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Dong N, Jiao G, Cao R, Li S, Zhao S, Duan Y, Ma L, Li X, Lu F, Wang H, Wang S, Shao G, Sheng Z, Hu S, Tang S, Wei X, Hu P. OsLESV and OsESV1 promote transitory and storage starch biosynthesis to determine rice grain quality and yield. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100893. [PMID: 38581128 PMCID: PMC11287174 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Transitory starch is an important carbon source in leaves, and its biosynthesis and metabolism are closely related to grain quality and yield. The molecular mechanisms controlling leaf transitory starch biosynthesis and degradation and their effects on rice (Oryza sativa) quality and yield remain unclear. Here, we show that OsLESV and OsESV1, the rice orthologs of AtLESV and AtESV1, are associated with transitory starch biosynthesis in rice. The total starch and amylose contents in leaves and endosperms are significantly reduced, and the final grain quality and yield are compromised in oslesv and osesv1 single and oslesv esv1 double mutants. Furthermore, we found that OsLESV and OsESV1 bind to starch, and this binding depends on a highly conserved C-terminal tryptophan-rich region that acts as a starch-binding domain. Importantly, OsLESV and OsESV1 also interact with the key enzymes of starch biosynthesis, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), GBSSII, and pyruvate orthophosphote dikiase (PPDKB), to maintain their protein stability and activity. OsLESV and OsESV1 also facilitate the targeting of GBSSI and GBSSII from plastid stroma to starch granules. Overexpression of GBSSI, GBSSII, and PPDKB can partly rescue the phenotypic defects of the oslesv and osesv1 mutants. Thus, we demonstrate that OsLESV and OsESV1 play a key role in regulating the biosynthesis of both leaf transitory starch and endosperm storage starch in rice. These findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying transitory starch biosynthesis in rice leaves and reveal how the transitory starch metabolism affects rice grain quality and yield, providing useful information for the genetic improvement of rice grain quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ruijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaolu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yingqing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Liuyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Feifei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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Harindintwali JD, Wen X, He C, Zhao M, Wang J, Dou Q, Xiang L, Fu Y, Alessi DS, Jiang X, Jiang J, Wang F. Synergistic mitigation of atrazine-induced oxidative stress on soybeans in black soil using biochar and Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120951. [PMID: 38669877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine, a widely used herbicide in modern agriculture, can lead to soil contamination and adverse effects on specific crops. To address this, we investigated the efficacy of biochar loaded with Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5 (an atrazine-degrading bacterial strain) in mitigating atrazine's impact on soybeans in black soil. Bacterially loaded biochar (BBC) significantly enhanced atrazine removal rates in both unplanted and planted soil systems. Moreover, BBC application improved soybean biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant systems while mitigating alterations in metabolite pathways induced by atrazine exposure. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of BBC in reducing atrazine-induced oxidative stress on soybeans in black soil, highlighting its potential for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Damascene Harindintwali
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Environment Pollution Control and Treatment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qingyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, WorringerWeg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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3
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Li X, Ahmad AM, Zhong Y, Ding L, Blennow A, Fettke J. Starch phosphorylation regulates starch granule morphological homogeneity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2600-2615. [PMID: 38060678 PMCID: PMC10980398 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Starch granule morphological homogeneity presents a gap in starch research. Transitory starch granules in wild-type plants are discoid, regardless of species. Notably, while the shape of starch granules can differ among mutants, it typically remains homogeneous within a genotype. We found an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, dpe2sex4, lacking both the cytosolic disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2) and glucan phosphatase SEX4, showing an unprecedented bimodal starch granule diameter distribution when grown under a light/dark rhythm. dpe2sex4 contained 2 types of starch granules: large granules and small granules. In contrast to the double starch initiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm, where A-type granules are initiated first and B-type granules are initiated later, dpe2sex4 small and large granules developed simultaneously in the same chloroplast. Compared with the large granules, the small granules had more branched amylopectin and less surface starch-phosphate, thus having a more compact structure that may hinder starch synthesis. During plant aging, the small granules barely grew. In in vitro experiments, fewer glucosyl residues were incorporated in small granules. Under continuous light, dpe2sex4 starch granules were morphologically homogeneous. Omitting the dark phase after a 2-wk light/dark cycle by moving plants into continuous light also reduced morphological variance between these 2 types of granules. These data shed light on the impact of starch phosphorylation on starch granule morphology homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14776, Germany
| | - Abubakar Musa Ahmad
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14776, Germany
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14776, Germany
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Vithanage M, Zhang X, Gunarathne V, Zhu Y, Herath L, Peiris K, Solaiman ZM, Bolan N, Siddique KHM. Plant nanobionics: Fortifying food security via engineered plant productivity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115934. [PMID: 37080274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The world's human population is increasing exponentially, increasing the demand for high-quality food sources. As a result, there is a major global concern over hunger and malnutrition in developing countries with limited food resources. To address this issue, researchers worldwide must focus on developing improved crop varieties with greater productivity to overcome hunger. However, conventional crop breeding methods require extensive periods to develop new varieties with desirable traits. To tackle this challenge, an innovative approach termed plant nanobionics introduces nanomaterials (NMs) into cell organelles to enhance or modify plant function and thus crop productivity and yield. A comprehensive review of nanomaterials affect crop yield is needed to guide nanotechnology research. This article critically reviews nanotechnology applications for engineering plant productivity, seed germination, crop growth, enhancing photosynthesis, and improving crop yield and quality, and discusses nanobionic approaches such as smart drug delivery systems and plant nanobiosensors. Moreover, the review describes NM classification and synthesis and human health-related and plant toxicity hazards. Our findings suggest that nanotechnology application in agricultural production could significantly increase crop yields to alleviate global hunger pressures. However, the environmental risks associated with NMs should be investigated thoroughly before their widespread adoption in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Yi Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lasantha Herath
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nano Technology, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Kanchana Peiris
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Zakaria M Solaiman
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The Uniersity of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The Uniersity of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The Uniersity of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Flores-Castellanos J, Fettke J. The Plastidial Glucan Phosphorylase Affects the Maltooligosaccharide Metabolism in Parenchyma Cells of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Tuber Discs. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:422-432. [PMID: 36542813 PMCID: PMC10109208 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Maltodextrin metabolism is thought to be involved in both starch initiation and degradation. In this study, potato tuber discs from transgenic lines containing antisense constructs against the plastidial and cytosolic isoforms of α-glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase were used to evaluate their influences on the conversion of externally supplied glucose-1-phosphate into soluble maltodextrins, as compared to wild-type potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree). Relative maltodextrin amounts analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence revealed that tuber discs could immediately uptake glucose-1-phosphate and use it to produce maltooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of up to 30, as opposed to tubers repressing the plastidial glucan phosphorylase. The results presented here support previous indications that a specific transporter for glucose-1-phosphate may exist in both the plant cells and the plastidial membranes, thereby allowing a glucose-6-phosphate-independent transport. Furthermore, it confirms that the plastidial glucan phosphorylase is responsible for producing longer maltooligosaccharides in the plastids by catalyzing a glucosyl polymerization reaction when glucose-1-phosphate is available. All these findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the plastidial phosphorylase as a key enzyme directly involved in the synthesis and degradation of glucans and their implication on starch metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junio Flores-Castellanos
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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Lobo-Rojas Á, Quintero-Troconis E, Rondón-Mercado R, Pérez-Aguilar. MC, Concepción JL, Cáceres AJ. Consumption of Galactose by Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes Generates Resistance against Oxidative Stress. Pathogens 2022; 11:1174. [PMID: 36297231 PMCID: PMC9611177 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes previously grown in LIT medium supplemented with 20 mM galactose and exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (100 μM) showed two-fold and five-fold viability when compared to epimastigotes grown in LIT medium supplemented with two different glucose concentrations (20 mM and 1.5 mM), respectively. Similar results were obtained when exposing epimastigotes from all treatments to methylene blue 30 μM. Additionally, through differential centrifugation and the selective permeabilization of cellular membranes with digitonin, we found that phosphoglucomutase activity (a key enzyme in galactose metabolism) occurs predominantly within the cytosolic compartment. Furthermore, after partially permeabilizing epimastigotes with digitonin (0.025 mg × mg-1 of protein), intact glycosomes treated with 20 mM galactose released a higher hexose phosphate concentration to the cytosol in the form of glucose-1-phosphate, when compared to intact glycosomes treated with 20 mM glucose, which predominantly released glucose-6-phosphate. These results shine a light on T. cruzi's galactose metabolism and its interplay with mechanisms that enable resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Lobo-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Ender Quintero-Troconis
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Singh A, Compart J, Al-Rawi SA, Mahto H, Ahmad AM, Fettke J. LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 alters the glucan structures at the starch granule surface and thereby influences the action of both starch-synthesizing and starch-degrading enzymes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:819-835. [PMID: 35665549 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For starch metabolism to take place correctly, various enzymes and proteins acting on the starch granule surface are crucial. Recently, two non-catalytic starch-binding proteins, pivotal for normal starch turnover in Arabidopsis leaves, namely, EARLY STARVATION 1 (ESV1) and its homolog LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 (LESV), have been identified. Both share nearly 38% sequence homology. As ESV1 has been found to influence glucan phosphorylation via two starch-related dikinases, α-glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD), through modulating the surface glucan structures of the starch granules and thus affecting starch degradation, we assess the impact of its homolog LESV on starch metabolism. Thus, the 65-kDa recombinant protein LESV and the 50-kDa ESV1 were analyzed regarding their influence on the action of GWD and PWD on the surface of the starch granules. We included starches from various sources and additionally assessed the effect of these non-enzymatic proteins on other starch-related enzymes, such as starch synthases (SSI and SSIII), starch phosphorylases (PHS1), isoamylase and β-amylase. The data obtained indicate that starch phosphorylation, hydrolyses and synthesis were affected by LESV and ESV1. Furthermore, incubation with LESV and ESV1 together exerted an additive effect on starch phosphorylation. In addition, a stable alteration of the glucan structures at the starch granule surface following treatment with LESV and ESV1 was observed. Here, we discuss all the observed changes that point to modifications in the glucan structures at the surface of the native starch granules and present a model to explain the existing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Singh
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julia Compart
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shadha Abduljaleel Al-Rawi
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Harendra Mahto
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Abubakar Musa Ahmad
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Flütsch S, Horrer D, Santelia D. Starch biosynthesis in guard cells has features of both autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:541-556. [PMID: 35238373 PMCID: PMC9157084 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of starch synthesis in guard cells (GCs), despite the crucial role starch plays in stomatal movements, is not well understood. Here, we characterized starch dynamics in GCs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking enzymes of the phosphoglucose isomerase-phosphoglucose mutase-ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase starch synthesis pathway in leaf mesophyll chloroplasts or sugar transporters at the plastid membrane, such as glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators, which are active in heterotrophic tissues. We demonstrate that GCs have metabolic features of both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells. GCs make starch using different carbon precursors depending on the time of day, which can originate both from GC photosynthesis and/or sugars imported from the leaf mesophyll. Furthermore, we unravel the major enzymes involved in GC starch synthesis and demonstrate that they act in a temporal manner according to the fluctuations of stomatal aperture, which is unique for GCs. Our work substantially enhances our knowledge on GC starch metabolism and uncovers targets for manipulating GC starch dynamics to improve stomatal behavior, directly affecting plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Belmont R, Bernal L, Padilla-Chacón D, Coello P, Martínez-Barajas E. Starch accumulation in bean fruit pericarp is mediated by the differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111163. [PMID: 35151448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose supply to bean fruits remains almost constant during seed development, and the early stages of this process are characterized by a significant amount of starch and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) accumulated in the pericarp. Bean fruits are photosynthetically active; however, our results indicated that starch synthesis in the pericarp was largely dependent on the photosynthetic activity of the leaves. The photosynthetic activity and the amount of the Rubisco large subunit were gradually reduced in the fruit pericarp, and a large increase in the amount of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit (AGPase SS) was observed. These changes suggested differentiation of chloroplasts into amyloplasts. Pericarp chloroplasts imported glucose 1-P to support starch synthesis, and their differentiation into amyloplasts allowed the surplus sucrose to be used in the synthesis of starch, which was later degraded to meet the needs of fast-growing seeds. Starch stored in the bean fruit pericarp was not degraded in response to drought stress, but it was rapidly used under severe nutrient restriction. Together, this work indicated that starch accumulation in the pericarp of bean fruits is important to adjust the needs of developing seeds to the amount of sucrose that is provided to fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Belmont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Padilla-Chacón
- CONACyT-Colegio de Posgraduados, Botánica, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, MX 56230, Mexico
| | - Patricia Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química-UNAM, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
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Feng T, Jiang Y, Jia Q, Han R, Wang D, Zhang X, Liang Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Different Sections of Rhizome in Polygonatum sibiricum Red. and Mining Putative Genes Participate in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1547-1566. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Expression analyses of soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme isoforms in stem and leaf tissues under different photoperiods in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Mérida A, Fettke J. Starch granule initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:688-697. [PMID: 34051021 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of starch granule formation and the mechanism controlling the number of granules per plastid have been some of the most elusive aspects of starch metabolism. This review covers the advances made in the study of these processes. The analyses presented herein depict a scenario in which starch synthase isoform 4 (SS4) provides the elongating activity necessary for the initiation of starch granule formation. However, this protein does not act alone; other polypeptides are required for the initiation of an appropriate number of starch granules per chloroplast. The functions of this group of polypeptides include providing suitable substrates (maltooligosaccharides) to SS4, the localization of the starch initiation machinery to the thylakoid membranes, and facilitating the correct folding of SS4. The number of starch granules per chloroplast is tightly regulated and depends on the developmental stage of the leaves and their metabolic status. Plastidial phosphorylase (PHS1) and other enzymes play an essential role in this process since they are necessary for the synthesis of the substrates used by the initiation machinery. The mechanism of starch granule formation initiation in Arabidopsis seems to be generalizable to other plants and also to the synthesis of long-term storage starch. The latter, however, shows specific features due to the presence of more isoforms, the absence of constantly recurring starch synthesis and degradation, and the metabolic characteristics of the storage sink organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Mérida
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (IBVF), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla (US), Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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13
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Orzechowski S, Sitnicka D, Grabowska A, Compart J, Fettke J, Zdunek-Zastocka E. Effect of Short-Term Cold Treatment on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Potato Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137203. [PMID: 34281256 PMCID: PMC8268532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are often challenged by an array of unfavorable environmental conditions. During cold exposure, many changes occur that include, for example, the stabilization of cell membranes, alterations in gene expression and enzyme activities, as well as the accumulation of metabolites. In the presented study, the carbohydrate metabolism was analyzed in the very early response of plants to a low temperature (2 °C) in the leaves of 5-week-old potato plants of the Russet Burbank cultivar during the first 12 h of cold treatment (2 h dark and 10 h light). First, some plant stress indicators were examined and it was shown that short-term cold exposure did not significantly affect the relative water content and chlorophyll content (only after 12 h), but caused an increase in malondialdehyde concentration and a decrease in the expression of NDA1, a homolog of the NADH dehydrogenase gene. In addition, it was shown that the content of transitory starch increased transiently in the very early phase of the plant response (3–6 h) to cold treatment, and then its decrease was observed after 12 h. In contrast, soluble sugars such as glucose and fructose were significantly increased only at the end of the light period, where a decrease in sucrose content was observed. The availability of the monosaccharides at constitutively high levels, regardless of the temperature, may delay the response to cold, involving amylolytic starch degradation in chloroplasts. The decrease in starch content, observed in leaves after 12 h of cold exposure, was preceded by a dramatic increase in the transcript levels of the key enzymes of starch degradation initiation, the α-glucan, water dikinase (GWD-EC 2.7.9.4) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD-EC 2.7.9.5). The gene expression of both dikinases peaked at 9 h of cold exposure, as analyzed by real-time PCR. Moreover, enhanced activities of the acid invertase as well as of both glucan phosphorylases during exposure to a chilling temperature were observed. However, it was also noticed that during the light phase, there was a general increase in glucan phosphorylase activities for both control and cold-stressed plants irrespective of the temperature. In conclusion, a short-term cold treatment alters the carbohydrate metabolism in the leaves of potato, which leads to an increase in the content of soluble sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (A.G.); (E.Z.-Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225-932-560; Fax: +48-225-932-561
| | - Dorota Sitnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (A.G.); (E.Z.-Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Grabowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (A.G.); (E.Z.-Z.)
| | - Julia Compart
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 Building 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (J.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 Building 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (J.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Edyta Zdunek-Zastocka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (A.G.); (E.Z.-Z.)
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14
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Transcriptome analysis of genes involved in starch biosynthesis in developing Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) seed kernels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3570. [PMID: 33574357 PMCID: PMC7878784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) seed kernels (CCSK) with high quality and quantity of starch has emerged as a potential raw material for food industry, but the molecular regulatory mechanism of starch accumulation in developing CCSK is still unclear. In this study, we firstly analyzed the fruit development, starch accumulation, and microscopic observation of dynamic accumulation of starch granules of developing CCSK from 10 days after flowering (DAF) to 100 DAF, of which six representative CCSK samples (50–100 DAF) were selected for transcriptome sequencing analysis. Approximately 40 million valid reads were obtained, with an average length of 124.95 bp, which were searched against a reference genome, returning 38,146 unigenes (mean size = 1164.19 bp). Using the DESeq method, 1968, 1573, 1187, 1274, and 1494 differentially expressed unigenes were identified at 60:50, 70:60, 80:70, 90:80 and 100:90 DAF, respectively. The relationship between the unigene transcriptional profiles and starch dynamic patterns in developing CCSK was comparatively analyzed, and the specific unigenes encoding for metabolic enzymes (SUSY2, PGM, PGI, GPT, NTT, AGP3, AGP2, GBSS1, SS1, SBE1, SBE2.1, SBE2.2, ISA1, ISA2, ISA3, and PHO) were characterized to be involved potentially in the biosynthesis of G-1-P, ADPG, and starch. Finally, the temporal transcript profiles of genes encoding key enzymes (susy2, pgi2, gpt1, agp2, agp3, gbss1, ss1, sbe1, sbe2.1, sbe2.2, isa1, isa2, isa3, and pho) were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Our findings could help to reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism of starch accumulation in developing CCSK and may also provide potential candidate genes for increasing starch content in Chinese chestnut or other starchy crops.
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15
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Malinova I, Kössler S, Orawetz T, Matthes U, Orzechowski S, Koch A, Fettke J. Identification of Two Arabidopsis thaliana Plasma Membrane Transporters Able to Transport Glucose 1-Phosphate. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:381-392. [PMID: 31722406 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary carbohydrate metabolism in plants includes several sugar and sugar-derivative transport processes. Over recent years, evidences have shown that in starch-related transport processes, in addition to glucose 6-phosphate, maltose, glucose and triose-phosphates, glucose 1-phosphate also plays a role and thereby increases the possible fluxes of sugar metabolites in planta. In this study, we report the characterization of two highly similar transporters, At1g34020 and At4g09810, in Arabidopsis thaliana, which allow the import of glucose 1-phosphate through the plasma membrane. Both transporters were expressed in yeast and were biochemically analyzed to reveal an antiport of glucose 1-phosphate/phosphate. Furthermore, we showed that the apoplast of Arabidopsis leaves contained glucose 1-phosphate and that the corresponding mutant of these transporters had higher glucose 1-phosphate amounts in the apoplast and alterations in starch and starch-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malinova
- Group of Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Stella Kössler
- Group of Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Tom Orawetz
- Group of Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Ulrike Matthes
- Group of Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Slawomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Anke Koch
- Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Group of Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
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16
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Divya S, Sharmila P, Dinakaran J, Yamal G, Rao KS, Pardha-Saradhi P. Specific H + level is crucial for accurate phosphate quantification using ascorbate as a reductant. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:319-330. [PMID: 31359225 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its essentiality for cellular metabolism, phosphate (PO43-) plays a pivotal role in ecosystem dynamics. Frequent testing of phosphate levels is necessary to monitor ecosystem health. Present investigations were aimed to identify the key factors that are essential for proper quantification of PO43-. Primarily, H+ levels played a critical role in the development of molybdenum blue complex by ammonium molybdate and PO43- with ascorbic acid as a reductant. Molybdenum blue complex formed in the presence of 8 to 12 mmol of H+ in 3 ml reaction mixture remained stable even after 72 h. Of different concentrations of ammonium molybdate and ascorbic acid tested, best molybdenum blue complex was formed when their concentrations were 24.3 and 5.68 μmol, respectively. More or less similar intensity of molybdenum blue complex (due to reduction of phosphomolybdic acid and not molybdic acid) was formed in the presence of H+ at levels ranging from 8 to 10 mmol in 3 ml reaction mixture. Our findings unequivocally demonstrated that (i) the reaction mixture containing 3% ammonium molybdate, 0.1% ascorbic acid and 5 M H2SO4 in the ratio of 1:1:1 is ideal for PO43- quantification; (ii) antimony (Sb) significantly curbs the formation of molybdenum blue under these ideal conditions; (iii) this fine-tuned protocol for PO43- quantification could be extended without any problem for determining the level of PO43- both in plant as well as soil samples; and (iv) Azotobacter possesses potential to enhance levels of total PO43- in leaves and grains and soluble/active PO43- in rhizosphere soils of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Divya
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Aquagreen Engineering Management Pvt. Ltd., Ansal Chambers, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi, 110066, India
| | - Peddisetty Sharmila
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Aquagreen Engineering Management Pvt. Ltd., Ansal Chambers, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi, 110066, India
| | - J Dinakaran
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Gupta Yamal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Botany, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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17
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Li J, Weraduwage SM, Preiser AL, Tietz S, Weise SE, Strand DD, Froehlich JE, Kramer DM, Hu J, Sharkey TD. A Cytosolic Bypass and G6P Shunt in Plants Lacking Peroxisomal Hydroxypyruvate Reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:783-792. [PMID: 30886114 PMCID: PMC6548278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by Rubisco is the first step in photorespiration and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants. Our recent data indicate that mutants in photorespiration have increased rates of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. We investigated mutant lines lacking peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase to determine if there are connections between 2-phosphoglycolate accumulation and cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that 2-phosphoglycolate is a competitive inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme in the Calvin-Benson cycle that converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This block in metabolism could be overcome if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is exported to the cytosol, where cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase could convert it to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. We found evidence that carbon is reimported as glucose-6-phosphate, forming a cytosolic bypass around the block of stromal triose phosphate isomerase. However, this also stimulates a glucose-6-phosphate shunt, which consumes ATP, which can be compensated by higher rates of cyclic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alyssa L Preiser
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Stefanie Tietz
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - John E Froehlich
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David M Kramer
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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18
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Lehmann MM, Ghiasi S, George GM, Cormier MA, Gessler A, Saurer M, Werner RA. Influence of starch deficiency on photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1829-1841. [PMID: 30785201 PMCID: PMC6436151 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope (13C) fractionations occurring during and after photosynthetic CO2 fixation shape the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant material and respired CO2. However, responses of 13C fractionations to diel variation in starch metabolism in the leaf are not fully understood. Here we measured δ13C of organic matter (δ13COM), concentrations and δ13C of potential respiratory substrates, δ13C of dark-respired CO2 (δ13CR), and gas exchange in leaves of starch-deficient plastidial phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutants and wild-type plants of four species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Nicotiana sylvestris, and Pisum sativum). The strongest δ13C response to the pgm-induced starch deficiency was observed in N. sylvestris, with more negative δ13COM, δ13CR, and δ13C values for assimilates (i.e. sugars and starch) and organic acids (i.e. malate and citrate) in pgm mutants than in wild-type plants during a diel cycle. The genotype differences in δ13C values could be largely explained by differences in leaf gas exchange. In contrast, the PGM-knockout effect on post-photosynthetic 13C fractionations via the plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase reaction or during respiration was small. Taken together, our results show that the δ13C variations in starch-deficient mutants are primarily explained by photosynthetic 13C fractionations and that the combination of knockout mutants and isotope analyses allows additional insights into plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Shiva Ghiasi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gavin M George
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-André Cormier
- GFZ – German Research Centre for Geosciences, Geomorphology, Organic Surface Geochemistry Lab, Telegrafenberg, Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences, Ocean Biogeochemistry Group, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Malinova I, Mahto H, Brandt F, Al-Rawi S, Qasim H, Brust H, Hejazi M, Fettke J. EARLY STARVATION1 specifically affects the phosphorylation action of starch-related dikinases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:126-137. [PMID: 29681129 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphorylation by starch-related dikinases glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD) is a key step in starch degradation. Little information is known about the precise structure of the glucan substrate utilized by the dikinases and about the mechanisms by which these structures may be influenced. A 50-kDa starch-binding protein named EARLY STARVATION1 (ESV1) was analyzed regarding its impact on starch phosphorylation. In various in vitro assays, the influences of the recombinant protein ESV1 on the actions of GWD and PWD on the surfaces of native starch granules were analyzed. In addition, we included starches from various sources as well as truncated forms of GWD. ESV1 preferentially binds to highly ordered, α-glucans, such as starch and crystalline maltodextrins. Furthermore, ESV1 specifically influences the action of GWD and PWD at the starch granule surface. Starch phosphorylation by GWD is decreased in the presence of ESV1, whereas the action of PWD increases in the presence of ESV1. The unique alterations observed in starch phosphorylation by the two dikinases are discussed in regard to altered glucan structures at the starch granule surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malinova
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Harendra Mahto
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Felix Brandt
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shadha Al-Rawi
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hadeel Qasim
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Henrike Brust
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mahdi Hejazi
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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20
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Malinova I, Fettke J. Reduced starch granule number per chloroplast in the dpe2/phs1 mutant is dependent on initiation of starch degradation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187985. [PMID: 29155859 PMCID: PMC5695794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An Arabidopsis double knock-out mutant lacking cytosolic disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2) and the plastidial phosphorylase (PHS1) revealed a dwarf-growth phenotype, reduced starch content, an uneven distribution of starch within the plant rosette, and a reduced number of starch granules per chloroplast under standard growth conditions. In contrast, the wild type contained 5–7 starch granules per chloroplast. Mature and old leaves of the double mutant were essentially starch free and showed plastidial disintegration. Several analyses revealed that the number of starch granules per chloroplast was affected by the dark phase. So far, it was unclear if it was the dark phase per se or starch degradation in the dark that was connected to the observed decrease in the number of starch granules per chloroplast. Therefore, in the background of the double mutant dpe2/phs1, a triple mutant was generated lacking the initial starch degrading enzyme glucan, water dikinase (GWD). The triple mutant showed improved plant growth, a starch-excess phenotype, and a homogeneous starch distribution. Furthermore, the number of starch granules per chloroplast was increased and was similar to wild type. However, starch granule morphology was only slightly affected by the lack of GWD as in the triple mutant and, like in dpe2/phs1, more spherical starch granules were observed. The characterized triple mutant was discussed in the context of the generation of starch granules and the formation of starch granule morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malinova
- Biopolymer analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Malinova I, Alseekh S, Feil R, Fernie AR, Baumann O, Schöttler MA, Lunn JE, Fettke J. Starch Synthase 4 and Plastidal Phosphorylase Differentially Affect Starch Granule Number and Morphology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:73-85. [PMID: 28275148 PMCID: PMC5411139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The process of starch granule formation in leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is obscure. Besides STARCH SYNTHASE4 (SS4), the PLASTIDIAL PHOSPHORYLASE (PHS1) also seems to be involved, since dpe2-1/phs1a double mutants lacking both PHS1 and the cytosolic DISPROPORTIONATING ENZYME2 (DPE2) displayed only one starch granule per chloroplast under normal growth conditions. For further studies, a dpe2-1/phs1a/ss4 triple mutant and various combinations of double mutants were generated and metabolically analyzed with a focus on starch metabolism. The dpe2-1/phs1a/ss4 mutant revealed a massive starch excess phenotype. Furthermore, these plants grown under 12 h of light/12 h of dark harbored a single large and spherical starch granule per plastid. The number of starch granules was constant when the light/dark regime was altered, but this was not observed in the parental lines. With regard to growth, photosynthetic parameters, and metabolic analyses, the triple mutant additionally displayed alterations in comparison with ss4 and dpe2-1/phs1a The results clearly illustrate that PHS1 and SS4 are differently involved in starch granule formation and do not act in series. However, SS4 appears to exert a stronger influence. In connection with the characterized double mutants, we discuss the generation of starch granules and the observed formation of spherical starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malinova
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Regina Feil
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Otto Baumann
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - John E Lunn
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics (I.M., J.F.) and Zoophysiology (O.B.), Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (S.A., R.F., A.R.F., M.A.S., J.E.L.)
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22
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Hedhly A, Vogler H, Schmid MW, Pazmino D, Gagliardini V, Santelia D, Grossniklaus U. Starch Turnover and Metabolism during Flower and Early Embryo Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2388-2402. [PMID: 27794100 PMCID: PMC5129708 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of starch within photosynthetic tissues and within dedicated storage organs has been characterized extensively in many species, and a function in buffering carbon availability or in fueling later growth phases, respectively, has been proposed. However, developmentally regulated starch turnover within heterotrophic tissues other than dedicated storage organs is poorly characterized, and its function is not well understood. Here, we report on the characterization of starch turnover during flower, early embryo, and silique development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using a combined clearing-staining technique on whole-mount tissue. Besides the two previously documented waves of transient starch accumulation in the stamen envelope, occurring during meiosis and pollen mitosis I, we identified a novel, third wave of starch amylogenesis/amylolysis during the last stages of stamen development. To gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms, we analyzed publicly available microarray data, which revealed a developmentally coordinated expression of carbohydrate transport and metabolism genes during these waves of transient starch accumulation. Based on this analysis, we characterized starch dynamics in mutants affecting hexose phosphate metabolism and translocation, and identified the Glc-6-phosphate/phosphate antiporter GPT1 as the putative translocator of Glc-6-phosphate for starch biosynthesis in reproductive tissues. Based on these results, we propose a model of starch synthesis within the pollen grain and discuss the nutrient transport route feeding the embryo within the developing seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Hedhly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc W Schmid
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Pazmino
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Gagliardini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
Starch-rich crops form the basis of our nutrition, but plants have still to yield all their secrets as to how they make this vital substance. Great progress has been made by studying both crop and model systems, and we approach the point of knowing the enzymatic machinery responsible for creating the massive, insoluble starch granules found in plant tissues. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these biosynthetic enzymes, highlighting recent progress in elucidating their specific functions. Yet, in many ways we have only scratched the surface: much uncertainty remains about how these components function together and are controlled. We flag-up recent observations suggesting a significant degree of flexibility during the synthesis of starch and that previously unsuspected non-enzymatic proteins may have a role. We conclude that starch research is not yet a mature subject and that novel experimental and theoretical approaches will be important to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Harsman A, Schock A, Hemmis B, Wahl V, Jeshen I, Bartsch P, Schlereth A, Pertl-Obermeyer H, Goetze TA, Soll J, Philippar K, Wagner R. OEP40, a Regulated Glucose-permeable β-Barrel Solute Channel in the Chloroplast Outer Envelope Membrane. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17848-60. [PMID: 27339897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are unique endosymbiotic cellular organelles surrounded by two membranes. Essential metabolic networking between these compartments and their hosting cells requires the exchange of a large number of biochemical pathway intermediates in a directed and coordinated fashion across their inner and outer envelope membranes. Here, we describe the identification and functional characterization of a highly specific, regulated solute channel in the outer envelope of chloroplasts, named OEP40. Loss of OEP40 function in Arabidopsis thaliana results in early flowering under cold temperature. The reconstituted recombinant OEP40 protein forms a high conductance β-barrel ion channel with subconductant states in planar lipid bilayers. The OEP40 channel is slightly cation-selective PK+/PCl- ≈ 4:1 and rectifying (i⃗/i⃖ ≅ 2) with a slope conductance of Ḡmax ≅ 690 picosiemens. The OEP40 channel has a restriction zone diameter of ≅1.4 nm and is permeable for glucose, glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, but not for maltose. Moreover, channel properties are regulated by trehalose 6-phosphate, which cannot permeate. Altogether, our results indicate that OEP40 is a "glucose-gate" in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, facilitating selective metabolite exchange between chloroplasts and the surrounding cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Harsman
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück
| | - Annette Schock
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Birgit Hemmis
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- the Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingrid Jeshen
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Philipp Bartsch
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück
| | - Armin Schlereth
- the Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heidi Pertl-Obermeyer
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Tom Alexander Goetze
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Jürgen Soll
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Katrin Philippar
- the Chair of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, Department Biology I-Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, the Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, D-81377 München, and
| | - Richard Wagner
- From the Institute of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück,
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25
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Kanno S, Cuyas L, Javot H, Bligny R, Gout E, Dartevelle T, Hanchi M, Nakanishi TM, Thibaud MC, Nussaume L. Performance and Limitations of Phosphate Quantification: Guidelines for Plant Biologists. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:690-706. [PMID: 26865660 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is a macronutrient that is essential for plant life. Several regulatory components involved in Pi homeostasis have been identified, revealing a very high complexity at the cellular and subcellular levels. Determining the Pi content in plants is crucial to understanding this regulation, and short real-time(33)Pi uptake imaging experiments have shown Pi movement to be highly dynamic. Furthermore, gene modulation by Pi is finely controlled by localization of this ion at the tissue as well as the cellular and subcellular levels. Deciphering these regulations requires access to and quantification of the Pi pool in the various plant compartments. This review presents the different techniques available to measure, visualize and trace Pi in plants, with a discussion of the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kanno
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan Biotechnology Research Center, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Laura Cuyas
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Hélène Javot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CEA, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- CEA, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CEA, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Thibault Dartevelle
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Mohamed Hanchi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Tomoko M Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Developpement des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Vegetale & Microbiologie Environnementale; Aix-Marseille Universite, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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26
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Orawetz T, Malinova I, Orzechowski S, Fettke J. Reduction of the plastidial phosphorylase in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) reveals impact on storage starch structure during growth at low temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:141-149. [PMID: 26828405 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most important crops, are a prominent example for an efficient production of storage starch. Nevertheless, the synthesis of this storage starch is not completely understood. The plastidial phosphorylase (Pho1; EC 2.4.1.1) catalyzes the reversible transfer of glucosyl residues from glucose-1-phosphate to the non-reducing end of α-glucans with the release of orthophosphate. Thus, the enzyme is in principle able to act during starch synthesis. However, so far under normal growth conditions no alterations in tuber starch metabolism were observed. Based on analyses of other species and also from in vitro experiments with potato tuber slices it was supposed, that Pho1 has a stronger impact on starch metabolism, when plants grow under low temperature conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the starch content, granule size, as well as the internal structure of starch granules isolated from potato plants grown under low temperatures. Besides wild type, transgenic potato plants with a strong reduction in the Pho1 activity were analyzed. No significant alterations in starch content and granule size were detected. In contrast, when plants were cultivated at low temperatures the chain length distributions of the starch granules were altered. Thus, the granules contained more short glucan chains. That was not observed in the transgenic plants, revealing that Pho1 in wild type is involved in the formation of the short glucan chains, at least at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Orawetz
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Irina Malinova
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Slawomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
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27
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Yang JT, Preiser AL, Li Z, Weise SE, Sharkey TD. Triose phosphate use limitation of photosynthesis: short-term and long-term effects. PLANTA 2016; 243:687-98. [PMID: 26620947 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The triose phosphate use limitation was studied using long-term and short term changes in capacity. The TPU limitation caused increased proton motive force; long-term TPU limitation additionally reduced other photosynthetic components. Photosynthetic responses to CO2 can be interpreted primarily as being limited by the amount or activity of Rubisco or the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate regeneration, but at high rates of photosynthesis a third response is often seen. Photosynthesis becomes insensitive to CO2 or even declines with increasing CO2, and this behavior has been associated with a limitation of export of carbon from the Calvin-Benson cycle. It is often called the triose phosphate use (TPU) limitation. We studied the long-term consequences of this limitation using plants engineered to have reduced capacity for starch or sucrose synthesis. We studied short-term consequences using temperature as a method for changing the balance of carbon fixation capacity and TPU. A long-term and short-term TPU limitation resulted in an increase in proton motive force (PMF) in the thylakoids. Once a TPU limitation was reached, any further increases in CO2 was met with a further increase in the PMF but no increase or little increase in net assimilation of CO2. A long-term TPU limitation resulted in reduced Rubisco and RuBP regeneration capacity. We hypothesize that TPU, Rubisco activity, and RuBP regeneration are regulated so that TPU is normally in slight excess of what is required, and that this results in more effective regulation than if TPU were in large excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Intercollege Program of Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa L Preiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sean E Weise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 201 Biochemistry, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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28
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Kölling K, Thalmann M, Müller A, Jenny C, Zeeman SC. Carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana is a dynamic process controlled by the plants metabolic status and its circadian clock. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1965-79. [PMID: 25651812 PMCID: PMC4671261 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth involves the coordinated distribution of carbon resources both towards structural components and towards storage compounds that assure a steady carbon supply over the complete diurnal cycle. We used (14) CO2 labelling to track assimilated carbon in both source and sink tissues. Source tissues exhibit large variations in carbon allocation throughout the light period. The most prominent change was detected in partitioning towards starch, being low in the morning and more than double later in the day. Export into sink tissues showed reciprocal changes. Fewer and smaller changes in carbon allocation occurred in sink tissues where, in most respects, carbon was partitioned similarly, whether the sink leaf assimilated it through photosynthesis or imported it from source leaves. Mutants deficient in the production or remobilization of leaf starch exhibited major alterations in carbon allocation. Low-starch mutants that suffer from carbon starvation at night allocated much more carbon into neutral sugars and had higher rates of export than the wild type, partly because of the reduced allocation into starch, but also because of reduced allocation into structural components. Moreover, mutants deficient in the plant's circadian system showed considerable changes in their carbon partitioning pattern suggesting control by the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kölling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Thalmann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Müller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jenny
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: S. C. Zeeman. Fax: +41 (0)44 632 8275; e-mail:
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29
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Okazaki Y, Nishizawa T, Takano K, Ohnishi M, Mimura T, Saito K. Induced accumulation of glucuronosyldiacylglycerol in tomato and soybean under phosphorus deprivation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:33-42. [PMID: 25677193 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG) is a plant glycolipid that accumulates in Arabidopsis and rice in response to phosphorus (P) starvation. It has been suggested that GlcADG functions to mitigate the stress induced by P depletion. Biosynthesis of GlcADG requires sulfolipid (SQDG) synthase, which is coded for in plant genomes. This indicates the possibility that GlcADG may be a general constituent of membrane lipids in plants. In this study, we investigated the SQDG synthases found in the genomes of higher plants, ferns, mosses, algae and cyanobacteria. In addition, we analyzed GlcADG accumulation, and the expression of SQDG synthase homologs in tomato and soybean plants grown under P-limited conditions. LC-MS analysis of lipids from these plants confirmed that GlcADG accumulated during P deprivation, as previously observed in Arabidopsis and rice. We also observed upregulation of SQDG synthase transcripts in these plants during P deprivation. These data suggest that GlcADG is present not only in model plants, but also in various other plant species, and that this lipid molecule performs an important physiological function as a mitigator of P-deprivation stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Okazaki
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishizawa
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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30
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Fettke J, Fernie AR. Intracellular and cell-to-apoplast compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:490-497. [PMID: 26008154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In most plants, carbohydrates represent the major energy store as well as providing the building blocks for essential structural polymers. Although the major pathways for carbohydrate biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are well characterized, several key steps have only recently been discovered. In addition, several novel minor metabolic routes have been uncovered in the past few years. Here we review current studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism detailing the expanding compendium of functionally characterized transport proteins as well as our deeper comprehension of more minor and conditionally activated metabolic pathways. We additionally explore the pertinent questions that will allow us to enhance our understanding of the response of both major and minor carbohydrate fluxes to changing cellular circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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31
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Rojas-González JA, Soto-Súarez M, García-Díaz Á, Romero-Puertas MC, Sandalio LM, Mérida Á, Thormählen I, Geigenberger P, Serrato AJ, Sahrawy M. Disruption of both chloroplastic and cytosolic FBPase genes results in a dwarf phenotype and important starch and metabolite changes in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2673-89. [PMID: 25743161 PMCID: PMC4986871 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, evidence is provided for the role of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases (FBPases) in plant development and carbohydrate synthesis and distribution by analysing two Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA knockout mutant lines, cyfbp and cfbp1, and one double mutant cyfbp cfbp1 which affect each FBPase isoform, cytosolic and chloroplastic, respectively. cyFBP is involved in sucrose synthesis, whilst cFBP1 is a key enzyme in the Calvin-Benson cycle. In addition to the smaller rosette size and lower rate of photosynthesis, the lack of cFBP1 in the mutants cfbp1 and cyfbp cfbp1 leads to a lower content of soluble sugars, less starch accumulation, and a greater superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The mutants also had some developmental alterations, including stomatal opening defects and increased numbers of root vascular layers. Complementation also confirmed that the mutant phenotypes were caused by disruption of the cFBP1 gene. cyfbp mutant plants without cyFBP showed a higher starch content in the chloroplasts, but this did not greatly affect the phenotype. Notably, the sucrose content in cyfbp was close to that found in the wild type. The cyfbp cfbp1 double mutant displayed features of both parental lines but had the cfbp1 phenotype. All the mutants accumulated fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and triose-phosphate during the light period. These results prove that while the lack of cFBP1 induces important changes in a wide range of metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, and organic acids, the lack of cyFBP activity in Arabidopsis essentially provokes a carbon metabolism imbalance which does not compromise the viability of the double mutant cyfbp cfbp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Rojas-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Mauricio Soto-Súarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel García-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Mérida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-US, Avda Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Biology Department I, Plant Metabolism, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Biology Department I, Plant Metabolism, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Antonio J Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, De Diego N, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Li J, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Aranjuelo I, Almagro G, Humplík JF, Novák O, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Pozueta-Romero J. Plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of starch accumulation in mesophyll cells, growth, photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthesis of plastidic cytokinins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119641. [PMID: 25811607 PMCID: PMC4374969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding β-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic β-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased β-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jan F. Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Karel Doležal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
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Núñez-López L, Aguirre-Cruz A, Barrera-Figueroa BE, Peña-Castro JM. Improvement of enzymatic saccharification yield in Arabidopsis thaliana by ectopic expression of the rice SUB1A-1 transcription factor. PeerJ 2015; 3:e817. [PMID: 25780769 PMCID: PMC4358655 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharification of polysaccharides releases monosaccharides that can be used by ethanol-producing microorganisms in biofuel production. To improve plant biomass as a raw material for saccharification, factors controlling the accumulation and structure of carbohydrates must be identified. Rice SUB1A-1 is a transcription factor that represses the turnover of starch and postpones energy-consuming growth processes under submergence stress. Arabidopsis was employed to test if heterologous expression of SUB1A-1 or SUB1C-1 (a related gene) can be used to improve saccharification. Cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymatic treatments confirmed that SUB1A-1 transgenics had better saccharification yield than wild-type (Col-0), mainly from accumulated starch. This improved saccharification yield was developmentally controlled; when compared to Col-0, young transgenic vegetative plants yielded 200-300% more glucose, adult vegetative plants yielded 40-90% more glucose and plants in reproductive stage had no difference in yield. We measured photosynthetic parameters, starch granule microstructure, and transcript abundance of genes involved in starch degradation (SEX4, GWD1), juvenile transition (SPL3-5) and meristematic identity (FUL, SOC1) but found no differences to Col-0, indicating that starch accumulation may be controlled by down-regulation of CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T by SUB1A-1 as previously reported. SUB1A-1 transgenics also offered less resistance to deformation than wild-type concomitant to up-regulation of AtEXP2 expansin and BGL2 glucan-1,3,-beta-glucosidase. We conclude that heterologous SUB1A-1 expression can improve saccharification yield and softness, two traits needed in bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Núñez-López
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México ; División de Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Andrés Aguirre-Cruz
- Taller de Alimentos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Blanca Estela Barrera-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
| | - Julián Mario Peña-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan , Tuxtepec, Oaxaca , México
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34
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Reduction of the cytosolic phosphoglucomutase in Arabidopsis reveals impact on plant growth, seed and root development, and carbohydrate partitioning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112468. [PMID: 25401493 PMCID: PMC4234415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) catalyses the interconversion of glucose 1-phosphate (G1P) and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and exists as plastidial (pPGM) and cytosolic (cPGM) isoforms. The plastidial isoform is essential for transitory starch synthesis in chloroplasts of leaves, whereas the cytosolic counterpart is essential for glucose phosphate partitioning and, therefore, for syntheses of sucrose and cell wall components. In Arabidopsis two cytosolic isoforms (PGM2 and PGM3) exist. Both PGM2 and PGM3 are redundant in function as single mutants reveal only small or no alterations compared to wild type with respect to plant primary metabolism. So far, there are no reports of Arabidopsis plants lacking the entire cPGM or total PGM activity, respectively. Therefore, amiRNA transgenic plants were generated and used for analyses of various parameters such as growth, development, and starch metabolism. The lack of the entire cPGM activity resulted in a strongly reduced growth revealed by decreased rosette fresh weight, shorter roots, and reduced seed production compared to wild type. By contrast content of starch, sucrose, maltose and cell wall components were significantly increased. The lack of both cPGM and pPGM activities in Arabidopsis resulted in dwarf growth, prematurely die off, and inability to develop a functional inflorescence. The combined results are discussed in comparison to potato, the only described mutant with lack of total PGM activity.
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Subasinghe RM, Liu F, Polack UC, Lee EA, Emes MJ, Tetlow IJ. Multimeric states of starch phosphorylase determine protein-protein interactions with starch biosynthetic enzymes in amyloplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:168-79. [PMID: 25151633 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between starch phosphorylase (SP) and other starch biosynthetic enzymes were investigated using isolated maize endosperm amyloplasts and a recombinant maize enzyme. Plastidial SP is a stromal enzyme existing as a multimeric protein in amyloplasts. Biochemical analysis of the recombinant maize SP indicated that the tetrameric form was catalytically active in both glucan-synthetic and phosphorolytic directions. Protein-protein interaction experiments employing the recombinant SP as an affinity ligand with amyloplast extracts showed that the multimeric state of SP determined interactions with other enzymes of the starch biosynthetic pathway. The monomeric form of SP interacts with starch branching enzyme I (SBEI) and SBEIIb, whereas only SBEI interacts with the tetrameric form of SP. In all cases, protein-protein interactions were broken when amyloplast lysates were dephosphorylated in vitro, and enhanced following pre-treatment with ATP, suggesting a mechanism of protein complex formation regulated by protein phosphorylation. In vitro protein phosphorylation experiments with [γ-(32)P]-ATP show that SP is phosphorylated by a plastidial protein kinase. Evidence is presented which suggests SBEIIb modulates the catalytic activity of SP through the formation of a heteromeric protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka M Subasinghe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fushan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ursula C Polack
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Lee
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Science Complex, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Kunz HH, Zamani-Nour S, Häusler RE, Ludewig K, Schroeder JI, Malinova I, Fettke J, Flügge UI, Gierth M. Loss of cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase affects carbohydrate metabolism in leaves and is essential for fertility of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:753-65. [PMID: 25104722 PMCID: PMC4213106 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism in plants is tightly linked to photosynthesis and is essential for energy and carbon skeleton supply of the entire organism. Thus, the hexose phosphate pools of the cytosol and the chloroplast represent important metabolic resources that are maintained through action of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phosphoglucose mutase interconverting glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and glucose 1-phosphate. Here, we investigated the impact of disrupted cytosolic PGI (cPGI) function on plant viability and metabolism. Overexpressing an artificial microRNA targeted against cPGI (amiR-cpgi) resulted in adult plants with vegetative tissue essentially free of cPGI activity. These plants displayed diminished growth compared with the wild type and accumulated excess starch in chloroplasts but maintained low sucrose content in leaves at the end of the night. Moreover, amiR-cpgi plants exhibited increased nonphotochemical chlorophyll a quenching during photosynthesis. In contrast to amiR-cpgi plants, viable transfer DNA insertion mutants disrupted in cPGI function could only be identified as heterozygous individuals. However, homozygous transfer DNA insertion mutants could be isolated among plants ectopically expressing cPGI. Intriguingly, these plants were only fertile when expression was driven by the ubiquitin10 promoter but sterile when the seed-specific unknown seed protein promoter or the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were employed. These data show that metabolism is apparently able to compensate for missing cPGI activity in adult amiR-cpgi plants and indicate an essential function for cPGI in plant reproduction. Moreover, our data suggest a feedback regulation in amiR-cpgi plants that fine-tunes cytosolic sucrose metabolism with plastidic starch turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Henning Kunz
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Shirin Zamani-Nour
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Rainer E Häusler
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Katja Ludewig
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Irina Malinova
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
| | - Markus Gierth
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany (H.-H.K., S.Z.-N., R.E.H., K.L., U.-I.F., M.G.);Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 (J.I.S.); andInstitute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Golm, Germany (I.M., J.F.)
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Bahaji A, Baroja-Fernández E, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Li J, Almagro G, Montero M, Pujol P, Galarza R, Kaneko K, Oikawa K, Wada K, Mitsui T, Pozueta-Romero J. HPLC-MS/MS analyses show that the near-Starchless aps1 and pgm leaves accumulate wild type levels of ADPglucose: further evidence for the occurrence of important ADPglucose biosynthetic pathway(s) alternative to the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104997. [PMID: 25133777 PMCID: PMC4136846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In leaves, it is widely assumed that starch is the end-product of a metabolic pathway exclusively taking place in the chloroplast that (a) involves plastidic phosphoglucomutase (pPGM), ADPglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase (AGP) and starch synthase (SS), and (b) is linked to the Calvin-Benson cycle by means of the plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI). This view also implies that AGP is the sole enzyme producing the starch precursor molecule, ADPG. However, mounting evidence has been compiled pointing to the occurrence of important sources, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, of ADPG. To further explore this possibility, in this work two independent laboratories have carried out HPLC-MS/MS analyses of ADPG content in leaves of the near-starchless pgm and aps1 mutants impaired in pPGM and AGP, respectively, and in leaves of double aps1/pgm mutants grown under two different culture conditions. We also measured the ADPG content in wild type (WT) and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid two different ADPG cleaving enzymes, and in aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC, a bacterial AGP. Furthermore, we measured the ADPG content in ss3/ss4/aps1 mutants impaired in starch granule initiation and chloroplastic ADPG synthesis. We found that, irrespective of their starch contents, pgm and aps1 leaves, WT and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid ADPG cleaving enzymes, and aps1 leaves expressing in the plastid GlgC accumulate WT ADPG content. In clear contrast, ss3/ss4/aps1 leaves accumulated ca. 300 fold-more ADPG than WT leaves. The overall data showed that, in Arabidopsis leaves, (a) there are important ADPG biosynthetic pathways, other than the pPGI-pPGM-AGP pathway, (b) pPGM and AGP are not major determinants of intracellular ADPG content, and (c) the contribution of the chloroplastic ADPG pool to the total ADPG pool is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo Pujol
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Regina Galarza
- Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, Iruña, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaede Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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Brust H, Lehmann T, D'Hulst C, Fettke J. Analysis of the functional interaction of Arabidopsis starch synthase and branching enzyme isoforms reveals that the cooperative action of SSI and BEs results in glucans with polymodal chain length distribution similar to amylopectin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102364. [PMID: 25014622 PMCID: PMC4094495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch synthase (SS) and branching enzyme (BE) establish the two glycosidic linkages existing in starch. Both enzymes exist as several isoforms. Enzymes derived from several species were studied extensively both in vivo and in vitro over the last years, however, analyses of a functional interaction of SS and BE isoforms are missing so far. Here, we present data from in vitro studies including both interaction of leaf derived and heterologously expressed SS and BE isoforms. We found that SSI activity in native PAGE without addition of glucans was dependent on at least one of the two BE isoforms active in Arabidopsis leaves. This interaction is most likely not based on a physical association of the enzymes, as demonstrated by immunodetection and native PAGE mobility analysis of SSI, BE2, and BE3. The glucans formed by the action of SSI/BEs were analysed using leaf protein extracts from wild type and be single mutants (Atbe2 and Atbe3 mutant lines) and by different combinations of recombinant proteins. Chain length distribution (CLD) patterns of the formed glucans were irrespective of SSI and BE isoforms origin and still independent of assay conditions. Furthermore, we show that all SS isoforms (SSI-SSIV) were able to interact with BEs and form branched glucans. However, only SSI/BEs generated a polymodal distribution of glucans which was similar to CLD pattern detected in amylopectin of Arabidopsis leaf starch. We discuss the impact of the SSI/BEs interplay for the CLD pattern of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Brust
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanja Lehmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christophe D'Hulst
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Mahlow S, Hejazi M, Kuhnert F, Garz A, Brust H, Baumann O, Fettke J. Phosphorylation of transitory starch by α-glucan, water dikinase during starch turnover affects the surface properties and morphology of starch granules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:495-507. [PMID: 24697163 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucan, water dikinase (GWD) is a key enzyme of starch metabolism but the physico-chemical properties of starches isolated from GWD-deficient plants and their implications for starch metabolism have so far not been described. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants with reduced or no GWD activity were used to investigate the properties of starch granules. In addition, using various in vitro assays, the action of recombinant GWD, β-amylase, isoamylase and starch synthase 1 on the surface of native starch granules was analysed. The internal structure of granules isolated from GWD mutant plants is unaffected, as thermal stability, allomorph, chain length distribution and density of starch granules were similar to wild-type. However, short glucan chain residues located at the granule surface dominate in starches of transgenic plants and impede GWD activity. A similarly reduced rate of phosphorylation by GWD was also observed in potato tuber starch fractions that differ in the proportion of accessible glucan chain residues at the granule surface. A model is proposed to explain the characteristic morphology of starch granules observed in GWD transgenic plants. The model postulates that the occupancy rate of single glucan chains at the granule surface limits accessibility to starch-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mahlow
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Biopolymers Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mahdi Hejazi
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Franziska Kuhnert
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas Garz
- Photonics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Henrike Brust
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Otto Baumann
- Zoophysiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Biopolymers Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Malinova I, Mahlow S, Alseekh S, Orawetz T, Fernie AR, Baumann O, Steup M, Fettke J. Double knockout mutants of Arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:907-21. [PMID: 24302650 PMCID: PMC3912115 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In leaves of two starch-related single-knockout lines lacking either the cytosolic transglucosidase (also designated as disproportionating enzyme 2, DPE2) or the maltose transporter (MEX1), the activity of the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme (PHS1) is increased. In both mutants, metabolism of starch-derived maltose is impaired but inhibition is effective at different subcellular sites. Two constitutive double knockout mutants were generated (designated as dpe2-1×phs1a and mex1×phs1b) both lacking functional PHS1. They reveal that in normally grown plants, the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch degradation and that the central carbon metabolism is closely integrated into the entire cell biology. All plants were grown either under continuous illumination or in a light-dark regime. Both double mutants were compromised in growth and, compared with the single knockout plants, possess less average leaf starch when grown in a light-dark regime. Starch and chlorophyll contents decline with leaf age. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy, mesophyll cells degrade chloroplasts, but degradation is not observed in plants grown under continuous illumination. The two double mutants possess similar but not identical phenotypes. When grown in a light-dark regime, mesophyll chloroplasts of dpe2-1×phs1a contain a single starch granule but under continuous illumination more granules per chloroplast are formed. The other double mutant synthesizes more granules under either growth condition. In continuous light, growth of both double mutants is similar to that of the parental single knockout lines. Metabolite profiles and oligoglucan patterns differ largely in the two double mutants.
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41
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Sato S, Yanagisawa S. Characterization of metabolic states of Arabidopsis thaliana under diverse carbon and nitrogen nutrient conditions via targeted metabolomic analysis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:306-19. [PMID: 24343996 PMCID: PMC3913442 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and metabolism are regulated in response to various environmental factors. To investigate modulations in plant metabolism by the combined action of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and other nutritional factors, we performed targeted metabolomic analysis using Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under 24 different conditions where the CO2 concentration, amounts and species of nitrogen source, and light intensity were modified. Our results indicate that both the biosynthesis of diverse metabolites and growth are promoted in proportion to the CO2 concentration at a wide range of CO2 levels, from ambient concentrations to an extremely high concentration (3,600 p.p.m.) of CO2. This suggests that A. thaliana has the potential to utilize effectively very high concentrations of CO2. On the other hand, ammonium (but not nitrate) supplied as an additional nitrogen source induced drastic alterations in metabolite composition, including increases in the contents of glucose, starch and several amino acids, and reductions in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related organic acid content under any CO2 conditions. Hierarchical clustering analysis using the metabolite profiles revealed that ammonium is a prominent factor determining metabolic status, while the CO2 concentration is not. However, ammonium-induced metabolic alterations were differently modified by high concentrations of CO2. Hence, our results imply that increases in CO2 concentration may differently influence plant metabolism depending on the nitrogen nutrient conditions.
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42
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Sun Z, Hüve K, Vislap V, Niinemets Ü. Elevated [CO2] magnifies isoprene emissions under heat and improves thermal resistance in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5509-23. [PMID: 24153419 PMCID: PMC3871810 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emissions importantly protect plants from heat stress, but the emissions become inhibited by instantaneous increase of [CO2], and it is currently unclear how isoprene-emitting plants cope with future more frequent and severe heat episodes under high [CO2]. Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) saplings grown under ambient [CO2] of 380 μmol mol(-1) and elevated [CO2] of 780 μmol mol(-1) were used to test the hypothesis that acclimation to elevated [CO2] reduces the inhibitory effect of high [CO2] on emissions. Elevated-[CO2]-grown plants had greater isoprene emission capacity and a stronger increase of isoprene emissions with increasing temperature. High temperatures abolished the instantaneous [CO2] sensitivity of isoprene emission, possibly due to removing the substrate limitation resulting from curbed cycling of inorganic phosphate. As a result, isoprene emissions were highest in elevated-[CO2]-grown plants under high measurement [CO2]. Overall, elevated growth [CO2] improved heat resistance of photosynthesis, in particular, when assessed under high ambient [CO2] and the improved heat resistance was associated with greater cellular sugar and isoprene concentrations. Thus, contrary to expectations, these results suggest that isoprene emissions might increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Sun
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Katja Hüve
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Vivian Vislap
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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Ragel P, Streb S, Feil R, Sahrawy M, Annunziata MG, Lunn JE, Zeeman S, Mérida Á. Loss of starch granule initiation has a deleterious effect on the growth of arabidopsis plants due to an accumulation of ADP-glucose. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:75-85. [PMID: 23872660 PMCID: PMC3762666 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
STARCH SYNTHASE4 (SS4) is required for proper starch granule initiation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), although SS3 can partially replace its function. Unlike other starch-deficient mutants, ss4 and ss3/ss4 mutants grow poorly even under long-day conditions. They have less chlorophyll and carotenoids than the wild type and lower maximal rates of photosynthesis. There is evidence of photooxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus in the mutants from chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and their high levels of malondialdehyde. Metabolite profiling revealed that ss3/ss4 accumulates over 170 times more ADP-glucose (Glc) than wild-type plants. Restricting ADP-Glc synthesis, by introducing mutations in the plastidial phosphoglucomutase (pgm1) or the small subunit of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (aps1), largely restored photosynthetic capacity and growth in pgm1/ss3/ss4 and aps1/ss3/ss4 triple mutants. It is proposed that the accumulation of ADP-Glc in the ss3/ss4 mutant sequesters a large part of the plastidial pools of adenine nucleotides, which limits photophosphorylation, leading to photooxidative stress, causing the chlorotic and stunted growth phenotypes of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ragel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Sebastian Streb
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Regina Feil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Annunziata
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - John E. Lunn
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
| | - Samuel Zeeman
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain (P.R., A.M.)
- Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (S.S., S.Z.)
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain (M.S.); and
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D–14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.F., M.G.A., J.E.L.)
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44
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Malinova I, Steup M, Fettke J. Carbon transitions from either Calvin cycle or transitory starch to heteroglycans as revealed by (14) C-labeling experiments using protoplasts from Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:25-44. [PMID: 23413959 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants metabolize transitory starch by precisely coordinated plastidial and cytosolic processes. The latter appear to include the action of water-soluble heteroglycans (SHGin ) whose monosaccharide pattern is similar to that of apoplastic glycans (SHGex ) but, unlike SHGex , SHGin strongly interacts with glucosyl transferases. In this study, we analyzed starch metabolism using mesophyll protoplasts from wild-type plants and two knock-out mutants [deficient in the cytosolic transglucosidase, disproportionating isoenzyme 2 (DPE2) or the plastidial phosphoglucomutase (PGM1)] from Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasts prelabeled by photosynthetic (14) CO2 fixation were transferred to an unlabeled medium and were darkened or illuminated. Carbon transitions from the Calvin cycle or from starch to both SHGin and SHGex were analyzed. In illuminated protoplasts, starch turn-over was undetectable but darkened protoplasts continuously degraded starch. During illumination, neither the total (14) C content nor the labeling patterns of the sugar residues of SHGin were significantly altered but both the total amount and the labeling of the constituents of SHGex increased with time. In darkened protoplasts, the (14) C-content of most of the sugar residues of SHGin transiently and strongly increased and then declined. This effect was not observed in any SHGex constituent. In darkened DPE2-deficient protoplasts, none of the SHGin constituents exhibited an essential transient increase in labeling. In contrast, some residues of SHGin from the PGM1 mutant exhibited a transient increase in label but this effect significantly differed from that of the wild type. Two conclusions are reached: first, SHGin and SHGex exert different metabolic functions and second, SHGin is directly involved in starch degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Malinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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45
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Szydlowski N, Bürkle L, Pourcel L, Moulin M, Stolz J, Fitzpatrick TB. Recycling of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) by PUP1 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:40-52. [PMID: 23551747 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for more than 140 essential enzymatic reactions and was recently proposed as a potent antioxidant, playing a role in the photoprotection of plants. De novo biosynthesis of the vitamin has been described relatively recently and is derived from simple sugar precursors as well as glutamine. In addition, the vitamin can be taken up from exogenous sources in a broad range of organisms, including plants. However, specific transporters have been identified only in yeast. Here we assess the ability of the family of Arabidopsis purine permeases (PUPs) to transport vitamin B6. Several members of the family complement the growth phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain impaired in both de novo biosynthesis of vitamin B6 as well as its uptake. The strongest activity was observed with PUP1 and was confirmed by direct measurement of uptake in yeast as well as in planta, defining PUP1 as a high affinity transporter for pyridoxine. At the tissue level the protein is localised to hydathodes and here we use confocal microscopy to illustrate that at the cellular level it is targeted to the plasma membrane. Interestingly, we observe alterations in pyridoxine recycling from the guttation sap upon overexpression of PUP1 and in a pup1 mutant, consistent with the role of the protein in retrieval of pyridoxine. Furthermore, combining the pup1 mutant with a vitamin B6 de novo biosynthesis mutant (pdx1.3) corroborates that PUP1 is involved in the uptake of the vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Szydlowski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Bürkle
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucille Pourcel
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Moulin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Stolz
- Lehrstuhl für Ernährungsphysiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL) - Abteilung Biochemie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bahaji A, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Ovecka M, Almagro G, Montero M, Ezquer I, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J. Starch biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological approaches to improve crop yields. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:87-106. [PMID: 23827783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structurally composed of the glucose homopolymers amylose and amylopectin, starch is the main storage carbohydrate in vascular plants, and is synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells. Its abundance as a naturally occurring organic compound is surpassed only by cellulose, and represents both a cornerstone for human and animal nutrition and a feedstock for many non-food industrial applications including production of adhesives, biodegradable materials, and first-generation bioethanol. This review provides an update on the different proposed pathways of starch biosynthesis occurring in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organs, and provides emerging information about the networks regulating them and their interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to recent findings showing that volatile compounds emitted by microorganisms promote both growth and the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. We also review how plant biotechnologists have attempted to use basic knowledge on starch metabolism for the rational design of genetic engineering traits aimed at increasing starch in annual crop species. Finally we present some potential biotechnological strategies for enhancing starch content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain.
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Szecowka M, Heise R, Tohge T, Nunes-Nesi A, Vosloh D, Huege J, Feil R, Lunn J, Nikoloski Z, Stitt M, Fernie AR, Arrivault S. Metabolic fluxes in an illuminated Arabidopsis rosette. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:694-714. [PMID: 23444331 PMCID: PMC3608787 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the basis for life, and its optimization is a key biotechnological aim given the problems of population explosion and environmental deterioration. We describe a method to resolve intracellular fluxes in intact Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes based on time-dependent labeling patterns in the metabolome. Plants photosynthesizing under limiting irradiance and ambient CO2 in a custom-built chamber were transferred into a (13)CO2-enriched environment. The isotope labeling patterns of 40 metabolites were obtained using liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Labeling kinetics revealed striking differences between metabolites. At a qualitative level, they matched expectations in terms of pathway topology and stoichiometry, but some unexpected features point to the complexity of subcellular and cellular compartmentation. To achieve quantitative insights, the data set was used for estimating fluxes in the framework of kinetic flux profiling. We benchmarked flux estimates to four classically determined flux signatures of photosynthesis and assessed the robustness of the estimates with respect to different features of the underlying metabolic model and the time-resolved data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szecowka
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Robert Heise
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Vosloh
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan Huege
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John Lunn
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Central Metabolism Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Metabolic Systems Research Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Sweetlove LJ, Fernie AR. The spatial organization of metabolism within the plant cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:723-46. [PMID: 23330793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the correct subcellular locations for all enzymes and metabolites in plant metabolic networks is a major challenge, but is critically important for the success of the new generation of large-scale metabolic models that are driving a network-level appreciation of metabolic behavior. Even though the subcellular compartmentation of many central metabolic processes is thought to be well understood, recent gene-by-gene studies have revealed several unexpected enzyme localizations. Metabolite transport between subcellular compartments is crucial because it fundamentally affects the metabolic network structure. Although new metabolite transporters are being steadily identified, modeling work suggests that we have barely scratched the surface of the catalog of intracellular metabolite transporter proteins. In addition to compartmentation among organelles, it is increasingly apparent that microcompartment formation via the interactions of enzyme groups with intracellular membranes, the cytoskeleton, or other proteins is an important regulatory mechanism. In particular, this mechanism can promote metabolite channeling within the metabolic microcompartment, which can help control reaction specificity as well as dictate flux routes through the network. This has clear relevance for both synthetic biology in general and the engineering of plant metabolic networks in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom.
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Brust H, Orzechowski S, Fettke J, Steup M. Starch Synthesizing Reactions and Paths: in vitro and in vivo Studies. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Starch is the major non-structural carbohydrate in plants. It serves as an important store of carbon that fuels plant metabolism and growth when they are unable to photosynthesise. This storage can be in leaves and other green tissues, where it is degraded during the night, or in heterotrophic tissues such as roots, seeds and tubers, where it is stored over longer time periods. Arabidopsis accumulates starch in many of its tissues, but mostly in its leaves during the day. It has proven to be a powerful genetic system for discovering how starch is synthesised and degraded, and new proteins and processes have been discovered. Such work has major significance for our starch crops, whose yield and quality could be improved by the application of this knowledge. Research into Arabidopsis starch metabolism has begun to reveal how its daily turnover is integrated into the rest of metabolism and adapted to the environmental conditions. Furthermore, Arabidopsis mutant lines deficient in starch metabolism have been employed as tools to study other biological processes ranging from sugar sensing to gravitropism and flowering time control. This review gives a detailed account of the use of Arabidopsis to study starch metabolism. It describes the major discoveries made and presents an overview of our understanding today, together with some as-yet unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH
Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland
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