1
|
Pazzaglia J, Santillán-Sarmiento A, Ruocco M, Dattolo E, Ambrosino L, Marín-Guirao L, Procaccini G. Local environment modulates whole-transcriptome expression in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica under warming and nutrients excess. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119077. [PMID: 35276251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of anomalous events of seawater warming and the co-occurrence with local anthropogenic stressors are threatening coastal marine habitats, including seagrasses, which form extensive underwater meadows. Eutrophication highly affects coastal environments, potentially summing up to the widespread effects of global climate changes. In the present study, we investigated for the first time in seagrasses, the transcriptional response of different plant organs (i.e., leaf and shoot apical meristem, SAM) of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica growing in environments with a different history of nutrient enrichment. To this end, a mesocosm experiment exposing plants to single (nutrient enrichment or temperature increase) and multiple stressors (nutrient enrichment plus temperature increase), was performed. Results revealed a differential transcriptome regulation of plants under single and multiple stressors, showing an organ-specific sensitivity depending on plants' origin. While leaf tissues were more responsive to nutrient stress, SAM revealed a higher sensitivity to temperature treatments, especially in plants already impacted in their native environment. The exposure to stress conditions induced the modulation of different biological processes. Plants living in an oligotrophic environment were more responsive to nutrients compared to plants from a eutrophic environment. Evidences that epigenetic mechanisms were involved in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming were also observed in both plants' organs. These results represent a further step in the comprehension of seagrass response to abiotic stressors pointing out the importance of local pressures in a global warming scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pazzaglia
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alex Santillán-Sarmiento
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy; Faculty of Engineering, National University of Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Miriam Ruocco
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dattolo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Department of Research Infrastructure for Marine Biological Resources, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lazaro Marín-Guirao
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy; Seagrass Ecology Group, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Gabriele Procaccini
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Figueroa CM, Asencion Diez MD, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA. Structure, function, and evolution of plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:307-323. [PMID: 35006475 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines research performed in the last two decades on the structural, kinetic, regulatory and evolutionary aspects of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, the regulatory enzyme for starch biosynthesis. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway of glycogen and starch synthesis in bacteria and plants, respectively. Plant ADP-Glc PPase is a heterotetramer allosterically regulated by metabolites and post-translational modifications. In this review, we focus on the three-dimensional structure of the plant enzyme, the amino acids that bind the regulatory molecules, and the regions involved in transmitting the allosteric signal to the catalytic site. We provide a model for the evolution of the small and large subunits, which produce heterotetramers with distinct catalytic and regulatory properties. Additionally, we review the various post-translational modifications observed in ADP-Glc PPases from different species and tissues. Finally, we discuss the subcellular localization of the enzyme found in grain endosperm from grasses, such as maize and rice. Overall, this work brings together research performed in the last two decades to better understand the multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of ADP-Glc PPase. The rational modification of this enzyme could improve the yield and resilience of economically important crops, which is particularly important in the current scenario of climate change and food shortage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Junejo SA, Flanagan BM, Zhang B, Dhital S. Starch structure and nutritional functionality - Past revelations and future prospects. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118837. [PMID: 34893254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch exists naturally as insoluble semi-crystalline granules assembled by amylose and amylopectin. Acknowledging the pioneers, we have reviewed the major accomplishments in the area of starch structure from the early 18th century and further established the relation of starch structure to nutritional functionality. Although a huge array of work is reported in the area, the review identified that some features of starch are still not fully understood and needs further elucidation. With the rise of diet-related diseases, it has never been more important to understand starch structure and use that knowledge to improve the nutritional value of the world's principal energy source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ahmed Junejo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Zheng W, Jiang M, Zhang H. A review of starch biosynthesis in cereal crops and its potential breeding applications in rice ( Oryza Sativa L.). PeerJ 2022; 9:e12678. [PMID: 35036154 PMCID: PMC8710062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch provides primary storage of carbohydrates, accounting for approximately 85% of the dry weight of cereal endosperm. Cereal seeds contribute to maximum annual starch production and provide the primary food for humans and livestock worldwide. However, the growing demand for starch in food and industry and the increasing loss of arable land with urbanization emphasizes the urgency to understand starch biosynthesis and its regulation. Here, we first summarized the regulatory signaling pathways about leaf starch biosynthesis. Subsequently, we paid more attention to how transcriptional factors (TFs) systematically respond to various stimulants via the regulation of the enzymes during starch biosynthesis. Finally, some strategies to improve cereal yield and quality were put forward based on the previous reports. This review would collectively help to design future studies on starch biosynthesis in cereal crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia-Gimenez G, Jobling SA. Gene editing for barley grain quality improvement. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Mohamed AH, Omar AA, Attya AM, Elashtokhy MMA, Zayed EM, Rizk RM. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Some Egyptian Six-Rowed Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2527. [PMID: 34834891 PMCID: PMC8619447 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Barley production is essential in Egypt. In the present study, 15 different six-rowed Egyptian barley cultivars were studied. To differentiate between the different cultivars under study in terms of morphological characteristics and ISSR, molecular characterization reactions were carried out. Moreover, four cultivars (Giza 123, Giza 126, Giza 136, and Giza 138) were selected for further studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Computational analysis of the DNA barcoding sequences of the two plastid markers rbcL and matK was executed, and the results were deposited in the NCBI database. The morphological traits showed low statistical significance among the different cultivars under study via the data collected from two seasons, suggesting that the mean field performance of these Egyptian cultivars may be equal under these conditions. The results showed that the phylogenetic tree was divided into four groups, one of which contained the most closely related genotypes in the genetic distance, including Giza 124, Giza 130, Giza 138, Giza 136, and Giza 137, which converge in the indicative uses of farmers. The seed coat of the studied cultivars was "rugose". The elevation folding of the rugose pattern ranged from 11 ± 1.73 µm (Giza 126) to 14.67 ± 2.43 µm (Giza 123), suggesting variation in seed quality and its uses in feed and the food industry. According to the similarity matrix of ISSR analysis, the highest similarity value (93%) was recorded between Giza 133 and Giza 132, as well as between Giza 2000 and Giza 126. On the other hand, the lowest similarity value (80%) was recorded between Giza 130 and (Giza 133 and Giza 132), indicating that these cultivars were distantly related. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.26 for the primer ISSR UBC 835 to 0.37 for the primers ISSR UBC 814 and ISSR UBC 840. The current study showed that the matK gene is more mutable than the rbcL gene among the tested cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza H. Mohamed
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida (IFAS), Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Ahmad A. Omar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida (IFAS), Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Attya
- Barley Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | | | - Ehab M. Zayed
- Cell Study Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Rehab M. Rizk
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bose U, Juhász A, Yu R, Bahmani M, Byrne K, Blundell M, Broadbent JA, Howitt CA, Colgrave ML. Proteome and Nutritional Shifts Observed in Hordein Double-Mutant Barley Lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718504. [PMID: 34567030 PMCID: PMC8458801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysine is the most limiting essential amino acid in cereals, and efforts have been made over the decades to improve the nutritional quality of these grains by limiting storage protein accumulation and increasing lysine content, while maintaining desired agronomic traits. The single lys3 mutation in barley has been shown to significantly increase lysine content but also reduces grain size. Herein, the regulatory effect of the lys3 mutation that controls storage protein accumulation as well as a plethora of critically important processes in cereal seeds was investigated in double mutant barley lines. This was enabled through the generation of three hordein double-mutants by inter-crossing three single hordein mutants, that had all been backcrossed three times to the malting barley cultivar Sloop. Proteome abundance measurements were integrated with their phenotype measurements; proteins were mapped to chromosomal locations and to their corresponding functional classes. These models enabled the prediction of previously unknown points of crosstalk that connect the impact of lys3 mutations to other signalling pathways. In combination, these results provide an improved understanding of how the mutation at the lys3 locus remodels cellular functions and impact phenotype that can be used in selective breeding to generate favourable agronomic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bose
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Angéla Juhász
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ronald Yu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mahya Bahmani
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Keren Byrne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nishimura M, Kobayashi A, Morita R, Idesawa Y, Sakuma Y, Otosaka I, Tomita K. A novel mutant with triple the dietary fiber content in white rice. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:390-395. [PMID: 34776746 PMCID: PMC8573552 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has high functional value in relation to gut flora. We searched for a high-lysine mutant of the most popular rice cultivar in Japan, 'Koshihikari', as a route to a higher dietary fiber content like a success case in new barley cultivar, 'Beau-fiber'. We found several promising high-lysine mutants with high dietary fiber content. One of these, 'WFE5', has three times the dietary fiber content in white rice. Two rounds of backcrossing to Koshihikari produced a near-isogenic line with a high fiber content. The line's agronomic traits were close to those of Koshihikari except for yield and eating quality. As these two traits are critical, we discuss how to improve them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Asako Kobayashi
- Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan
| | - Ryohei Morita
- RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuya Idesawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakuma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ibuki Otosaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Katsura Tomita
- Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 918-8215, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Munck L, Rinnan Å, Khakimov B, Jespersen BM, Engelsen SB. Physiological Genetics Reformed: Bridging the Genome-to-Phenome Gap by Coherent Chemical Fingerprints - the Global Coordinator. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:324-337. [PMID: 33526341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forward-focused molecular genetics is successfully framing DNA diversity and mapping primary gene functions. However, abandoning the classic Linnaean fingerprint link between the phenome and genome by suppressing gene interaction (pleiotropy), has resulted in a genome-to-phenome gap and poor utilization of molecular data. We demonstrate how to bridge this gap by using an example of a barley mutant seed model, where pleiotropy is observed as covarying global molecular patterns that define each endosperm. Global coherence was discovered as a covariate coordinator within and between local genotype specific fingerprints. This implies that any of these fingerprints can select its recombinant global phenotype variant, including composition. Introducing the law of coherence, and the movement of gene complexes by chemical fingerprint traits as selectors, introduces a revolution in understanding physiological molecular genetics and plant-breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Munck
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birthe Møller Jespersen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bain M, van de Meene A, Costa R, Doblin MS. Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 ( CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:602850. [PMID: 33505412 PMCID: PMC7829222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bain
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael Costa
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food (LIAF), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du C, Gao H, Liu S, Ma D, Feng J, Wang C, Jiang X, Li G, Xie Y. Molecular cloning and functional characterisation of the galactolipid biosynthetic gene TaMGD in wheat grain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:66-74. [PMID: 32526612 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG), the main component of the plastid membrane, is essential for chloroplast photosynthesis; however, little information is available about the function of MGDG synthases gene (TaMGD) in wheat grain. In this manuscript, three homologous genes were identified in wheat grain, and their functions were investigated by gene silencing and overexpression techniques. Three TaMGD homologous genes, TaMGD-6A, -6B, and -6D, located on chromosome 6A, 6B, and 6D, respectively, were isolated from common wheat. The transcription of TaMGD was detected in stems, roots, leaves and grains, and high levels of gene transcripts were detected in stems and leaves. Silencing of TaMGD in common wheat spikes resulted in a decrease in grain weight and starch content, and proteomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins mainly included carbohydrate metabolism- and nucleic acid-related proteins. In comparison with wild-type, transgenic rice plants overexpressing TaMGD-6A and -6D showed an increase in thousand kernel weight, as well as an increase in the expression level of genes related to starch biosynthesis, whereas transgenic rice plants overexpressing TaMGD-6B showed increased grain yield and grain number per spike. The results of gene silencing and overexpression indicated that TaMGD plays an important role in wheat grain weight, which might be associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Hence, this study provides new insights regarding the role of TaMGD in wheat grain characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Du
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Honghuan Gao
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sujun Liu
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dongyun Ma
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jianchao Feng
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xueli Jiang
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gezi Li
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yingxin Xie
- College of Agronomy/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee SK, Jeon JS. Review: Crucial role of inorganic pyrophosphate in integrating carbon metabolism from sucrose breakdown to starch synthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110572. [PMID: 32771173 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The endosperm is a primary constituent of mature seeds in rice as well as in other cereal crops, serving as the major storage reserve of starch. Observations indicate that the central part of the endosperm is subject to hypoxic conditions, which require a switch of energy metabolism owing to limited mitochondrial respiration. Uniquely, this endosperm generates a large source of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) as a byproduct of the reaction of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase in the cytosol. Recent results derived from examination of the mutants of cereal crops, especially rice, for PPi-utilizing enzymes clearly suggest an important role of PPi as an alternative energy currency for integrating carbon metabolism from sucrose breakdown to starch synthesis in the endosperm. Thus, the present review provides an outline of the interlaced PPi-dependent metabolic pathways, which are critical for starch synthesis in the endosperm in terms of energy metabolism, along with its application to enhance yield potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Identification and characterization of mRNAs and lncRNAs of a barley shrunken endosperm mutant using RNA-seq. Genetica 2020; 148:55-68. [PMID: 32078720 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-020-00087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Barley shrunken endosperm mutants have been extensively reported. However, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of these mutants remains limited. Here, a pair of near isogenic lines (normal endosperm: Bowman and shrunken endosperm: sex1) was subjected to transcriptome analysis to identify mRNAs and lncRNAs related to endosperm development to further dissect its mechanism of molecular regulation. A total of 2123 (1140 up- and 983 down-regulated) unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Functional analyses showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction. A total of 343 unique target genes were identified for 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs). These DE lncRNAs were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, hormone signal transduction, and stress response. In addition, key lncRNAs were identified by constructing a co-expression network of the target genes of DE lncRNAs. Transcriptome results suggested that mRNA and lncRNA played a critical role in endosperm development. The shrunken endosperm in barley seems to be closely related to plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cell apoptosis. This study provides a foundation for fine mapping, elucidates the molecular mechanism of shrunken endosperm mutants, and also provides a reference for further studies of lncRNAs during the grain development of plants.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lim WL, Collins HM, Byrt CS, Lahnstein J, Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Tucker MR, Peukert M, Matros A, Burton RA. Overexpression of HvCslF6 in barley grain alters carbohydrate partitioning plus transfer tissue and endosperm development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:138-153. [PMID: 31536111 PMCID: PMC6913740 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In cereal grain, sucrose is converted into storage carbohydrates: mainly starch, fructan, and mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG). Previously, endosperm-specific overexpression of the HvCslF6 gene in hull-less barley was shown to result in high MLG and low starch content in mature grains. Morphological changes included inwardly elongated aleurone cells, irregular cell shapes of peripheral endosperm, and smaller starch granules of starchy endosperm. Here we explored the physiological basis for these defects by investigating how changes in carbohydrate composition of developing grain impact mature grain morphology. Augmented MLG coincided with increased levels of soluble carbohydrates in the cavity and endosperm at the storage phase. Transcript levels of genes relating to cell wall, starch, sucrose, and fructan metabolism were perturbed in all tissues. The cell walls of endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) in transgenic grain were thinner and showed reduced mannan labelling relative to the wild type. At the early storage phase, ruptures of the non-uniformly developed ETCs and disorganization of adjacent endosperm cells were observed. Soluble sugars accumulated in the developing grain cavity, suggesting a disturbance of carbohydrate flow from the cavity towards the endosperm, resulting in a shrunken mature grain phenotype. Our findings demonstrate the importance of regulating carbohydrate partitioning in maintenance of grain cellularization and filling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Li Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Present address: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Manuela Peukert
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
- Present address: Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Kulmbach, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Applied Biochemistry Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Stadt Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
- Present address: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tayade R, Kulkarni KP, Jo H, Song JT, Lee JD. Insight Into the Prospects for the Improvement of Seed Starch in Legume-A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1213. [PMID: 31736985 PMCID: PMC6836628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to proteins and/or oils, mature seeds of most legume crops contain important carbohydrate components, including starches and sugars. Starch is also an essential nutritional component of human and animal diets and has various food and non-food industrial applications. Starch is a primary insoluble polymeric carbohydrate produced by higher plants and consists of amylose and amylopectin as a major fraction. Legume seeds are an affordable source of not only protein but also the starch, which has an advantage of being resistant starch compared with cereal, root, and tuber starch. For these reasons, legume seeds form a good source of resistant starch-rich healthy food with a high protein content and can be utilized in various food applications. The genetics and molecular details of starch and other carbohydrate components are well studied in cereal crops but have received little attention in legumes. In order to improve legume starch content, quality, and quantity, it is necessary to understand the genetic and molecular factors regulating carbohydrate metabolism in legume crops. In this review, we assessed the current literature reporting the genetic and molecular basis of legume carbohydrate components, primarily focused on seed starch content. We provided an overview of starch biosynthesis in the heterotrophic organs, the chemical composition of major consumable legumes, the factors influencing starch digestibility, and advances in the genetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic studies in important legume crops. Further, we discussed breeding and biotechnological approaches for the improvement of the starch composition in major legume crops. The information reviewed in this study will be helpful in facilitating the food and non-food applications of legume starch and provide economic benefits to farmers and industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeong-Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of Ultradisperse Humic Sapropel Suspension on Microbial Growth and Fermentation Parameters of Barley Distillate. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Barley and other cereal grains can be used in the production of ethanol. The quality and safety of the grains utilized have enormous effects on the overall yield and quality of the final product (ethanol). Therefore, the present paper seeks to elucidate the antimicrobial activities of ultradisperse humic sapropel suspensions (UDHSS) on barley, wort, fermentation, and the quality of the final product. A standard microbiological method was used to assess the biocidal activities. Physicochemical parameters and volatile compounds were determined. Treated samples exhibited least microbial growth (for grain: 1.145 ± 0.120 × 104 cfu/g) when compared to the control (3.425 ± 0.33 × 105 cfu/g). Mash from the treated sample had less Free Amino Nitrogen (35.14 ± 0.02 mg/L) than the control experiment (41.42 ± 0.01). However, the levels of °Brix and Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN) were unaffected by the UDHSS treatments. After the chromatographic analysis, it was revealed that the barley distillate obtained from treated grains had high volatiles concentration when compared to the control experiment. The volume of the methanol quantified in the distillate was low, and hence safe, and might find applications in the food industries or in domestic consumption after rectification.
Collapse
|
17
|
Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar R, Mukherjee S, Ayele BT. Molecular aspects of sucrose transport and its metabolism to starch during seed development in wheat: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:954-967. [PMID: 29499342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important crops globally, and its grain is mainly used for human food, accounting for 20% of the total dietary calories. It is also used as animal feed and as a raw material for a variety of non-food and non-feed industrial products such as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Starch is the major constituent of a wheat grain, as a result, it is considered as a critical determinant of wheat yield and quality. The amount and composition of starch deposited in wheat grains is controlled primarily by sucrose transport from source tissues to the grain and its conversion to starch. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating these physiological processes provides important opportunities to improve wheat starch yield and quality through biotechnological approaches. This review comprehensively discusses the current understanding of the molecular aspects of sucrose transport and sucrose-to-starch metabolism in wheat grains. It also highlights the advances and prospects of starch biotechnology in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shalini Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khakimov B, Rasmussen MA, Kannangara RM, Jespersen BM, Munck L, Engelsen SB. From metabolome to phenotype: GC-MS metabolomics of developing mutant barley seeds reveals effects of growth, temperature and genotype. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8195. [PMID: 28811511 PMCID: PMC5557882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of crop varieties tolerant to growth temperature fluctuations and improved nutritional value is crucial due to climate change and global population growth. This study investigated the metabolite patterns of developing barley seed as a function of genotype and growth temperature for ideal vegetable protein production and for augmented β-glucan production. Seeds from three barley lines (Bomi, lys3.a and lys5.f) were sampled eight times during grain filling and analysed for metabolites using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The lys3.a mutation disrupts a regulator gene, causing an increase in proteins rich in the essential amino acid lysine, while lys5.f carries a mutation in an ADP-glucose transporter gene leading to a significant increase in production of mixed-linkage β-glucan at the expense of α-glucan. Unique metabolic patterns associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, shikimate-phenylpropanoid pathway, mevalonate, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were observed for the barley mutants, whereas growth temperature primarily affected shikimate-phenylpropanoid and lipid metabolism. The study applied recently developed GC-MS metabolomics methods and demonstrated their successful application to link genetic and environmental factors with the seed phenotype of unique and agro-economically important barley models for optimal vegetable protein and dietary fibre production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark.
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark.
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rubini Maya Kannangara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Birthe Møller Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Lars Munck
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mikkelsen MS, Meier S, Jensen MG, Qin F, Stoica IM, Martens HJ, Blennow A, Jespersen BM. Barley genotypic β-glucan variation combined with enzymatic modifications direct its potential as a natural ingredient in a high fiber extract. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Zhu F. Barley Starch: Composition, Structure, Properties, and Modifications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:558-579. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences; Univ. of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li S, Wei X, Ren Y, Qiu J, Jiao G, Guo X, Tang S, Wan J, Hu P. OsBT1 encodes an ADP-glucose transporter involved in starch synthesis and compound granule formation in rice endosperm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40124. [PMID: 28054650 PMCID: PMC5215005 DOI: 10.1038/srep40124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in higher plants. Although several enzymes and regulators for starch biosynthesis have been characterized, a complete regulatory network for starch synthesis in cereal seeds remains elusive. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the rice Brittle1 (OsBT1) gene, which is expressed specifically in the developing endosperm. The osbt1 mutant showed a white-core endosperm and a significantly lower grain weight than the wild-type. The formation and development of compound starch granules in osbt1 was obviously defective: the amyloplast was disintegrated at early developmental stages and the starch granules were disperse and not compound in the endosperm cells in the centre region of osbt1 seeds. The total starch content and amylose content was decreased and the physicochemical properties of starch were altered. Moreover, the degree of polymerization (DP) of amylopectin in osbt1 was remarkably different from that of wild-type. Map-based cloning of OsBT1 indicated that it encodes a putatively ADP-glucose transporter. OsBT1 coded protein localizes in the amyloplast envelope membrane. Furthermore, the expression of starch synthesis related genes was also altered in the osbt1 mutant. These findings indicate that OsBT1 plays an important role in starch synthesis and the formation of compound starch granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marcotuli I, Houston K, Schwerdt JG, Waugh R, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Genetic Diversity and Genome Wide Association Study of β-Glucan Content in Tetraploid Wheat Grains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152590. [PMID: 27045166 PMCID: PMC4821454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have many health benefits, including immunomodulatory activity, lowering serum cholesterol, a faecal bulking effect, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and the amelioration of type II diabetes. The principal components of the NSP in cereal grains are (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and arabinoxylans. Although (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (hereafter called β-glucan) is not the most representative component of wheat cell walls, it is one of the most important types of soluble fibre in terms of its proven beneficial effects on human health. In the present work we explored the genetic variability of β-glucan content in grains from a tetraploid wheat collection that had been genotyped with a 90k-iSelect array, and combined this data to carry out an association analysis. The β-glucan content, expressed as a percentage w/w of grain dry weight, ranged from 0.18% to 0.89% across the collection. Our analysis identified seven genomic regions associated with β-glucan, located on chromosomes 1A, 2A (two), 2B, 5B and 7A (two), confirming the quantitative nature of this trait. Analysis of marker trait associations (MTAs) in syntenic regions of several grass species revealed putative candidate genes that might influence β-glucan levels in the endosperm, possibly via their participation in carbon partitioning. These include the glycosyl hydrolases endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (cellulase), β-amylase, (1,4)-β-xylan endohydrolase, xylanase inhibitor protein I, isoamylase and the glycosyl transferase starch synthase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cakir B, Shiraishi S, Tuncel A, Matsusaka H, Satoh R, Singh S, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Fujita N, Hwang SK, Satoh H, Okita TW. Analysis of the Rice ADP-Glucose Transporter (OsBT1) Indicates the Presence of Regulatory Processes in the Amyloplast Stroma That Control ADP-Glucose Flux into Starch. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1271-83. [PMID: 26754668 PMCID: PMC4775147 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that efforts to further elevate starch synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) seeds overproducing ADP-glucose (ADPglc) were prevented by processes downstream of ADPglc synthesis. Here, we identified the major ADPglc transporter by studying the shrunken3 locus of the EM1093 rice line, which harbors a mutation in the BRITTLE1 (BT1) adenylate transporter (OsBt1) gene. Despite containing elevated ADPglc levels (approximately 10-fold) compared with the wild-type, EM1093 grains are small and shriveled due to the reduction in the amounts and size of starch granules. Increases in ADPglc levels in EM1093 were due to their poor uptake of ADP-[(14)C]glc by amyloplasts. To assess the potential role of BT1 as a rate-determining step in starch biosynthesis, the maize ZmBt1 gene was overexpressed in the wild-type and the GlgC (CS8) transgenic line expressing a bacterial glgC-TM gene. ADPglc transport assays indicated that transgenic lines expressing ZmBT1 alone or combined with GlgC exhibited higher rates of transport (approximately 2-fold), with the GlgC (CS8) and GlgC/ZmBT1 (CS8/AT5) lines showing elevated ADPglc levels in amyloplasts. These increases, however, did not lead to further enhancement in seed weights even when these plant lines were grown under elevated CO2. Overall, our results indicate that rice lines with enhanced ADPglc synthesis and import into amyloplasts reveal additional barriers within the stroma that restrict maximum carbon flow into starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Shota Shiraishi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Hiroaki Matsusaka
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Ryosuke Satoh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Salvinder Singh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (B.C., A.T., S.-K.H., T.W.O.);Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan (S.Sh., H.M., R.S., H.S.);Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India (S.Si.); andDepartment of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-01195, Japan (N.C., Y.H., N.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Starch Granule Re-Structuring by Starch Branching Enzyme and Glucan Water Dikinase Modulation Affects Caryopsis Physiology and Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149613. [PMID: 26891365 PMCID: PMC4758647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is of fundamental importance for plant development and reproduction and its optimized molecular assembly is potentially necessary for correct starch metabolism. Re-structuring of starch granules in-planta can therefore potentially affect plant metabolism. Modulation of granule micro-structure was achieved by decreasing starch branching and increasing starch-bound phosphate content in the barley caryopsis starch by RNAi suppression of all three Starch Branching Enzyme (SBE) isoforms or overexpression of potato Glucan Water Dikinase (GWD). The resulting lines displayed Amylose-Only (AO) and Hyper-Phosphorylated (HP) starch chemotypes, respectively. We studied the influence of these alterations on primary metabolism, grain composition, starch structural features and starch granule morphology over caryopsis development at 10, 20 and 30 days after pollination (DAP) and at grain maturity. While HP showed relatively little effect, AO showed significant reduction in starch accumulation with re-direction to protein and β-glucan (BG) accumulation. Metabolite profiling indicated significantly higher sugar accumulation in AO, with re-partitioning of carbon to accumulate amino acids, and interestingly it also had high levels of some important stress-related metabolites and potentially protective metabolites, possibly to elude deleterious effects. Investigations on starch molecular structure revealed significant increase in starch phosphate and amylose content in HP and AO respectively with obvious differences in starch granule morphology at maturity. The results demonstrate that decreasing the storage starch branching resulted in metabolic adjustments and re-directions, tuning to evade deleterious effects on caryopsis physiology and plant performance while only little effect was evident by increasing starch-bound phosphate as a result of overexpressing GWD.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ishimaru T, Ida M, Hirose S, Shimamura S, Masumura T, Nishizawa NK, Nakazono M, Kondo M. Laser microdissection-based gene expression analysis in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm of developing rice caryopses in the early storage phase. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:57. [PMID: 26202548 PMCID: PMC4503711 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice endosperm is composed of aleurone cells in the outermost layers and starchy endosperm cells in the inner part. The aleurone layer accumulates lipids, whereas starchy endosperm mainly accumulates starch. During the ripening stage, the starch accumulation rate is known to be asynchronous, depending on the position of the starchy endosperm. Different physiological and molecular mechanisms are hypothesized to underlie the qualitative and quantitative differences in storage products among developing rice endosperm tissues. RESULTS Target cells in aleurone layers and starchy endosperm were isolated by laser microdissection (LM), and RNAs were extracted from each endosperm tissue in the early storage phase. Genes important for carbohydrate metabolism in developing endosperm were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and some of the genes showed specific localization in either tissue of the endosperm. Aleurone layer-specific gene expression of a sucrose transporter, OsSUT1, suggested that the gene functions in sucrose uptake into aleurone cells. The expression levels of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPL2 and AGPS2b) in each endosperm tissue spatially corresponded to the distribution of starch granules differentially observed among endosperm tissues. By contrast, expressions of genes for sucrose cleavage-hexokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and phosphoglucomutase-were observed in all endosperm tissues tested. Aleurone cells predominantly expressed mRNAs for the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. This finding was supported by the presence of oxygen (8 % concentration) and large numbers of mitochondria in the aleurone layers. In contrast, oxygen was absent and only a few mitochondria were observed in the starchy endosperm. Genes for carbon fixation and the GS/GOGAT cycle were expressed highly in aleurone cells compared to starchy endosperm. CONCLUSIONS The transcript level of AGPL2 and AGPS2b encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase appears to regulate the asynchronous development of starch granules in developing caryopses. Aleurone cells appear to generate, at least partially, ATP via aerobic respiration as observed from specific expression of identified genes and large numbers of mitochondria. The LM-based expression analysis and physiological experiments provide insight into the molecular basis of the spatial and nutritional differences between rice aleurone cells and starchy endosperm cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ishimaru
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686 Japan
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Masashi Ida
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />Life Science Research Institute, Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, 439-0031 Japan
| | - Sakiko Hirose
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimamura
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- />NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center (TARC), NARO, Kari-wano, Daisen, Akita 019-2112 Japan
| | - Takehiro Masumura
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Naoko K. Nishizawa
- />Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- />Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-38 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836 Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- />Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
- />Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saripalli G, Gupta PK. AGPase: its role in crop productivity with emphasis on heat tolerance in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1893-916. [PMID: 26152573 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
AGPase, a key enzyme of starch biosynthetic pathway, has a significant role in crop productivity. Thermotolerant variants of AGPase in cereals may be used for developing cultivars, which may enhance productivity under heat stress. Improvement of crop productivity has always been the major goal of plant breeders to meet the global demand for food. However, crop productivity itself is influenced in a large measure by a number of abiotic stresses including heat, which causes major losses in crop productivity. In cereals, crop productivity in terms of grain yield mainly depends upon the seed starch content so that starch biosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process have been a major area of investigation for plant physiologists and plant breeders alike. Considerable work has been done on AGPase and its role in crop productivity, particularly under heat stress, because this enzyme is one of the major enzymes, which catalyses the rate-limiting first committed key enzymatic step of starch biosynthesis. Keeping the above in view, this review focuses on the basic features of AGPase including its structure, regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric regulators, its sub-cellular localization and its genetics. Major emphasis, however, has been laid on the genetics of AGPases and its manipulation for developing high yielding cultivars that will have comparable productivity under heat stress. Some important thermotolerant variants of AGPase, which mainly involve specific amino acid substitutions, have been highlighted, and the prospects of using these thermotolerant variants of AGPase in developing cultivars for heat prone areas have been discussed. The review also includes a brief account on transgenics for AGPase, which have been developed for basic studies and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Saripalli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saripalli G, Gupta PK. AGPase: its role in crop productivity with emphasis on heat tolerance in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015. [PMID: 26152573 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2565-2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
AGPase, a key enzyme of starch biosynthetic pathway, has a significant role in crop productivity. Thermotolerant variants of AGPase in cereals may be used for developing cultivars, which may enhance productivity under heat stress. Improvement of crop productivity has always been the major goal of plant breeders to meet the global demand for food. However, crop productivity itself is influenced in a large measure by a number of abiotic stresses including heat, which causes major losses in crop productivity. In cereals, crop productivity in terms of grain yield mainly depends upon the seed starch content so that starch biosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process have been a major area of investigation for plant physiologists and plant breeders alike. Considerable work has been done on AGPase and its role in crop productivity, particularly under heat stress, because this enzyme is one of the major enzymes, which catalyses the rate-limiting first committed key enzymatic step of starch biosynthesis. Keeping the above in view, this review focuses on the basic features of AGPase including its structure, regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric regulators, its sub-cellular localization and its genetics. Major emphasis, however, has been laid on the genetics of AGPases and its manipulation for developing high yielding cultivars that will have comparable productivity under heat stress. Some important thermotolerant variants of AGPase, which mainly involve specific amino acid substitutions, have been highlighted, and the prospects of using these thermotolerant variants of AGPase in developing cultivars for heat prone areas have been discussed. The review also includes a brief account on transgenics for AGPase, which have been developed for basic studies and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Saripalli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saripalli G, Gupta PK. AGPase: its role in crop productivity with emphasis on heat tolerance in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1893-1916. [PMID: 26152573 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-25652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AGPase, a key enzyme of starch biosynthetic pathway, has a significant role in crop productivity. Thermotolerant variants of AGPase in cereals may be used for developing cultivars, which may enhance productivity under heat stress. Improvement of crop productivity has always been the major goal of plant breeders to meet the global demand for food. However, crop productivity itself is influenced in a large measure by a number of abiotic stresses including heat, which causes major losses in crop productivity. In cereals, crop productivity in terms of grain yield mainly depends upon the seed starch content so that starch biosynthesis and the enzymes involved in this process have been a major area of investigation for plant physiologists and plant breeders alike. Considerable work has been done on AGPase and its role in crop productivity, particularly under heat stress, because this enzyme is one of the major enzymes, which catalyses the rate-limiting first committed key enzymatic step of starch biosynthesis. Keeping the above in view, this review focuses on the basic features of AGPase including its structure, regulatory mechanisms involving allosteric regulators, its sub-cellular localization and its genetics. Major emphasis, however, has been laid on the genetics of AGPases and its manipulation for developing high yielding cultivars that will have comparable productivity under heat stress. Some important thermotolerant variants of AGPase, which mainly involve specific amino acid substitutions, have been highlighted, and the prospects of using these thermotolerant variants of AGPase in developing cultivars for heat prone areas have been discussed. The review also includes a brief account on transgenics for AGPase, which have been developed for basic studies and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Saripalli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Zhang M, Ma CY, Lv DW, Zhen SM, Li XH, Yan YM. Comparative phosphoproteome analysis of the developing grains in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4281-97. [PMID: 25145454 DOI: 10.1021/pr500400t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), one of the most important cereal crops, is often threatened by drought. In this study, water deficit significantly reduced the height of plants and yield of grains. To explore further the effect of drought stress on the development and yield of grains, we first performed a large scale phosphoproteome analysis of developing grains in wheat. A total of 590 unique phosphopeptides, representing 471 phosphoproteins, were identified under well-watered conditions. Motif-X analysis showed that four motifs were enriched, including [sP], [Rxxs], [sDxE], and [sxD]. Through comparative phosphoproteome analysis between well-watered and water-deficit conditions, we found that 63 unique phosphopeptides, corresponding to 61 phosphoproteins, showed significant changes in phosphorylation level (≥2-fold intensities). Functional analysis suggested that some of these proteins may be involved in signal transduction, embryo and endosperm development of grains, and drought response and defense under water-deficit conditions. Moreover, we also found that some chaperones may play important roles in protein refolding or degradation when the plant is subjected to water stress. These results provide a detailed insight into the stress response and defense mechanisms of developmental grains at the phosphoproteome level. They also suggested some potential candidates for further study of transgenosis and drought stress as well as incorporation into molecular breeding for drought resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University , 100048 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hu G, Burton C, Hong Z. Molecular and Chemical Characterization of a New WaxyAllele in Barley ( Hordeum vulgareL.). Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-10-13-0217-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongshe Hu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210
- Corresponding author. Phone: (208) 397-4162. Fax: (208) 397-4165
| | - Charlotte Burton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210
| | - Zonglie Hong
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, and Program of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Comparative proteome analysis of A- and B-type starch granule-associated proteins in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Aegilops crassa. J Proteomics 2014; 112:95-112. [PMID: 25154053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Starch is the main component in the wheat endosperm and exists in two forms including A- and B-type granules. A bread wheat line CB037A and an Aegilops line Aegilops crassa were studied for the underlying starch biosynthesis mechanism in relation to granule types. The wheat line contains both types of starch granules while the Aegilops line only has the A-type. Differential starch granule development patterns of these two species were observed at the morphological level. A total of 190 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected between the two lines based on 2-D electrophoresis, among which 119 DEPs were identified, representing 13 unique proteins. Gene ontology annotation analysis indicated that both molecular functions and biological processes of the identified proteins are highly conserved. Different phosphorylation modification levels between the A- and B-type starch granules were found. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that a number of key genes including starch synthase I-1, pullulanase, isoamylase and starch branching enzyme IIa were differentially expressed between the two species. Our results demonstrated that the large granule size is associated with higher activities of multiple starch biosynthesis enzymes. The phosphorylation of starch biosynthesis enzymes is related with the formation of B-type starch granules. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Analyzed the proteome, transcriptome and phosphorylation of core starch granule biosynthesis enzymes and provided new insights into the differential mechanisms underlying the A- and B-type starch granule biosyntheses.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nucleotide diversity of Maize ZmBT1 gene and association with starch physicochemical properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103627. [PMID: 25084007 PMCID: PMC4118901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal Brittle1 protein has been demonstrated to be involved in the ADP-Glc transport into endosperm plastids, and plays vital roles in the biosynthesis of starch. In this study, the genomic sequences of the ZmBT1 gene in 80 elite maize inbred lines were obtained, and the nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype diversity were detected. A total of 30 variants, including 22 SNPs and 8 indels, were detected from the full sequences of this gene. Among these polymorphic sites, 9 SNPs and 2 indels were found to be located in the coding region. The polymorphisms of CDS sequences classified the maize ZmBT1 gene into 6 haplotypes, which encode 6 different ZmBT1 proteins. Neutrality tests revealed a decrease in population size and/or balancing selection on the maize ZmBT1 locus. To detect the association between sequence variations of this gene and the starch physicochemical properties, 7 pasting and 4 gelatinization traits of starch were measured for the tested inbred lines using rapid visco analyzer (RVA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), respectively. The result of association analysis revealed that an indel in the coding region was significantly associated with the phenotypic variation of starch gelatinization enthalpy.
Collapse
|
35
|
Soliman A, Ayele BT, Daayf F. Biochemical and molecular characterization of barley plastidial ADP-glucose transporter (HvBT1). PLoS One 2014; 9:e98524. [PMID: 24892865 PMCID: PMC4043945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In cereals, ADP-glucose transporter protein plays an important role in starch biosynthesis. It acts as a main gate for the transport of ADP-glucose, the main precursor for starch biosynthesis during grain filling, from the cytosol into the amyloplasts of endospermic cells. In this study, we have shed some light on the molecular and biochemical characteristics of barley plastidial ADP-glucose transporter, HvBT1. Phylogenetic analysis of several BT1 homologues revealed that BT1 homologues are divided into two distinct groups. The HvBT1 is assigned to the group that represents BT homologues from monocotyledonous species. Some members of this group mainly work as nucleotide sugar transporters. Southern blot analysis showed the presence of a single copy of HvBT1 in barley genome. Gene expression analysis indicated that HvBT1 is mainly expressed in endospermic cells during grain filling; however, low level of its expression was detected in the autotrophic tissues, suggesting the possible role of HvBT1 in autotrophic tissues. The cellular and subcellular localization of HvBT1 provided additional evidence that HvBT1 targets the amyloplast membrane of the endospermic cells. Biochemical characterization of HvBT1 using E. coli system revealed that HvBT1 is able to transport ADP-glucose into E. coli cells with an affinity of 614.5 µM and in counter exchange of ADP with an affinity of 334.7 µM. The study also showed that AMP is another possible exchange substrate. The effect of non-labeled ADP-glucose and ADP on the uptake rate of [α-32P] ADP-glucose indicated the substrate specificity of HvBT1 for ADP-glucose and ADP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atta Soliman
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta, Tanta, El-Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Characterization of shrunken endosperm mutants in barley. Gene 2014; 539:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
37
|
Hu G, Burton C, Hong Z, Jackson E. A mutation of the cellulose-synthase-like (CslF6) gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) partially affects the β-glucan content in grains. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Howard TP, Fahy B, Leigh F, Howell P, Powell W, Greenland A, Trafford K, Smith AM. Use of advanced recombinant lines to study the impact and potential of mutations affecting starch synthesis in barley. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:196-202. [PMID: 24748716 PMCID: PMC3990431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects on barley starch and grain properties of four starch synthesis mutations were studied during the introgression of the mutations from diverse backgrounds into an elite variety. The lys5f (ADPglucose transporter), wax (granule-bound starch synthase), isa1 (debranching enzyme isoamylase 1) and sex6 (starch synthase IIa) mutations were introgressed into NFC Tipple to give mutant and wild-type BC2F4 families with different genomic contributions of the donor parent. Comparison of starch and grain properties between the donor parents, the BC2F4 families and NFC Tipple allowed the effects of the mutations to be distinguished from genetic background effects. The wax and sex6 mutations had marked effects on starch properties regardless of genetic background. The sex6 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but the wax mutation did not. The lys5 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but exceptionally high β-glucan contents. The isa1 mutation promotes synthesis of soluble α-glucan (phytoglycogen). Its introgression into NFC Tipple increased grain weight and total α-glucan content relative to the donor parent, but reduced the ratio of phytoglycogen to starch. This study shows that introgression of mutations into a common, commercial background provides new insights that could not be gained from the donor parent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Howard
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Fahy
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Leigh
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Howell
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Powell
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Greenland
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Trafford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Busi MV, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Barchiesi J, Grisolía MJ, Hedín N, Carrillo JB. Starch Metabolism in Green Plants. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_78-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
40
|
Trafford K, Haleux P, Henderson M, Parker M, Shirley NJ, Tucker MR, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Grain development in Brachypodium and other grasses: possible interactions between cell expansion, starch deposition, and cell-wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5033-5047. [PMID: 24052531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To explain the low levels of starch, high levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, and thick cell walls in grains of Brachypodium distachyon L. relative to those in other Pooideae, aspects of grain development were compared between B. distachyon and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cell proliferation, cell expansion, and endoreduplication were reduced in B. distachyon relative to barley and, consistent with these changes, transcriptional downregulation of the cell-cycle genes CDKB1 and cyclin A3 was observed. Similarly, reduced transcription of starch synthase I and starch-branching enzyme I was observed as well as reduced activity of starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which are consistent with the lowered starch content in B. distachyon grains. No change was detected in transcription of the major gene involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, cellulose synthase-like F6. These results suggest that, while low starch content results from a reduced capacity for starch synthesis, the unusually thick cell walls in B. distachyon endosperm probably result from continuing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan deposition in endosperm cells that fail to expand. This raises the possibility that endosperm expansion is linked to starch deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Trafford
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tuncel A, Okita TW. Improving starch yield in cereals by over-expression of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase: expectations and unanticipated outcomes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:52-60. [PMID: 23987811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Significant improvements in crop productivity are required to meet the nutritional requirements of a growing world population. This challenge is magnified by an increased demand for bioenergy as a means to mitigate carbon inputs into the environment. Starch is a major component of the harvestable organs of many crop plants, and various endeavors have been taken to improve the yields of starchy organs through the manipulation of starch synthesis. Substantial efforts have centered on the starch regulatory enzyme ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) due to its pivotal role in starch biosynthesis. These efforts include over-expression of this enzyme in cereal plants such as maize, rice and wheat as well as potato and cassava, as they supply the bulk of the staple food worldwide. In this perspective, we describe efforts to increase starch yields in cereal grains by first providing an introduction about the importance of source-sink relationship and the motives behind the efforts to alter starch biosynthesis and turnover in leaves. We then discuss the catalytic and regulatory properties of AGPase and the molecular approaches used to enhance starch synthesis by manipulation of this process during grain filling using seed-specific promoters. Several studies have demonstrated increases in starch content per seed using endosperm-specific promoters, but other studies have demonstrated an increase in seed number with only marginal impact on seed weight. Potential mechanisms that may be responsible for this paradoxical increase in seed number will also be discussed. Finally, we describe current efforts and future prospects to improve starch yield in cereals. These efforts include further enhancement of starch yield in rice by augmenting the process of ADPglucose transport into amyloplast as well as other enzymes involved in photoassimilate partitioning in seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bahaji A, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Almagro G, Montero M, Ezquer I, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J. Starch biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological approaches to improve crop yields. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:87-106. [PMID: 23827783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structurally composed of the glucose homopolymers amylose and amylopectin, starch is the main storage carbohydrate in vascular plants, and is synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells. Its abundance as a naturally occurring organic compound is surpassed only by cellulose, and represents both a cornerstone for human and animal nutrition and a feedstock for many non-food industrial applications including production of adhesives, biodegradable materials, and first-generation bioethanol. This review provides an update on the different proposed pathways of starch biosynthesis occurring in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organs, and provides emerging information about the networks regulating them and their interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to recent findings showing that volatile compounds emitted by microorganisms promote both growth and the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. We also review how plant biotechnologists have attempted to use basic knowledge on starch metabolism for the rational design of genetic engineering traits aimed at increasing starch in annual crop species. Finally we present some potential biotechnological strategies for enhancing starch content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Molecular structure of large-scale extracted β-glucan from barley and oat: Identification of a significantly changed block structure in a high β-glucan barley mutant. Food Chem 2013; 136:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Kawagoe Y. The Characteristic Polyhedral, Sharp-edged Shape of Compound-type Starch Granules in Rice Endosperm is Achieved via the Septum-like Structure of the Amyloplast. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
45
|
Howard TP, Fahy B, Craggs A, Mumford R, Leigh F, Howell P, Greenland A, Smith AM. Barley mutants with low rates of endosperm starch synthesis have low grain dormancy and high susceptibility to preharvest sprouting. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:158-167. [PMID: 22300545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
• Studies of embryo dormancy in relation to preharvest sprouting (PHS) in cereals have focused on ABA and other hormones. The relationship between these phenomena and the rate of grain filling has not been investigated. • A collection of barley mutants impaired in starch synthesis was assessed for preharvest sprouting in the field. In subsequent glasshouse experiments, developing grains were assayed for germination index, sugars, abscisic acid (ABA) and the effects of temperature and exogenous ABA on germination. • Mutant lines displayed greater preharvest sprouting in the field than parental lines. In the glasshouse, nondeep physiological dormancy was reduced in developing grains of five lines with mutations affecting proteins involved in endosperm starch synthesis. Inhibition of germination by exogenous ABA and elevated temperature was decreased in developing mutant grains. Sugar concentrations were high but embryo and endosperm ABA contents were unaltered. • We reveal a direct connection between grain filling and the extent of grain dormancy. Impaired endosperm starch synthesis directly influences the acquisition of embryo dormancy, perhaps because endosperm sugar concentrations modulate the ABA responsiveness of the embryo. Thus environmental or genetic factors that reduce grain filling are likely to reduce dormancy and enhance susceptibility to PHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Howard
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brendan Fahy
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Craggs
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rachel Mumford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fiona Leigh
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Phil Howell
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andy Greenland
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tiessen A, Nerlich A, Faix B, Hümmer C, Fox S, Trafford K, Weber H, Weschke W, Geigenberger P. Subcellular analysis of starch metabolism in developing barley seeds using a non-aqueous fractionation method. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2071-87. [PMID: 22200665 PMCID: PMC3295393 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentation of metabolism in developing seeds is poorly understood due to the lack of data on metabolite distributions at the subcellular level. In this report, a non-aqueous fractionation method is described that allows subcellular concentrations of metabolites in developing barley endosperm to be calculated. (i) Analysis of subcellular volumes in developing endosperm using micrographs shows that plastids and cytosol occupy 50.5% and 49.9% of the total cell volume, respectively, while vacuoles and mitochondria can be neglected. (ii) By using non-aqueous fractionation, subcellular distribution between the cytosol and plastid of the levels of metabolites involved in sucrose degradation, starch synthesis, and respiration were determined. With the exception of ADP and AMP which were mainly located in the plastid, most other metabolites of carbon and energy metabolism were mainly located outside the plastid in the cytosolic compartment. (iii) In developing barley endosperm, the ultimate precursor of starch, ADPglucose (ADPGlc), was mainly located in the cytosol (80-90%), which was opposite to the situation in growing potato tubers where ADPGlc was almost exclusively located in the plastid (98%). This reflects the different subcellular distribution of ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in these tissues. (iv) Cytosolic concentrations of ADPGlc were found to be close to the published K(m) values of AGPase and the ADPGlc/ADP transporter at the plastid envelope. Also the concentrations of the reaction partners glucose-1-phosphate, ATP, and inorganic pyrophosphate were close to the respective K(m) values of AGPase. (v) Knock-out of cytosolic AGPase in Riso16 mutants led to a strong decrease in ADPGlc level, in both the cytosol and plastid, whereas knock-down of the ADPGlc/ADP transporter led to a large shift in the intracellular distribution of ADPGlc. (v) The thermodynamic structure of the pathway of sucrose to starch was determined by calculating the mass-action ratios of all the steps in the pathway. The data show that AGPase is close to equilibrium, in both the cytosol and plastid, whereas the ADPGlc/ADP transporter is strongly displaced from equilibrium in vivo. This is in contrast to most other tissues, including leaves and potato tubers. (vi) Results indicate transport rather than synthesis of ADPGlc to be the major regulatory site of starch synthesis in barley endosperm. The reversibility of AGPase in the plastid has important implications for the regulation of carbon partitioning between different biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Tiessen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV, Campus Guanajuato, 36821 Irapuato, México
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I, Grosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Annika Nerlich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Faix
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I, Grosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christine Hümmer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I, Grosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Simon Fox
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK
| | - Kay Trafford
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Winfriede Weschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie I, Grosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Christensen U, Scheller HV. Regulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan synthesis in developing endosperm of barley lys mutants. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
NOGATA Y, YANAGISAWA T, ABE D, SAITO T, YOSHIDA A, OHTA H, NAGAMINE T. Determination of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Free Amino Acid Contents in Barley Seeds and Amounts Produced by Water Soaking Treatment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.18.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
49
|
Linka M, Weber APM. Evolutionary Integration of Chloroplast Metabolism with the Metabolic Networks of the Cells. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1533-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
50
|
Melkus G, Rolletschek H, Fuchs J, Radchuk V, Grafahrend-Belau E, Sreenivasulu N, Rutten T, Weier D, Heinzel N, Schreiber F, Altmann T, Jakob PM, Borisjuk L. Dynamic ¹³C/¹ H NMR imaging uncovers sugar allocation in the living seed. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:1022-37. [PMID: 21535356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed growth and accumulation of storage products relies on the delivery of sucrose from the maternal to the filial tissues. The transport route is hidden inside the seed and has never been visualized in vivo. Our approach, based on high-field nuclear magnetic resonance and a custom made (13)C/(1) H double resonant coil, allows the non-invasive imaging and monitoring of sucrose allocation within the seed. The new technique visualizes the main stream of sucrose and determines its velocity during the grain filling in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Quantifiable dynamic images are provided, which allow observing movement of (13)C-sucrose at a sub-millimetre level of resolution. The analysis of genetically modified barley grains (Jekyll transgenic lines, seg8 and Risø13 mutants) demonstrated that sucrose release via the nucellar projection towards the endosperm provides an essential mean for the control of seed growth by maternal organism. The sucrose allocation was further determined by structural and metabolic features of endosperm. Sucrose monitoring was integrated with an in silico flux balance analysis, representing a powerful platform for non-invasive study of seed filling in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Melkus
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|