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Wang R, Yan SJ, Liu C, Guo H, Cui YN. Comparative Physiological and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Mechanisms Involved in Maintaining Photosynthesis Capacity, Alleviating Ion Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Kentucky Bluegrass under NaCl Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2107. [PMID: 39124225 PMCID: PMC11313982 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), a widely used cool-season turfgrass, shows a high sensitivity to soil salinity. Clarifying the adaptative mechanisms of Kentucky bluegrass that serve to improve its salt tolerance in saline environments is urgent for the application of this turfgrass in salt-affected regions. In this study, physiological responses of the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars "Explorer" and "Blue Best" to NaCl treatment, as well as gene expressions related to photosynthesis, ion transport, and ROS degradation, were analyzed. The results showed that the growth of "Explorer" was obviously better compared to "Blue Best" under 400 mM NaCl treatment. "Explorer" exhibited a much stronger photosynthetic capacity than "Blue Best" under NaCl treatment, and the expression of key genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem II, and the Calvin cycle in "Explorer" was greatly induced by salt treatment. Compared with "Blue Best", "Explorer" could effectively maintain Na+/K+ homeostasis in its leaves under NaCl treatment, which can be attributed to upregulated expression of genes, such as HKT1;5, HAK5, and SKOR. The relative membrane permeability and contents of O2- and H2O2 in "Explorer" were significantly lower than those in "Blue Best" under NaCl treatment, and, correspondingly, the activities of SOD and POD in the former were significantly higher than in the latter. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of enzymes in the ROS-scavenging system of "Explorer" was immediately upregulated after NaCl treatment. Additionally, free proline and betaine are important organic osmolytes for maintaining hydration status in Kentucky bluegrass under NaCl treatment, as the contents of these metabolites in "Explorer" were significantly higher than in "Blue Best". This work lays a theoretical basis for the improvement of salt tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huan Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (R.W.); (S.-J.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Yan-Nong Cui
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (R.W.); (S.-J.Y.); (C.L.)
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2
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Liu Z, Xue W, Jiang Q, Olaniran AO, Zhong X. Low-cost and reliable substrate-based phenotyping platform for screening salt tolerance of cutting propagation-dependent grass, paspalum vaginatum. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:94. [PMID: 38898477 PMCID: PMC11186238 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt tolerance in plants is defined as their ability to grow and complete their life cycle under saline conditions. Staple crops have limited salt tolerance, but forage grass can survive in large unexploited saline areas of costal or desert land. However, due to the restriction of self-incompatible fertilization in many grass species, vegetative propagation via stem cuttings is the dominant practice; this is incompatible with current methodologies of salt-tolerance phenotyping, which have been developed for germination-based seedling growth. Therefore, the performance of seedlings from cuttings under salt stress is still fuzzy. Moreover, the morphological traits involved in salt tolerance are still mostly unknown, especially under experimental conditions with varying levels of stress. RESULTS To estimate the salt tolerance of cutting propagation-dependent grasses, a reliable and low-cost workflow was established with multiple saline treatments, using Paspalum vaginatum as the material and substrate as medium, where cold stratification and selection of stem segments were the two variables used to control for experimental errors. Average leaf number (ALN) was designated as the best criterion for evaluating ion-accumulated salt tolerance. The reliability of ALN was revealed by the consistent results among four P. vaginatum genotypes, and three warm-season (pearl millet, sweet sorghum, and wild maize) and four cold-season (barley, oat, rye, and ryegrass) forage cultivars. Dynamic curves simulated by sigmoidal mathematical models were well-depicted for the calculation of the key parameter, Salt50. The reliability of the integrated platform was further validated by screening 48 additional recombinants, which were previously generated from a self-fertile mutant of P. vaginatum. The genotypes displaying extreme ALN-based Salt50 also exhibited variations in biomass and ion content, which not only confirmed the reliability of our phenotyping platform but also the representativeness of the aerial ALN trait for salt tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our phenotyping platform is proved to be compatible with estimations in both germination-based and cutting propagation-dependent seedling tolerance under salt stresses. ALN and its derived parameters are prone to overcome the species barriers when comparing salt tolerance of different species together. The accuracy and reliability of the developed phenotyping platform is expected to benefit breeding programs in saline agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Nanjing, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, P. R. China
- College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Wentao Xue
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Nanjing, P. R. China
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qijuan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaoxian Zhong
- National Forage Breeding Innovation Base (JAAS), Nanjing, P. R. China.
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-Alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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Ma Q, Liu HS, Li HJ, Bai WP, Gao QF, Wu SD, Yin XX, Chen QQ, Shi YQ, Gao TG, Bao AK, Yin HJ, Li L, Rowland O, Hepworth SR, Luan S, Wang SM. Genomic analysis reveals phylogeny of Zygophyllales and mechanism for water retention of a succulent xerophyte. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:617-639. [PMID: 38285060 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Revealing the genetic basis for stress-resistant traits in extremophile plants will yield important information for crop improvement. Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, an extant species of the ancient Mediterranean, is a succulent xerophyte that can maintain a favorable water status under desert habitats; however, the genetic basis of this adaptive trait is poorly understood. Furthermore, the phylogenetic position of Zygophyllales, to which Z. xanthoxylum belongs, remains controversial. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the chromosome-level genome of Z. xanthoxylum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Zygophyllales and Myrtales form a separated taxon as a sister to the clade comprising fabids and malvids, clarifying the phylogenetic position of Zygophyllales at whole-genome scale. Analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data revealed multiple critical mechanisms underlying the efficient osmotic adjustment using Na+ and K+ as "cheap" osmolytes that Z. xanthoxylum has evolved through the expansion and synchronized expression of genes encoding key transporters/channels and their regulators involved in Na+/K+ uptake, transport, and compartmentation. It is worth noting that ZxCNGC1;1 (cyclic nucleotide-gated channels) and ZxCNGC1;2 constituted a previously undiscovered energy-saving pathway for Na+ uptake. Meanwhile, the core genes involved in biosynthesis of cuticular wax also featured an expansion and upregulated expression, contributing to the water retention capacity of Z. xanthoxylum under desert environments. Overall, these findings boost the understanding of evolutionary relationships of eudicots, illustrate the unique water retention mechanism in the succulent xerophyte that is distinct from glycophyte, and thus provide valuable genetic resources for the improvement of stress tolerance in crops and insights into the remediation of sodic lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hai-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hu-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Wan-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qi-Fei Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qin-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Ya-Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tian-Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hong-Ju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Grassland, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Owen Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shelley R Hepworth
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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Singh A, Rajput VD, Sharma R, Ghazaryan K, Minkina T. Salinity stress and nanoparticles: Insights into antioxidative enzymatic resistance, signaling, and defense mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116585. [PMID: 37437867 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Salinized land is slowly spreading across the world. Reduced crop yields and quality due to salt stress threaten the ability to feed a growing population. We discussed the mechanisms behind nano-enabled antioxidant enzyme-mediated plant tolerance, such as maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, enhancing the capacity of plants to retain K+ and eliminate Na+, increasing the production of nitric oxide, involving signaling pathways, and lowering lipoxygenase activities to lessen oxidative damage to membranes. Frequently used techniques were highlighted like protecting cells from oxidative stress and keeping balance in ionic state. Salt tolerance in plants enabled by nanotechnology is also discussed, along with the potential role of physiobiochemical and molecular mechanisms. As a whole, the goal of this review is meant to aid researchers in fields as diverse as plant science and nanoscience in better-comprehending potential with novel solutions to addressing salinity issues for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | | | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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6
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Bouzroud S, Henkrar F, Fahr M, Smouni A. Salt stress responses and alleviation strategies in legumes: a review of the current knowledge. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:287. [PMID: 37520340 PMCID: PMC10382465 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most significant environmental factors limiting legumes development and productivity. Salt stress disturbs all developmental stages of legumes and affects their hormonal regulation, photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation, causing nutritional imbalance, plant growth inhibition and yield losses. At the molecular level, salt stress exposure involves large number of factors that are implicated in stress perception, transduction, and regulation of salt responsive genes' expression through the intervention of transcription factors. Along with the complex gene network, epigenetic regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation events are also involved in legumes' response to salinity. Different alleviation strategies can increase salt tolerance in legume plants. The most promising ones are Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobia, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, seed and plant's priming. Genetic manipulation offers an effective approach for improving salt tolerance. In this review, we present a detailed overview of the adverse effect of salt stress on legumes and their molecular responses. We also provide an overview of various ameliorative strategies that have been implemented to mitigate/overcome the harmful effects of salt stress on legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bouzroud
- Equipe de Microbiologie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Henkrar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mouna Fahr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne Biodiversité et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratoire Mixte International Activité Minière Responsable “LMI-AMIR”, IRD/UM5R/INAU, 10000 Rabat, Morocco
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Guo H, Nie CY, Li Z, Kang J, Wang XL, Cui YN. Physiological and Transcriptional Analyses Provide Insight into Maintaining Ion Homeostasis of Sweet Sorghum under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11045. [PMID: 37446223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is an important bioenergy grass and valuable forage with a strong adaptability to saline environments. However, little is known about the mechanisms of sweet sorghum coping with ion toxicity under salt stresses. Here, we first evaluated the salt tolerance of a sweet sorghum cultivar "Lvjuren" and determined its ion accumulation traits under NaCl treatments; then, we explored key genes involved in Na+, Cl-, K+ and NO3- transport using transcriptome profiling and the qRT-PCR method. The results showed that growth and photosynthesis of sweet sorghum were unaffected by 50 and 100 mM NaCl treatments, indicative of a strong salt tolerance of this species. Under NaCl treatments, sweet sorghum could efficiently exclude Na+ from shoots and accumulate Cl- in leaf sheaths to avoid their overaccumulation in leaf blades; meanwhile, it possessed a prominent ability to sustain NO3- homeostasis in leaf blades. Transcriptome profiling identified several differentially expressed genes associated with Na+, Cl-, K+ and NO3- transport in roots, leaf sheaths and leaf blades after 200 mM NaCl treatment for 6 and 48 h. Moreover, transcriptome data and qRT-PCR results indicated that HKT1;5, CLCc and NPF7.3-1 should be key genes involved in Na+ retention in roots, Cl- accumulation in leaf sheaths and maintenance of NO3- homeostasis in leaf blades, respectively. Many TFs were also identified after NaCl treatment, which should play important regulatory roles in salt tolerance of sweet sorghum. In addition, GO analysis identified candidate genes involved in maintaining membrane stability and photosynthetic capacity under salt stresses. This work lays a preliminary foundation for clarifying the molecular basis underlying the adaptation of sweet sorghum to adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chun-Ya Nie
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yan-Nong Cui
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Liu B, Feng C, Fang X, Ma Z, Xiao C, Zhang S, Liu Z, Sun D, Shi H, Ding X, Qiu C, Li J, Luan S, Li L, He K. The anion channel SLAH3 interacts with potassium channels to regulate nitrogen-potassium homeostasis and the membrane potential in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1259-1280. [PMID: 36653170 PMCID: PMC10052404 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants. Sufficient N and K uptake from the environment is required for successful growth and development. However, how N and K influence each other at the molecular level in plants is largely unknown. In this study, we found loss-of-function mutation in SLAH3 (SLAC1 HOMOLOGUE 3), encoding a NO3- efflux channel in Arabidopsis thaliana, enhanced tolerance to high KNO3 concentrations. Surprisingly, slah3 mutants were less sensitive to high K+ but not NO3-. Addition of NO3- led to reduced phenotypic difference between wild-type and slah3 plants, suggesting SLAH3 orchestrates NO3--K+ balance. Non-invasive Micro-test Technology analysis revealed reduced NO3- efflux and enhanced K+ efflux in slah3 mutants, demonstrating that SLAH3-mediated NO3- transport and SLAH3-affected K+ flux are critical in response to high K +. Further investigation showed that two K+ efflux channels, GORK (GATED OUTWARDLY-RECTIFYING K+ CHANNEL) and SKOR (STELAR K+ OUTWARD RECTIFIER), interacted with SLAH3 and played key roles in high K+ response. The gork and skor mutants were slightly more sensitive to high K+ conditions. Less depolarization occurred in slah3 mutants and enhanced depolarization was observed in gork and skor mutants upon K+ treatment, suggesting NO3-/K+ efflux-mediated membrane potential regulation is involved in high K+ response. Electrophysiological results showed that SLAH3 partially inhibited the activities of GORK and SKOR in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This study revealed that the anion channel SLAH3 interacts with the potassium channels GORK and SKOR to modulate membrane potential by coordinating N-K balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Changxin Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianming Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengbin Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Doudou Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenyang Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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9
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Ma X, Zhang Q, Ou Y, Wang L, Gao Y, Lucas GR, Resco de Dios V, Yao Y. Transcriptome and Low-Affinity Sodium Transport Analysis Reveals Salt Tolerance Variations between Two Poplar Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065732. [PMID: 36982804 PMCID: PMC10058024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress severely hampers plant growth and productivity. How to improve plants’ salt tolerance is an urgent issue. However, the molecular basis of plant resistance to salinity still remains unclear. In this study, we used two poplar species with different salt sensitivities to conduct RNA-sequencing and physiological and pharmacological analyses; the aim is to study the transcriptional profiles and ionic transport characteristics in the roots of the two Populus subjected to salt stress under hydroponic culture conditions. Our results show that numerous genes related to energy metabolism were highly expressed in Populus alba relative to Populus russkii, which activates vigorous metabolic processes and energy reserves for initiating a set of defense responses when suffering from salinity stress. Moreover, we found the capacity of Na+ transportation by the P. alba high-affinity K+ transporter1;2 (HKT1;2) was superior to that of P. russkii under salt stress, which enables P. alba to efficiently recycle xylem-loaded Na+ and to maintain shoot K+/Na+ homeostasis. Furthermore, the genes involved in the synthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid were up-regulated in P. alba but downregulated in P. russkii under salt stress. In P. alba, the gibberellin inactivation and auxin signaling genes with steady high transcriptions, several antioxidant enzymes activities (such as peroxidase [POD], ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and glutathione reductase [GR]), and glycine-betaine content were significantly increased under salt stress. These factors altogether confer P. alba a higher resistance to salinity, achieving a more efficient coordination between growth modulation and defense response. Our research provides significant evidence to improve the salt tolerance of crops or woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yongbin Ou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Gutiérrez Rodríguez Lucas
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences & Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25003 Leida, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.R.d.D.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yinan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Correspondence: (V.R.d.D.); (Y.Y.)
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10
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Yu W, Wu W, Zhang N, Wang L, Wang Y, Wang B, Lan Q, Wang Y. Research Advances on Molecular Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Suaeda. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091273. [PMID: 36138752 PMCID: PMC9495733 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are inevitably affected by various environmental factors. High salinity is the main factor leading to the reduction of cultivated land area, which seriously affects the growth and yield of plants. The genus Suaeda is a kind of euhalophyte herb, with seedlings that grow rapidly in moderately saline environments and can even survive in conditions of extreme salinity. Its fresh branches can be used as vegetables and the seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which has important economic value and usually grows in a saline environment. This paper reviews the progress of research in recent years into the salt tolerance of several Suaeda species (for example, S. salsa, S. japonica, S. glauca, S. corniculata), focusing on ion regulation and compartmentation, osmotic regulation of organic solutes, antioxidant regulation, plant hormones, photosynthetic systems, and omics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics). It helps us to understand the salt tolerance mechanism of the genus Suaeda, and provides a theoretical foundation for effectively improving crop resistance to salt stress environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancong Yu
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Luping Wang
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qingkuo Lan
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
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11
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Hosseini S, Shabani L, Sabzalian MR, Gharibi S. Foliar spray of commercial seaweed and amino acid-derived biostimulants promoted phytoremediation potential and salinity stress tolerance in halophytic grass, Puccinellia distans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:415-429. [PMID: 35914280 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2088688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants pretreatment with various chemicals has often been used to diminish salinity stress impact on plants. An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of foliar spray of two commercially available biostimulants (Algabon® [0.5 g/l] and Bonamid® [2 g/l]) on the growth and tolerance of halophytic grass, Pucccinellia distans under non-salinity condition (NSC) and salinity condition (SC). The greenhouse experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three treatments repeated three times. Our results showed that biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, and protein and N contents were all negatively affected by 300 mM NaCl. The results obtained in the present study showed the beneficial effects of the pretreatments of two biostimulants on P. distans seedlings under non-salinity stress conditions with respect to increasing plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, K+ content, the content of proteins, and nitrogen percentage. The results suggested that foliar spray of Bonamid® could partly diminish NaCl-caused stress on P. distans seedlings, probably due to higher accumulation of shoot biomass, photosynthetic pigments, K+/Na+ ratio, protein and N contents, phytoremediation potential, as well as upregulation of Na+/H+ antiporters located in plasma membranes and vacuoles. The highest phytoremediation potential (PP) of shoots and total biomass was detected in the plants sprayed with Bonamid® by 50.8 and 42.7% respectively, relative to that in salinity-stressed control plants. Interestingly, foliar spray with two biostimulants decreased osmoprotectants and antioxidant compounds content of shoots under salinity stress conditions. Collectively, it could be concluded that a noticeable feature of pretreatment of P. distans seedlings with Algabon® and Bonamid® is the increase in growth under NSC, whereas under SC only pretreated plants with amino acid-derived biostimulant (Bonamid®) can (partly) diminish the NaCl-induced deleterious effects in P. distans seedlings through the compartmentalization of salts in vacuoles (by upregulation of Na+/H+ antiporters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseini
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Gharibi
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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12
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Zhang MX, Bai R, Nan M, Ren W, Wang CM, Shabala S, Zhang JL. Evaluation of salt tolerance of oat cultivars and the mechanism of adaptation to salinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153708. [PMID: 35504119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a threat to agricultural production worldwide. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an irreplaceable crop in areas with fragile ecological conditions. However, there is a lack of research on salt tolerance evaluation of oat germplasm resources. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the salt tolerance of oat cultivars and investigate the mechanism of salt-tolerant oat cultivars' adaptation to salinity. Salt tolerance of 100 oat cultivars was evaluated, and then two salt-tolerant cultivars and two salt-sensitive cultivars were used to compare their physiological responses and expression patterns of Na+- and K+-transport-related genes under salinity. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis had good predictability for salt tolerance evaluation of oat and other crops. The 100 oat cultivars were clustered into three categories, with three salt tolerance levels. Under saline condition, salt-tolerant cultivars maintained higher growth rate, leaf cell membrane integrity, and osmotic adjustment capability via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and accumulating more osmotic regulators. Furthermore, salt-tolerant cultivars had stronger capability to restrict root Na + uptake through reducing AsAKT1 and AsHKT2;1 expression, exclude more Na+ from root through increasing AsSOS1 expression, compartmentalize more Na + into root vacuoles through increasing AsNHX1 and AsVATP-P1 expression, and absorb more K+ through increasing AsKUP1 expression, compared with salt-sensitive cultivars. The evaluation procedure developed in this work can be applied for screening cereal crop cultivars with higher salt tolerance, and the elucidated mechanism of oat adaptation to salinity lays a foundation for identifying more functional genes related to salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Nan
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, PR China; School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering, Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Biological and Agronomic Traits of the Main Halophytes Widespread in the Mediterranean Region as Potential New Vegetable Crops. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the oldest and most serious environmental problems in the world. The increasingly widespread salinization of soils and water resources represents a growing threat to agriculture around the world. A strategy to cope with this problem is to cultivate salt-tolerant crops and, therefore, it is necessary to identify plant species that are naturally adapted to high-salinity conditions. In this review, we focus our attention on some plant species that can be considered among the most representative halophytes of the Mediterranean region; they can be potential resources, such as new or relatively new vegetable crops, to produce raw or minimally processed (or ready-to-eat) products, considering their nutritional properties and nutraceuticals. The main biological and agronomic characteristics of these species and the potential health risks due to mycotoxigenic fungi have been analyzed and summarized in a dedicated section. The objective of this review is to illustrate the main biological and agronomical characteristics of the most common halophytic species in the Mediterranean area, which could expand the range of leafy vegetables on the market.
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Ibraheem F, Al-Zahrani A, Mosa A. Physiological Adaptation of Three Wild Halophytic Suaeda Species: Salt Tolerance Strategies and Metal Accumulation Capacity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040537. [PMID: 35214869 PMCID: PMC8877964 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes is critical for improving the world's agriculture under climate change scenarios. Herein, the physiological and metabolic responses of Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vermiculata, and Suaeda schimperi against abiotic stress in their natural saline environment on the east coast of the Red Sea were investigated. The tested species are exposed to different levels of salinity along with elemental disorders, including deficiency in essential nutrients (N&P in particular) and/or elevated levels of potentially toxic elements. The tested species employed common and species-specific tolerance mechanisms that are driven by the level of salinity and the genetic constitution of Suaeda species. These mechanisms include: (i) utilization of inorganic elements as cheap osmotica (Na+ in particular), (ii) lowering C/N ratio (S. monoica and S. schimperi) that benefits growth priority, (iii) efficient utilization of low soil N (S. vermiculata) that ensures survival priority, (v) biosynthesis of betacyanin (S. schimperi and S. vermiculata) and (vi) downregulation of overall metabolism (S. vermiculata) to avoid oxidative stress. Based on their cellular metal accumulation, S. monoica is an efficient phytoextractor of Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn, whereas S. vermiculata is a hyper-accumulator of Hg and Pb. S. schimperi is an effective phytoextractor of Fe, Hg, and Cr. These results highlight the significance of Suaeda species as a promising model halophyte and as phytoremediators of their hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag Ibraheem
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Al Qunfodah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfodah 21912, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (A.M.)
| | - Ateeq Al-Zahrani
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Al Qunfodah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfodah 21912, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (A.M.)
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15
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Malakar P, Chattopadhyay D. Adaptation of plants to salt stress: the role of the ion transporters. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 30:668-683. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13562-021-00741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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16
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Behr JH, Bednarz H, Gödde V, Niehaus K, Zörb C. Metabolic responses of sugar beet to the combined effect of root hypoxia and NaCl-salinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153545. [PMID: 34736005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combined occurrence of salt stress and hypoxia leads to increased growth reduction and severe toxic effects compared to salt stress alone. In the present work, we analyzed the metabolic response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to salt stress combined with hypoxia in roots as well as in young and mature leaves. B. vulgaris plants were grown in a hydroponic culture under low and high salt concentrations combined with normoxic and hypoxic conditions. A non-targeted metabolic approach was used to identify the biochemical pathways underlying the metabolic and physiological adaptation mechanisms. Young and mature leaves showed a similar metabolic response to salt stress alone and combined stresses, accumulating sugar compounds. Osmoprotectants such as proline and pinitol were accumulated under combined stress. Roots exposed to hypoxic conditions showed increased TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) intermediates levels such as succinate, fumarate and malate. During hypoxia, the concentration of free amino acids as well as intermediates of the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) shunt increased in roots as well as in leaves. The combination of salt stress and hypoxia results in a severe stress response in roots and leaves. A partial flux of the TCA cycle linked with the GABA shunt might be activated during hypoxia to regain reduction equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Helge Behr
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products; Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Plant-Microbe Systems, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Victoria Gödde
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Genome Research of Industrial Microorganisms, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products; Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Nowadays, crop insufficiency resulting from soil salinization is threatening the world. On the basis that soil salinization has become a worldwide problem, studying the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance is of great theoretical and practical significance to improve crop yield, to cultivate new salt-tolerant varieties, and to make full use of saline land. Based on previous studies, this paper reviews the damage of salt stress to plants, including suppression of photosynthesis, disturbance of ion homeostasis, and membrane peroxidation. We have also summarized the physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment. Four main stress-related signaling pathways, salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway, calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) pathway, and abscisic acid (ABA) pathway, are included. We have also enumerated some salt stress-responsive genes that correspond to physiological mechanisms. In the end, we have outlined the present approaches and techniques to improve salt tolerance of plants. All in all, we reviewed those aspects above, in the hope of providing valuable background knowledge for the future cultivation of agricultural and forestry plants.
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18
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Musavizadeh Z, Najafi-Zarrini H, Kazemitabar SK, Hashemi SH, Faraji S, Barcaccia G, Heidari P. Genome-Wide Analysis of Potassium Channel Genes in Rice: Expression of the OsAKT and OsKAT Genes under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:784. [PMID: 34065373 PMCID: PMC8160896 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+), as a vital element, is involved in regulating important cellular processes such as enzyme activity, cell turgor, and nutrient movement in plant cells, which affects plant growth and production. Potassium channels are involved in the transport and release of potassium in plant cells. In the current study, three OsKAT genes and two OsAKT genes, along with 11 nonredundant putative potassium channel genes in the rice genome, were characterized based on their physiochemical properties, protein structure, evolution, duplication, in silico gene expression, and protein-protein interactions. In addition, the expression patterns of OsAKTs and OsKATs were studied in root and shoot tissues under salt stress using real-time PCR in three rice cultivars. K+ channel genes were found to have diverse functions and structures, and OsKATs showed high genetic divergence from other K+ channel genes. Furthermore, the Ka/Ks ratios of duplicated gene pairs from the K+ channel gene family in rice suggested that these genes underwent purifying selection. Among the studied K+ channel proteins, OsKAT1 and OsAKT1 were identified as proteins with high potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, and LEU, VAL, SER, PRO, HIS, GLY, LYS, TYR, CYC, and ARG amino acids were predicted as the binding residues in the ligand-binding sites of K+ channel proteins. Regarding the coexpression network and KEGG ontology results, several metabolic pathways, including sugar metabolism, purine metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, and folate biosynthesis, were recognized in the coexpression network of K+ channel proteins. Based on the available RNA-seq data, the K+ channel genes showed differential expression levels in rice tissues in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the real-time PCR results revealed that OsAKTs and OsKATs are induced by salt stress in root and shoot tissues of rice cultivars, and OsKAT1 was identified as a key gene involved in the rice response to salt stress. In the present study, we found that the repression of OsAKTs, OsKAT2, and OsKAT2 in roots was related to salinity tolerance in rice. Our findings provide valuable insights for further structural and functional assays of K+ channel genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Musavizadeh
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Hamid Najafi-Zarrini
- Department of Plant Breeding, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari 4818166996, Iran; (H.N.-Z.); (S.K.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Seyed Kamal Kazemitabar
- Department of Plant Breeding, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari 4818166996, Iran; (H.N.-Z.); (S.K.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Hashemi
- Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari 4818166996, Iran;
| | - Sahar Faraji
- Department of Plant Breeding, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari 4818166996, Iran; (H.N.-Z.); (S.K.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Laboratory of Genomics for Breeding, DAFNAE, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Parviz Heidari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran
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19
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Niron H, Barlas N, Salih B, Türet M. Comparative Transcriptome, Metabolome, and Ionome Analysis of Two Contrasting Common Bean Genotypes in Saline Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599501. [PMID: 33362832 PMCID: PMC7758407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that limits agricultural productivity worldwide, and this problem is expected to grow in the future. Common bean is an important protein source in developing countries however highly susceptible to salt stress. To understand the underlying mechanism of salt stress responses, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and ion content analysis were performed on both salt-tolerant and susceptible common bean genotypes in saline conditions. Transcriptomics has demonstrated increased photosynthesis in saline conditions for tolerant genotype while the susceptible genotype acted in contrast. Transcriptome also displayed active carbon and amino-acid metabolism for the tolerant genotype. Analysis of metabolites with GC-MS demonstrated the boosted carbohydrate metabolism in the tolerant genotype with increased sugar content as well as better amino-acid metabolism. Accumulation of lysine, valine, and isoleucine in the roots of the susceptible genotype suggested a halted stress response. According to ion content comparison, the tolerant genotype managed to block accumulation of Na+ in the leaves while accumulating significantly less Na+ in the roots compared to susceptible genotype. K+ levels increased in the leaves of both genotype and the roots of the susceptible one but dropped in the roots of the tolerant genotype. Additionally, Zn+2 and Mn+2 levels were dropped in the tolerant roots, while Mo+2 levels were significantly higher in all tissues in both control and saline conditions for tolerant genotype. The results of the presented study have demonstrated the differences in contrasting genotypes and thus provide valuable information on the pivotal molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Niron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazire Barlas
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Salih
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müge Türet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Castañeda-Loaiza V, Oliveira M, Santos T, Schüler L, Lima AR, Gama F, Salazar M, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, Varela J, Barreira L. Wild vs cultivated halophytes: Nutritional and functional differences. Food Chem 2020; 333:127536. [PMID: 32707417 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Some halophyte plants are currently used in gourmet cuisine due to their unique organoleptic properties. Moreover, they exhibit excellent nutritional and functional properties, being rich in polyphenolics and vitamins. These compounds are associated to strong antioxidant activity and enhanced health benefits. This work compared the nutritional properties and antioxidant potential of three species (Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Suaeda maritima and Sarcocornia fruticosa) collected in saltmarshes from Portugal and Spain with those of cultivated plants. The latter were generally more succulent and had higher contents of minerals than plants obtained from the wild and contained less fibre. All species assayed are a good source of proteins, fibres and minerals. Additionally, they are good sources of carotenoids and vitamins A, C and B6 and showed good antioxidant potential particularly S. maritima. Chromatographic analysis of the phenolic profile revealed that ferulic and caffeic acids as the most relevant phenolic compounds detected in the halophytes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Oliveira
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tamára Santos
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Lisa Schüler
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alexandre R Lima
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Florinda Gama
- MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Salazar
- Riafresh, Centro Empresarial Gambelas, Pav. E-2, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Nuno R Neng
- Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Building C8, Floor 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M F Nogueira
- Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Centre of Chemistry and Biochemistry/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Building C8, Floor 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Varela
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barreira
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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21
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Cui YN, Li XT, Yuan JZ, Wang FZ, Guo H, Xia ZR, Wang SM, Ma Q. Chloride is beneficial for growth of the xerophyte Pugionium cornutum by enhancing osmotic adjustment capacity under salt and drought stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4215-4231. [PMID: 32219322 PMCID: PMC7337195 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is pervasive in saline soils, and research on its influence on plants has mainly focused on its role as an essential nutrient and its toxicity when excessive accumulation occurs. However, the possible functions of Cl- in plants adapting to abiotic stresses have not been well documented. Previous studies have shown that the salt tolerance of the xerophytic species Pugionium cornutum might be related to high Cl- accumulation. In this study, we investigated the Cl--tolerant characteristics and possible physiological functions of Cl- in the salt tolerance and drought resistance of P. cornutum. We found that P. cornutum can accumulate a large amount of Cl- in its shoots, facilitating osmotic adjustment and turgor generation under saline conditions. Application of DIDS (4,4´-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2´-disulfonic acid), a blocker of anion channels, significantly inhibited Cl- uptake, and decreased both the Cl- content and its contribution to leaf osmotic adjustment, resulting in the exacerbation of growth inhibition in response to NaCl. Unlike glycophytes, P. cornutum was able to maintain NO3- homeostasis in its shoots when large amounts of Cl- were absorbed and accumulated. The addition of NaCl mitigated the deleterious effects of osmotic stress on P. cornutum because Cl- accumulation elicited a strong osmotic adjustment capacity. These findings suggest that P. cornutum is a Cl--tolerant species that can absorb and accumulate Cl- to improve growth under salt and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Nong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Run Xia
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang R&D Center for Se-enriched Products, Ankang Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Zhao D, Wang Z, Yang F, Zhu W, An F, Ma H, Tóth T, Liao X, Yang H, Zhang L. Amendments to saline-sodic soils showed long-term effects on improving growth and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8726. [PMID: 32195053 PMCID: PMC7069413 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saline-sodic soils are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. High levels of salt and sodium inhibit the growth and development of crops. However, there has been limited reports on both osmotic potential in soil solutions (OPss) and characteristics of Na+ and K+ absorption in rice in saline-sodic soils under various amendments application. Methods A field experiment was conducted between 2009 and 2017 to analyze the influence of amendments addition to saline-sodic soils on rice growth and yield. Rice was grown in the soil with no amendment (CK), with desulfurization gypsum (DG), with sandy soil (SS), with farmyard manure (FM) and with the mixture of above amendments (M). The osmotic potential in soil solution, selective absorption of K+ over Na+ (SA), selective transport of K+ over Na+ (ST), the distribution of K+ and Na+and yield components in rice plants were investigated. Results The results indicated that amendments application have positive effects on rice yield. The M treatment was the best among the tested amendments with the highest rice grain yield. M treatment increased the OPss values significantly to relieve the inhibition of the water uptake by plants. Additionally, the M treatment significantly enhanced K+ concentration and impeded Na+ accumulation in shoots. SA values were reduced while ST values were increased for all amendments. In conclusion, a mixture of desulfurization gypsum, sandy soil and farmyard manure was the best treatment for the improvement of rice growth and yield in the Songnen Plain, northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichun Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Wendong Zhu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua An
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Hongyuan Ma
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Tibor Tóth
- Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xu Liao
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Changchun, China
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23
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Wani SH, Kumar V, Khare T, Guddimalli R, Parveda M, Solymosi K, Suprasanna P, Kavi Kishor PB. Engineering salinity tolerance in plants: progress and prospects. PLANTA 2020; 251:76. [PMID: 32152761 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to integrate conceptual framework based on the current understanding of salt stress responses with different approaches for manipulating and improving salt tolerance in crop plants. Soil salinity exerts significant constraints on global crop production, posing a serious challenge for plant breeders and biotechnologists. The classical transgenic approach for enhancing salinity tolerance in plants revolves by boosting endogenous defence mechanisms, often via a single-gene approach, and usually involves the enhanced synthesis of compatible osmolytes, antioxidants, polyamines, maintenance of hormone homeostasis, modification of transporters and/or regulatory proteins, including transcription factors and alternative splicing events. Occasionally, genetic manipulation of regulatory proteins or phytohormone levels confers salinity tolerance, but all these may cause undesired reduction in plant growth and/or yields. In this review, we present and evaluate novel and cutting-edge approaches for engineering salt tolerance in crop plants. First, we cover recent findings regarding the importance of regulatory proteins and transporters, and how they can be used to enhance salt tolerance in crop plants. We also evaluate the importance of halobiomes as a reservoir of genes that can be used for engineering salt tolerance in glycophytic crops. Additionally, the role of microRNAs as critical post-transcriptional regulators in plant adaptive responses to salt stress is reviewed and their use for engineering salt-tolerant crop plants is critically assessed. The potentials of alternative splicing mechanisms and targeted gene-editing technologies in understanding plant salt stress responses and developing salt-tolerant crop plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, 192 101, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
| | - Tushar Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 016, India
| | | | | | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE-Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1053, Hungary
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522 213, India
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24
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Benjamin JJ, Miras-Moreno B, Araniti F, Salehi H, Bernardo L, Parida A, Lucini L. Proteomics Revealed Distinct Responses to Salinity between the Halophytes Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort and Salicornia brachiata (Roxb). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020227. [PMID: 32050637 PMCID: PMC7076546 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to salinity stress is one of the main challenges of agriculture. The comprehension of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in plant tolerance to salinity can help to contrast crop losses due to high salt conditions in soil. In this study, Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritima, two plants with capacity to adapt to high salinity levels, were investigated at proteome level to highlight the key processes involved in their tolerance to NaCl. With this purpose, plants were treated with 200 mM NaCl as optimal concentration and 500 mM NaCl as a moderate stressing concentration for 14 days. Indeed, 200 mM NaCl did not result in an evident stress condition for both species, although photosynthesis was affected (with a general up accumulation of photosynthesis-related proteins in S. brachiata under salinity). Our findings indicate a coordinated response to salinity in both the halophytes considered, under NaCl conditions. In addition to photosynthesis, heat shock proteins and peroxidase, expansins, signaling processes, and modulation of transcription/translation were affected by salinity. Interestingly, our results suggested distinct mechanisms of tolerance to salinity between the two species considered, with S. brachiata likely having a more efficient mechanism of response to NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Joseph Benjamin
- Department of Plant molecular Biology, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India;
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, PC, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.M.-M.); (A.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of AGRARIA, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Hajar Salehi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38695, Iran;
| | - Letizia Bernardo
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (L.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Ajay Parida
- Department of Plant molecular Biology, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India;
- Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar 10, Odisha 751023, India
- Correspondence: (B.M.-M.); (A.P.)
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (L.B.); (L.L.)
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25
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Munns R, Day DA, Fricke W, Watt M, Arsova B, Barkla BJ, Bose J, Byrt CS, Chen ZH, Foster KJ, Gilliham M, Henderson SW, Jenkins CLD, Kronzucker HJ, Miklavcic SJ, Plett D, Roy SJ, Shabala S, Shelden MC, Soole KL, Taylor NL, Tester M, Wege S, Wegner LH, Tyerman SD. Energy costs of salt tolerance in crop plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1072-1090. [PMID: 31004496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers the energetic costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a quantitative assessment of costs. Different sources of energy, and modifications of root system architecture that would maximize water vs ion uptake are addressed. Energy requirements for transport of salt (NaCl) to leaf vacuoles for osmotic adjustment could be small if there are no substantial leaks back across plasma membrane and tonoplast in root and leaf. The coupling ratio of the H+ -ATPase also is a critical component. One proposed leak, that of Na+ influx across the plasma membrane through certain aquaporin channels, might be coupled to water flow, thus conserving energy. For the tonoplast, control of two types of cation channels is required for energy efficiency. Transporters controlling the Na+ and Cl- concentrations in mitochondria and chloroplasts are largely unknown and could be a major energy cost. The complexity of the system will require a sophisticated modelling approach to identify critical transporters, apoplastic barriers and root structures. This modelling approach will inform experimentation and allow a quantitative assessment of the energy costs of NaCl tolerance to guide breeding and engineering of molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Munns
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David A Day
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Michelle Watt
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Helmholtz Association, 52425, Juelich, Germany
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Helmholtz Association, 52425, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2481, Australia
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Kylie J Foster
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Sam W Henderson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Colin L D Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stanley J Miklavcic
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Darren Plett
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart J Roy
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Megan C Shelden
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Kathleen L Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Tester
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lars H Wegner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology (IHM), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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Jothiramshekar S, Benjamin JJ, Krishnasamy R, George S, Swaminathan R, Parida A. Identification of salt-responsive genes from C4 halophyte Suaeda nudiflora through suppression subtractive hybridization and expression analysis under individual and combined treatment of salt and elevated carbon dioxide conditions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:163-172. [PMID: 32158127 PMCID: PMC7036381 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salinization of soil is a prime abiotic stress that limits agriculture productivity worldwide. To Study the mechanisms that halophytes take up to survive under high salt condition is important in engineering salinity stress tolerance in sensitive species. Suaeda nudiflora is a halophyte plant that grows in the saline environment and extreme high tidal belt. The species have high capability to produce high protein biomass in salty soils due to C4 photosynthesis. The physiological and biochemical changes in S. nudiflora under salinity stress were studied by measuring chlorophyll content, electrolytic leakage, level of lipid peroxidation and total soluble sugars. Increased lipid peroxidation and electrolytic leakage was observed in salt stressed S. nudiflora compared to control plants. A suppression subtractive hybridization strategy was employed to identify differentially expressed genes under salt treatment in S. nudiflora. A total of 333 positive clones were identified and screened. Of these, 250 expressed sequence tags were identified. cDNA subtraction library resulted in 33 contigs and 138 singletons. The functional annotation and metabolic pathways identification were performed using the Blast2GO program. In addition, we analyzed the expression patterns of 18 genes associated with salt stress-responsive pathways by semi-quantitative PCR under salt and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions. Several of the analyzed genes showed an increase in expression levels under different time points of salt treatment and at different concentrations of salt. When the same genes were studied for its expression under elevated CO2 concentrations, most of the known salt responsive genes showed higher expression under the combined treatment of elevated CO2 concentrations (500 ppm) and NaCl treatment (200 mM) compare to ambient condition. This implies that salt responsive genes are enhanced at elevated CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rani Krishnasamy
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Suja George
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Ajay Parida
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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27
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Guo H, Zhang L, Cui YN, Wang SM, Bao AK. Identification of candidate genes related to salt tolerance of the secretohalophyte Atriplex canescens by transcriptomic analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:213. [PMID: 31117942 PMCID: PMC6532215 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atriplex canescens is a typical C4 secretohalophyte with salt bladders on the leaves. Accumulating excessive Na+ in tissues and salt bladders, maintaining intracellular K+ homeostasis and increasing leaf organic solutes are crucial for A. canescens survival in harsh saline environments, and enhanced photosynthetic activity and water balance promote its adaptation to salt. However, the molecular basis for these physiological mechanisms is poorly understood. Four-week-old A. canescens seedlings were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 6 and 24 h, and differentially expressed genes in leaves and roots were identified, respectively, with Illumina sequencing. RESULTS In A. canescens treated with 100 mM NaCl, the transcripts of genes encoding transporters/channels for important nutrient elements, which affect growth under salinity, significantly increased, and genes involved in exclusion, uptake and vacuolar compartmentalization of Na+ in leaves might play vital roles in Na+ accumulation in salt bladders. Moreover, NaCl treatment upregulated the transcripts of key genes related to leaf organic osmolytes synthesis, which are conducive to osmotic adjustment. Correspondingly, aquaporin-encoding genes in leaves showed increased transcripts under NaCl treatment, which might facilitate water balance maintenance of A. canescens seedlings in a low water potential condition. Additionally, the transcripts of many genes involved in photosynthetic electron transport and the C4 pathway was rapidly induced, while other genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis, electron transport and C3 carbon fixation were later upregulated by 100 mM NaCl. CONCLUSIONS We identified many important candidate genes involved in the primary physiological mechanisms of A. canescens salt tolerance. This study provides excellent gene resources for genetic improvement of salt tolerance of important crops and forages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Nong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
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28
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Wang Q, Guan C, Wang P, Ma Q, Bao AK, Zhang JL, Wang SM. The Effect of AtHKT1;1 or AtSOS1 Mutation on the Expressions of Na⁺ or K⁺ Transporter Genes and Ion Homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1085. [PMID: 30832374 PMCID: PMC6429264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HKT1 and SOS1 are two key Na⁺ transporters that modulate salt tolerance in plants. Although much is known about the respective functions of HKT1 and SOS1 under salt conditions, few studies have examined the effects of HKT1 and SOS1 mutations on the expression of other important Na⁺ and K⁺ transporter genes. This study investigated the physiological parameters and expression profiles of AtHKT1;1, AtSOS1, AtHAK5, AtAKT1, AtSKOR, AtNHX1, and AtAVP1 in wild-type (WT) and athkt1;1 and atsos1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana under 25 mM NaCl. We found that AtSOS1 mutation induced a significant decrease in transcripts of AtHKT1;1 (by 56⁻62% at 6⁻24 h), AtSKOR (by 36⁻78% at 6⁻24 h), and AtAKT1 (by 31⁻53% at 6⁻24 h) in the roots compared with WT. This led to an increase in Na⁺ accumulation in the roots, a decrease in K⁺ uptake and transportation, and finally resulted in suppression of plant growth. AtHKT1;1 loss induced a 39⁻76% (6⁻24 h) decrease and a 27⁻32% (6⁻24 h) increase in transcripts of AtSKOR and AtHAK5, respectively, in the roots compared with WT. At the same time, 25 mM NaCl decreased the net selective transport capacity for K⁺ over Na⁺ by 92% in the athkt1;1 roots compared with the WT roots. Consequently, Na⁺ was loaded into the xylem and delivered to the shoots, whereas K⁺ transport was restricted. The results indicate that AtHKT1;1 and AtSOS1 not only mediate Na⁺ transport but also control ion uptake and the spatial distribution of Na⁺ and K⁺ by cooperatively regulating the expression levels of relevant Na⁺ and K⁺ transporter genes, ultimately regulating plant growth under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China.
| | - Chao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- Institution of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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29
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Isayenkov SV, Maathuis FJM. Plant Salinity Stress: Many Unanswered Questions Remain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:80. [PMID: 30828339 PMCID: PMC6384275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Here, we not only review recent advances in salinity stress research in plants but also revisit some basic perennial questions that still remain unanswered. In this review, we analyze the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of Na+ and Cl- uptake, sequestration, and transport associated with salinity. We discuss the role and importance of symplastic versus apoplastic pathways for ion uptake and critically evaluate the role of different types of membrane transporters in Na+ and Cl- uptake and intercellular and intracellular ion distribution. Our incomplete knowledge regarding possible mechanisms of salinity sensing by plants is evaluated. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of the mechanisms of ion toxicity leads us to believe that, in contrast to currently held ideas, toxicity only plays a minor role in the cytosol and may be more prevalent in the vacuole. Lastly, the multiple roles of K+ in plant salinity stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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30
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Benjamin JJ, Lucini L, Jothiramshekar S, Parida A. Metabolomic insights into the mechanisms underlying tolerance to salinity in different halophytes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:528-545. [PMID: 30442441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is among the most detrimental and diffuse environmental stresses. Halophytes are plants that developed the ability to complete their life cycle under high salinity. In this work, a mass spectrometric metabolomic approach was applied to comparatively investigate the secondary metabolism processes involved in tolerance to salinity in three halophytes, namely S. brachiata, S. maritima and S. portulacastrum. Regarding osmolytes, the level of proline was increased with NaCl concentration in S. portulacastrum and roots of S. maritima, whereas glycine betaine and polyols were accumulated in S. maritima and S. brachiata. Important differences between species were also found regarding oxidative stress balance. In S. brachiata, the amount of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds increased in presence of NaCl, whereas these metabolites were down regulated in S. portulacastrum, who accumulated carotenoids. Furthermore, distinct impairment of membrane lipids, hormones, alkaloids and terpenes was observed in our species under salinity. Finally, several other nitrogen containing compounds were involved in response to salinity, including amino acids, serotonin and polyamine conjugates. In conclusion, metabolomics highlighted that the specific mechanism each species adopted to achieve acclimation to salinity differed in the three halophytes considered, although response osmotic stress and oxidative imbalance have been confirmed as the key processes underlying NaCl tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Joseph Benjamin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Saranya Jothiramshekar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Ajay Parida
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India; Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
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Cui YN, Xia ZR, Ma Q, Wang WY, Chai WW, Wang SM. The synergistic effects of sodium and potassium on the xerophyte Apocynum venetum in response to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:489-498. [PMID: 30447942 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Apocynum venetum is an eco-economic plant species with high adaptability to saline and arid environments. Our previous work has found that A. venetum could absorb large amount of Na+ and maintain high K+ level under saline conditions. To investigate whether K+ and Na+ could simultaneously enhance drought resistance in A. venetum, seedlings were exposed to osmotic stress (-0.2 MPa) in the presence or absence of additional 25 mM NaCl under low (0.01 mM) and normal (2.5 mM) K+ supplying conditions, respectively. The results showed that A. venetum should be considered as a typical K+-efficient species since its growth was unimpaired and possessed a strong K+ uptake and prominent K+ utilization efficiency under K+ deficiency condition. Leaf K+ concentration remained stable or was even significantly increased under osmotic stress in the presence or absence of NaCl, compared with that under control condition, regardless of whether the K+ supply was sufficient or not, and the contribution of K+ to leaf osmotic potential consistently exceeded 37%, indicating K+ is the uppermost contributor to osmotic adjustment of A. venetum. Under osmotic stress, the addition of 25 mM NaCl significantly increase Na+ accumulation in leaves and the contribution of Na+ to osmotic adjustment, thus improving the relative water content, concomitantly, promoting the photosynthetic activity resulting in an enhancement of overall plant growth. These findings suggested that, K+ and Na+ simultaneously play crucial roles in the osmotic adjustment and the maintenance of water status and photosynthetic activity, which is beneficial for A. venetum to cope with drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Nong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zeng-Run Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Ankang R&D Center of Se-enriched Products, Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, PR China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Yuan F, Xu Y, Leng B, Wang B. Beneficial Effects of Salt on Halophyte Growth: Morphology, Cells, and Genes. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:191-200. [PMID: 33817151 PMCID: PMC7874760 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes can survive and complete their life cycle in the presence of ≥200 mM NaCl. These remarkable plants have developed various strategies to tolerate salinity and thrive in high-salt environments. At the appropriate levels, salt has a beneficial effect on the vegetative growth of halophytes but inhibits the growth of non-halophytes. In recent years, many studies have focused on elucidating the salt-tolerance mechanisms of halophytes at the molecular, physiological, and individual level. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms, from the macroscopic to the molecular, underlying the successful growth of halophytes in saline environments to explain why salt has beneficial effects on halophytes but harmful effects on non-halophytes. These mechanisms include the specialized organs of halophytes (for example, ion compartmentalization in succulent leaves), their unique structures (salt glands and hydrophobic barriers in roots), and their salt-tolerance genes. We hope to shed light on the use of halophytes for engineering salt-tolerant crops, soil conservation, and the protection of freshwater resources in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yanyu Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Bingying Leng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, P.R. China
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Flowers TJ, Glenn EP, Volkov V. Could vesicular transport of Na+ and Cl- be a feature of salt tolerance in halophytes? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1-18. [PMID: 30247507 PMCID: PMC6344095 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Halophytes tolerate external salt concentrations of 200 mm and more, accumulating salt concentrations of 500 mm and more in their shoots; some, recretohalophytes, excrete salt through glands on their leaves. Ions are accumulated in central vacuoles, but the pathway taken by these ions from the outside of the roots to the vacuoles inside the cells is poorly understood. Do the ions cross membranes through ion channels and transporters or move in vesicles, or both? Vesicular transport from the plasma membrane to the vacuole would explain how halophytes avoid the toxicity of high salt concentrations on metabolism. There is also a role for vesicles in the export of ions via salt glands. Scope and Methods We have collected data on the fluxes of sodium and chloride ions in halophytes, based on the weight of the transporting organs and on the membrane area across which the flux occurs; the latter range from 17 nmol m-2 s-1 to 4.2 μmol m-2 s-1 and values up to 1 μmol m-2 s-1 need to be consistent with whatever transport system is in operation. We have summarized the sizes and rates of turnover of vesicles in plants, where clathrin-independent vesicles are 100 nm or more in diameter and can merge with the plasma membrane at rates of 100 s-1. We gathered evidence for vesicular transport of ions in halophytes and evaluated whether vesicular transport could account for the observable fluxes. Conclusions There is strong evidence in favour of vesicular transport in plants and circumstantial evidence in favour of the movement of ions in vesicles. Estimated rates of vesicle turnover could account for ion transport at the lower reported fluxes (around 20 nmol m-2 s-1), but the higher fluxes may require vesicles of the order of 1 μm or more in diameter. The very high fluxes reported in some salt glands might be an artefact of the way they were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Flowers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Edward P Glenn
- Environmental Research Laboratory of the University of Arizona, 1601 East, Airport Drive, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vadim Volkov
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London N7, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Xi JJ, Chen HY, Bai WP, Yang RC, Yang PZ, Chen RJ, Hu TM, Wang SM. Sodium-Related Adaptations to Drought: New Insights From the Xerophyte Plant Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1678. [PMID: 30515180 PMCID: PMC6255947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the unusual physiological mechanisms that enable drought tolerance in xerophytes will be of considerable benefit because of the potential to identify novel and key genetic elements for future crop improvements. These plants are interesting because they are well-adapted for life in arid zones; Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, for example, is a typical xerophytic shrub that inhabits central Asian deserts, accumulating substantial levels of sodium (Na+) in its succulent leaves while growing in soils that contain very low levels of this ion. The physiological importance of this unusual trait to drought adaptations remains poorly understood, however. Thus, 2-week-old Z. xanthoxylum plants were treated with 50 mM NaCl (Na) for 7 days in this study in order to investigate their drought tolerance, leaf osmotic potential (Ψs) related parameters, anatomical characteristics, and transpiration traits. The results demonstrated that NaCl treatment significantly enhanced both the survivability and durability of Z. xanthoxylum plants under extreme drought conditions. The bulk of the Na+ ions encapsulated in plants was overwhelmingly allocated to leaves rather than roots or stems under drought conditions; thus, compared to the control, significantly more Na+ compared to other solutes such as K+, Ca2+, Cl-, sugars, and proline accumulated in the leaves of NaCl-treated plants and led to a marked decrease (31%) in leaf Ψs. In addition, the accumulation of Na+ ions also resulted in mesophyll cell enlargement and leaf succulence, enabling the additional storage of water; Na+ ions also reduced the rate of water loss by decreasing stomatal density and down-regulating stomatal aperture size. The results of this study demonstrate that Z. xanthoxylum has evolved a notable ability to utilize Na+ ions to lower Ψs, swell its leaves, and decrease stomatal aperture sizes, in order to enable the additional uptake and storage of water and mitigate losses. These distinctive drought adaption characteristics mean that the xerophytic plant Z. xanthoxylum presents a fascinating case study for the potential identification of important and novel genetic elements that could improve crops. This report provides insights on the eco-physiological role of sodium accumulation in xerophytes adapted to extremely arid habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jun Xi
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Chen
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wan-Peng Bai
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Rong-Chen Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Pei-Zhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ru-Jin Chen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Tian-Ming Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Niu M, Xie J, Chen C, Cao H, Sun J, Kong Q, Shabala S, Shabala L, Huang Y, Bie Z. An early ABA-induced stomatal closure, Na+ sequestration in leaf vein and K+ retention in mesophyll confer salt tissue tolerance in Cucurbita species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4945-4960. [PMID: 29992291 PMCID: PMC6137988 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue tolerance to salinity stress is a complex physiological trait composed of multiple 'sub-traits' such as Na+ compartmentalization, K+ retention, and osmotic tolerance. Previous studies have shown that some Cucurbita species employ tissue tolerance to combat salinity and we aimed to identify the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. Five C. maxima (salt-tolerant) and five C. moschata (salt-sensitive) genotypes were comprehensively assessed for their salt tolerance mechanisms and the results showed that tissue-specific transport characteristics enabled the more tolerant lines to deal with the salt load. This mechanism was associated with the ability of the tolerant species to accumulate more Na+ in the leaf vein and to retain more K+ in the leaf mesophyll. In addition, C. maxima more efficiently retained K+ in the roots when exposed to transient NaCl stress and it was also able to store more Na+ in the xylem parenchyma and cortex in the leaf vein. Compared with C. moschata, C. maxima was also able to rapidly close stomata at early stages of salt stress, thus avoiding water loss; this difference was attributed to higher accumulation of ABA in the leaf. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses revealed critical roles of high-affinity potassium (HKT1) and intracellular Na+/H+ (NHX4/6) transporters as components of the mechanism enabling Na+ exclusion from the leaf mesophyll and Na+ sequestration in the leaf vein. Also essential was a higher expression of NCED3s (encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, a key rate-limiting enzyme in ABA biosynthesis), which resulted in greater ABA accumulation in the mesophyll and earlier stomata closure in C. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Niu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Xie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Haishun Cao
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Zhilong Bie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Yao L, Wang J, Li B, Meng Y, Ma X, Si E, Ren P, Yang K, Shang X, Wang H. Transcriptome sequencing and comparative analysis of differentially-expressed isoforms in the roots of Halogeton glomeratus under salt stress. Gene 2017; 646:159-168. [PMID: 29292193 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Halogeton glomeratus (H. glomeratus) has been confirmed to have a unique mechanism to regulate Na+ efflux from the cytoplasm and compartmentalize Na+ into leaf vacuoles, little is known about the salt tolerance mechanisms of roots under salinity stress. In the present study, transcripts were sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform (BGI, Wuhan, China). After quality control, approximately 24.08 million clean reads were obtained and the average mapping ratio to the reference gene was 70.00%. When comparing salt-treated samples with the control, a total of 550, 590, 1411 and 2063 DEIs were identified at 2, 6, 24 and 72h, respectively. Numerous differentially-expressed isoforms that play important roles in response and adaptation to salt condition are related to metabolic processes, cellular processes, single-organism processes, localization, biological regulation, responses to stimulus, binding, catalytic activity and transporter activity. Fifty-eight salt-induced isoforms were common to different stages of salt stress; most of these DEIs were related to signal transduction and transporters, which maybe the core isoforms regulating Na+ uptake and transport in the roots of H. glomeratus. The expression patterns of 18 DEIs that were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were consistent with their respective changes in transcript abundance as identified by RNA-Seq technology. The present study thoroughly explored potential isoforms involved in salt tolerance on H. glomeratus roots at five time points. Our results may serve as an important resource for the H. glomeratus research community, improving our understanding of salt tolerance in halophyte survival under high salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yao
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baochun Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Erjing Si
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panrong Ren
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xunwu Shang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huajun Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, China; College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Transcriptomic Profiling and Physiological Analysis of Haloxylon ammodendron in Response to Osmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010084. [PMID: 29286291 PMCID: PMC5796034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloxylon ammodendron, a perennial xero-halophyte, is an essential species for investigating the effects of drought on desert tree. To gain a comprehensive knowledge on the responses of H. ammodendron to drought stress, we specially performed the molecular and physiological analysis of H. ammodendron in response to -0.75 MPa osmotic stress for six and 24 h in lab condition via RNA-seq and digital gene expression (DGE). In total, 87,109 unigenes with a mean length of 680 bp and 13,486 potential simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were generated, and 3353 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in shoots and 4564 in roots were identified under stress. These DEGs were mainly related to ion transporters, signal transduction, ROS-scavenging, photosynthesis, cell wall organization, membrane stabilization and hormones. Moreover, the physiological changes of inorganic ions and organic solute content, peroxidase (POD) activity and osmotic potential were in accordance with dynamic transcript profiles of the relevant genes. In this study, a detailed investigation of the pathways and candidate genes identified promote the research on the molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in the xero-halophytic species. Our data provides valuable genetic resources for future improvement of forage and crop species for better adaptation to abiotic stresses.
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Khalid M, Bilal M, Hassani D, Iqbal HMN, Wang H, Huang D. Mitigation of salt stress in white clover (Trifolium repens) by Azospirillum brasilense and its inoculation effect. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:5. [PMID: 28510188 PMCID: PMC5432925 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is one of the increasingly serious environmental problems worldwide for cultivating agricultural crops. The present study was aimed to ascertain the potential of beneficial soil bacterium Azospirillum brasilense to alleviate saline stress in Trifolium repens. Experimental plants (white clover) were grown from seeds and inoculated with or without A. brasilense bacterial strain supplemented with 0, 40, 80, or 120 mM NaCl into soil. RESULTS The growth attributes including, shoot heights, root lengths, fresh and dry weights, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly enhanced in T. repens plants grown in A. brasilense inoculated soil than un-inoculated controls, particularly under elevated salinity conditions (40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl). Malondialdehyde content of leaf was recorded to be declined under saline conditions. Moreover, the K+/Na+ ratio was also improved in bacterium-inoculated plants, since A. brasilense significantly reduced the root and shoot Na+ level under high salty environment. CONCLUSIONS Results revealed that soil inoculation with A. brasilense could significantly promote T. repens growth under both non-saline and saline environments, and this study might be extended to other vegetables and crops for the germination and growth enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid
- grid.16821.3c0000000403688293School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- grid.16821.3c0000000403688293State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Danial Hassani
- grid.16821.3c0000000403688293School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- grid.419886.a0000000122034701School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849 Mexico
| | - Hang Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000000403688293Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000000403688293School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Zhang WD, Wang P, Bao Z, Ma Q, Duan LJ, Bao AK, Zhang JL, Wang SM. SOS1, HKT1;5, and NHX1 Synergistically Modulate Na + Homeostasis in the Halophytic Grass Puccinellia tenuiflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:576. [PMID: 28450879 PMCID: PMC5390037 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Puccinellia tenuiflora is a typical salt-excluding halophytic grass with excellent salt tolerance. Plasma membrane Na+/H+ transporter SOS1, HKT-type protein and tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter NHX1 are key Na+ transporters involved in plant salt tolerance. Based on our previous research, we had proposed a function model for these transporters in Na+ homeostasis according to the expression of PtSOS1 and Na+, K+ levels in P. tenuiflora responding to salt stress. Here, we analyzed the expression patterns of PtSOS1, PtHKT1;5, and PtNHX1 in P. tenuiflora under 25 and 150 mM NaCl to further validate this model by combining previous physiological characteristics. Results showed that the expressions of PtSOS1 and PtHKT1;5 in roots were significantly induced and peaked at 6 h under both 25 and 150 mM NaCl. Compared to the control, the expression of PtSOS1 significantly increased by 5.8-folds, while that of PtHKT1;5 increased only by 1.2-folds in roots under 25 mM NaCl; on the contrary, the expression of PtSOS1 increased by 1.4-folds, whereas that of PtHKT1;5 increased by 2.2-folds in roots under 150 mM NaCl. In addition, PtNHX1 was induced instantaneously under 25 mM NaCl, while its expression was much higher and more persistent in shoots under 150 mM NaCl. These results provide stronger evidences for the previous hypothesis and extend the model which highlights that SOS1, HKT1;5, and NHX1 synergistically regulate Na+ homeostasis by controlling Na+ transport systems at the whole-plant level under both lower and higher salt conditions. Under mild salinity, PtNHX1 in shoots compartmentalized Na+ into vacuole slowly, and vacuole potential capacity for sequestering Na+ would enhance Na+ loading into the xylem of roots by PtSOS1 through feedback regulation; and consequently, Na+ could be transported from roots to shoots by transpiration stream for osmotic adjustment. While under severe salinity, Na+ was rapidly sequestrated into vacuoles of mesophyll cells by PtNHX1 and the vacuole capacity became saturated for sequestering more Na+, which in turn regulated long-distance Na+ transport from roots to shoots. As a result, the expression of PtHKT1;5 was strongly induced so that the excessive Na+ was unloaded from xylem into xylem parenchyma cells by PtHKT1;5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
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Behr JH, Bouchereau A, Berardocco S, Seal CE, Flowers TJ, Zörb C. Metabolic and physiological adjustment of Suaeda maritima to combined salinity and hypoxia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:965-976. [PMID: 28110268 PMCID: PMC5604547 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Suaeda maritima is a halophyte commonly found on coastal wetlands in the intertidal zone. Due to its habitat S. maritima has evolved tolerance to high salt concentrations and hypoxic conditions in the soil caused by periodic flooding. In the present work, the adaptive mechanisms of S. maritima to salinity combined with hypoxia were investigated on a physiological and metabolic level. Methods To compare the adaptive mechanisms to deficient, optimal and stressful salt concentrations, S. maritima plants were grown in a hydroponic culture under low, medium and high salt concentrations. Additionally, hypoxic conditions were applied to investigate the impact of hypoxia combined with different salt concentrations. A non-targeted metabolic approach was used to clarify the biochemical pathways underlying the metabolic and physiological adaptation mechanisms of S. maritima . Key Results Roots exposed to hypoxic conditions showed an increased level of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle intermediates such as succinate, malate and citrate. During hypoxia, the concentration of free amino acids increased in shoots and roots. Osmoprotectants such as proline and glycine betaine increased in concentrations as the external salinity was increased under hypoxic conditions. Conclusions The combination of high salinity and hypoxia caused an ionic imbalance and an increase of metabolites associated with osmotic stress and photorespiration, indicating a severe physiological and metabolic response under these conditions. Disturbed proline degradation in the roots induced an enhanced proline accumulation under hypoxia. The enhanced alanine fermentation combined with a partial flux of the TCA cycle might contribute to the tolerance of S. maritima to hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- UMR1349 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Solenne Berardocco
- UMR1349 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Charlotte E. Seal
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Timothy J. Flowers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 1BD, UK
- School of Plant Biology (M084), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Zörb
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Ma Q, Hu J, Zhou XR, Yuan HJ, Kumar T, Luan S, Wang SM. ZxAKT1 is essential for K + uptake and K + /Na + homeostasis in the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:48-60. [PMID: 28008679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The inward-rectifying K+ channel AKT1 constitutes an important pathway for K+ acquisition in plant roots. In glycophytes, excessive accumulation of Na+ is accompanied by K+ deficiency under salt stress. However, in the succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, which exhibits excellent adaptability to adverse environments, K+ concentration remains at a relatively constant level despite increased levels of Na+ under salinity and drought conditions. In this study, the contribution of ZxAKT1 to maintaining K+ and Na+ homeostasis in Z. xanthoxylum was investigated. Expression of ZxAKT1 rescued the K+ -uptake-defective phenotype of yeast strain CY162, suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of yeast strain G19, and complemented the low-K+ -sensitive phenotype of Arabidopsis akt1 mutant, indicating that ZxAKT1 functions as an inward-rectifying K+ channel. ZxAKT1 was predominantly expressed in roots, and was induced under high concentrations of either KCl or NaCl. By using RNA interference technique, we found that ZxAKT1-silenced plants exhibited stunted growth compared to wild-type Z. xanthoxylum. Further experiments showed that ZxAKT1-silenced plants exhibited a significant decline in net uptake of K+ and Na+ , resulting in decreased concentrations of K+ and Na+ , as compared to wild-type Z. xanthoxylum grown under 50 mm NaCl. Compared with wild-type, the expression levels of genes encoding several transporters/channels related to K+ /Na+ homeostasis, including ZxSKOR, ZxNHX, ZxSOS1 and ZxHKT1;1, were reduced in various tissues of a ZxAKT1-silenced line. These findings suggest that ZxAKT1 not only plays a crucial role in K+ uptake but also functions in modulating Na+ uptake and transport systems in Z. xanthoxylum, thereby affecting its normal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Hui-Jun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tanweer Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 73072, USA
- NJU-NJFU Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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Duarte B, Cabrita MT, Gameiro C, Matos AR, Godinho R, Marques JC, Caçador I. Disentangling the photochemical salinity tolerance in Aster tripolium L.: connecting biophysical traits with changes in fatty acid composition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:239-248. [PMID: 27748562 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A profound analysis of A. tripolium photochemical traits under salinity exposure is lacking in the literature, with very few references focusing on its fatty acid profile role in photophysiology. To address this, the deep photochemical processes were evaluated by Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Fluorometry coupled with a discrimination of its leaf fatty acid profile. Plants exposed to 125-250 mm NaCl showed higher photochemical light harvesting efficiencies and lower energy dissipation rates. under higher NaCl exposure, there is evident damage of the oxygen evolving complexes (OECs). On the other hand, Reaction Centre (RC) closure net rate and density increased, improving the energy fluxes entering the PS II, in spite of the high amounts of energy dissipated and the loss of PS II antennae connectivity. Energy dissipation was mainly achieved through the auroxanthin pathway. Total fatty acid content displayed a similar trend, being also higher under 125-250 mm NaCl with high levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The increase in oleic acid and palmitic acid allows the maintenance of the good functioning of the PS II. Also relevant was the high concentration of chloroplastic C16:1t in the individuals subjected to 125-250 mm NaCl, related with a higher electron transport activity and with the organization of the Light Harvesting Complexes (LHC) and thus reducing the activation of energy dissipation mechanisms. All these new insights shed some light not only on the photophysiology of this potential cash-crop, but also highlight its important saline agriculture applications of this species as forage and potential source of essential fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M T Cabrita
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Gameiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A R Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Godinho
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - J C Marques
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, c/o Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Zapata PJ, Serrano M, García-Legaz MF, Pretel MT, Botella MA. Short Term Effect of Salt Shock on Ethylene and Polyamines Depends on Plant Salt Sensitivity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:855. [PMID: 28588603 PMCID: PMC5440749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present manuscript the short term effect (3-24 h) of a saline shock (NaCl 100 mM) on fresh weight, water content, respiration rate, ethylene production and Na+, Cl-, ACC and polyamine concentration was studied in four plant species with different salt sensitivity, pepper, lettuce, spinach, and beetroot. Higher reduction in fresh weight and water content as a consequence of saline shock was found in pepper and lettuce plants than in spinach and beetroot, the latter behaving as more salinity tolerant. In general, salinity led to rapid increases in respiration rate, ethylene production and ACC and polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) concentrations in shoot and root. These increases were related to plant salinity sensitivity, since they were higher in the most sensitive species and vice versa. However, ethylene and respiration rates in salt stressed plants recovered similar values to controls after 24 h of treatment in salt tolerant plants, while still remaining high in the most sensitive. On the other hand, sudden increases in putrescine, spermidine, and spermine concentration were higher and occurred earlier in pepper and lettuce, the most sensitive species, than in spinach and beetroot, the less sensitive ones. These increases tended to disappear after 24 h, except in lettuce. These changes would support the conclusion that ethylene and polyamine increases could be considered as a plant response to saline shock and related to the plant species sensitivity to this stress. In addition, no competition between polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis for their common precursor was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Zapata
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel HernándezOrihuela, Spain
| | - María Serrano
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel HernándezOrihuela, Spain
| | - Manuel F. García-Legaz
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Medioambiente, Universidad Miguel HernándezOrihuela, Spain
| | - M. T. Pretel
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel HernándezOrihuela, Spain
| | - M. A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel HernándezOrihuela, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. A. Botella,
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Wang CM, Xia ZR, Wu GQ, Yuan HJ, Wang XR, Li JH, Tian FP, Zhang Q, Zhu XQ, He JJ, Kumar T, Wang XL, Zhang JL. The coordinated regulation of Na + and K + in Hordeum brevisubulatum responding to time of salt stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:358-366. [PMID: 27717472 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hordeum brevisubulatum, called as wild barley, is a useful monocotyledonous halophyte for soil improvement in northern China. Although previously studied, its main salt tolerance mechanism remained controversial. The current work showed that shoot Na+ concentration was increased rapidly with stress time and significantly higher than in wheat during 0-168h of 100mM NaCl treatment. Similar results were also found under 25 and 50mM NaCl treatments. Even K+ was increased from 0.01 to 50mM in the cultural solution, no significant effect was found on tissue Na+ concentrations. Interestingly, shoot growth was improved, and stronger root activity was maintained in H. brevisubulatum compared with wheat after 7days treatment of 100mM NaCl. To investigate the long-term stress impact on tissue Na+, 100mM NaCl was prolonged to 60 days. The maximum values of Na+ concentrations were observed at 7th in shoot and 14th day in roots, respectively, and then decreased gradually. Micro-electrode ion flux estimation was used and it was found that increasing Na+ efflux while maintaining K+ influx were the major strategies to reduce the Na+ concentration during long-term salt stress. Moreover, leaf Na+ secretions showed little contribution to the tissue Na+ decrease. Thereby, the physiological mechanism for H. brevisubulatum to survive from long-term salt stress was proposed that rapid Na+ accumulation occurred in the shoot to respond the initial salt shock, then Na+ efflux was triggered and K+ influx was activated to maintain a stable K+/Na+ ratio in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Run Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Yuan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rui Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Ping Tian
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zhu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong-Jie He
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanweer Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, People's Republic of China.
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Gharat SA, Parmar S, Tambat S, Vasudevan M, Shaw BP. Transcriptome Analysis of the Response to NaCl in Suaeda maritima Provides an Insight into Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Halophytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163485. [PMID: 27682829 PMCID: PMC5040429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although salt tolerance is a feature representative of halophytes, most studies on this topic in plants have been conducted on glycophytes. Transcriptome profiles are also available for only a limited number of halophytes. Hence, the present study was conducted to understand the molecular basis of salt tolerance through the transcriptome profiling of the halophyte Suaeda maritima, which is an emerging plant model for research on salt tolerance. Illumina sequencing revealed 72,588 clustered transcripts, including 27,434 that were annotated using BLASTX. Salt application resulted in the 2-fold or greater upregulation of 647 genes and downregulation of 735 genes. Of these, 391 proteins were homologous to proteins in the COGs (cluster of orthologous groups) database, and the majorities were grouped into the poorly characterized category. Approximately 50% of the genes assigned to MapMan pathways showed homology to S. maritima. The majority of such genes represented transcription factors. Several genes also contributed to cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism, ion relation, redox responses and G protein, phosphoinositide and hormone signaling. Real-time PCR was used to validate the results of the deep sequencing for the most of the genes. This study demonstrates the expression of protein kinase C, the target of diacylglycerol in phosphoinositide signaling, for the first time in plants. This study further reveals that the biochemical and molecular responses occurring at several levels are associated with salt tolerance in S. maritima. At the structural level, adaptations to high salinity levels include the remodeling of cell walls and the modification of membrane lipids. At the cellular level, the accumulation of glycinebetaine and the sequestration and exclusion of Na+ appear to be important. Moreover, this study also shows that the processes related to salt tolerance might be highly complex, as reflected by the salt-induced enhancement of transcription factor expression, including hormone-responsive factors, and that this process might be initially triggered by G protein and phosphoinositide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Ashruba Gharat
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Shaifaly Parmar
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Subodh Tambat
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 3rd Floor, 4C-209, 4th Cross, Near New Horizon College, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, 560043, Karnataka, India
| | - Madavan Vasudevan
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 3rd Floor, 4C-209, 4th Cross, Near New Horizon College, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, 560043, Karnataka, India
| | - Birendra Prasad Shaw
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
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Bedre R, Mangu VR, Srivastava S, Sanchez LE, Baisakh N. Transcriptome analysis of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel), a monocot halophyte, reveals candidate genes involved in its adaptation to salinity. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:657. [PMID: 27542721 PMCID: PMC4992267 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinity affects growth and yield of crop plants. Plants respond to salinity by physiological and biochemical adjustments through a coordinated regulation and expression of a cascade of genes. Recently, halophytes have attracted attention of the biologists to understand their salt adaptation mechanisms. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) is a Louisiana native monocot halophyte that can withstand salinity up to double the strength of sea water. To dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying its salinity adaptation, leaf and root transcriptome of S. alterniflora was sequenced using 454/GS-FLX. RESULTS Altogether, 770,690 high quality reads with an average length 324-bp were assembled de novo into 73,131 contigs (average 577-bp long) with 5.9X sequence coverage. Most unigenes (95 %) annotated to proteins with known functions, and had more than 90 % similarity to rice genes. About 28 % unigenes were considered specific to S. alterniflora. Digital expression profiles revealed significant enrichment (P < 0.01) of transporters, vacuolar proton pump members and transcription factors under salt stress, which suggested the role of ion homeostasis and transcriptional regulation in the salinity adaptation of this grass. Also, 10,805 SSRs markers from 9457 unigenes were generated and validated through genetic diversity analysis among 13 accessions of S. alterniflora. CONCLUSIONS The present study explores the transcriptome of S. alterniflora to understand the gene regulation under salt stress in halophytes. The sequenced transcriptome (control and salt-regulated) of S. alterniflora provides a platform for further gene finding studies in grasses. This study and our previously published studies suggested that S. alterniflora is a rich reservoir of salt tolerance genes that can be used to develop salt tolerant cereal crops, especially rice, a major food crop of global importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renesh Bedre
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Venkata Ramanarao Mangu
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Subodh Srivastava
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Luis Eduardo Sanchez
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Current address: Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador (CIBE), Km 30.5 Via Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Kang J, Zhao W, Zhu X. Silicon improves photosynthesis and strengthens enzyme activities in the C 3 succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum under drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 199:76-86. [PMID: 27302008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One main strategic adaptive mechanism adopted by succulent xerophyte species, resistance to drought stress is absorbing and accumulating large amounts of sodium (Na+) from poor and dry soil which was stored in photosynthesizing branches as well as leaves as major osmoregulators, while still accumulating and storing a great deal of silicon (Si) in roots to resist to arid environments. To understand the possible adaptive strategies underlying how Si accumulation stimulates growth and ameliorates the adverse environmental impacts of drought stress on the C3 succulent xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, plants grown for 3 weeks were suffered different K2SiO3 concentrations (1.5-7.5mM) (3-15mM KCl as control) treatments in sand culture experiments. Plants were also treated with different osmotic stresses caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and drought stress (maintain water content about 30% of field water capacity) (30% of FWC) with or without additional 2.5mMK2SiO3 (5mMKCl as control) treatment in sand culture and pot experiments, respectively. We found that 2.5mMK2SiO3 (5mMKCl as control) resulted in optimal plant growth and alleviated adverse influences of drought stress on Z. xanthoxylum, by strengthening the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, reducing membrane lipid peroxidation and decreasing soluble sugar and free proline concentrations, concomitantly, increasing tissue water content, leaf area and chlorophyll a concentration. The result of ion analysis indicated that the Si absorption of Z. xanthoxylum was markedly induced by drought stress and that the 2.5mMK2SiO3 (5mMKCl as control) treatment significantly increased the aboveground and root Si concentration under different osmotic stresses and 30% of field water capacity compared with the drought and drought with 5mMKCl treatments. Although the K+ concentration in root in the drought with 2.5mMK2SiO3 treatment was no significant changes compared with the drought treatment, K+ concentration in aboveground and root in drought with 2.5mMK2SiO3 treatment were significantly decreased by 42% and 65.2% compared with drought with 5mMKCl treatment under 30% of FWC, indicating that Si replaced the function of K+, thus stimulating the growth and mitigating adverse effects of Z. xanthoxylum under water deficit. These findings showed that the positive roles of Si in the drought tolerance of Z. xanthoxylum might be due to the ability of plant to accumulate a great quantity of Si and utilize it as an osmoregulator to copy with water deficit, which was coupled with an obvious improvement in photosynthetic activity and anti-oxidative enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Kang
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Basin Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhao
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Basin Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Xi Zhu
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Basin Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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Pan YQ, Guo H, Wang SM, Zhao B, Zhang JL, Ma Q, Yin HJ, Bao AK. The Photosynthesis, Na(+)/K(+) Homeostasis and Osmotic Adjustment of Atriplex canescens in Response to Salinity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:848. [PMID: 27379134 PMCID: PMC4911392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush) is a C4 perennial fodder shrub with excellent resistance to salinity. However, the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance in A. canescens are poorly understood. In this study, 5-weeks-old A. canescens seedlings were treated with various concentrations of external NaCl (0-400 mM). The results showed that the growth of A. canescens seedlings was significantly stimulated by moderate salinity (100 mM NaCl) and unaffected by high salinity (200 or 400 mM NaCl). Furthermore, A. canescens seedlings showed higher photosynthetic capacity under NaCl treatments (except for 100 mM NaCl treatment) with significant increases in net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. Under saline conditions, the A. canescens seedlings accumulated more Na(+) in either plant tissues or salt bladders, and also retained relatively constant K(+) in leaf tissues and bladders by enhancing the selective transport capacity for K(+) over Na(+) (ST value) from stem to leaf and from leaf to bladder. External NaCl treatments on A. canescens seedlings had no adverse impact on leaf relative water content, and this resulted from lower leaf osmotic potential under the salinity conditions. The contribution of Na(+) to the leaf osmotic potential (Ψs) was sharply enhanced from 2% in control plants to 49% in plants subjected to 400 mM NaCl. However, the contribution of K(+) to Ψs showed a significant decrease from 34% (control) to 9% under 400 mM NaCl. Interestingly, concentrations of betaine and free proline showed significant increase in the leaves of A. canescens seedlings, these compatible solutes presented up to 12% of contribution to Ψs under high salinity. These findings suggest that, under saline environments, A. canescens is able to enhance photosynthetic capacity, increase Na(+) accumulation in tissues and salt bladders, maintain relative K(+) homeostasis in leaves, and use inorganic ions and compatible solutes for osmotic adjustment which may contribute to the improvement of water status in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
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Ahmad I, Mian A, Maathuis FJM. Overexpression of the rice AKT1 potassium channel affects potassium nutrition and rice drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2689-98. [PMID: 26969743 PMCID: PMC4861017 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K(+)) is the most important cationic nutrient for all living organisms and has roles in most aspects of plant physiology. To assess the impact of one of the main K(+) uptake components, the K(+) inward rectifying channel AKT1, we characterized both loss of function and overexpression of OsAKT1 in rice. In many conditions, AKT1 expression correlated with K(+) uptake and tissue K(+) levels. No salinity-related growth phenotype was observed for either loss or gain of function mutants. However, a correlation between AKT1 expression and root Na(+) when the external Na/K ratio was high suggests that there may be a role for AKT1 in Na(+) uptake in such conditions. In contrast to findings with Arabidopsis thaliana, we did not detect any change in growth of AKT1 loss of function mutants in the presence of NH4 (+) Nevertheless, NH4 (+)-dependent inhibition was detected during K(+) uptake assays in loss of function and wild type plants, depending on pre-growth conditions. The most prominent result of OsAKT1 overexpression was a reduction in sensitivity to osmotic/drought stress in transgenic plants: the data suggest that AKT1 overexpression improved rice osmotic and drought stress tolerance by increasing tissue levels of K(+), especially in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ahmad
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Afaq Mian
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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