen-Xia Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Gui-Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 57:2367-2379. [PMID: 30149541 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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5
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Sakr S, Wang M, Dédaldéchamp F, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Atanassova R. The Sugar-Signaling Hub: Overview of Regulators and Interaction with the Hormonal and Metabolic Network. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092506. [PMID: 30149541 PMCID: PMC6165531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development has to be continuously adjusted to the available resources. Their optimization requires the integration of signals conveying the plant metabolic status, its hormonal balance, and its developmental stage. Many investigations have recently been conducted to provide insights into sugar signaling and its interplay with hormones and nitrogen in the fine-tuning of plant growth, development, and survival. The present review emphasizes the diversity of sugar signaling integrators, the main molecular and biochemical mechanisms related to the sugar-signaling dependent regulations, and to the regulatory hubs acting in the interplay of the sugar-hormone and sugar-nitrogen networks. It also contributes to compiling evidence likely to fill a few knowledge gaps, and raises new questions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soulaiman Sakr
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Ming Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Maria-Dolores Perez-Garcia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI, Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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6
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Bessho-Uehara K, Nugroho JE, Kondo H, Angeles-Shim RB, Ashikari M. Sucrose affects the developmental transition of rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:693-707. [PMID: 29740707 PMCID: PMC6488557 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oryza longistaminata, the African wild rice, can propagate vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes elongate horizontally underground as sink organs, however, they undergo a developmental transition that shifts their growth to the surface of the ground to become aerial stems. This particular stage is essential for the establishment of new ramets. While several determinants such as abiotic stimuli and plant hormones have been reported as key factors effecting developmental transition in aerial stem, the cause of this phenomenon in rhizome remains elusive. This study shows that depletion of nutrients, particularly sucrose, is the key stimulus that induces the developmental transition in rhizomes, as indicated by the gradient of sugars from the base to the tip of the rhizome. Sugar treatments revealed that sucrose specifically represses the developmental transition from rhizome to aerial stem by inhibiting the expression of sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis genes at the bending point. Sucrose depletion affected several factors contributing to the developmental transition of rhizome including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and plant hormone balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jovano Erris Nugroho
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirono Kondo
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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7
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Qin G, Zhu Z, Wang W, Cai J, Chen Y, Li L, Tian S. A Tomato Vacuolar Invertase Inhibitor Mediates Sucrose Metabolism and Influences Fruit Ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1596-1611. [PMID: 27694342 PMCID: PMC5100769 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex process that involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes that ultimately influence fruit quality traits, such as color and flavor. Sugar metabolism is an important factor in ripening, and there is evidence that it influences various aspects of ripening, although the associated mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we identified and analyzed the expression of 36 genes involved in Suc metabolism in ripening tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel mobility shift assays indicated that SlVIF, which encodes a vacuolar invertase inhibitor, and SlVI, encoding a vacuolar invertase, are directly regulated by the global fruit ripening regulator RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN). Moreover, we showed that SlVIF physically interacts with SlVI to control Suc metabolism. Repression of SlVIF by RNA interference delayed tomato fruit ripening, while overexpression of SlVIF accelerated ripening, with concomitant changes in lycopene production and ethylene biosynthesis. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based quantitative proteomic analysis further indicated that the abundance of a set of proteins involved in fruit ripening was altered by suppressing SlVIF expression, including proteins associated with lycopene generation and ethylene synthesis. These findings provide evidence for the role of Suc in promoting fruit ripening and establish that SlVIF contributes to fruit quality and the RIN-mediated ripening regulatory mechanisms, which are of significant agricultural value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Jianghua Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China (G.Q., Z.Z., W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.);
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China (W.W., J.C., Y.C., S.T.); and
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York 14853 (L.L.)
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Harrison BR, Masson PH. Immunohistochemistry relative to gravity: a simple method to retain information about gravity for immunolocalization and histochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1309:1-12. [PMID: 25981763 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple method to preserve information about a plant organ's orientation relative to the direction of the gravity vector during sample processing for immunolocalization or histochemical analysis of cell biological processes. This approach has been used in gravity stimulated roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays to study PIN3 relocalization, study the asymmetrical remodeling of the actin network and the cortical microtubule array, and to reveal the asymmetrical expression of the auxin signaling reporter DR5::GUS. This method enables the rapid analysis of a large number of samples from a variety of genotypes, as well as from tissue that may be too thick for microscopy in live plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3101 Science Circle, Anchorage, AK, 99504, USA,
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Philosoph-Hadas S, Friedman H, Meir S. Flowering shoots of ornamental crops as a model to study cellular and molecular aspects of plant gravitropism. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1309:171-98. [PMID: 25981776 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowering shoots offer a very convenient and excellent model system for in-depth study of shoot gravitropism in regular stems rather than in special aboveground organs, showing how plants cope with the force of gravity on Earth and change in orientation. Regarding the emerging notion that roots and shoots execute their gravitropic bending by different mechanisms, the use of flowering shoots offers additional confirmation for the suggested shoot-sensing mechanisms initially found in Arabidopsis. As a part of confirming this mechanism, studying this unique model system also enabled elucidation of the sequence of events operating in gravity signalling in shoots. Hence, using the system of flowering shoots provided an additional dimension to our understanding of shoot gravitropism and its hormonal regulation, which has been less advanced than root gravitropism. This is particularly important since the term "shoots" includes various aboveground organs. Hence, unlike other aboveground organs such as pulvini, the asymmetric growth in response to change in shoot orientation is accompanied in cut ornamental spikes by a continuous growth process. This chapter provides an overview of the basic methods, specifically developed or adapted from other graviresponding systems, for determining the main components which play a key role in gravistimulation signalling in flowering shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Philosoph-Hadas
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 6, Bet-Dagan, 5025001, Israel,
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Mugnai S, Pandolfi C, Masi E, Azzarello E, Monetti E, Comparini D, Voigt B, Volkmann D, Mancuso S. Oxidative stress and NO signalling in the root apex as an early response to changes in gravity conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:834134. [PMID: 25197662 PMCID: PMC4150467 DOI: 10.1155/2014/834134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen influx showed an asymmetry in the transition zone of the root apex when roots were placed horizontally on ground. The influx increased only in the upper side, while no changes were detected in the division and in the elongation zone. Nitric oxide (NO) was also monitored after gravistimulation, revealing a sudden burst only in the transition zone. In order to confirm these results in real microgravity conditions, experiments have been set up by using parabolic flights and drop tower. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also monitored. Oxygen, NO, and ROS were continuously monitored during normal and hyper- and microgravity conditions in roots of maize seedlings. A distinct signal in oxygen and NO fluxes was clearly detected only in the apex zone during microgravity, with no significant changes in normal and in hypergravity conditions. The same results were obtained by ROS measurement. The detrimental effect of D'orenone, disrupting the polarised auxin transport, on the onset of the oxygen peaks during the microgravity period was also evaluated. Results indicates an active role of NO and ROS as messengers during the gravitropic response, with probable implications in the auxin redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Mugnai
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- HSO-USB, ESTEC, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Camilla Pandolfi
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Masi
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Monetti
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Diego Comparini
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Boris Voigt
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Volkmann
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- DISPAA, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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11
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Millar KDL, Kiss JZ. Analyses of tropistic responses using metabolomics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013. [PMID: 23196394 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Characterization of phototropism and gravitropism has been through gene expression studies, assessment of curvature response, and protein expression experiments. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to determine how the metabolome, the complete set of small-molecule metabolites within a plant, is impacted during these tropisms. METHODS We have determined the metabolic profile of plants during gravitropism and phototropism. Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and phyB mutant were exposed to unidirectional light (red or blue) or reoriented to induce a tropistic response, and small-molecule metabolites were assayed and quantified. A subset of the WT was analyzed using microarray experiments to obtain gene profiling data. KEY RESULTS Analyses of the metabolomic data using principal component analysis showed a common profile in the WT during the different tropistic curvatures, but phyB mutants produced a distinctive profile for each tropism. Interestingly, the gravity treatment elicited the greatest changes in gene expression of the WT, followed by blue light, then by red light treatments. For all tropisms, we identified genes that were downregulated by a large magnitude in carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolism. These included ATCSLA15, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE, and ATCHS/SHS/TT4, CHALCONE SYNTHASE. In addition, genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis were strongly upregulated, and these included THA1 (THREONINE ALDOLASE 1) and ASN1 (DARK INDUCIBLE asparagine synthase). CONCLUSIONS We have established the first metabolic profile of tropisms in conjunction with transcriptomic analyses. This approach has been useful in characterizing the similarities and differences in the molecular mechanisms involved with phototropism and gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D L Millar
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677 USA
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12
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Clore AM. Cereal grass pulvini: agronomically significant models for studying gravitropism signaling and tissue polarity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:101-10. [PMID: 23125431 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grass pulvini have emerged as model systems that are not only valuable for the study of gravitropism, but are also of agricultural and economic significance. The pulvini are regions of tissue that are apical to each node and collectively return a reoriented stem to a more vertical position. They have proven to be useful for the study of gravisensing and response and are also providing clues about the establishment of polarity across tissues. This review will first highlight the agronomic significance of these stem regions and their benefits for use as model systems and provide a brief historical overview. A detailed discussion of the literature focusing on cell signaling and early changes in gene expression will follow, culminating in a temporal framework outlining events in the signaling and early growth phases of gravitropism in this tissue. Changes in cell wall composition and gene expression that occur well into the growth phase will be touched upon briefly. Finally, some ongoing research involving both maize and wheat pulvini will be introduced along with prospects for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Clore
- Division of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, 5800 Bay Shore Road, Sarasota, Florida 34243 USA.
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13
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Zhang Q, Pettolino FA, Dhugga KS, Rafalski JA, Tingey S, Taylor J, Shirley NJ, Hayes K, Beatty M, Abrams SR, Zaharia LI, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB. Cell wall modifications in maize pulvini in response to gravitational stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:2155-71. [PMID: 21697508 PMCID: PMC3149947 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.179606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell wall polysaccharides, transcript abundance, metabolite profiles, and hormone concentrations were monitored in the upper and lower regions of maize (Zea mays) pulvini in response to gravistimulation, during which maize plants placed in a horizontal position returned to the vertical orientation. Heteroxylan levels increased in the lower regions of the pulvini, together with lignin, but xyloglucans and heteromannan contents decreased. The degree of substitution of heteroxylan with arabinofuranosyl residues decreased in the lower pulvini, which exhibited increased mechanical strength as the plants returned to the vertical position. Few or no changes in noncellulosic wall polysaccharides could be detected on the upper side of the pulvinus, and crystalline cellulose content remained essentially constant in both the upper and lower pulvinus. Microarray analyses showed that spatial and temporal changes in transcript profiles were consistent with the changes in wall composition that were observed in the lower regions of the pulvinus. In addition, the microarray analyses indicated that metabolic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of phytohormones were differentially activated in the upper and lower regions of the pulvinus in response to gravistimulation. Metabolite profiles and measured hormone concentrations were consistent with the microarray data, insofar as auxin, physiologically active gibberellic acid, and metabolites potentially involved in lignin biosynthesis increased in the elongating cells of the lower pulvinus.
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14
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Ruan YL, Jin Y, Yang YJ, Li GJ, Boyer JS. Sugar input, metabolism, and signaling mediated by invertase: roles in development, yield potential, and response to drought and heat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:942-55. [PMID: 20729475 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Invertase (INV) hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, thereby playing key roles in primary metabolism and plant development. Based on their pH optima and sub-cellular locations, INVs are categorized into cell wall, cytoplasmic, and vacuolar subgroups, abbreviated as CWIN, CIN, and VIN, respectively. The broad importance and implications of INVs in plant development and crop productivity have attracted enormous interest to examine INV function and regulation from multiple perspectives. Here, we review some exciting advances in this area over the last two decades, focusing on (1) new or emerging roles of INV in plant development and regulation at the post-translational level through interaction with inhibitors, (2) cross-talk between INV-mediated sugar signaling and hormonal control of development, and (3) sugar- and INV-mediated responses to drought and heat stresses and their impact on seed and fruit set. Finally, we discuss major questions arising from this new progress and outline future directions for unraveling mechanisms underlying INV-mediated plant development and their potential applications in plant biotechnology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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15
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Liu X, Song B, Zhang H, Li XQ, Xie C, Liu J. Cloning and molecular characterization of putative invertase inhibitor genes and their possible contributions to cold-induced sweetening of potato tubers. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 284:147-59. [PMID: 20617340 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Invertase inhibitors (InvInh) interacted with invertases (Inv) and inhibited their activities involved in reducing sugars (RS) accumulation in cold-stored potato tubers. Understanding their potential contribution to RS accumulation is of both theoretical and practical importance because RS accumulation is a costly postharvest problem for both potato producers and processors. In this study, four genes with significant sequence homology to NtInvInhs were identified from potato and their possible contributions to cold-induced sweetening (CIS) of tubers were investigated together with StInv1, an acid invertase gene previously clarified corresponsive to CIS. Transcripts analysis of these StInvInhs and StInv1 among six potato genotypes with distinct CIS sensitivity indicated that StInvInh2 had a negative power regression to RS increase of the cold-stored tubers while a positive linear regression was obtained with StInv1. The relative expression ratio calculated by StInv1/StInvInh2 performed a very significant correlation to RS accumulation, suggesting a possible interaction between StInv1 and StInvInh2 in response to CIS. The bimolecular fluorescence complementation visualized the interaction between StInv1 and StInvInh2A and with StInvInh2B in both onion epidermal cells and tobacco BY-2 cells and demonstrated that these two inhibitors may be the isoforms of StInvInh2 as the counterparts of StInv1. The recombinant StInvInh2B protein inhibited the activities of soluble acid invertase indicating evidently its inhibitory properties. Our results strongly suggest that the interaction between StInv1 and StInvInh2 may play critical roles in controlling the CIS through posttranslational regulation of StInv1 by StInvInh2 in potato tubers and will provide novel tools and resources for improving CIS tolerance of potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as important regulators of plant developmental programs and recent work on tip-growing systems has revealed a central role for the NADPH oxidases in generating such developmentally important ROS. Tip-growing cells have also shown that the functions of cytosolic ROS, acting as regulators of activities such as ion channel gating, are closely linked to those of ROS produced to the apoplast, where they act to modulate cell wall properties. Thus, coordination of ROS production and their activities between compartments is emerging as an important theme in our understanding of how growth and developmental programs are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Swanson
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Abstract
Monocots are known to respond differently to auxinic herbicides; hence, certain herbicides kill broadleaf (i.e., dicot) weeds while leaving lawns (i.e., monocot grasses) intact. In addition, the characters that distinguish monocots from dicots involve structures whose development is controlled by auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling auxin biosynthesis, homeostasis, transport, and signal transduction appear, so far, to be conserved between monocots and dicots, although there are differences in gene copy number and expression leading to diversification in function. This article provides an update on the conservation and diversification of the roles of genes controlling auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction in root, shoot, and reproductive development in rice and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula McSteen
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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18
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Jin Y, Ni DA, Ruan YL. Posttranslational elevation of cell wall invertase activity by silencing its inhibitor in tomato delays leaf senescence and increases seed weight and fruit hexose level. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2072-89. [PMID: 19574437 PMCID: PMC2729613 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Invertase plays multiple pivotal roles in plant development. Thus, its activity must be tightly regulated in vivo. Emerging evidence suggests that a group of small proteins that inhibit invertase activity in vitro appears to exist in a wide variety of plants. However, little is known regarding their roles in planta. Here, we examined the function of INVINH1, a putative invertase inhibitor, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Expression of a INVINH1:green fluorescent protein fusion revealed its apoplasmic localization. Ectopic overexpression of INVINH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana specifically reduced cell wall invertase activity. By contrast, silencing its expression in tomato significantly increased the activity of cell wall invertase without altering activities of cytoplasmic and vacuolar invertases. Elevation of cell wall invertase activity in RNA interference transgenic tomato led to (1) a prolonged leaf life span involving in a blockage of abscisic acid-induced senescence and (2) an increase in seed weight and fruit hexose level, which is likely achieved through enhanced sucrose hydrolysis in the apoplasm of the fruit vasculature. This assertion is based on (1) coexpression of INVINH1 and a fruit-specific cell wall invertase Lin5 in phloem parenchyma cells of young fruit, including the placenta regions connecting developing seeds; (2) a physical interaction between INVINH1 and Lin5 in vivo; and (3) a symplasmic discontinuity at the interface between placenta and seeds. Together, the results demonstrate that INVINH1 encodes a protein that specifically inhibits the activity of cell wall invertase and regulates leaf senescence and seed and fruit development in tomato by limiting the invertase activity in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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19
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Schofield RA, Bi YM, Kant S, Rothstein SJ. Over-expression of STP13, a hexose transporter, improves plant growth and nitrogen use in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:271-85. [PMID: 19054349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the regulation of hexose levels by the large monosaccharide transporter (MST) gene family influences many aspects of plant growth. The cloning and transgenic expression of one family member (STP13) enabled the manipulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism in Arabidopsis. Transgenic seedlings constitutively over-expressing STP13 (STP13OX) had increased rates of glucose uptake, higher endogenous sucrose levels and accumulated more total C and biomass per plant when grown on soil-less media supplemented with 55 mM glucose and sufficient N (9 mM nitrate). Furthermore, STP13OX seedlings acquired 90% more total N than the Col-0 seedlings, and had higher levels of expression of the nitrate transporter NRT2.2. In addition, STP13OX seedlings were larger and had higher biomass than Col-0 seedlings when grown under a limiting N condition (3 mM nitrate). Transgene analysis of STP13 reveals that its gene product is localized to the plasma membrane (PM) in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells, that it encodes a functional MST in planta, and that the STP13 promoter directs GUS expression to the vasculature and to leaf mesophyll cells. This work highlights the link between C and N metabolism, demonstrating that a plant's N use may be improved by increasing the availability of C.
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20
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21
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Teale WD, Ditengou FA, Dovzhenko AD, Li X, Molendijk AM, Ruperti B, Paponov I, Palme K. Auxin as a model for the integration of hormonal signal processing and transduction. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:229-37. [PMID: 19825535 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant growth responds to many stimuli. These responses allow environmental adaptation, thereby increasing fitness. In many cases, the relay of information about a plant's environment is through plant hormones. These messengers integrate environmental information into developmental pathways to determine plant shape. This review will use, as an example, auxin in the root of Arabidopsis thaliana to illustrate the complex nature of hormonal signal processing and transduction. It will then make the case that the application of a systems-biology approach is necessary, if the relationship between a plant's environment and its growth/developmental responses is to be properly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Teale
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Ross JJ, Wolbang CM. Auxin, gibberellins and the gravitropic response of grass leaf sheath pulvini. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:74-5. [PMID: 19704718 PMCID: PMC2633968 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.1.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of hormones in mediating tropic responses has been a central question in plant biology. Another key issue concerns how interactions between hormones regulate plant responses. In the September 2007 issue of Physiologia Plantarum, we published a paper relevant to both these questions.1 This paper focuses on gravitropism in the barley leaf sheath pulvinus. The results support the Cholodny-Went theory on hormones and tropic responses, and highlight how an environmental factor (gravity) appears to first affect auxin content and consequently that of bioactive gibberellins (GAs). It appears that while GAs do not actually trigger the gravitropic bending of barley pulvini, they do act to magnify the bending response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ross
- School of Plant Science; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Tasmania, Australia
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23
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Huang LF, Bocock PN, Davis JM, Koch KE. Regulation of invertase: a 'suite' of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:499-507. [PMID: 32689379 DOI: 10.1071/fp06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that several mechanisms can alter invertase activity and, thus, affect sucrose metabolism and resource allocation in plants. One of these mechanisms is the compartmentalisation of at least some vacuolar invertases in precursor protease vesicles (PPV), where their retention could control timing of delivery to vacuoles and hence activity. PPV are small, ER-derived bodies that sequester a subset of vacuolar-bound proteins (such as invertases and protease precursors) releasing them to acid vacuoles in response to developmental or environmental signals. Another newly-identified effector of invertases is wall-associated kinase 2 (WAK2), which can regulate a specific vacuolar invertase in Arabidopsis (AtvacINV1) and alter root growth when osmolyte supplies are limiting. WAKs are ideally positioned to sense changes in the interface between the cell wall and plasma membrane (such as turgor), because the N-terminus of each WAK extends into the cell wall matrix (where a pectin association is hypothesised) and the C-terminus has a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase domain (signalling). Still other avenues of invertase control are provided by a diverse group of kinases and phosphatases, consistent with input from multiple sensing systems for sugars, pathogens, ABA and other hormones. Mechanisms of regulation may also vary for the contrasting sugar responses of different acid invertase transcripts. Some degree of hexokinase involvement and distinctive kinetics have been observed for the sugar-repressed invertases, but not for the more common, sugar-induced forms examined thus far. An additional means of regulation for invertase gene expression lies in the multiple DST (Down STream) elements of the 3' untranslated region for the most rapidly repressed invertases. Similar sequences were initially identified in small auxin-up RNAs (SAUR) where they mediate rapid mRNA turnover. Finally, the invertase inhibitors, cell wall- and vacuolar inhibitors of fructosidase (CIF and VIF, respectively) are indistinguishable by sequence alone from pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEI); however, recent evidence suggests binding specificity may be determined by flexibility of a short, N-terminal region. These recently characterised processes increase the suite of regulatory mechanisms by which invertase - and, thus, sucrose metabolism and resource partitioning - can be altered in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Huang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Philip N Bocock
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Karen E Koch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, PO BOX 110690, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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24
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Perera IY, Hung CY, Brady S, Muday GK, Boss WF. A universal role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated signaling in plant gravitropism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:746-60. [PMID: 16384898 PMCID: PMC1361340 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.075119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) has been implicated in the early signaling events of plants linking gravity sensing to the initiation of the gravitropic response. However, at present, the contribution of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway in plant gravitropism is not well understood. To delineate the role of InsP3 in plant gravitropism, we generated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants constitutively expressing the human type I inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (InsP 5-ptase), an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes InsP3. The transgenic plants show no significant differences in growth and life cycle compared to wild-type plants, although basal InsP3 levels are reduced by greater than 90% compared to wild-type plants. With gravistimulation, InsP3 levels in inflorescence stems of transgenic plants show no detectable change, whereas in wild-type plant inflorescences, InsP3 levels increase approximately 3-fold within the first 5 to 15 min of gravistimulation, preceding visible bending. Furthermore, gravitropic bending of the roots, hypocotyls, and inflorescence stems of the InsP 5-ptase transgenic plants is reduced by approximately 30% compared with the wild type. Additionally, the cold memory response of the transgenic plants is attenuated, indicating that InsP3 contributes to gravisignaling in the cold. The transgenic roots were shown to have altered calcium sensitivity in controlling gravitropic response, a reduction in basipetal indole-3-acetic acid transport, and a delay in the asymmetric auxin-induced beta-glucuronidase expression with gravistimulation as compared to the controls. The compromised gravitropic response in all the major axes of growth in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants reveals a universal role for InsP3 in the gravity signal transduction cascade of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imara Y Perera
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, USA.
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25
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Choi G, Kim JI, Hong SW, Shin B, Choi G, Blakeslee JJ, Murphy AS, Seo YW, Kim K, Koh EJ, Song PS, Lee H. A Possible Role for NDPK2 in the Regulation of Auxin-mediated Responses for Plant Growth and Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:1246-54. [PMID: 15927941 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays many crucial roles in the course of plant growth and development, such as hook opening, leaf expansion and inhibition of mesocotyl elongation. Although its mechanism of action has not been clarified at the molecular level, recent studies have indicated that auxin triggers the induction of a number of genes known as primary auxin-responsive genes. Hence, the identification of the regulatory components in auxin-mediated cellular responses would help to elucidate the mechanism of the action of this hormone in plant growth and development. NDPK2 encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) in Arabidopsis. We aim to elucidate the possible role of NDPK2 in auxin-related cellular processes, in view of the finding that a ndpk2 mutant displays developmental defects associated with auxin. Interestingly, the ndpk2 mutant exhibits defects in cotyledon development and increased sensitivity to an inhibitor of polar auxin transport (naphthylphthalamic acid; NPA). Consistent with this phenotype, the transcript levels of specific auxin-responsive genes were reduced in the ndpk2 mutant plants treated with auxin. The amount of auxin transported from the shoot apex to the shoot/root transition zone of ndpk2 mutant plants was increased, compared with that in the wild-type plants. These results collectively suggest that NDPK2 appears to participate in auxin-regulated processes, partly through the modulation of auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Choi
- Kumho Life and Environmental Science Laboratory (KLESL), 1 Oryoung-dong Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712 Korea
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26
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Tabuchi T, Kawaguchi Y, Azuma T, Nanmori T, Yasuda T. Similar Regulation Patterns of Choline Monooxygenase, Phosphoethanolamine N-Methyltransferase and S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Synthetase in Leaves of the Halophyte Atriplex nummularia L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:505-13. [PMID: 15695433 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycinebetaine (betaine) highly accumulates as a compatible solute in certain plants and has been considered to play a role in the protection from salt stress. The betaine biosynthesis pathway of betaine-accumulating plants involves choline monooxygenase (CMO) as the key enzyme and phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEAMT), which require S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. SAM is synthesized by SAM synthetase (SAMS), and is needed not only for betaine synthesis but also for the synthesis of other compounds, especially lignin. We cloned CMO, PEAMT and SAMS isogenes from a halophyte Atriplex nummularia L. (Chenopodiaceous). The transcript and protein levels of CMO were much higher in leaves and stems than in roots, suggesting that betaine is synthesized mainly in the shoot. The regulation patterns of transcripts for SAMS and PEAMT highly resembled that of CMO in the leaves during and after relief from salt stress, and on a diurnal rhythm. In the leaves, the betaine content was increased but the lignin content was not changed by salt stress. These results suggest that the transcript levels of SAMS are co-regulated with those of PEAMT and CMO to supply SAM for betaine synthesis in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tabuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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27
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Philosoph-Hadas S, Friedman H, Meir S. Gravitropic bending and plant hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2005; 72:31-78. [PMID: 16492468 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(05)72002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a complex multistep process that redirects the growth of roots and various above-ground organs in response to changes in the direction of the gravity vector. The anatomy and morphology of these graviresponding organs indicates a certain spatial separation between the sensing region and the responding one, a situation that strongly suggests the requirement of phytohormones as mediators to coordinate the process. The Cholodny-Went hypothesis suggested auxin as the main mediator of gravitropism. So far, ample evidence has been gathered with regard to auxin asymmetrical detection, polar and lateral transport involving influx and efflux carriers, response signaling pathway, and possible modes of action in differential cell elongation, supports its major role in gravitropism at least in roots. However, it is becoming clear that the participation of other hormones, acting in concert with auxin, is necessary as well. Of particular importance is the role of ethylene in shoot gravitropism, possibly associated with the modulation of auxin transport or sensitivity, and the key role implicated for cytokinin as the putative root cap inhibitor that controls early root gravitropism. Therefore, the major advances in the understanding of transport and signaling of auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin may shed light on the possibly tight and complicated interactions between them in gravitropism. Not much convincing evidence has been accumulated regarding the participation of other phytohormones, such as gibberellins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylic acid, in gravitropism. However, the emerging concept of cooperative hormone action opens new possibilities for a better understanding of the complex interactions of all phytohormones and their possible synergistic effects and involvement in the gravitropic bending process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Philosoph-Hadas
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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28
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Roitsch T, González MC. Function and regulation of plant invertases: sweet sensations. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:606-13. [PMID: 15564128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide sucrose and the cleavage products glucose and fructose are the central molecules for carbohydrate translocation, metabolism and sensing in higher plants. Invertases mediate the hydrolytic cleavage of sucrose into the hexose monomers. Plants possess three types of invertases, which are located in the apoplast, the cytoplasm and the vacuole, respectively. It has become evident that extracellular and vacuolar invertase isoenzymes are key metabolic enzymes that are involved in various aspects of the plant life cycle and the response of the plant to environmental stimuli because their substrates and reaction products are both nutrients and signal molecules. Invertases, alone or in combination with plant hormones, can regulate many aspects of the growth and development of plants from gene expression to long-distance nutrient allocation and are involved in regulating carbohydrate partitioning, developmental processes, hormone responses and biotic and abiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roitsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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Bochu W, Jiping S, Biao L, Jie L, Chuanren D. Soundwave stimulation triggers the content change of the endogenous hormone of the Chrysanthemum mature callus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 37:107-12. [PMID: 15342020 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have been suggested to play a prominent role in the control of callus growth. In this paper, with the method of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we investigated the induction effect of soundwave on the dynamic change of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in vitro during the differentiation process of Chrysanthemum synchronized mature Callus. These experiments showed that groups treated by optimal soundwave (1.4 kHz, 0.095 kdb) had significantly higher IAA levels and lower ABA than that of the control, which had been implicated activation of endogenous IAA and inhibition of ABA. Through the biochemical analysis, it revealed that the increased level of IAA as well as decreased levels of ABA correlated with soundwave stimulus. High rate of IAA/ABA was favorable to development of the callus and differentiation of mature callus. We conclude that soundwave contributes to endogenous hormone as well as the control of callus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Bochu
- Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under the State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 400044, PR China.
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Kimbrough JM, Salinas-Mondragon R, Boss WF, Brown CS, Sederoff HW. The fast and transient transcriptional network of gravity and mechanical stimulation in the Arabidopsis root apex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:2790-805. [PMID: 15347791 PMCID: PMC523342 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.044594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant root growth is affected by both gravity and mechanical stimulation (Massa GD, Gilroy S [2003] Plant J 33: 435-445). A coordinated response to both stimuli requires specific and common elements. To delineate the transcriptional response mechanisms, we carried out whole-genome microarray analysis of Arabidopsis root apices after gravity stimulation (reorientation) and mechanical stimulation and monitored transcript levels of 22,744 genes in a time course during the first hour after either stimulus. Rapid, transient changes in the relative abundance of specific transcripts occurred in response to gravity or mechanical stimulation, and these transcript level changes reveal clusters of coordinated events. Transcriptional regulation occurs in the root apices within less than 2 min after either stimulus. We identified genes responding specifically to each stimulus as well as transcripts regulated in both signal transduction pathways. Several unknown genes were specifically induced only during gravitropic stimulation (gravity induced genes). We also analyzed the network of transcriptional regulation during the early stages of gravitropism and mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Kimbrough
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA
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Koch K. Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in sugar sensing and plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:235-46. [PMID: 15134743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose cleavage is vital to multicellular plants, not only for the allocation of crucial carbon resources but also for the initiation of hexose-based sugar signals in importing structures. Only the invertase and reversible sucrose synthase reactions catalyze known paths of sucrose breakdown in vivo. The regulation of these reactions and its consequences has therefore become a central issue in plant carbon metabolism. Primary mechanisms for this regulation involve the capacity of invertases to alter sugar signals by producing glucose rather than UDPglucose, and thus also two-fold more hexoses than are produced by sucrose synthase. In addition, vacuolar sites of cleavage by invertases could allow temporal control via compartmentalization. In addition, members of the gene families encoding either invertases or sucrose synthases respond at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels to diverse environmental signals, including endogenous changes that reflect their own action (e.g. hexoses and hexose-responsive hormone systems such as abscisic acid [ABA] signaling). At the enzyme level, sucrose synthases can be regulated by rapid changes in sub-cellular localization, phosphorylation, and carefully modulated protein turnover. In addition to transcriptional control, invertase action can also be regulated at the enzyme level by highly localized inhibitor proteins and by a system that has the potential to initiate and terminate invertase activity in vacuoles. The extent, path, and site of sucrose metabolism are thus highly responsive to both internal and external environmental signals and can, in turn, dramatically alter development and stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Koch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Sun H, Basu S, Brady SR, Luciano RL, Muday GK. Interactions between auxin transport and the actin cytoskeleton in developmental polarity of Fucus distichus embryos in response to light and gravity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 137:249-63. [PMID: 19744161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Land plants orient their growth relative to light and gravity through complex mechanisms that require auxin redistribution. Embryos of brown algae use similar environmental stimuli to orient their developmental polarity. These studies of the brown algae Fucus distichus examined whether auxin and auxin transport are also required during polarization in early embryos and to orient growth in already developed tissues. These embryos polarize with the gravity vector in the absence of a light cue. The auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and auxin efflux inhibitors, such as naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), reduced environmental polarization in response to gravity and light vectors. Young rhizoids are negatively phototropic, and NPA also inhibits rhizoid phototropism. The effect of IAA and NPA on gravity and photopolarization is maximal within 2.5 to 4.5 h after fertilization (AF). Over the first 6 h AF, auxin transport is relatively constant, suggesting that developmentally controlled sensitivity to auxin determines the narrow window during which NPA and IAA reduce environmental polarization. Actin patches were formed during the first hour AF and began to photolocalize within 3 h, coinciding with the time of NPA and IAA action. Treatment with NPA reduced the polar localization of actin patches but not patch formation. Latrunculin B prevented environmental polarization in a time frame that overlaps the formation of actin patches and IAA and NPA action. Latrunculin B also altered auxin transport. Together, these results indicate a role for auxin in the orientation of developmental polarity and suggest interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and auxin transport in F. distichus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguo Sun
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7325, USA
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Buer CS, Muday GK. The transparent testa4 mutation prevents flavonoid synthesis and alters auxin transport and the response of Arabidopsis roots to gravity and light. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:1191-205. [PMID: 15100399 PMCID: PMC423209 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether flavonoids act as endogenous auxin transport regulators during gravity vector and light intensity changes in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Flavonoid deficient transparent testa4 [tt4(2YY6)] seedlings had elevated root basipetal auxin transport compared with the wild type, consistent with the absence of a negative auxin transport regulator. The tt4(2YY6) roots had delayed gravitropism that was chemically complemented with a flavonoid intermediate. Flavonoid accumulation was found in wild-type columella cells, the site of gravity perception, and in epidermal and cortical cells, the site of differential growth, but flavonoid accumulation was absent in tt4(2YY6) roots. Flavonoid accumulation was higher in gravity-stimulated root tips as compared with vertical controls, with maximum differences coinciding with the timing of gravitropic bending, and was located in epidermal cells. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also elevated flavonoid accumulation, suggesting that flavonoid changes in response to gravity might be partly as a result of changing IAA distribution. Acropetal IAA transport was also elevated in roots of tt4(2YY6). Flavonoid synthesis was repressed in the dark, as were differences in root acropetal transport in tt4(2YY6). These results are consistent with light- and gravity-induced flavonoid stimulation that alters auxin transport in roots and dependent physiological processes, including gravitropic bending and root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Buer
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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Sun H, Basu S, Brady SR, Luciano RL, Muday GK. Interactions between auxin transport and the actin cytoskeleton in developmental polarity of Fucus distichus embryos in response to light and gravity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:266-78. [PMID: 15122028 PMCID: PMC429370 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.034900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Land plants orient their growth relative to light and gravity through complex mechanisms that require auxin redistribution. Embryos of brown algae use similar environmental stimuli to orient their developmental polarity. These studies of the brown algae Fucus distichus examined whether auxin and auxin transport are also required during polarization in early embryos and to orient growth in already developed tissues. These embryos polarize with the gravity vector in the absence of a light cue. The auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and auxin efflux inhibitors, such as naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), reduced environmental polarization in response to gravity and light vectors. Young rhizoids are negatively phototropic, and NPA also inhibits rhizoid phototropism. The effect of IAA and NPA on gravity and photopolarization is maximal within 2.5 to 4.5 h after fertilization (AF). Over the first 6 h AF, auxin transport is relatively constant, suggesting that developmentally controlled sensitivity to auxin determines the narrow window during which NPA and IAA reduce environmental polarization. Actin patches were formed during the first hour AF and began to photolocalize within 3 h, coinciding with the time of NPA and IAA action. Treatment with NPA reduced the polar localization of actin patches but not patch formation. Latrunculin B prevented environmental polarization in a time frame that overlaps the formation of actin patches and IAA and NPA action. Latrunculin B also altered auxin transport. Together, these results indicate a role for auxin in the orientation of developmental polarity and suggest interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and auxin transport in F. distichus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguo Sun
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109-7325, USA
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Centis-Aubay S, Gasset G, Mazars C, Ranjeva R, Graziana A. Changes in gravitational forces induce modifications of gene expression in A. thaliana seedlings. PLANTA 2003; 218:179-185. [PMID: 13680230 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
By comparing the expression patterns of selected genes from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. grown either at 1 g or on a clinostat (horizontally or vertically inverted, 1 rpm), and either used directly or after hypergravity stimulation, we have shown that the pattern of expression did not proceed in a stereotypical manner. Rather, the selected genes fell into different classes. These classes include (i) those insensitive to the gravitational conditions, (ii) those that are regulated in an opposite manner by hypergravity and clinostat conditions, (iii) those that are desensitised to hypergravity by long-term culture on a clinostat, and (iv) those enhanced by such a treatment. Our data suggest that rapid reorientation of gene expression is likely to occur in response to changes in the gravitational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Centis-Aubay
- Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Végétaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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