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Jang YJ, Kim T, Lin M, Kim J, Begcy K, Liu Z, Lee S. Genome-wide gene network uncover temporal and spatial changes of genes in auxin homeostasis during fruit development in strawberry (F. × ananassa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:876. [PMID: 39304822 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant hormone auxin plays a crucial role in regulating important functions in strawberry fruit development. Although a few studies have described the complex auxin biosynthetic and signaling pathway in wild diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca), the molecular mechanisms underlying auxin biosynthesis and crosstalk in octoploid strawberry fruit development are not fully characterized. To address this knowledge gap, comprehensive transcriptomic analyses were conducted at different stages of fruit development and compared between the achene and receptacle to identify developmentally regulated auxin biosynthetic genes and transcription factors during the fruit ripening process. Similar to wild diploid strawberry, octoploid strawberry accumulates high levels of auxin in achene compared to receptacle. RESULTS Genes involved in auxin biosynthesis and conjugation, such as Tryptophan Aminotransferase of Arabidopsis (TAAs), YUCCA (YUCs), and Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3s), were found to be primarily expressed in the achene, with low expression in the receptacle. Interestingly, several genes involved in auxin transport and signaling like Pin-Formed (PINs), Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid Proteins (Aux/IAAs), Transport Inhibitor Response 1 / Auxin-Signaling F-Box (TIR/AFBs) and Auxin Response Factor (ARFs) were more abundantly expressed in the receptacle. Moreover, by examining DEGs and their transcriptional profiles across all six developmental stages, we identified key auxin-related genes co-clustered with transcription factors from the NAM-ATAF1,2-CUC2/ WRKYGQK motif (NAC/WYKY), Heat Shock Transcription Factor and Heat Shock Proteins (HSF/HSP), APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) and MYB transcription factor groups. CONCLUSIONS These results elucidate the complex regulatory network of auxin biosynthesis and its intricate crosstalk within the achene and receptacle, enriching our understanding of fruit development in octoploid strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kevin Begcy
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA.
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Song T, Huo Q, Li C, Wang Q, Cheng L, Qi W, Ma Z, Song R. The biosynthesis of storage reserves and auxin is coordinated by a hierarchical regulatory network in maize endosperm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1855-1869. [PMID: 38962989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Grain filling in maize (Zea mays) is intricately linked to cell development, involving the regulation of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of storage reserves (starch, proteins, and lipids) and phytohormones. However, the regulatory network coordinating these biological functions remains unclear. In this study, we identified 1744 high-confidence target genes co-regulated by the transcription factors (TFs) ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 (ZmNAC128/130) through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing coupled with RNA-seq analysis in the zmnac128/130 loss-of-function mutants. We further constructed a hierarchical regulatory network using DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis of downstream TFs regulated by ZmNAC128/130. In addition to target genes involved in the biosynthesis of starch and zeins, we discovered novel target genes of ZmNAC128/130 involved in the biosynthesis of lipids and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Consistently, the number of oil bodies, as well as the contents of triacylglycerol, and IAA were significantly reduced in zmnac128/130. The hierarchical regulatory network centered by ZmNAC128/130 revealed a significant overlap between the direct target genes of ZmNAC128/130 and their downstream TFs, particularly in regulating the biosynthesis of storage reserves and IAA. Our results indicated that the biosynthesis of storage reserves and IAA is coordinated by a multi-TFs hierarchical regulatory network in maize endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaobin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Guo Y, Liu C, Chen S, Tian Z. GmHXK2 promotes the salt tolerance of soybean seedlings by mediating AsA synthesis, and auxin synthesis and distribution. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:613. [PMID: 38937682 PMCID: PMC11210165 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt is an important factor that affects crop productivity. Plant hexokinases (HXKs) are key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and sugar signaling transduction pathways of plants. In previous studies, we identified and confirmed the roles of GmHXK2 in salt tolerance. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed the tissue-specific expression of GmHXK2 at different growth stages throughout the plant's life cycle. The results showed that GmHXK2 was expressed significantly in all tissues at vegetative stages, including germination and seedling. However, no expression was detected in the pods, and there was little expression in flowers during the later mature period. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the GmHXK2 (OE) had more lateral roots. The OE seedlings also produced higher levels of auxin and ascorbic acid (AsA). Additionally, the expression levels of genes PMM, YUC4/YUC6/YUC8, and PIN/LAX1,LAX3, which are involved respectively in the synthesis of AsA and auxin, as well as polar auxin transport, were upregulated in OE plants. This upregulation occurred specifically under exogenous glucose treatment. AtHKT1, AtSOS1, and AtNHX1 were up-regulated in OE plants under salt stress, suggesting that GmHXK2 may modulate salt tolerance by maintaining ion balance within the cells and alleviating damage caused by salt stress. Additionally, we further confirmed the interaction between GmHXK2 and the protein GmPMM through yeast two-hybridization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, respectively. CONCLUSION The expression of GmHXK2 gene in plants is organ-specific and developmental stage specific. GmHXK2 not only regulates the synthesis of AsA and the synthesis and distribution of auxin, but also promotes root elongation and induces lateral root formation, potentially enhancing soil water absorption. This study reveals the crosstalk between sugar signaling and hormone signaling in plants, where GmHXK2 acts as a glucose sensor through its interaction with GmPMM, and sheds light on the molecular mechanism by which GmHXK2 gene is involved in salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zengyuan Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
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Wu JW, Wang XY, Yan RY, Zheng GM, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhao YJ, Wang BH, Pu ML, Zhang XS, Zhao XY. A MYB-related transcription factor ZmMYBR29 is involved in grain filling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:458. [PMID: 38797860 PMCID: PMC11129368 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endosperm serves as the primary source of nutrients for maize (Zea mays L.) kernel embryo development and germination. Positioned at the base of the endosperm, the transfer cells (TCs) of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) generate cell wall ingrowths, which enhance the connectivity between the maternal plant and the developing kernels. These TCs play a crucial role in nutrient transport and defense against pathogens. The molecular mechanism underlying BETL development in maize remains unraveled. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the MYB-related transcription factor ZmMYBR29, exhibited specific expression in the basal cellularized endosperm, as evidenced by in situ hybridization analysis. Utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we successfully generated a loss-of-function homozygous zmmybr29 mutant, which presented with smaller kernel size. Observation of histological sections revealed abnormal development and disrupted morphology of the cell wall ingrowths in the BETL. The average grain filling rate decreased significantly by 26.7% in zmmybr29 mutant in comparison to the wild type, which impacted the dry matter accumulation within the kernels and ultimately led to a decrease in grain weight. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed downregulated expression of genes associated with starch synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the mutant. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling identified 23 genes that expressed specifically in BETL, and the majority of these genes exhibited altered expression patterns in zmmybr29 mutant. CONCLUSIONS In summary, ZmMYBR29 encodes a MYB-related transcription factor that is expressed specifically in BETL, resulting in the downregulation of genes associated with kernel development. Furthermore, ZmMYBR29 influences kernels weight by affecting the grain filling rate, providing a new perspective for the complementation of the molecular regulatory network in maize endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ru Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Guang Ming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Lin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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5
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Wu J, Wang X, Bian L, Li Z, Jiang X, Shi F, Tang F, Zhang Z. Starch and sucrose metabolism plays an important role in the stem development in Medicago sativa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24073. [PMID: 38739736 DOI: 10.1071/fp24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The forage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa ) stems is greater than the leaves. Sucrose hydrolysis provides energy for stem development, with starch being enzymatically converted into sucrose to maintain energy homeostasis. To understand the physiological and molecular networks controlling stem development, morphological characteristics and transcriptome profiles in the stems of two alfalfa cultivars (Zhungeer and WL168) were investigated. Based on transcriptome data, we analysed starch and sugar contents, and enzyme activity related to starch-sugar interconversion. Zhungeer stems were shorter and sturdier than WL168, resulting in significantly higher mechanical strength. Transcriptome analysis showed that starch and sucrose metabolism were significant enriched in the differentially expressed genes of stems development in both cultivars. Genes encoding INV , bglX , HK , TPS and glgC downregulated with the development of stems, while the gene encoding was AMY upregulated. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the gene encoding glgC was pivotal in determining the variations in starch and sucrose contents between the two cultivars. Soluble carbohydrate, sucrose, and starch content of WL168 were higher than Zhungeer. Enzyme activities related to sucrose synthesis and hydrolysis (INV, bglX, HK, TPS) showed a downward trend. The change trend of enzyme activity was consistent with gene expression. WL168 stems had higher carbohydrate content than Zhungeer, which accounted for more rapid growth and taller plants. WL168 formed hollow stems were formed during rapid growth, which may be related to the redistribution of carbohydrates in the pith tissue. These results indicated that starch and sucrose metabolism play important roles in the stem development in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierui Wu
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Bian
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhenyi Li
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fengling Shi
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Technology Engineering Center of Drought and Cold-Resistant Grass Breeding in North of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China; and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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6
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Li X, Chen Z, Li H, Yue L, Tan C, Liu H, Hu Y, Yang Y, Yao X, Kong L, Huang X, Yu B, Zhang C, Guan Y, Liu B, Kong F, Hou X. Dt1 inhibits SWEET-mediated sucrose transport to regulate photoperiod-dependent seed weight in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:496-508. [PMID: 38341616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Soybean is a photoperiod-sensitive short-day crop whose reproductive period and yield are markedly affected by day-length changes. Seed weight is one of the key traits determining the soybean yield; however, the prominent genes that control the final seed weight of soybean and the mechanisms underlying the photoperiod's effect on this trait remain poorly understood. In this study, we identify SW19 as a major locus controlling soybean seed weight by QTL mapping and determine Dt1, an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis TFL1 that is known to govern the soybean growth habit, as the causal gene of the SW19 locus. We showed that Dt1 is highly expressed in developing seeds and regulates photoperiod-dependent seed weight in soybean. Further analyses revealed that the Dt1 protein physically interacts with the sucrose transporter GmSWEET10a to negatively regulate the import of sucrose from seed coat to the embryo, thus modulating seed weight under long days. However, Dt1 does not function in seed development under short days due to its very low expression. Importantly, we discovered a novel natural allelic variant of Dt1 (H4 haplotype) that decouples its pleiotropic effects on seed size and growth habit; i.e., this variant remains functional in seed development but fails to regulate the stem growth habit of soybean. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into how soybean seed development responds to photoperiod at different latitudes, offering an ideal genetic component for improving soybean's yield by manipulating its seed weight and growth habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhonghui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuirong Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiani Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mi W, Luo F, Liu W, Liu K. A Transcriptome Reveals the Mechanism of Nitrogen Regulation in Tillering. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:223. [PMID: 38397212 PMCID: PMC10888171 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) application significantly increases tiller numbers and is accompanied by changes in endogenous hormone content. We treated seedlings of Festuca kirilowii-a perennial forage grass-with nitrogen, determined the endogenous hormone content in the tiller buds, and performed a transcriptome analysis. The application of N reduced GA3, ABA, and 5-DS content and increased ZT and IAA content. By screening DEGs in the transcriptome results, we obtained DEGs annotated to 25 GO entries and 8 KEGG pathways associated with endogenous hormones. Most of these GO entries and KEGG pathways were associated with IAA, GAS, and ABA. We conducted a validation analysis of hormone-related DEGs using qRT-PCR to demonstrate that nitrogen controls the content of endogenous hormones by regulating the expression of these DEGs, which further affects tillering in F. kirilowii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Mi
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (W.M.); (F.L.); (K.L.)
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (W.M.); (F.L.); (K.L.)
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (W.M.); (F.L.); (K.L.)
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superior Forage Germplasm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (W.M.); (F.L.); (K.L.)
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining 810016, China
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Srivastava S, Tyagi R, Sharma S. Seed biopriming as a promising approach for stress tolerance and enhancement of crop productivity: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1244-1257. [PMID: 37824780 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals are used extensively in agriculture to increase crop production to meet the nutritional needs of an expanding world population. However, their injudicious application adversely affects the soil's physical, chemical and biological properties, subsequently posing a substantial threat to human health and global food security. Beneficial microorganisms improve plant health and productivity with minimal impact on the environment; however, their efficacy greatly relies on the application technique. Biopriming is an advantageous technique that involves the treatment of seeds with beneficial biological agents. It exhibits immense potential in improving the physiological functioning of seeds, thereby playing a pivotal role in their uniform germination and vigor. Biopriming-mediated molecular and metabolic reprogramming imparts stress tolerance to plants, improves plant health, and enhances crop productivity. Furthermore, it is also associated with rehabilitating degraded land, and improving soil fertility, health and nutrient cycling. Although biopriming has vast applications in the agricultural system, its commercialization and utilization by farmers is still in its infancy. This review aims to critically analyze the recent studies based on biopriming-mediated stress mitigation by alteration in physiological, metabolic and molecular processes in plants. Additionally, considering the necessity of popularizing this technique, the major challenges and prospects linked to the commercialization and utilization of this technique in agricultural systems have also been discussed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashi Tyagi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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9
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Yuan Y, Huo Q, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Wang J, Chang S, Cai P, Song KM, Galbraith DW, Zhang W, Huang L, Song R, Ma Z. Decoding the gene regulatory network of endosperm differentiation in maize. Nat Commun 2024; 15:34. [PMID: 38167709 PMCID: PMC10762121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent cereal endosperm constitutes the majority of the grain volume. Dissecting the gene regulatory network underlying cereal endosperm development will facilitate yield and quality improvement of cereal crops. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to analyze the developing maize (Zea mays) endosperm during cell differentiation. After obtaining transcriptomic data from 17,022 single cells, we identify 12 cell clusters corresponding to five endosperm cell types and revealing complex transcriptional heterogeneity. We delineate the temporal gene-expression pattern from 6 to 7 days after pollination. We profile the genomic DNA-binding sites of 161 transcription factors differentially expressed between cell clusters and constructed a gene regulatory network by combining the single-cell transcriptomic data with the direct DNA-binding profiles, identifying 181 regulons containing genes encoding transcription factors along with their high-confidence targets, Furthermore, we map the regulons to endosperm cell clusters, identify cell-cluster-specific essential regulators, and experimentally validated three predicted key regulators. This study provides a framework for understanding cereal endosperm development and function at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Qiang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juanxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuaikang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Karen M Song
- Department of Biology, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David W Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Weixiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China.
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10
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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11
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Saravanan K, Vidya N, Halka J, Priyanka Preethi R, Appunu C, Radhakrishnan R, Arun M. Exogenous application of stevioside enhances root growth promotion in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107881. [PMID: 37437344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the impact of externally applied stevioside (a sugar-based glycoside) on soybean root growth by examining morpho-physiological characteristics, biochemical parameters, and gene expression. Soybean seedlings (10-day-old) were treated with stevioside (0, 8.0 μM, 24.5 μM, and 40.5 μM) for four times at six days' intervals by soil drenching. Treatment with 24.5 μM stevioside significantly increased root length (29.18 cm plant-1), root numbers (38.5 plant-1), root biomass (0.95 g plant-1 FW; 0.18 g plant-1 DW), shoot length (30.96 cm plant-1), and shoot biomass (2.14 g plant-1 FW; 0.36 g plant-1 DW) compared to the control. Moreover, 24.5 μM of stevioside was effective in enhancing photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, and antioxidant enzymes compared to control. Conversely, plants exposed to a higher concentration of stevioside (40.5 μM), elevated total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH activity, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and proline content. Furthermore, gene expression of root growth development-related genes such as GmYUC2a, GmAUX2, GmPIN1A, GmABI5, GmPIF, GmSLR1, and GmLBD14 in stevioside-treated soybean plants were evaluated. Stevioside (8.0 μM) showed significant expression of GmPIN1A, whereas, 40.5 μM of stevioside enhanced GmABI5 expression. In contrast, most of the root growth development genes such as GmYUC2a, GmAUX2, GmPIF, GmSLR1, and GmLBD14, were highly expressed at 24.5 μM of stevioside treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of stevioside in improving morpho-physiological traits, biochemical status, and the expression of root development genes in soybean. Hence, stevioside could be used as a supplement to enhance plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnagowdu Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandakumar Vidya
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayachandran Halka
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Chinnaswamy Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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12
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Barbier F, Fichtner F, Beveridge C. The strigolactone pathway plays a crucial role in integrating metabolic and nutritional signals in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1191-1200. [PMID: 37488268 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are rhizosphere signals and phytohormones that play crucial roles in plant development. They are also well known for their role in integrating nitrate and phosphate signals to regulate shoot and root development. More recently, sugars and citrate (an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle) were reported to inhibit the strigolactone response, with dramatic effects on shoot architecture. This Review summarizes the discoveries recently made concerning the mechanisms through which the strigolactone pathway integrates sugar, metabolite and nutrient signals. We highlight here that strigolactones and MAX2-dependent signalling play crucial roles in mediating the impacts of nutritional and metabolic cues on plant development and metabolism. We also discuss and speculate concerning the role of these interactions in plant evolution and adaptation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Franziska Fichtner
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Kong K, Xu M, Xu Z, Lv W, Lv P, Begum N, Liu B, Liu B, Zhao T. Dysfunction of GmVPS8a causes compact plant architecture in soybean. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111677. [PMID: 36931563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar Protein Sorting 8 (Vps8) protein is a specific subunit of the class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complex that plays a key role in endosomal trafficking in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). However, its functions remain largely unclear in plant vegetative growth. Here, we identified a soybean (Glycine max) T4219 mutant characterized with compact plant architecture. Map-based cloning targeted to a candidate gene GmVPS8a (Glyma.07g049700) and further found that two nucleotides deletion in the first exon of GmVPS8a causes a premature termination of the encoded protein in the T4219 mutant. Its functions were validated by CRISPR/Cas9-engineered mutation in the GmVPS8a gene that recapitulated the T4219 mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, NbVPS8a-silenced tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants exhibited similar phenotypes to the T4219 mutant, suggesting its conserved roles in plant growth. The GmVPS8a is widely expressed in multiple organs and its protein interacts with GmAra6a and GmRab5a. Combined analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed that dysfunction of GmVPS8a mainly affects pathways on auxin signal transduction, sugar transport and metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Collectively, our work reveals the function of GmVPS8a in plant architecture, which may extend a new way for genetic improvement of ideal plant-architecture breeding in soybean and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Kong
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengge Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenhuan Lv
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peiyun Lv
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Naheeda Begum
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingqiang Liu
- National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, North China Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding of Hebei, Cereal & Oil Crop Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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14
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Li Y, Li D, E L, Yang J, Liu W, Xu M, Ye J. ZmDRR206 Regulates Nutrient Accumulation in Endosperm through Its Role in Cell Wall Biogenesis during Maize Kernel Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108735. [PMID: 37240079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) contribute to plant fitness by dynamically reorganizing the cell wall and/or by generating defense compounds during plant growth, development, and interactions with environmental stresses. ZmDRR206 is a maize DIR, it plays a role in maintaining cell wall integrity during seedling growth and defense response in maize, but its role in regulating maize kernel development is unclear. Association analysis of candidate genes indicated that the natural variations of ZmDRR206 were significantly associated with maize hundred-kernel weight (HKW). ZmDRR206 plays a dominant role in storage nutrient accumulation in endosperm during maize kernel development, ZmDRR206 overexpression resulted in small and shrunken maize kernel with significantly reduced starch content and significantly decreased HKW. Cytological characterization of the developing maize kernels revealed that ZmDRR206 overexpression induced dysfunctional basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) cells, which were shorter with less wall ingrowth, and defense response was constitutively activated in developing maize kernel at 15 and 18 DAP by ZmDRR206 overexpression. The BETL-development-related genes and auxin signal-related genes were down-regulated, while cell wall biogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in developing BETL of the ZmDRR206-overexpressing kernel. Moreover, the developing ZmDRR206-overexpressing kernel had significantly reduced contents of the cell wall components such as cellulose and acid soluble lignin. These results suggest that ZmDRR206 may play a regulatory role in coordinating cell development, storage nutrient metabolism, and stress responses during maize kernel development through its role in cell wall biogenesis and defense response, and provides new insights into understanding the mechanisms of kernel development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lizhu E
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianrong Ye
- National Maize Improvement Center, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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15
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Molla F, Kundu A, DasGupta M. Sucrose-induced auxin conjugate hydrolase restores symbiosis in a Medicago cytokinin perception mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:2447-2460. [PMID: 36722159 PMCID: PMC10069879 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia-legume interactions recruit cytokinin for the induction of nodule primordia in the cortex. Cytokinin signaling regulates auxin transport and biosynthesis, causing local auxin accumulation, which triggers cortical cell division. Since sugar signaling can trigger auxin responses, we explored whether sugar treatments could rescue symbiosis in the Medicago truncatula cytokinin response 1 (cre1) mutant. Herein, we demonstrate that sucrose and its nonmetabolizable isomer turanose can trigger auxin response and recover functional symbiosis in cre1, indicating sucrose signaling to be necessary for the restoration of symbiosis. In both M. truncatula A17 (wild type) and cre1, sucrose signaling significantly upregulated IAA-Ala Resistant 3 (IAR33), encoding an auxin conjugate hydrolase, in rhizobia-infected as well as in uninfected roots. Knockdown of IAR33 (IAR33-KD) significantly reduced nodulation in A17, highlighting the importance of deconjugation-mediated auxin accumulation during nodule inception. In cre1, IAR33-KD restricted the sucrose-mediated restoration of functional symbiosis, suggesting that deconjugation-mediated auxin accumulation plays a key role in the absence of CRE1-mediated auxin biosynthesis and transport control. Overexpression of IAR33 also restored functional symbiosis in cre1, further suggesting that IAR33 mediates auxin accumulation in response to sucrose signaling. Since all the observed sucrose-mediated responses were common to A17 and cre1, deconjugation-mediated auxin response appeared to be independent of CRE1, which normally governs local auxin accumulation in the presence of rhizobia. We propose that sucrose-dependent restoration of symbiosis in cre1 occurs by the activation of IAR33-mediated auxin deconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Anindya Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Maitrayee DasGupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
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16
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Ma B, Zhang L, He Z. Understanding the regulation of cereal grain filling: The way forward. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:526-547. [PMID: 36648157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During grain filling, starch and other nutrients accumulate in the endosperm; this directly determines grain yield and grain quality in crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Grain filling is a complex trait affected by both intrinsic and environmental factors, making it difficult to explore the underlying genetics, molecular regulation, and the application of these genes for breeding. With the development of powerful genetic and molecular techniques, much has been learned about the genes and molecular networks related to grain filling over the past decades. In this review, we highlight the key factors affecting grain filling, including both biological and abiotic factors. We then summarize the key genes controlling grain filling and their roles in this event, including regulators of sugar translocation and starch biosynthesis, phytohormone-related regulators, and other factors. Finally, we discuss how the current knowledge of valuable grain filling genes could be integrated with strategies for breeding cereal varieties with improved grain yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Wang J, Wang H, Li K, Liu X, Cao X, Zhou Y, Huang C, Peng Y, Hu X. Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of Maize Small-Kernel Mutant smk7a in Different Development Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:354. [PMID: 36679067 PMCID: PMC9866416 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The kernel serves as a storage organ for various nutrients and determines the yield and quality of maize. Understanding the mechanisms regulating kernel development is important for maize production. In this study, a small-kernel mutant smk7a of maize was characterized. Cytological observation suggested that the development of the endosperm and embryo was arrested in smk7a in the early development stage. Biochemical tests revealed that the starch, zein protein, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents were significantly lower in smk7a compared with wild-type (WT). Consistent with the defective development phenotype, transcriptome analysis of the kernels 12 and 20 days after pollination (DAP) revealed that the starch, zein, and auxin biosynthesis-related genes were dramatically downregulated in smk7a. Genetic mapping indicated that the mutant was controlled by a recessive gene located on chromosome 2. Our results suggest that disrupted nutrition accumulation and auxin synthesis cause the defective endosperm and embryo development of smk7a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Kun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunling Peng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaojiao Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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18
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Comprehensive Phytohormone Profiling of Kohlrabi during In Vitro Growth and Regeneration: The Interplay with Cytokinin and Sucrose. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101585. [PMID: 36295020 PMCID: PMC9604816 DOI: 10.3390/life12101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of an efficient protocol for in vitro growth and regeneration of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) allowed us to closely examine the phytohormone profiles of kohlrabi seedlings at four growth stages (T1-T4), additionally including the effects of cytokinins (CKs)-trans-zeatin (transZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ)-and high sucrose concentrations (6% and 9%). Resulting phytohormone profiles showed complex time-course patterns. At the T2 stage of control kohlrabi plantlets (with two emerged true leaves), levels of endogenous CK free bases and gibberellin GA20 increased, while increases in jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetamide (IAM) peaked later, at T3. At the same time, the content of most of the analyzed IAA metabolites decreased. Supplementing growth media with CK induced de novo formation of shoots, while both CK and sucrose treatments caused important changes in most of the phytohormone groups at each developmental stage, compared to control. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that sucrose treatment, especially at 9%, had a stronger effect on the content of endogenous hormones than CK treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the dynamic balance between the levels of certain bioactive phytohormone forms and some of their metabolites could be lost or reversed at particular growth stages and under certain CK or sucrose treatments, with correlation values changing between strongly positive and strongly negative. Our results indicate that the kohlrabi phytohormonome is a highly dynamic system that changes greatly along the developmental time scale and also during de novo shoot formation, depending on exogenous factors such as the presence of growth regulators and different sucrose concentrations in the growth media, and that it interacts intensively with these factors to facilitate certain responses.
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Liu C, Hu S, Liu S, Shi W, Xie D, Chen Q, Sun H, Song L, Li Z, Jiang R, Lv D, Wang J, Liu X. Functional characterization of a cell wall invertase inhibitor StInvInh1 revealed its involvement in potato microtuber size in vitro. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015815. [PMID: 36262645 PMCID: PMC9574400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall invertase (CWI) is as an essential coordinator in carbohydrate partitioning and sink strength determination, thereby playing key roles in plant development. Emerging evidence revealed that the subtle regulation of CWI activity considerably depends on the post-translational mechanism by their inhibitors (INHs). In our previous research, two putative INHs (StInvInh1 and StInvInh3) were expected as targets of CWI in potato (Solanum tubersum), a model species of tuberous plants. Here, transcript analysis revealed that StInvInh1 showed an overall higher expression than StInhInh3 in all tested organs. Then, StInvInh1 was further selected to study. In accordance with this, the activity of StInvInh1 promoter increased with the development of leaves in plantlets but decreased with the development of microtubers in vitro and mainly appeared in vascular bundle. The recombinant protein StInvInh1 displayed inhibitory activities on the extracted CWI in vitro and StInvInh1 interacted with a CWI StcwINV2 in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Furthermore, silencing StInvInh1 in potato dramatically increased the CWI activity without changing activities of vacuolar and cytoplasmic invertase, indicating that StInvInh1 functions as a typical INH of CWI. Releasing CWI activity in StInvInh1 RNA interference transgenic potato led to improvements in potato microtuber size in coordination with higher accumulations of dry matter in vitro. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that StInvInh1 encodes an INH of CWI and regulates the microtuber development process through fine-tuning apoplastic sucrose metabolism, which may provide new insights into tuber development.
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Draves MA, Muench RL, Lang MG, Kelley DR. Maize Seedling Growth and Hormone Response Assays Using the Rolled Towel Method. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e562. [PMID: 36194012 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture is a critical factor in maize health and stress resilience. Determining the genetic and environmental factors that shape maize root system architecture is an active research area. However, the ability to phenotype juvenile root systems is hindered by the use of field-grown and soil-based systems. An alternative to soil- and field-based growing conditions for maize seedlings is a controlled environment with a soil-free medium, which can facilitate root system phenotyping. Here, we describe how to grow maize under soil-free conditions for up to 12 days to facilitate root phenotyping. Maize seeds are sterilized and planted on specialized seed germination paper to minimize fungal contamination and ensure synchronized seedling growth, followed by imaging at the desired time point. The root images are then analyzed to quantify traits of interest, such as primary root length, lateral root density, seminal root length, and seminal root number. In addition, juvenile shoot traits can be quantified using manual annotation methods. We also outline the steps for performing rigorous hormone response assays for four classical phytohormones: auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid. This protocol can be rapidly scaled up and is compatible with genetic screens and sample collection for downstream molecular analyses such as transcriptomics and proteomics. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Maize seedling rolled towel assay and phenotyping Basic Protocol 2: Maize seedling hormone response assays using the rolled towel assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Draves
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rebekah L Muench
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michelle G Lang
- Current address: Corteva Agriscience, 8325 NW 62nd Ave, Johnston, Iowa
| | - Dior R Kelley
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Transcriptome Analysis and Gene Expression Profiling of the Peanut Small Seed Mutant Identified Genes Involved in Seed Size Control. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179726. [PMID: 36077124 PMCID: PMC9456316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed size is a key factor affecting crop yield and a major agronomic trait concerned in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding. However, little is known about the regulation mechanism of peanut seed size. In the present study, a peanut small seed mutant1 (ssm1) was identified through irradiating peanut cultivar Luhua11 (LH11) using 60Coγ ray. Since the globular embryo stage, the embryo size of ssm1 was significantly smaller than that of LH11. The dry seed weight of ssm1 was only 39.69% of the wild type LH14. The seeds were wrinkled with darker seed coat. The oil content of ssm1 seeds were also decreased significantly. Seeds of ssm1 and LH11 were sampled 10, 20, and 40 days after pegging (DAP) and were used for RNA-seq. The results revealed that genes involved in plant hormones and several transcription factors related to seed development were differentially expressed at all three stages, especially at DAP10 and DAP20. Genes of fatty acid biosynthesis and late embryogenesis abundant protein were significantly decreased to compare with LH11. Interestingly, the gene profiling data suggested that PKp2 and/or LEC1 could be the key candidate genes leading to the small seed phenotype of the mutant. Our results provide valuable clues for further understanding the mechanisms underlying seed size control in peanut.
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Zolotareva D, Zazybin A, Belyankova Y, Dauletbakov A, Tursynbek S, Rafikova K, Ten A, Yu V, Bayazit S, Basharimova A, Aydemir M. Increasing Sugar Content in Source for Biofuel Production Using Agrochemical and Genetic Approaches at the Stages of BioMass Preharvesting and Harvesting. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165210. [PMID: 36014450 PMCID: PMC9416125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize biofuel (including bioethanol) production processes, various problems need to be solved, such as increasing the sugar content of raw materials/biomass to gain a higher yield of the product. This task can be solved in several ways, with their own advantages and disadvantages, and an integrated approach, such as using a combination of ripening agents and phytohormones or application of a superabsorbent polymer with at least one sugar-enhancing agent, can be applied as well. Here, we reviewed several methods, including pre- and postharvest factors (light, temperature, partial replacement of potassium with magnesium, etc.), genetic modifications (traditional breeding, phytohormones, etc.), chemical ripening methods (Ethephon, Moddus, etc.), and some alternative methods (DMSO treatment, ionic liquids, etc.). The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of methods of increasing the carbohydrate level in plants/biomass for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Zolotareva
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-705-293-0778
| | - Yelizaveta Belyankova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Dauletbakov
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Saniya Tursynbek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Khadichahan Rafikova
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Oil and Gas Geology, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Ten
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Valentina Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Medicinal Compounds Chemistry, A. B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Sh. Ualikhanov, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Bayazit
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Basharimova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, Tole bi Street 59, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey
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Root Foraging Strategy Improves the Adaptability of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to Soil Potassium Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158585. [PMID: 35955715 PMCID: PMC9369073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Root foraging enables plants to obtain more soil nutrients in a constantly changing nutrient environment. Little is known about the adaptation mechanism of adventitious roots of plants dominated by asexual reproduction (such as tea plants) to soil potassium heterogeneity. We investigated root foraging strategies for K by two tea plants (low-K tolerant genotype “1511” and low-K intolerant genotype “1601”) using a multi-layer split-root system. Root exudates, root architecture and transcriptional responses to K heterogeneity were analyzed by HPLC, WinRHIZO and RNA-seq. With the higher leaf K concentrations and K biological utilization indexes, “1511” acclimated to K heterogeneity better than “1601”. For “1511”, maximum total root length and fine root length proportion appeared on the K-enriched side; the solubilization of soil K reached the maximum on the low-K side, which was consistent with the amount of organic acids released through root exudation. The cellulose decomposition genes that were abundant on the K-enriched side may have promoted root proliferation for “1511”. This did not happen in “1601”. The low-K tolerant tea genotype “1511” was better at acclimating to K heterogeneity, which was due to a smart root foraging strategy: more roots (especially fine roots) were developed in the K-enriched side; more organic acids were secreted in the low-K side to activate soil K and the root proliferation in the K-enriched side might be due to cellulose decomposition. The present research provides a practical basis for a better understanding of the adaptation strategies of clonal woody plants to soil nutrient availability.
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Del Rosario Cárdenas-Aquino M, Sarria-Guzmán Y, Martínez-Antonio A. Review: Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins in shoot branching. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111240. [PMID: 35487650 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important event of plant development that defines growth and reproduction. The BRANCHED1 gene (BRC1/TB1/FC1) is crucial for this process. Within the phytohormones, cytokinins directly activate axillary buds to promote shoot branching. In addition, strigolactones and auxins inhibit bud outgrowth. This review addresses the involvement of aromatic and isoprenoid cytokinins in shoot branching. And how auxins and strigolactones contribute to regulating this process also. The results obtained by others and our working group with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) show that cytokinins affect both shoot and root apical meristem development, consistent with other plant species. However, many questions remain about how cytokinins and strigolactones antagonistically regulate BRC1 gene expression. Additionally, many details of the interaction among cytokinins, auxins, and strigolactones need to be clarified. We will gain a more comprehensive scheme of bud outgrowth with these details.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohanna Sarria-Guzmán
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Transv 22 Bis #4-105, Valledupar 200005, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Agustino Martínez-Antonio
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Cinvestav Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36824, Gto, México.
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Liu J, Wu MW, Liu CM. Cereal Endosperms: Development and Storage Product Accumulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:255-291. [PMID: 35226815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070221-024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The persistent triploid endosperms of cereal crops are the most important source of human food and animal feed. The development of cereal endosperms progresses through coenocytic nuclear division, cellularization, aleurone and starchy endosperm differentiation, and storage product accumulation. In the past few decades, the cell biological processes involved in endosperm formation in most cereals have been described. Molecular genetic studies performed in recent years led to the identification of the genes underlying endosperm differentiation, regulatory network governing storage product accumulation, and epigenetic mechanism underlying imprinted gene expression. In this article, we outline recent progress in this area and propose hypothetical models to illustrate machineries that control aleurone and starchy endosperm differentiation, sugar loading, and storage product accumulations. A future challenge in this area is to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying coenocytic nuclear division, endosperm cellularization, and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Ming-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Bai Y, Cai M, Mu C, Cheng W, Zheng H, Cheng Z, Li J, Mu S, Gao J. New Insights Into the Local Auxin Biosynthesis and Its Effects on the Rapid Growth of Moso Bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:858686. [PMID: 35592571 PMCID: PMC9111533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.858686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays a crucial regulatory role in higher plants, but systematic studies on the location of auxin local biosynthesis are rare in bamboo and other graminaceous plants. We studied moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which can grow up to 1 m/day and serves as a reference species for bamboo and other fast-growing species. We selected young tissues such as root tips, shoot tips, young culm sheaths, sheath blades, and internode divisions for local auxin biosynthesis site analysis. IAA immunofluorescence localization revealed that auxin was similarly distributed in different stages of 50-cm and 300-cm bamboo shoots. Shoot tips had the highest auxin content, and it may be the main site of auxin biosynthesis in the early stage of rapid growth. A total of 22 key genes in the YUCCA family for auxin biosynthesis were identified by genome-wide identification, and these had obvious tissue-specific and spatio-temporal expression patterns. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that the localization of YUCCA genes was highly consistent with the distribution of auxin. Six major auxin synthesis genes, PheYUC3-1, PheYUC6-1, PheYUC6-3, PheYUC9-1, PheYUC9-2, and PheYUC7-3, were obtained that may have regulatory roles in auxin accumulation during moso bamboo growth. Culm sheaths were found to serve as the main local sites of auxin biosynthesis and the auxin required for internode elongation may be achieved mainly by auxin transport.
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27
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Zheng Y. Molecular mechanisms of maize endosperm transfer cell development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1171-1180. [PMID: 34689216 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm transfer cells function as the nutrient transporter, antimicrobic barrier, and signal mediator between filial and maternal tissues. Sugar supply of maternal tissues, sugar demand of filial tissues, and requirement for defence against pathogens are three elemental factors inducing differentiation of endosperm transfer cells. Epigenetic factors, especially MEG1, moderate the key genetic factor ZmMRP-1 to activate endosperm transfer cell-specific genes that control the flange wall ingrowth formation and defensin-like protein secretion in maize. Auxin and cytokinin are primary hormones involved in development of maize endosperm transfer cells. Crosstalk between glucose and hormone signaling regulates endosperm transfer cell development via modifying ZmMRP-1 expression. This review summarizes the current knowledge on maize endosperm transfer cell development, and discusses its potential molecular mechanisms. It is expected to strengthen the theoretical basis for structural and functional optimization of endosperm transfer cells, and yield improvement of kernels in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, 246133, Anhui, China.
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28
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Wang Y, Liu T, Ma C, Li G, Wang X, Wang J, Chang J, Guan C, Yao H, Dong X. Carbohydrate regulation response to cold during rhizome bud dormancy release in Polygonatum kingianum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:163. [PMID: 35365083 PMCID: PMC8973533 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rhizome of Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl (P. kingianum) is a crucial traditional Chinese medicine, but severe bud dormancy occurs during early rhizome development. Low temperature is a positive factor affecting dormancy release, whereas the variation in carbohydrates during dormancy release has not been investigated systematically. Therefore, the sugar content, related metabolic pathways and gene co-expression were analysed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of carbohydrates during dormancy release in the P. kingianum rhizome bud. RESULTS During dormancy transition, starch and sucrose (Suc) exhibited opposing trends in the P. kingianum rhizome bud, representing a critical indicator of dormancy release. Galactose (Gal) and raffinose (Raf) were increased in content and synthesis. Glucose (Glc), cellulose (Cel), mannose (Man), arabinose (Ara), rhamnose (Rha) and stachyose (Sta) showed various changes, indicating their different roles in breaking rhizome bud dormancy in P. kingianum. At the beginning of dormancy release, Glc metabolism may be dominated by anaerobic oxidation (glycolysis followed by ethanol fermentation). After entering the S3 stage, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were may be more active possibly. In the gene co-expression network comprising carbohydrates and hormones, HYD1 was identified as a hub gene, and numerous interactions centred on STS/SUS were also observed, suggesting the essential role of brassinosteroids (BRs), Raf and Suc in the regulatory network. CONCLUSION We revealed cold-responsive genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting regulatory mechanisms of sugar during dormancy release in the P. kingianum rhizome bud. Additionally, gene co-expression analysis revealed possible interactions between sugar and hormone signalling, providing new insight into the dormancy release mechanism in P. kingianum rhizome buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changjian Ma
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Science, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Shan Dong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Chang
- Tai'an Academy of Forestry Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Guan
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of East China Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Yao
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xuehui Dong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Luo Y, Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu J, Li W, Chen G, Peng Y, Jin M, Wei W, Jian L, Yan J, Fernie AR, Yan J. Genetic variation in YIGE1 contributes to ear length and grain yield in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:513-526. [PMID: 34837389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ear length (EL), which is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), is an important component of grain yield and as such is a key target trait in maize breeding. However, very few EL QTLs have been cloned, and their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, using a genome wide association study (GWAS), we identified a QTL, YIGE1, which encodes an unknown protein that regulates EL by affecting pistillate floret number. Overexpression of YIGE1 increased female inflorescence meristem (IM) size, increased EL and kernel number per row (KNPR), and thus enhanced grain yield. By contrast, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and Mutator insertion mutant lines of YIGE1 displayed decreased IM size and EL. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the regulatory region of YIGE1 had a large effect on its promoter strength, which positively affected EL by increasing gene expression. Further analysis shows that YIGE1 may be involved in sugar and auxin signal pathways to regulate maize ear development, thus affecting IM activity and floret production in maize inflorescence morphogenesis. These findings provide new insights into ear development and will ultimately facilitate maize molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gengshen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liumei Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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30
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Wang Q, Wang M, Chen J, Qi W, Lai J, Ma Z, Song R. ENB1 encodes a cellulose synthase 5 that directs synthesis of cell wall ingrowths in maize basal endosperm transfer cells. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1054-1074. [PMID: 34935984 PMCID: PMC8894971 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of the endosperm is strikingly different in monocots and dicots: it often manifests as a persistent tissue in the former and transient tissue in the latter. Little is known about the controlling mechanisms responsible for these different outcomes. Here we characterized a maize (Zea mays) mutant, endosperm breakdown1 (enb1), in which the typically persistent endosperm (PE) was drastically degraded during kernel development. ENB1 encodes a cellulose synthase 5 that is predominantly expressed in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) of endosperm cells. Loss of ENB1 function caused a drastic reduction in formation of flange cell wall ingrowths (ingrowths) in BETL cells. Defective ingrowths impair nutrient uptake, leading to premature utilization of endosperm starch to nourish the embryo. Similarly, developing wild-type kernels cultured in vitro with a low level of sucrose manifested early endosperm breakdown. ENB1 expression is induced by sucrose via the BETL-specific Myb-Related Protein1 transcription factor. Overexpression of ENB1 enhanced development of flange ingrowths, facilitating sucrose transport into BETL cells and increasing kernel weight. The results demonstrated that ENB1 enhances sucrose supply to the endosperm and contributes to a PE in the kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingmin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Mishra BS, Sharma M, Laxmi A. Role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13546. [PMID: 34480799 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Under the natural environment, nutrient signals interact with phytohormones to coordinate and reprogram plant growth and survival. Sugars are important molecules that control almost all morphological and physiological processes in plants, ranging from seed germination to senescence. In addition to their functions as energy resources, osmoregulation, storage molecules, and structural components, sugars function as signaling molecules and interact with various plant signaling pathways, such as hormones, stress, and light to modulate growth and development according to fluctuating environmental conditions. Auxin, being an important phytohormone, is associated with almost all stages of the plant's life cycle and also plays a vital role in response to the dynamic environment for better growth and survival. In the previous years, substantial progress has been made that showed a range of common responses mediated by sugars and auxin signaling. This review discusses how sugar signaling affects auxin at various levels from its biosynthesis to perception and downstream gene activation. On the same note, the review also highlights the role of auxin signaling in fine-tuning sugar metabolism and carbon partitioning. Furthermore, we discussed the crosstalk between the two signaling machineries in the regulation of various biological processes, such as gene expression, cell cycle, development, root system architecture, and shoot growth. In conclusion, the review emphasized the role of sugar and auxin crosstalk in the regulation of several agriculturally important traits. Thus, engineering of sugar and auxin signaling pathways could potentially provide new avenues to manipulate for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Bhuwaneshwar Sharan Mishra, Ram Gulam Rai P. G. College Banktashiv, Affiliated to Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Bataineh MTAL, Cacciatore S, Semreen MH, Dash NR, Soares NC, Zhu X, Mousa MK, Salam JSA, Zerbini LF, Hajjo R, Hamad M. Exploring the effect of estrogen on Candida albicans hyphal cell wall glycans and ergosterol synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977157. [PMID: 36268228 PMCID: PMC9578540 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of 17-β estradiol (E2) due to pregnancy in young women or to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women have long been associated with an increased risk of yeast infections. Nevertheless, the effect underlying the role of E2 in Candida albicans infections is not well understood. To address this issue, functional, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed on C. albicans cells subjected to temperature and serum induction in the presence or absence of E2. Increased filament formation was observed in E2 treated cells. Surprisingly, cells treated with a combination of E2 and serum showed decreased filament formation. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that serum and E2 treatment is associated with downregulated expression of genes involved in filamentation, including HWP1, ECE1, IHD1, MEP1, SOD5, and ALS3, in comparison with cells treated with serum or estrogen alone. Moreover, glucose transporter genes HGT20 and GCV2 were downregulated in cells receiving both serum and E2. Functional pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested major involvement of E2 signaling in several metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The metabolomic analysis determined differential secretion of 36 metabolites based on the different treatments' conditions, including structural carbohydrates and fatty acids important for hyphal cell wall formation such as arabinonic acid, organicsugar acids, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, palmitic acid, and steriacstearic acid with an intriguing negative correlation between D-turanose and ergosterol under E2 treatment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that E2 signaling impacts the expression of several genes and the secretion of several metabolites that help regulate C. albicans morphogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh, ; Mawieh Hamad,
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nihar Ranjan Dash
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences at the University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Beijing Genomics Institute Genomics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muath Khairi Mousa
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin Abdul Salam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luiz F. Zerbini
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Jordan CDC, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh, ; Mawieh Hamad,
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Singh A, Mathan J, Yadav A, K. Goyal A, Chaudhury A. Molecular and Transcriptional Regulation of Seed Development in Cereals: Present Status and Future Prospects. CEREAL GRAINS - VOLUME 1 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).
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Valifard M, Le Hir R, Müller J, Scheuring D, Neuhaus HE, Pommerrenig B. Vacuolar fructose transporter SWEET17 is critical for root development and drought tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2716-2730. [PMID: 34597404 PMCID: PMC8644896 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Root growth and architecture are markedly influenced by both developmental and environmental cues. Sugars integrate different stimuli and are essential building blocks and signaling molecules for modulating the root system. Members from the SUGAR WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER (SWEET) family facilitate the transport of different sugars over cellular membranes and steer both inter and intracellular distribution of sugars. SWEET17 represents a fructose-specific sugar porter localized to the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast. Here, we analyzed how SWEET17-dependent fructose released from vacuoles affects root growth during drought stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that the SWEET17 gene was predominantly expressed in the root vasculature and in meristematic cells of the root tip. SWEET17 expression appeared markedly induced during lateral root (LR) outgrowth and under drought. Moreover, fructose repressed primary root growth but induced density and length of first order LRs. Consistently, sweet17 knock-out mutants exhibited reduced LR growth and a diminished expression of LR-development-related transcription factors during drought stress, resulting in impaired drought tolerance of sweet17 mutants. We discuss how SWEET17 activity integrates drought-induced cellular responses into fructose signaling necessary for modulation of the root system and maximal drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Valifard
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67653, Germany
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Jonas Müller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67653, Germany
| | - David Scheuring
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67653, Germany
| | - Horst Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67653, Germany
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67653, Germany
- Author for communication: †Senior author
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Goetz M, Rabinovich M, Smith HM. The role of auxin and sugar signaling in dominance inhibition of inflorescence growth by fruit load. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1189-1201. [PMID: 34734274 PMCID: PMC8566266 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dominance inhibition of shoot growth by fruit load is a major factor that regulates shoot architecture and limits yield in agriculture and horticulture crops. In annual plants, the inhibition of inflorescence growth by fruit load occurs at a late stage of inflorescence development termed the end of flowering transition. Physiological studies show this transition is mediated by production and export of auxin from developing fruits in close proximity to the inflorescence apex. In the meristem, cessation of inflorescence growth is controlled in part by the age-dependent pathway, which regulates the timing of arrest. Here, we show the end of flowering transition is a two-step process in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The first stage is characterized by a cessation of inflorescence growth, while immature fruit continues to develop. At this stage, dominance inhibition of inflorescence growth by fruit load is associated with a selective dampening of auxin transport in the apical region of the stem. Subsequently, an increase in auxin response in the vascular tissues of the apical stem where developing fruits are attached marks the second stage for the end of flowering transition. Similar to the vegetative and floral transition, the end of flowering transition is associated with a change in sugar signaling and metabolism in the inflorescence apex. Taken together, our results suggest that during the end of flowering transition, dominance inhibition of inflorescence shoot growth by fruit load is mediated by auxin and sugar signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Goetz
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Maia Rabinovich
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Harley M Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Chatterjee D, Wittmeyer K, Lee TF, Cui J, Yennawar NH, Yennawar HP, Meyers BC, Chopra S. Maize unstable factor for orange1 is essential for endosperm development and carbohydrate accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1932-1950. [PMID: 33905500 PMCID: PMC8331166 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) Ufo1-1 is a spontaneous dominant mutation of the unstable factor for orange1 (ufo1). We recently cloned ufo1, which is a Poaceae-specific gene highly expressed during seed development in maize. Here, we have characterized Ufo1-1 and a loss-of-function Ds insertion allele (ufo1-Dsg) to decipher the role of ufo1 in maize. We found that both ufo1 mutant alleles impact sugars and hormones, and have defects in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and adjacent cell types. The Ufo1-1 BETL had reduced cell elongation and cell wall ingrowth, resulting in cuboidal shaped transfer cells. In contrast, the ufo1-Dsg BETL cells showed a reduced overall size with abnormal wall ingrowth. Expression analysis identified the impact of ufo1 on several genes essential for BETL development. The overexpression of Ufo1-1 in various tissues leads to ectopic phenotypes, including abnormal cell organization and stomata subsidiary cell defects. Interestingly, pericarp and leaf transcriptomes also showed that as compared with wild type, Ufo1-1 had ectopic expression of endosperm development-specific genes. This study shows that Ufo1-1 impacts the expression patterns of a wide range of genes involved in various developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamalya Chatterjee
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Kameron Wittmeyer
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tzuu-fen Lee
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Neela H Yennawar
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Hemant P Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Blake C Meyers
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Yue K, Lingling L, Xie J, Coulter JA, Luo Z. Synthesis and regulation of auxin and abscisic acid in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1891756. [PMID: 34057034 PMCID: PMC8205056 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1891756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the primary auxin in higher plants, and abscisic acid (ABA) play crucial roles in the ability of maize (Zea mays L.) to acclimatize to various environments by mediating growth, development, defense and nutrient allocation. Although understanding the biochemical reactions for IAA and ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction has progressed, the mechanisms by which auxin and ABA are synthesized and transduced in maize have not been fully elucidated to date. The synthesis and signal transduction pathway of IAA and ABA in maize can be analyzed using an existing model. This article focuses on the research progress toward understanding the synthesis and signaling pathways of IAA and ABA, as well as IAA and ABA regulation of maize growth, providing insight for future development and the significance of IAA and ABA for maize improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Lingling
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- CONTACT Lingling Li College of Agronomy/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junhong Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Zhuzhu Luo
- College of Resource and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Luo Y, Liu X, Li W. Exogenously-supplied trehalose inhibits the growth of wheat seedlings under high temperature by affecting plant hormone levels and cell cycle processes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1907043. [PMID: 33960273 PMCID: PMC8143245 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1907043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High temperature reduces the yield of crops, and exogenous trehalose can improve the stress resistance of plants. However, the mechanism by which trehalose causes phenotypic changes in plants is still unknown. Here we investigated the effects of exogenously supplied trehalose (1.5 mM) during high-temperature stress and subsequent recovery on plant hormones and cell cycle in wheat seedlings. Our results showed that after high-temperature stress, exogenously supplied trehalose reduced the root length, vertical height, leaf area, and leaf length of wheat seedlings, thereby reducing their growth. However, the content of hormones, such as abscisic acid, auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and cytokinin in seedlings pretreated with trehalose and high-temperature stress was lower than that under high-temperature stress alone. Our further experiments showed that the levels of these hormones were affected by genes involved in hormone biosynthesis and decomposition pathways in trehalose-pretreated seedlings. Compared with control plants, the activity of IAA oxidase is also higher. In addition, exogenous trehalose decreased the transcriptional levels of CycD2 and CDC2 (two genes regulating cell cycle progression) under heat stress, and reduced the activity of vacuolar invertase after recovery from heat stress, thereby shortening the cell length. These results indicate that trehalose inhibits wheat growth at high temperature by affecting plant hormone levels and the cell cycle process.AbbreviationsABA, abscisic acid; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; CycD, D-type cyclins; GA3, gibberellin; IAA, auxin; KRP, KIP-related protein; T6P, trehalsoe-6-phosphate; VIN, vacuolar invertase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Instruments Sharing Platform of School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Instruments Sharing Platform of School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Stress Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Yi F, Gu W, Li J, Chen J, Hu L, Cui Y, Zhao H, Guo Y, Lai J, Song W. Miniature Seed6, encoding an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptidase, is critical in seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:985-1001. [PMID: 33793873 PMCID: PMC8133640 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) type I signal peptidases (ER SPases I) are vital proteases that cleave signal peptides from secreted proteins. However, the specific function of ER SPase I in plants has not been genetically characterized, and the substrate is largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of a maize (Zea mays) miniature seed6 (mn6) mutant. The loss-of-function mn6 mutant exhibited severely reduced endosperm size. Map-based cloning and molecular characterization indicated that Mn6 is an S26-family ER SPase I, with Gly102 (box E) in Mn6 critical for protein function during processing. Mass spectrometric and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that Mn6 is predominantly involved in processing carbohydrate synthesis-related proteins, including the cell wall invertase miniature seed1 (Mn1), which is specifically expressed in the basal endosperm transfer layer. RNA and protein expression levels of Mn1 were both significantly downregulated in the mn6 mutant. Due to the significant reduction in cell wall invertase activity in the transfer cell layer, mutation of Mn6 caused dramatic defects in endosperm development. These results suggest that proper maturation of Mn1 by Mn6 may be a crucial step for proper seed filling and maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Author for communication:
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40
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Xu X, E Z, Zhang D, Yun Q, Zhou Y, Niu B, Chen C. OsYUC11-mediated auxin biosynthesis is essential for endosperm development of rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:934-950. [PMID: 33793908 PMCID: PMC8133553 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a phytohormone essential for plant development. However, our understanding of auxin-regulated endosperm development remains limited. Here, we described rice YUCCA (YUC) flavin-containing monooxygenase encoding gene OsYUC11 as a key contributor to auxin biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm. Grain filling or storage product accumulation was halted by mutation of OsYUC11, but the deficiencies could be recovered by the exogenous application of auxin. A rice transcription factor (TF) yeast library was screened, and 41 TFs that potentially bind to the OsYUC11 promoter were identified, of which OsNF-YB1, a member of the nuclear factor Y family, is predominantly expressed in the endosperm. Both osyuc11 and osnf-yb1 mutants exhibited reduced seed size and increased chalkiness, accompanied by a reduction in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis. OsNF-YB1 can bind the OsYUC11 promoter to induce gene expression in vivo. We also found that OsYUC11 was a dynamically imprinted gene that predominantly expressed the paternal allele in the endosperm up to 10 d after fertilization (DAF) but then became a non-imprinted gene at 15 DAF. A functional maternal allele of OsYUC11 was able to recover the paternal defects of this gene. Overall, the findings indicate that OsYUC11-mediated auxin biosynthesis is essential for endosperm development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiguo E
- Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianbin Yun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baixiao Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Author for communication:
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Fichtner F, Dissanayake IM, Lacombe B, Barbier F. Sugar and Nitrate Sensing: A Multi-Billion-Year Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:352-374. [PMID: 33281060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and nitrate play a major role in providing carbon and nitrogen in plants. Understanding how plants sense these nutrients is crucial, most notably for crop improvement. The mechanisms underlying sugar and nitrate sensing are complex and involve moonlighting proteins such as the nitrate transporter NRT1.1/NFP6.3 or the glycolytic enzyme HXK1. Major components of nutrient signaling, such as SnRK1, TOR, and HXK1, are relatively well conserved across eukaryotes, and the diversification of components such as the NRT1 family and the SWEET sugar transporters correlates with plant terrestrialization. In plants, Tre6P plays a hormone-like role in plant development. In addition, nutrient signaling has evolved to interact with the more recent hormone signaling, allowing fine-tuning of physiological and developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Benoit Lacombe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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42
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Dai D, Ma Z, Song R. Maize endosperm development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:613-627. [PMID: 33448626 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in transcriptome analysis and gene characterization have provided valuable resources and information about the maize endosperm developmental program. The high temporal-resolution transcriptome analysis has yielded unprecedented access to information about the genetic control of seed development. Detailed spatial transcriptome analysis using laser-capture microdissection has revealed the expression patterns of specific populations of genes in the four major endosperm compartments: the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL), aleurone layer (AL), starchy endosperm (SE), and embryo-surrounding region (ESR). Although the overall picture of the transcriptional regulatory network of endosperm development remains fragmentary, there have been some exciting advances, such as the identification of OPAQUE11 (O11) as a central hub of the maize endosperm regulatory network connecting endosperm development, nutrient metabolism, and stress responses, and the discovery that the endosperm adjacent to scutellum (EAS) serves as a dynamic interface for endosperm-embryo crosstalk. In addition, several genes that function in BETL development, AL differentiation, and the endosperm cell cycle have been identified, such as ZmSWEET4c, Thk1, and Dek15, respectively. Here, we focus on current advances in understanding the molecular factors involved in BETL, AL, SE, ESR, and EAS development, including the specific transcriptional regulatory networks that function in each compartment during endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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43
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Wang Z, Li ZF, Wang SS, Xiao YS, Xie XD, Wu MZ, Yu JL, Cheng LR, Yang AG, Yang J. NtMYB12a acts downstream of sucrose to inhibit fatty acid accumulation by targeting lipoxygenase and SFAR genes in tobacco. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:775-791. [PMID: 33225450 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MYB12 promotes flavonol biosynthesis in plants by targeting several early biosynthesis genes (EBGs) of this pathway. The transcriptions of these EBGs are also induced by sucrose signal. However, whether MYB12 is activated by sucrose signal and what the other roles MYB12 has in regulating plant metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, two NtMYB12 genes were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum. Both NtMYB12a and NtMYB12b are involved in regulating flavonoids biosynthesis in tobacco. NtMYB12a is further shown to inhibit the accumulation of fatty acid (FA) in tobacco leaves and seeds. Post-translational activation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that NtMYB12a directly promotes the transcriptions of NtLOX6, NtLOX5, NtSFAR4 and NtGDSL2, which encode lipoxygenase (LOX) or SFAR enzymes catalyzing the degradation of FA. NtLOX6 and NtLOX5 are shown to prevent the accumulation of FA in the mature seeds and significantly reduced the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in tobacco. Sucrose stimulates the transcription of NtMYB12a, and loss function of NtMYB12a partially suppresses the decrease of FA content in tobacco seedlings caused by sucrose treatment. The regulation of sucrose on the expression of NtLOX6 and NtGDSL2 genes is mediated by NtMYB12a, whereas those of NtLOX5 and NtSFAR4 genes are independent of sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ze Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- Xiangyang Cigarette Factory, China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Xiangyang, China
| | - Yan Song Xiao
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Dong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Long Yu
- Chenzhou Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Chenzhou, China
| | - Li Rui Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai Guo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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44
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Accumulation of the Auxin Precursor Indole-3-Acetamide Curtails Growth through the Repression of Ribosome-Biogenesis and Development-Related Transcriptional Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042040. [PMID: 33670805 PMCID: PMC7923163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is associated with a plethora of growth and developmental processes including embryo development, expansion growth, cambial activity, and the induction of lateral root growth. Accumulation of the auxin precursor indole-3-acetamide (IAM) induces stress related processes by stimulating abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. How IAM signaling is controlled is, at present, unclear. Here, we characterize the ami1rooty double mutant, that we initially generated to study the metabolic and phenotypic consequences of a simultaneous genetic blockade of the indole glucosinolate and IAM pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana. Our mass spectrometric analyses of the mutant revealed that the combination of the two mutations is not sufficient to fully prevent the conversion of IAM to IAA. The detected strong accumulation of IAM was, however, recognized to substantially impair seed development. We further show by genome-wide expression studies that the double mutant is broadly affected in its translational capacity, and that a small number of plant growth regulating transcriptional circuits are repressed by the high IAM content in the seed. In accordance with the previously described growth reduction in response to elevated IAM levels, our data support the hypothesis that IAM is a growth repressing counterpart to IAA.
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45
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Meitzel T, Radchuk R, McAdam EL, Thormählen I, Feil R, Munz E, Hilo A, Geigenberger P, Ross JJ, Lunn JE, Borisjuk L. Trehalose 6-phosphate promotes seed filling by activating auxin biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1553-1565. [PMID: 32984971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo several developmental transitions during their life cycle. One of these, the differentiation of the young embryo from a meristem-like structure into a highly specialized storage organ, is believed to be controlled by local connections between sugars and hormonal response systems. However, we know little about the regulatory networks underpinning the sugar-hormone interactions in developing seeds. By modulating the trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) content in growing embryos of garden pea (Pisum sativum), we investigate here the role of this signaling sugar during the seed-filling process. Seeds deficient in T6P are compromised in size and starch production, resembling the wrinkled seeds studied by Gregor Mendel. We show also that T6P exerts these effects by stimulating the biosynthesis of the pivotal plant hormone, auxin. We found that T6P promotes the expression of the auxin biosynthesis gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED2 (TAR2), and the resulting effect on auxin concentrations is required to mediate the T6P-induced activation of storage processes. Our results suggest that auxin acts downstream of T6P to facilitate seed filling, thereby providing a salient example of how a metabolic signal governs the hormonal control of an integral phase transition in a crop plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meitzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
- DeepTrait S.A., Dobrzańskiego 3, Lublin, 20-262, Poland
| | - Erin L McAdam
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - John J Ross
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, 7001, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
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46
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Wang L, Kartika D, Ruan YL. Looking into 'hair tonics' for cotton fiber initiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1844-1851. [PMID: 32858773 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fiber is the most important source of cellulose for the global textile industry. These hair-like single-celled trichomes develop from ovule epidermis. They are classified into long spinnable lint and short fuzz. A key objective in the cotton industry is to breed elite cultivars with fuzzless seeds carrying high lint yield. Molecular basis underlying lint and fuzz initiation remains obscure. Recent studies indicate fiber initiation is under the control of MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor complex. Based on molecular genetic studies and gene expression patterns linking fiber phenotypes, we propose that specific but different sets of MBW genes are required to precisely regulate the initiation of the lint and fuzz fibers. Emerging evidence further points to sugar signaling as a 'hair-tonic' to boost fiber initiation through interaction with MBW complex and auxin signaling. An integrative model is provided as a conceptual framework for future studies to dissect the molecular network responsible for cotton fiber initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Center for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Dewi Kartika
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Center for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Center for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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47
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Dai D, Ma Z, Song R. Maize kernel development. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:2. [PMID: 37309525 PMCID: PMC10231577 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-020-01195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a leading cereal crop in the world. The maize kernel is the storage organ and the harvest portion of this crop and is closely related to its yield and quality. The development of maize kernel is initiated by the double fertilization event, leading to the formation of a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. The embryo and endosperm are then undergone independent developmental programs, resulting in a mature maize kernel which is comprised of a persistent endosperm, a large embryo, and a maternal pericarp. Due to the well-characterized morphogenesis and powerful genetics, maize kernel has long been an excellent model for the study of cereal kernel development. In recent years, with the release of the maize reference genome and the development of new genomic technologies, there has been an explosive expansion of new knowledge for maize kernel development. In this review, we overviewed recent progress in the study of maize kernel development, with an emphasis on genetic mapping of kernel traits, transcriptome analysis during kernel development, functional gene cloning of kernel mutants, and genetic engineering of kernel traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Zeyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Rentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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48
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Liang Y, Jiang C, Liu Y, Gao Y, Lu J, Aiwaili P, Fei Z, Jiang CZ, Hong B, Ma C, Gao J. Auxin Regulates Sucrose Transport to Repress Petal Abscission in Rose ( Rosa hybrida). THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3485-3499. [PMID: 32843436 PMCID: PMC7610287 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Developmental transitions in plants require adequate carbon resources, and organ abscission often occurs due to competition for carbohydrates/assimilates. Physiological studies have indicated that organ abscission may be activated by Suc deprivation; however, an underlying regulatory mechanism that links Suc transport to organ shedding has yet to be identified. Here, we report that transport of Suc and the phytohormone auxin to petals through the phloem of the abscission zone (AZ) decreases during petal abscission in rose (Rosa hybrida), and that auxin regulates Suc transport into the petals. Expression of the Suc transporter RhSUC2 decreased in the AZ during rose petal abscission. Similarly, silencing of RhSUC2 reduced the Suc content in the petals and promotes petal abscission. We established that the auxin signaling protein RhARF7 binds to the promoter of RhSUC2, and that silencing of RhARF7 reduces petal Suc contents and promotes petal abscission. Overexpression of RhSUC2 in the petal AZ restored accelerated petal abscission caused by RhARF7 silencing. Moreover, treatment of rose petals with auxin and Suc delayed ethylene-induced abscission, whereas silencing of RhARF7 and RhSUC2 accelerated ethylene-induced petal abscission. Our results demonstrate that auxin modulates Suc transport during petal abscission, and that this process is regulated by a RhARF7-RhSUC2 module in the AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuerong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Palinuer Aiwaili
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Tarelkina TV, Novitskaya LL, Galibina NA, Moshchenskaya YL, Nikerova KM, Nikolaeva NN, Sofronova IN, Ivanova DS, Semenova LI. Expression Analysis of Key Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Metabolism Genes of Betula pendula with Special Emphasis on Figured Wood Formation in Karelian Birch. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111406. [PMID: 33105649 PMCID: PMC7690449 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Auxin status in woody plants is believed to be a critical factor for the quantity and quality of the wood formed. It has been previously demonstrated that figured wood formation in Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti) is associated with a reduced auxin level and elevated sugar content in the differentiating xylem, but the molecular mechanisms of the abnormal xylogenesis remained largely unclear. We have identified genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (Yucca), polar auxin transport (PIN) and the conjugation of auxin with amino acids (GH3) and UDP-glucose (UGT84B1) in the B. pendula genome, and analysed their expression in trunk tissues of trees differing in wood structure. Almost all the investigated genes were overexpressed in Karelian birch trunks. Although Yucca genes were overexpressed, trunk tissues in areas developing figured grain had traits of an auxin-deficient phenotype. Overexpression of GH3s and UGT84B1 appears to have a greater effect on figured wood formation. Analysis of promoters of the differentially expressed genes revealed a large number of binding sites with various transcription factors associated with auxin and sugar signalling. These data agree with the hypothesis that anomalous figured wood formation in Karelian birch may be associated with the sugar induction of auxin conjugation.
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50
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Offler CE, Patrick JW. Transfer cells: what regulates the development of their intricate wall labyrinths? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:427-444. [PMID: 32463520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells (TCs) support high nutrient rates into, or at symplasmic discontinuities within, the plant body. Their transport capacity is conferred by an amplified plasma membrane surface area, enriched in nutrient transporters, supported on an intricately invaginated wall labyrinth (WL). Thus, development of the WL is at the heart of TC function. Enquiry has shifted from describing WL architecture and formation to discovering mechanisms regulating WL assembly. Experimental systems used to examine these phenomena are critiqued. Considerable progress has been made in identifying master regulators that commit stem cells to a TC fate (e.g. the maize Myeloblastosis (MYB)-related R1-type transcription factor) and signals that induce differentiated cells to undergo trans-differentiation to a TC phenotype (e.g. sugar, auxin and ethylene). In addition, signals that provide positional information for assembly of the WL include apoplasmic hydrogen peroxide and cytosolic Ca2+ plumes. The former switches on, and specifies the intracellular site for WL construction, while the latter creates subdomains to direct assembly of WL invaginations. Less is known about macromolecule species and their spatial organization essential for WL assembly. Emerging evidence points to a dependency on methyl-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation, unique patterns of cellulose and callose deposition and spatial positioning of arabinogalactan proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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