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Wang B, Hai Y, Zhang L, Zhang M, Ding N, Fan J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang X, Li J, Tu P, Liu X, Shi SP. Identification of O-Methyltransferases Potentially Contributing to the Structural Diversity of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones in Agarwood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13297-13307. [PMID: 38830127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones (PECs) are the primary constituents responsible for the promising pharmacological activities and unique fragrance of agarwood. However, the O-methyltransferases (OMTs) involved in the formation of diverse methylated PECs have not been reported. In this study, we identified one Mg2+-dependent caffeoyl-CoA-OMT subfamily enzyme (AsOMT1) and three caffeic acid-OMT subfamily enzymes (AsOMT2-4) from NaCl-treated Aquilaria sinensis calli. AsOMT1 not only converts caffeoyl-CoA to feruloyl-CoA but also performs nonregioselective methylation at either the 6-OH or 7-OH position of 6,7-dihydroxy-PEC. On the other hand, AsOMT2-4 preferentially utilizes PECs as substrates to produce structurally diverse methylated PECs. Additionally, AsOMT2-4 also accepts nonPEC-type substrates such as caffeic acid and apigenin to generate methylated products. Protein structure prediction and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that residues of L313 and I318 in AsOMT3, as well as S292 and F313 in AsOMT4 determine the distinct regioselectivity of these two OMTs toward apigenin. These findings provide important biochemical evidence of the remarkable structural diversity of PECs in agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hai
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Fan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Pu X, Zhang J, He J, Ai Z, He X, Zhou X, Tong S, Dai X, Wu Q, Hu J, He J, Wang H, Wang W, Liao J, Zhang L. Discovery of a novel flavonol O-methyltransferase possessing sequential 4'- and 7-O-methyltransferase activity from Camptotheca acuminata Decne. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131381. [PMID: 38580009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic route for flavonol in Camptotheca acuminata has been recently elucidated from a chemical point of view. However, the genes involved in flavonol methylation remain unclear. It is a critical step for fully uncovering the flavonol metabolism in this ancient plant. In this study, the multi-omics resource of this plant was utilized to perform flavonol O-methyltransferase-oriented mining and screening. Two genes, CaFOMT1 and CaFOMT2 are identified, and their recombinant CaFOMT proteins are purified to homogeneity. CaFOMT1 exhibits strict substrate and catalytic position specificity for quercetin, and selectively methylates only the 4'-OH group. CaFOMT2 possesses sequential O-methyltransferase activity for the 4'-OH and 7-OH of quercetin. These CaFOMT genes are enriched in the leaf and root tissues. The catalytic dyad and critical substrate-binding sites of the CaFOMTs are determined by molecular docking and further verified through site-mutation experiments. PHE181 and MET185 are designated as the critical sites for flavonol substrate selectivity. Genomic environment analysis indicates that CaFOMTs evolved independently and that their ancestral genes are different from that of the known Ca10OMT. This study provides molecular insights into the substrate-binding pockets of two new CaFOMTs responsible for flavonol metabolism in C. acuminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Pu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625104, China.
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Jinwei He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Xiaoxue He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Shiyuan Tong
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Xinyue Dai
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Jiayu Hu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Jingshu He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Hanguang Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Jinqiu Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625104, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625104, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625104, China.
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3
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Deng Y, Yang P, Zhang Q, Wu Q, Feng L, Shi W, Peng Q, Ding L, Tan X, Zhan R, Ma D. Genomic insights into the evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis and O-methyltransferase and glucosyltransferase in Chrysanthemum indicum. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113725. [PMID: 38300800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants. Regiospecific modification by methylation and glycosylation determines flavonoid diversity. A rare flavone glycoside, diosmin (luteolin-4'-methoxyl-7-O-glucosyl-rhamnoside), occurs in Chrysanthemum indicum. How Chrysanthemum plants evolve new biosynthetic capacities remains elusive. Here, we assemble a 3.11-Gb high-quality C. indicum genome with a contig N50 value of 4.39 Mb and annotate 50,606 protein-coding genes. One (CiCOMT10) of the tandemly repeated O-methyltransferase genes undergoes neofunctionalization, preferentially transferring the methyl group to the 4'-hydroxyl group of luteolin with ortho-substituents to form diosmetin. In addition, CiUGT11 (UGT88B3) specifically glucosylates 7-OH group of diosmetin. Next, we construct a one-pot cascade biocatalyst system by combining CiCOMT10, CiUGT11, and our previously identified rhamnosyltransferase, effectively producing diosmin with over 80% conversion from luteolin. This study clarifies the role of transferases in flavonoid diversity and provides important gene elements essential for producing rare flavone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Deng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Qianle Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingwen Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingfang Feng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Ding
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xukai Tan
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dongming Ma
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wan H, Liu Y, Wang T, Jiang P, Wen W, Nie J. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis identifies a citrus ERF transcription factor CsERF003 as flavonoid activator. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 334:111762. [PMID: 37295731 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) modulation is a promising strategy for plant flavonoid improvement. Here, we observed evident decreases in some major flavones and flavonols and the expression of some key related genes in a 'Newhall' navel orange mutant (MT) relative to the wild type (WT). A consistently downregulated ERF TF CsERF003 in MT could increase the contents of major flavonoids and the precursor phenylalanine when transiently overexpressed in citrus fruit. Overexpression of CsERF003 in 'Micro-Tom' tomato (OE) resulted in a darker and redder fruit color than wild type 'Micro-Tom' (WTm). Two major flavonoids, naringeninchalcone and kaempferolrutinoside, were averagely induced by 7.99- and 36.83-fold in OEs, respectively, while little change was observed in other polyphenols, such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. Key genes involved in the initiation of phenylpropanoid (PAL, 4CH, and 4CL) and flavonoid (CHS and CHI) biosynthesis were up-regulated, while most genes participating in the biosynthesis of other polyphenols, such as HCT and CCR, were down-regulated in OEs. Therefore, it could be concluded that carbon flux floods into the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and is then specifically directed for flavonoid biosynthesis. CsERF003 may be a potentially promising gene for fruit quality improvement and engineering of natural flavonoid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Wan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yihui Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Qingdao Agriculture Products Quality and Safety Center, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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5
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Lashley A, Miller R, Provenzano S, Jarecki SA, Erba P, Salim V. Functional Diversification and Structural Origins of Plant Natural Product Methyltransferases. Molecules 2022; 28:43. [PMID: 36615239 PMCID: PMC9822479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, methylation is a common step in specialized metabolic pathways, leading to a vast diversity of natural products. The methylation of these small molecules is catalyzed by S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases, which are categorized based on the methyl-accepting atom (O, N, C, S, or Se). These methyltransferases are responsible for the transformation of metabolites involved in plant defense response, pigments, and cell signaling. Plant natural product methyltransferases are part of the Class I methyltransferase-superfamily containing the canonical Rossmann fold. Recent advances in genomics have accelerated the functional characterization of plant natural product methyltransferases, allowing for the determination of substrate specificities and regioselectivity and further realizing the potential for enzyme engineering. This review compiles known biochemically characterized plant natural product methyltransferases that have contributed to our knowledge in the diversification of small molecules mediated by methylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lashley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Stephanie Provenzano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sara-Alexis Jarecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
| | - Paul Erba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vonny Salim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
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Schenck CA, Anthony TM, Jacobs M, Jones AD, Last RL. Natural variation meets synthetic biology: Promiscuous trichome-expressed acyltransferases from Nicotiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:146-164. [PMID: 35477794 PMCID: PMC9434288 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acylsugars are defensive, trichome-synthesized sugar esters produced in plants across the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. Although assembled from simple metabolites and synthesized by a relatively short core biosynthetic pathway, tremendous within- and across-species acylsugar structural variation is documented across the family. To advance our understanding of the diversity and the synthesis of acylsugars within the Nicotiana genus, trichome extracts were profiled across the genus coupled with transcriptomics-guided enzyme discovery and in vivo and in vitro analysis. Differences in the types of sugar cores, numbers of acylations, and acyl chain structures contributed to over 300 unique annotated acylsugars throughout Nicotiana. Placement of acyl chain length into a phylogenetic context revealed that an unsaturated acyl chain type was detected in a few closely related species. A comparative transcriptomics approach identified trichome-enriched Nicotiana acuminata acylsugar biosynthetic candidate enzymes. More than 25 acylsugar variants could be produced in a single enzyme assay with four N. acuminata acylsugar acyltransferases (NacASAT1-4) together with structurally diverse acyl-CoAs and sucrose. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry screening of in vitro products revealed the ability of these enzymes to make acylsugars not present in Nicotiana plant extracts. In vitro acylsugar production also provided insights into acyltransferase acyl donor promiscuity and acyl acceptor specificity as well as regiospecificity of some ASATs. This study suggests that promiscuous Nicotiana acyltransferases can be used as synthetic biology tools to produce novel and potentially useful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Thilani M Anthony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - MacKenzie Jacobs
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia 26074, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Tan Y, Yang J, Jiang Y, Sun S, Wei X, Wang R, Bu J, Li D, Kang L, Chen T, Guo J, Cui G, Tang J, Huang L. Identification and characterization of two Isatis indigotica O-methyltransferases methylating C-glycosylflavonoids. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac140. [PMID: 36072835 PMCID: PMC9437721 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica accumulates several active substances, including C-glycosylflavonoids, which have important pharmacological activities and health benefits. However, enzymes catalyzing the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoids in I. indigotica remain unknown. In this study, three O-methyltransferases (OMTs) were identified from I. indigotica that have the capacity for O-methylation of the C-glycosylflavonoid isoorientin. The Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 efficiently catalyze isoorientin to form isoscoparin, and decorate one of the aromatic vicinal hydroxyl groups on flavones and methylate the C6, C8, and 3'-hydroxyl positions to form oroxylin A, wogonin, and chrysoeriol, respectively. However, the Type I OMT IiOMT3 exhibited broader substrate promiscuity and methylated the C7 and 3'-hydroxyl positions of flavonoids. Further site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that five amino acids of IiOMT1/IiOMT2 (D121/D100, D173/D149, A174/A150R, N200/N176, and D248/D233) were critical residues for their catalytic activity. Additionally, only transient overexpression of Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 in Nicotiana benthamiana significantly increased isoscoparin accumulation, indicating that the Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 could catalyze the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoid, isoorientin at the 3'-hydroxyl position. This study provides insights into the biosynthesis of methylated C-glycosylflavonoids, and IiOMTs could be promising catalysts in the synthesis of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 117004, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yinyin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shufu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junling Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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8
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Qiu Z, Liu X, Li J, Qiao B, Zhao GR. Metabolic Division in an Escherichia coli Coculture System for Efficient Production of Kaempferide. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1213-1227. [PMID: 35167258 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferide, a plant-derived natural flavonoid, exhibits excellent pharmacological activities with nutraceutical and medicinal applications in human healthcare. Efficient microbial production of complex flavonoids suffers from metabolic crosstalk and burden, which is a big challenge for synthetic biology. Herein, we identified 4'-O-methyltransferases and divided the artificial biosynthetic pathway of kaempferide into upstream, midstream, and downstream modules. By combining heterologous genes from different sources and fine-tuning the expression, we optimized each module for the production of kaempferide. Furthermore, we designed and evaluated four division patterns of synthetic labor in coculture systems by plug-and-play modularity. The linear division of three modules in a three-strain coculture showed higher productivity of kaempferide than that in two-strain cocultures. The U-shaped division by co-distributing the upstream and downstream modules in one strain led to the best performance of the coculture system, which produced 116.0 ± 3.9 mg/L kaempferide, which was 510, 140, and 50% higher than that produced by the monoculture, two-strain coculture, and three-strain coculture with the linear division, respectively. This is the first report of efficient de novo production of kaempferide in a robust Escherichia coli coculture. The strategy of U-shaped pathway division in the coculture provides a promising way for improving the productivity of valuable and complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Qiu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute, Tianjin University, Dashi Road 1, Nanshan
District, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Diversification of Chemical Structures of Methoxylated Flavonoids and Genes Encoding Flavonoid-O-Methyltransferases. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040564. [PMID: 35214897 PMCID: PMC8876552 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The O-methylation of specialized metabolites in plants is a unique decoration that provides structural and functional diversity of the metabolites with changes in chemical properties and intracellular localizations. The O-methylation of flavonoids, which is a class of plant specialized metabolites, promotes their antimicrobial activities and liposolubility. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), which are responsible for the O-methylation process of the flavonoid aglycone, generally accept a broad range of substrates across flavones, flavonols and lignin precursors, with different substrate preferences. Therefore, the characterization of FOMTs with the physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids is useful for crop improvement and metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarized the chemodiversity and physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids, which were already reported, and we performed a cross-species comparison to illustrate an overview of diversification and conserved catalytic sites of the flavonoid O-methyltransferases.
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10
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Zhu F, Wen W, Cheng Y, Fernie AR. The metabolic changes that effect fruit quality during tomato fruit ripening. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:2. [PMID: 37789428 PMCID: PMC10515270 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
As the most valuable organ of tomato plants, fruit has attracted considerable attention which most focus on its quality formation during the ripening process. A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. In recent years, with the development of the next generation sequencing, molecular and genetic analysis methods, lots of genes which are involved in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism have been identified and confirmed to regulate pigment contents, fruit softening and other aspects of fruit flavor quality. Here, both research concerning the dissection of fruit quality related metabolic changes, the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of these metabolic pathways are reviewed. Furthermore, a weighted gene correlation network analysis of representative genes of fruit quality has been carried out and the potential of the combined application of the gene correlation network analysis, fine-mapping strategies and next generation sequencing to identify novel candidate genes determinants of fruit quality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.
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11
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Xu RX, Ni R, Gao S, Fu J, Xiong RL, Zhu TT, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Molecular cloning and characterization of two distinct caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases (CCoAOMTs) from the liverwort Marchantia paleacea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111102. [PMID: 34895539 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases (CCoAOMTs) catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to a hydroxyl moiety of caffeoyl-CoA as part of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. CCoAOMT-like proteins also catalyze to a variety of flavonoids, coumarins, and phenylpropanoids. Several CCoAOMTs that prefer flavonoids as substrates have been characterized from liverworts. Here, we cloned two CCoAOMT genes, MpalOMT2 and MpalOMT3, from the liverwort Marchantia paleacea. MpalOMT3 has a second ATG codon downstream and the truncated version that lacks 11 amino acids was named MpalOMT3-Tr. Phylogenetic analysis placed MpalOMT3 at the root of the clade with true CCoAOMTs from vascular plants and placed MpalOMT2 between the CCoAOMT and CCoAOMT-like proteins. Recombinant OMTs methylated caffeoyl CoA, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids containing two or three vicinal hydroxyl groups. MpalOMT3 showed higher catalytic activity for phenylpropanoids than MpalOMT2, but MpalOMT2 showed more promiscuous towards eriodictyol and myricetin. The lignin content in Arabidopsis thaliana stems increased with constitutive heterologous expression of MpalOMT3-Tr, but not MpalOMT2. Subcellular localization experiments indicated that the N-terminus of MpalOMT3 probably served as a chloroplast transit peptide and inhibited its enzymatic activity. Combining the phylogenetic analysis and functional characterization, we conclude that the liverwort M. paleacea harbors true CCoAOMT and CCoAOMT-like genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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12
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Wang P, Li C, Li X, Huang W, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang X, Yan X, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Complete biosynthesis of the potential medicine icaritin by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1906-1916. [PMID: 36654400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Icaritin is a prenylflavonoid present in the Chinese herbal medicinal plant Epimedium spp. and is under investigation in a phase III clinical trial for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report the biosynthesis of icaritin from glucose by engineered microbial strains. We initially designed an artificial icaritin biosynthetic pathway by identifying a novel prenyltransferase from the Berberidaceae-family species Epimedium sagittatum (EsPT2) that catalyzes the C8 prenylation of kaempferol to yield 8-prenlykaempferol and a novel methyltransferase GmOMT2 from soybean to transfer a methyl to C4'-OH of 8-prenlykaempferol to produce icaritin. We next introduced 11 heterologous genes and modified 12 native yeast genes to construct a yeast strain capable of producing 8-prenylkaempferol with high efficiency. GmOMT2 was sensitive to low pH and lost its activity when expressed in the yeast cytoplasm. By relocating GmOMT2 into mitochondria (higher pH than cytoplasm) of the 8-prenylkaempferol-producing yeast strain or co-culturing the 8-prenylkaempferol-producing yeast with an Escherichia coli strain expressing GmOMT2, we obtained icaritin yields of 7.2 and 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Beyond the characterizing two previously unknown plant enzymes and conducting the first biosynthesis of icaritin from glucose, we describe two strategies of overcoming the widespread issue of incompatible pH conditions encountered in basic and applied bioproduction research. Our findings will facilitate industrial-scale production of icaritin and other prenylflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chaojing Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Center of Economic Botany/Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Center of Economic Botany/Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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13
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Two zinc-finger roteins control the initiation and elongation of long stalk trichomes in tomato. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:1057-1069. [PMID: 34555548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes are epidermal secretory structures that are important for plant resistance to pests. Although several regulatory genes have been characterized in trichome development, the molecular mechanisms conferring glandular trichome morphogenesis are unclear. We observed the differences in trichomes in cultivated tomato cv. 'Moneymaker' (MM) and the wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium PI365967 (PP), and used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population to identify the genes that control trichome development in tomato. We found that the genomic variations in two genes, H and SH, contribute to the trichome differences between MM and PP. H and SH encode two paralogous C2H2 zinc-finger proteins that function redundantly in regulating trichome formation. Loss-of-function h/sh double mutants exhibited a significantly decreased number of Type I trichomes and complete loss of long stalk trichomes. Molecular and genetic analyses further indicate that H and SH act upstream of ZFP5. Overexpression of ZFP5 partially restored the trichome defects in NIL-hPPshPP. Moreover, H and SH expression is induced by high temperatures, and their mutations inhibit the elongation of trichomes that reduce the plant repellent to whiteflies. Our findings confirm that H and SH are two vital transcription factors controlling initiation and elongation of Type I and III multicellular trichomes in tomato.
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14
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Han G, Li Y, Qiao Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Guo J, Chen M, Wang B. Advances in the Regulation of Epidermal Cell Development by C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754512. [PMID: 34630497 PMCID: PMC8497795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal cells, such as trichomes, root hairs, salt glands, and stomata, play pivotal roles in the growth, development, and environmental adaptation of terrestrial plants. Cell fate determination, differentiation, and the formation of epidermal structures represent basic developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Increasing evidence indicates that C2H2 zinc finger proteins play important roles in regulating the development of epidermal structures in plants and plant adaptation to unfavorable environments. Here, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in controlling epidermal cell formation in plants, with an emphasis on trichomes, root hairs, and salt glands and their roles in plant adaptation to environmental stress. In addition, we discuss the possible roles of homologous C2H2 zinc finger proteins in trichome development in non-halophytes and salt gland development in halophytes based on bioinformatic analysis. This review provides a foundation for further study of epidermal cell development and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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15
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Wang F, Park YL, Gutensohn M. Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112532. [PMID: 33045464 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes of tomato produce a number of secondary metabolites including terpenes that contribute to host plant resistance against pests. While glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum primarily accumulate a monoterpene blend, those of wild tomato species like Solanum habrochaites produce various sesquiterpenes. Previous studies have shown that glandular trichome derived terpenes in cultivated and wild tomato species have repellent and toxic activity against multiple biting-chewing herbivores. In contrast, considerably less is known about the effect of these glandular trichome derived terpenes on piercing-sucking herbivores such as aphids. Here, we have screened a collection of S. habrochaites accessions representing five chemotypes that produce distinct sets of sesquiterpenes to identify those affecting the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Non-choice assays demonstrated that the longevity and fecundity of M. euphorbiae was significantly reduced when kept on the leaf surface of S. habrochaites accessions producing β-caryophyllene and α-humulene, or α-santalene, α-bergamotene, and β-bergamotene, respectively. When M. euphorbiae apterae were feeding on artificial diets with added terpene containing leaf dip extracts, the same β-caryophyllene/α-humulene and α-santalene/α-bergamotene/β-bergamotene producing S. habrochaites accessions were found to affect aphid survivorship and feeding behavior as indicated by gel saliva investment and honeydew production. Olfactometer assays revealed that the sesquiterpenes emitted from these S. habrochaites accessions also have repellent activity against M. euphorbiae alatae affecting their choice behavior prior to landing on host plants. Assays performed with pure sesquiterpene compounds and an introgression line carrying respective S. habrochaites terpene biosynthetic genes in the S. lycopersicum background confirmed that β-caryophyllene/α-humulene and α-santalene/α-bergamotene/β-bergamotene were responsible for the observed effects on performance, feeding and choice behavior of M. euphorbiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Wang
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, 1194 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Yong-Lak Park
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, 1194 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, 1194 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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16
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An Integrated Analytical Approach Reveals Trichome Acylsugar Metabolite Diversity in the Wild Tomato Solanum pennellii. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100401. [PMID: 33050231 PMCID: PMC7599763 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylsugars constitute an abundant class of pest- and pathogen-protective Solanaceae family plant-specialized metabolites produced in secretory glandular trichomes. Solanum pennellii produces copious triacylated sucrose and glucose esters, and the core biosynthetic pathway producing these compounds was previously characterized. We performed untargeted metabolomic analysis of S. pennellii surface metabolites from accessions spanning the species range, which indicated geographic trends in the acylsugar profile and revealed two compound classes previously undescribed from this species, tetraacylglucoses and flavonoid aglycones. A combination of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HR-MS) and NMR spectroscopy identified variations in the number, length, and branching pattern of acyl chains, and the proportion of sugar cores in acylsugars among accessions. The new dimensions of acylsugar variation revealed by this analysis further indicate variation in the biosynthetic and degradative pathways responsible for acylsugar accumulation. These findings provide a starting point for deeper investigation of acylsugar biosynthesis, an understanding of which can be exploited through crop breeding or metabolic engineering strategies to improve the endogenous defenses of crop plants.
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17
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Tohge T, Scossa F, Wendenburg R, Frasse P, Balbo I, Watanabe M, Alseekh S, Jadhav SS, Delfin JC, Lohse M, Giavalisco P, Usadel B, Zhang Y, Luo J, Bouzayen M, Fernie AR. Exploiting Natural Variation in Tomato to Define Pathway Structure and Metabolic Regulation of Fruit Polyphenolics in the Lycopersicum Complex. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1027-1046. [PMID: 32305499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While the structures of plant primary metabolic pathways are generally well defined and highly conserved across species, those defining specialized metabolism are less well characterized and more highly variable across species. In this study, we investigated polyphenolic metabolism in the lycopersicum complex by characterizing the underlying biosynthetic and decorative reactions that constitute the metabolic network of polyphenols across eight different species of tomato. For this purpose, GC-MS- and LC-MS-based metabolomics of different tissues of Solanum lycopersicum and wild tomato species were carried out, in concert with the evaluation of cross-hybridized microarray data for MapMan-based transcriptomic analysis, and publicly available RNA-sequencing data for annotation of biosynthetic genes. The combined data were used to compile species-specific metabolic networks of polyphenolic metabolism, allowing the establishment of an entire pan-species biosynthetic framework as well as annotation of the functions of decoration enzymes involved in the formation of metabolic diversity of the flavonoid pathway. The combined results are discussed in the context of the current understanding of tomato flavonol biosynthesis as well as a global view of metabolic shifts during fruit ripening. Our results provide an example as to how large-scale biology approaches can be used for the definition and refinement of large specialized metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via Ardeatina 546 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Regina Wendenburg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Pierre Frasse
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSA Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Ilse Balbo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sagar Sudam Jadhav
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jay C Delfin
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Marc Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bjoern Usadel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSA Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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18
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Bakir S, Capanoglu E, Hall RD, de Vos RCH. Variation in secondary metabolites in a unique set of tomato accessions collected in Turkey. Food Chem 2020; 317:126406. [PMID: 32097823 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 50 tomato landraces grown in Turkey were investigated in terms of their secondary metabolite profiles. Each accession was planted in 2016 and 2017 in 3 replicates in an open field. In this study, color, pH and brix of the fruit samples were measured and an unbiased LCMS-based metabolomics approach was applied. Based on Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of the relative abundance levels of >250 metabolites, it could be concluded that fruit size was the most influential to the biochemical composition, rather than the geographical origin of accessions. Results indicated substantial biodiversity in various metabolites generally regarded as key to fruit quality aspects, including sugars; phenolic compounds like phenylpropanoids and flavonoids; alkaloids and glycosides of flavour-related volatile compounds. The phytochemical data provides insight into which Turkish accessions might be most promising as starting materials for the tomato processing and breeding industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Bakir
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Engineering, Merkez, Rize, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Robert D Hall
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Leong BJ, Hurney SM, Fiesel PD, Moghe GD, Jones AD, Last RL. Specialized Metabolism in a Nonmodel Nightshade: Trichome Acylinositol Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:915-924. [PMID: 32354879 PMCID: PMC7333698 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants make many biologically active, specialized metabolites, which vary in structure, biosynthesis, and the processes they influence. An increasing number of these compounds are documented to protect plants from insects, pathogens, or herbivores or to mediate interactions with beneficial organisms, including pollinators and nitrogen-fixing microbes. Acylsugars, one class of protective compounds, are made in glandular trichomes of plants across the Solanaceae family. While most described acylsugars are acylsucroses, published examples also include acylsugars with hexose cores. The South American fruit crop naranjilla (lulo; Solanum quitoense) produces acylsugars containing a myoinositol core. We identified an enzyme that acetylates triacylinositols, a function homologous to the last step in the acylsucrose biosynthetic pathway of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Our analysis reveals parallels between S. lycopersicum acylsucrose and S. quitoense acylinositol biosynthesis, suggesting a common evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Leong
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Steven M Hurney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Paul D Fiesel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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20
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Alseekh S, Perez de Souza L, Benina M, Fernie AR. The style and substance of plant flavonoid decoration; towards defining both structure and function. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 174:112347. [PMID: 32203741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 8000 different flavonoids have been described and a considerable number of new flavonoid structures are being elucidated every year. The advent of metabolomics alongside the development of phytochemical genetics - wherein the genetic basis underlying the regulation of the levels of plant metabolites is determined - has provided a massive boost to such efforts. That said our understanding of the individual function(s) of the vast majority of the metabolites that constitute this important class of phytochemicals remains unknown. Here we review what is known concerning the major decorative modifications of flavonoids in plants, namely hydroxylation, glycosylation, methylation and acylation. Our major focus is with regard to the in planta function of these modified compounds, however, we also highlight the demonstrated bioactive roles which they possess. We additionally performed a comprehensive survey of the flavonoids listed in the KNApSAcK database in order to assess the frequency of occurrence of each type of flavonoid modification. We conclude that whilst considerable research has been carried out regarding the biological roles of flavonoids most studies to date have merely provided information on the compound class or sub-classes thereof as a whole with too little currently known on the specific role of individual metabolites. We, therefore, finally suggest a framework based on currently available tools by which the relative importance of the individual compounds can be assessed under various biological conditions in order to fill this knowledge-gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maria Benina
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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21
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Schuurink R, Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: micro-organs with model status? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2251-2266. [PMID: 31651036 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that are the site of biosynthesis and storage of large quantities of specialized metabolites. Besides their role in the protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, they have attracted interest owing to the importance of the compounds they produce for human use; for example, as pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, or pesticides. Here, we review what novel concepts investigations on glandular trichomes have brought to the field of specialized metabolism, particularly with respect to chemical and enzymatic diversity. Furthermore, the next challenges in the field are understanding the metabolic network underlying the high productivity of glandular trichomes and the transport and storage of metabolites. Another emerging area is the development of glandular trichomes. Studies in some model species, essentially tomato, tobacco, and Artemisia, are now providing the first molecular clues, but many open questions remain: How is the distribution and density of different trichome types on the leaf surface controlled? When is the decision for an epidermal cell to differentiate into one type of trichome or another taken? Recent advances in gene editing make it now possible to address these questions and promise exciting discoveries in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Science Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 1210, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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22
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Liu X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xu S, Gong Q, Zhao C, Cao J, Sun C. Characterization of a Flavonoid 3'/5'/7- O-Methyltransferase from Citrus reticulata and Evaluation of the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Its Methylated Products. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040858. [PMID: 32075249 PMCID: PMC7070609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
O-methylation of flavonoids is an important modification reaction that occurs in plants. O-methylation contributes to the structural diversity of flavonoids, which have several biological and pharmacological functions. In this study, an O-methyltransferase gene (CrOMT2) was isolated from the fruit peel of Citrus reticulata, which encoding a multifunctional O-methyltransferase and could effectively catalyze the methylation of 3’-, 5’-, and 7-OH of flavonoids with vicinal hydroxyl substitutions. Substrate preference assays indicated that this recombinant enzyme favored polymethoxylated flavones (PMF)-type substrates in vitro, thereby providing biochemical evidence for the potential role of the enzyme in plants. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the methylated products from the enzymatic catalytic reaction was evaluated in vitro using human gastric cell lines SGC-7901 and BGC-823. The results showed that the in vitro cytotoxicity of the flavonoids with the unsaturated C2-C3 bond was increased after being methylated at position 3’. These combined results provide biochemical insight regarding CrOMT2 in vitro and indicate the in vitro cytotoxicity of the products methylated by its catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yezhi Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuting Xu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Gong
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenning Zhao
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinping Cao
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chongde Sun
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (Q.G.); (C.Z.); (J.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8898-2229
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23
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Rea KA, Casaretto JA, Al-Abdul-Wahid MS, Sukumaran A, Geddes-McAlister J, Rothstein SJ, Akhtar TA. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:162-171. [PMID: 31151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the psychoactive constituents that are typically associated with Cannabis sativa L., there exist numerous other specialized metabolites in this plant that are believed to contribute to its medicinal versatility. This study focused on two such compounds, known as cannflavin A and cannflavin B. These prenylated flavonoids specifically accumulate in C. sativa and are known to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in various animal cell models. However, almost nothing is known about their biosynthesis. Using a combination of phylogenomic and biochemical approaches, an aromatic prenyltransferase from C. sativa (CsPT3) was identified that catalyzes the regiospecific addition of either geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to the methylated flavone, chrysoeriol, to produce cannflavins A and B, respectively. Further evidence is presented for an O-methyltransferase (CsOMT21) encoded within the C. sativa genome that specifically converts the widespread plant flavone known as luteolin to chrysoeriol, both of which accumulate in C. sativa. These results therefore imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: luteolin ► chrysoeriol ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. Taken together, the identification of these two unique enzymes represent a branch point from the general flavonoid pathway in C. sativa and offer a tractable route towards metabolic engineering strategies that are designed to produce these two medicinally relevant Cannabis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - José A Casaretto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Arjun Sukumaran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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24
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Wang X, Wang C, Duan L, Zhang L, Liu H, Xu YM, Liu Q, Mao T, Zhang W, Chen M, Lin M, Gunatilaka AAL, Xu Y, Molnár I. Rational Reprogramming of O-Methylation Regioselectivity for Combinatorial Biosynthetic Tailoring of Benzenediol Lactone Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4355-4364. [PMID: 30767524 PMCID: PMC6416077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O-Methylation modulates the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of small-molecule natural products, affecting their bioavailability, stability, and binding to targets. Diversity-oriented combinatorial biosynthesis of new chemical entities for drug discovery and optimization of known bioactive scaffolds during drug development both demand efficient O-methyltransferase (OMT) biocatalysts with considerable substrate promiscuity and tunable regioselectivity that can be deployed in a scalable and sustainable manner. Here we demonstrate efficient total biosynthetic and biocatalytic platforms that use a pair of fungal OMTs with orthogonal regiospecificity to produce unnatural O-methylated benzenediol lactone polyketides. We show that rational, structure-guided active-site cavity engineering can reprogram the regioselectivity of these enzymes. We also characterize the interplay of engineered regioselectivity with substrate plasticity. These findings will guide combinatorial biosynthetic tailoring of unnatural products toward the generation of diverse chemical matter for drug discovery and the PK/PD optimization of bioactive scaffolds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- State
Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of
Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Lixin Duan
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- Guangzhou
University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University
City, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Ya-ming Xu
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Qingpei Liu
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
- Key
Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science
and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State
Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of
Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest
Center for Natural Products Research, University
of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United
States
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25
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Abstract
Flavonoids are tricyclic polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in plants. Being nature’s antioxidants flavonoids have been shown to reduce the damages induced by oxidative stress in cells. Besides being an antioxidant, flavonols are demonstrated to have anti-infective properties, i.e., antiviral, antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorigenic, and immunomodulatory bioproperties. Plants use them as one of their defense mechanisms against radiation-induced DNA damage and also for fungal infections. The use of flavonols for fabrication of new drugs has been underway with objectives to develop safer and effective therapeutic agents. This review covers 15 flavonols for their structure, biological properties, role in plant metabolisms, and current research focused on computational drug design using flavonols for searching drug leads.
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26
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Liu Y, Jing SX, Luo SH, Li SH. Non-volatile natural products in plant glandular trichomes: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:626-665. [PMID: 30468448 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation methods, chemistry, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of non-volatile natural products involving 489 compounds in plant glandular trichomes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Xi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
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27
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Xu J, van Herwijnen ZO, Dräger DB, Sui C, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. SlMYC1 Regulates Type VI Glandular Trichome Formation and Terpene Biosynthesis in Tomato Glandular Cells. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2988-3005. [PMID: 30518626 PMCID: PMC6354261 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) glandular trichomes function as biochemical factories that synthesize a diverse array of specialized metabolites. Terpenoids are the most diverse class of plant specialized metabolites, with volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes playing important roles in plant defense. Although the biosynthetic pathways of volatile terpenes in tomato glandular trichomes have been well described, little is known about their regulation. Here, we demonstrate that SlMYC1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, differentially regulates mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the type VI glandular trichomes of tomato leaves and stems. SlMYC1 functions as a positive regulator of monoterpene biosynthesis in both leaf and stem trichomes but as a negative regulator of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in stem trichomes. SlMYC1 is also essential for type VI glandular trichome development, as knocking down SlMYC1 led to the production of smaller type VI glandular trichomes at lower densities, and knocking out this gene led to their absence. Our findings reveal a role for SlMYC1 not only in type VI glandular trichome development but also in the regulation of terpene biosynthesis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesen Xu
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zeger O van Herwijnen
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, 2678 ZG De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Dörthe B Dräger
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, 2678 ZG De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Chun Sui
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Salim V, Jones AD, DellaPenna D. Camptotheca acuminata 10-hydroxycamptothecin O-methyltransferase: an alkaloid biosynthetic enzyme co-opted from flavonoid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:112-125. [PMID: 29681057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant Camptotheca acuminata accumulates camptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, and 10-methoxycamptothecin as its major bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids. Here, we describe identification and functional characterization of 10-hydroxycamptothecin O-methyltransferase (Ca10OMT), a member of the Diverse subclade of class II OMTs. Ca10OMT is highly active toward both its alkaloid substrate and a wide range of flavonoids in vitro and in this way contrasts with other alkaloid OMTs in the subclade that only utilize alkaloid substrates. Ca10OMT shows a strong preference for the A-ring 7-OH of flavonoids, which is structurally equivalent to the 10-OH of 10-hydroxycamptothecin. The substrates of other alkaloid OMTs in the subclade bear little similarity to flavonoids, but the 3-D positioning of the 7-OH, A- and C-rings of flavonoids is nearly identical to the 10-OH, A- and B-rings of 10-hydroxycamptothecin. This structural similarity likely explains the retention of flavonoid OMT activity by Ca10OMT and also why kaempferol and quercetin aglycones are potent inhibitors of its 10-hydroxycamptothecin activity. The catalytic promiscuity and strong inhibition of Ca10OMT by flavonoid aglycones in vitro prompted us to investigate the potential physiological roles of the enzyme in vivo. Based on its regioselectivity, kinetic parameters and absence of 7-OMT flavonoids in vivo, we conclude that the major and likely only substrate of Ca10OMTin vivo is 10-hydroxycamptothecin. This is likely accomplished by Ca10OMT being kept spatially separated at the tissue levels from potentially inhibitory flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid aglycones being rapidly glycosylated to non-inhibitory flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonny Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA
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29
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Production of methoxylated flavonoids in yeast using ring A hydroxylases and flavonoid O-methyltransferases from sweet basil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5585-5598. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Vosman B, van’t Westende WPC, Henken B, van Eekelen HDLM, de Vos RCH, Voorrips RE. Broad spectrum insect resistance and metabolites in close relatives of the cultivated tomato. EUPHYTICA: NETHERLANDS JOURNAL OF PLANT BREEDING 2018; 214:46. [PMID: 31007274 PMCID: PMC6445503 DOI: 10.1007/s10681-018-2124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild relatives of tomato possess effective means to deal with several pests, among which are a variety of insects. Here we studied the presence of resistance components against Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Myzus persicae, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Spodoptera exigua in the Lycopersicon group of Solanum section Lycopersicon by means of bioassays and comprehensive metabolite profiling. Broad spectrum resistance was found in Solanum galapagense and a few accessions of S. pimpinellifolium. Resistance to the sap sucking insects may be based on the same mechanism, but different from the caterpillar resistance. Large and highly significant differences in the leaf metabolomes were found between S. galapagense, containing type IV trichomes, and its closest relative S. cheesmaniae, which lacks type IV trichomes. The most evident differences were the relatively high levels of different methylated forms of the flavonoid myricetin and many acyl sucrose structures in S. galapagense. Possible candidate genes regulating the production of these compounds were identified in the Wf-1 QTL region of S. galapagense, which was previously shown to confer resistance to the whitefly B. tabaci. The broad spectrum insect resistance identified in S. galapagense will be very useful to increase resistance in cultivated tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Vosman
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Betty Henken
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland E. Voorrips
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Gao S, Gao Y, Xiong C, Yu G, Chang J, Yang Q, Yang C, Ye Z. The tomato B-type cyclin gene, SlCycB2, plays key roles in reproductive organ development, trichome initiation, terpenoids biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:103-114. [PMID: 28716406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclins exist extensively in various plant species. Among them, B-type cyclins play important roles in the transition of G2-to-M. However, few B-type cyclins have been reported to participate in reproductive organ development and trichome formation. In this study, transgene analysis showed that SlCycB2 overexpression caused abnormal flower with the unclosed stamen, shortened style and aberrant pollen. In addition, nearly all non-glandular trichomes, as well as the glandular ones were disappeared. On the contrary, suppression of SlCycB2 could promote type III and type V trichomes formation. Detection of secondary metabolites indicated that the production of monoterpene and sesquiterpene were significantly decreased in SlCycB2-OE plants, which thus resulted in the reduction of the defense against Prodenia litura. Transcriptome profile demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes mainly participate in the biosynthesis of terpenes, cutin, suberine and wax. Furthermore, we identified several homologs of SlCycB2, SlCycB3, NtCycB2, AtCycB2, which have similar regulatory functions in trichome formation. These results indicate that SlCycB2 plays a critical role in reproductive organ development, multicellular trichome initiation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and Prodenia litura defense in tomato. The similar roles of its homologs in multicellular trichome formation suggest that Solanaceous species may share common regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Tohge T, de Souza LP, Fernie AR. Current understanding of the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis in model and crop plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4013-4028. [PMID: 28922752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a signature class of secondary metabolites formed from a relatively simple collection of scaffolds. They are extensively decorated by chemical reactions including glycosylation, methylation, and acylation. They are present in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables and as such in Western populations it is estimated that 20-50 mg of flavonoids are consumed daily per person. In planta they have demonstrated to contribute to both flower color and UV protection. Their consumption has been suggested to presenta wide range of health benefits. Recent technical advances allowing affordable whole genome sequencing, as well as a better inventory of species-by-species chemical diversity, have greatly advanced our understanding as to how flavonoid biosynthesis pathways vary across species. In parallel, reverse genetics combined with detailed molecular phenotyping is currently allowing us to elucidate the functional importance of individual genes and metabolites and by this means to provide further mechanistic insight into their biological roles. Here we provide an inventory of current knowledge of pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis in both the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and a range of crop species, including tomato, maize, rice, and bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm
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Balcke GU, Bennewitz S, Bergau N, Athmer B, Henning A, Majovsky P, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Hoehenwarter W, Tissier A. Multi-Omics of Tomato Glandular Trichomes Reveals Distinct Features of Central Carbon Metabolism Supporting High Productivity of Specialized Metabolites. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:960-983. [PMID: 28408661 PMCID: PMC5466034 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are metabolic cell factories with the capacity to produce large quantities of secondary metabolites. Little is known about the connection between central carbon metabolism and metabolic productivity for secondary metabolites in glandular trichomes. To address this gap in our knowledge, we performed comparative metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and 13C-labeling of type VI glandular trichomes and leaves from a cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum LA4024) and a wild (Solanum habrochaites LA1777) tomato accession. Specific features of glandular trichomes that drive the formation of secondary metabolites could be identified. Tomato type VI trichomes are photosynthetic but acquire their carbon essentially from leaf sucrose. The energy and reducing power from photosynthesis are used to support the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, while the comparatively reduced Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle activity may be involved in recycling metabolic CO2 Glandular trichomes cope with oxidative stress by producing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, oxylipins, and glutathione. Finally, distinct mechanisms are present in glandular trichomes to increase the supply of precursors for the isoprenoid pathways. Particularly, the citrate-malate shuttle supplies cytosolic acetyl-CoA and plastidic glycolysis and malic enzyme support the formation of plastidic pyruvate. A model is proposed on how glandular trichomes achieve high metabolic productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd U Balcke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nick Bergau
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Benedikt Athmer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anja Henning
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Proteome Analytics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Proteome Analytics, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Tohge T, Fernie AR. Metabolomics-Inspired Insight into Developmental, Environmental and Genetic Aspects of Tomato Fruit Chemical Composition and Quality. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1681-96. [PMID: 26228272 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato was one of the first plant species to be evaluated using metabolomics and remains one of the best characterized, with tomato fruit being both an important source of nutrition in the human diet and a valuable model system for the development of fleshy fruits. Additionally, given the broad habitat range of members of the tomato clade and the extensive use of exotic germplasm in tomato genetic research, it represents an excellent genetic model system for understanding both metabolism per se and the importance of various metabolites in conferring stress tolerance. This review summarizes technical approaches used to characterize the tomato metabolome to date and details insights into metabolic pathway structure and regulation that have been obtained via analysis of tissue samples taken under different developmental or environmental circumstance as well as following genetic perturbation. Particular attention is paid to compounds of importance for nutrition or the shelf-life of tomatoes. We propose furthermore how metabolomics information can be coupled to the burgeoning wealth of genome sequence data from the tomato clade to enhance further our understanding of (i) the shifts in metabolic regulation occurring during development and (ii) specialization of metabolism within the tomato clade as a consequence of either adaptive evolution or domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Gomez Roldan MV, Outchkourov N, van Houwelingen A, Lammers M, Romero de la Fuente I, Ziklo N, Aharoni A, Hall RD, Beekwilder J. An O-methyltransferase modifies accumulation of methylated anthocyanins in seedlings of tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:695-708. [PMID: 25227758 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins contribute to the appearance of fruit by conferring to them a red, blue or purple colour. In a food context, they have also been suggested to promote consumer health. In purple tomato tissues, such as hypocotyls, stems and purple fruits, various anthocyanins accumulate. These molecules have characteristic patterns of modification, including hydroxylations, methylations, glycosylations and acylations. The genetic basis for many of these modifications has not been fully elucidated, and nor has their role in the functioning of anthocyanins. In this paper, AnthOMT, an O-methyltransferase (OMT) mediating the methylation of anthocyanins, has been identified and functionally characterized using a combined metabolomics and transcriptomics approach. Gene candidates were selected from the draft tomato genome, and their expression was subsequently monitored in a tomato seedling system comprising three tissues and involving several time points. In addition, we also followed gene expression in wild-type red and purple transgenic tomato fruits expressing Rosea1 and Delila transcription factors. Of the 57 candidates identified, only a single OMT gene showed patterns strongly correlating with both accumulation of anthocyanins and expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. This candidate (AnthOMT) was compared to a closely related caffeoyl CoA OMT by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, and then tested for substrate specificity. AnthOMT showed a strong affinity for glycosylated anthocyanins, while other flavonoid glycosides and aglycones were much less preferred. Gene silencing experiments with AnthOMT resulted in reduced levels of the predominant methylated anthocyanins. This confirms the role of this enzyme in the diversification of tomato anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gomez Roldan
- BU Biosciences, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, PO Box 94215, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kim J, Matsuba Y, Ning J, Schilmiller AL, Hammar D, Jones AD, Pichersky E, Last RL. Analysis of natural and induced variation in tomato glandular trichome flavonoids identifies a gene not present in the reference genome. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3272-85. [PMID: 25128240 PMCID: PMC4176439 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ubiquitous plant aromatic specialized metabolites found in a variety of cell types and organs. Methylated flavonoids are detected in secreting glandular trichomes of various Solanum species, including the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Inspection of the sequenced S. lycopersicum Heinz 1706 reference genome revealed a close homolog of Solanum habrochaites MOMT1 3'/5' myricetin O-methyltransferase gene, but this gene (Solyc06g083450) is missing the first exon, raising the question of whether cultivated tomato has a distinct 3' or 3'/5' O-methyltransferase. A combination of mining genome and cDNA sequences from wild tomato species and S. lycopersicum cultivar M82 led to the identification of Sl-MOMT4 as a 3' O-methyltransferase. In parallel, three independent ethyl methanesulfonate mutants in the S. lycopersicum cultivar M82 background were identified as having reduced amounts of di- and trimethylated myricetins and increased monomethylated myricetin. Consistent with the hypothesis that Sl-MOMT4 is a 3' O-methyltransferase gene, all three myricetin methylation defective mutants were found to have defects in MOMT4 sequence, transcript accumulation, or 3'-O-methyltransferase enzyme activity. Surprisingly, no MOMT4 sequence is found in the Heinz 1706 reference genome sequence, and this cultivar accumulates 3-methyl myricetin and is deficient in 3'-methyl myricetins, demonstrating variation in this gene among cultivated tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Yuki Matsuba
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Dagan Hammar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Abstract
White campion (Silene latifolia) is a dioecious plant that emits 1,2-dimethoxybenzene (veratrole), a potent pollinator attractant to the nocturnal moth Hadena bicruris. Little is known about veratrole biosynthesis, although methylation of 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), another volatile emitted from white campion flowers, has been proposed. Here, we explore the biosynthetic route to veratrole. Feeding white campion flowers with [(13)C9]l-phenylalanine increased guaiacol and veratrole emission, and a significant portion of these volatile molecules contained the stable isotope. When white campion flowers were treated with the phenylalanine ammonia lyase inhibitor 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid, guaiacol and veratrole levels were reduced by 50% and 63%, respectively. Feeding with benzoic acid (BA) or salicylic acid (SA) increased veratrole emission 2-fold, while [(2)H5]BA and [(2)H6]SA feeding indicated that the benzene ring of both guaiacol and veratrole is derived from BA via SA. We further report guaiacol O-methyltransferase (GOMT) activity in the flowers of white campion. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity, and the peptide sequence matched that encoded by a recently identified complementary DNA (SlGOMT1) from a white campion flower expressed sequence tag database. Screening of a small population of North American white campion plants for floral volatile emission revealed that not all plants emitted veratrole or possessed GOMT activity, and SlGOMT1 expression was only observed in veratrole emitters. Collectively these data suggest that veratrole is derived by the methylation of guaiacol, which itself originates from phenylalanine via BA and SA, and therefore implies a novel branch point of the general phenylpropanoid pathway.
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38
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Characterization of regiospecific flavonoid 3′/5′-O-methyltransferase from tomato and its application in flavonoid biotransformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Glas JJ, Schimmel BCJ, Alba JM, Escobar-Bravo R, Schuurink RC, Kant MR. Plant glandular trichomes as targets for breeding or engineering of resistance to herbivores. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:17077-103. [PMID: 23235331 PMCID: PMC3546740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are specialized hairs found on the surface of about 30% of all vascular plants and are responsible for a significant portion of a plant's secondary chemistry. Glandular trichomes are an important source of essential oils, i.e., natural fragrances or products that can be used by the pharmaceutical industry, although many of these substances have evolved to provide the plant with protection against herbivores and pathogens. The storage compartment of glandular trichomes usually is located on the tip of the hair and is part of the glandular cell, or cells, which are metabolically active. Trichomes and their exudates can be harvested relatively easily, and this has permitted a detailed study of their metabolites, as well as the genes and proteins responsible for them. This knowledge now assists classical breeding programs, as well as targeted genetic engineering, aimed to optimize trichome density and physiology to facilitate customization of essential oil production or to tune biocide activity to enhance crop protection. We will provide an overview of the metabolic diversity found within plant glandular trichomes, with the emphasis on those of the Solanaceae, and of the tools available to manipulate their activities for enhancing the plant's resistance to pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Rocío Escobar-Bravo
- Department of Plant Breeding, Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture Institute “La Mayora” (IHSM), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Experimental Station “La Mayora”, E-29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, 1098 XH, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1098 XH Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.J.G.); (B.C.J.S.); (J.M.A.)
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Berim A, Hyatt DC, Gang DR. A set of regioselective O-methyltransferases gives rise to the complex pattern of methoxylated flavones in sweet basil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1052-69. [PMID: 22923679 PMCID: PMC3461529 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavonoids occur in a number of plant families, including the Lamiaceae. To date, the metabolic pathways giving rise to the diversity of these compounds have not been studied. Analysis of our expressed sequence tag database for four sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) lines afforded identification of candidate flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes. Recombinant proteins displayed distinct substrate preferences and product specificities that can account for all detected 7-/6-/4'-methylated, 8-unsubstituted flavones. Their biochemical specialization revealed only certain metabolic routes to be highly favorable and therefore likely in vivo. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases catalyzing 4'- and 6-O-methylations shared high identity (approximately 90%), indicating that subtle sequence changes led to functional differentiation. Structure homology modeling suggested the involvement of several amino acid residues in defining the proteins' stringent regioselectivities. The roles of these individual residues were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, revealing two discrete mechanisms as a basis for the switch between 6- and 4'-O-methylation of two different substrates. These findings delineate major pathways in a large segment of the flavone metabolic network and provide a foundation for its further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - David C. Hyatt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - David R. Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Gonzales-Vigil E, Hufnagel DE, Kim J, Last RL, Barry CS. Evolution of TPS20-related terpene synthases influences chemical diversity in the glandular trichomes of the wild tomato relative Solanum habrochaites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:921-35. [PMID: 22563774 PMCID: PMC3466413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A systematic screen of volatile terpene production in the glandular trichomes of 79 accessions of Solanum habrochaites was conducted and revealed the presence of 21 mono- and sesquiterpenes that exhibit a range of qualitative and quantitative variation. Hierarchical clustering identified distinct terpene phenotypic modules with shared patterns of terpene accumulation across accessions. Several terpene modules could be assigned to previously identified terpene synthase (TPS) activities that included members of the TPS-e/f subfamily that utilize the unusual cis-prenyl diphosphate substrates neryl diphosphate and 2z,6z-farnesyl diphosphate. DNA sequencing and in vitro enzyme activity analysis of TPS-e/f members from S. habrochaites identified three previously unassigned enzyme activities that utilize these cisoid substrates. These produce either the monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene, or the sesquiterpene 7-epizingiberene, with the in vitro analyses that recapitulated the trichome chemistry found in planta. Comparison of the distribution of S. habrochaites accessions with terpene content revealed a strong preference for the presence of particular TPS20 alleles at distinct geographic locations. This study reveals that the unusually high intra-specific variation of volatile terpene synthesis in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites is due at least in part to evolution at the TPS20 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Hufnagel
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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42
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Schmidt A, Li C, Jones AD, Pichersky E. Characterization of a flavonol 3-O-methyltransferase in the trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites. PLANTA 2012; 236:839-849. [PMID: 22711283 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The glandular trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites accumulate the polymethylated flavonol aglycones, 3,7,3'-O-methyl myricetin, 3,7,3',5'-O-methyl myricetin, and 3,7,3',4',5'-O-methyl myricetin. Partially methylated flavonol aglycones and partially methylated flavonol glycones containing a methyl group at the 3 position have been previously reported from a variety of plants. The 3-O-methyltransferase (3-OMT) activity has been previously partially purified from plants, but a gene transcript encoding an enzyme capable of methylating flavonols at the 3 position has not yet been identified, nor have been such proteins purified and characterized. We previously identified two gene transcripts expressed in the glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites and showed that they encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin at the 3' and 5' and the 7 and 4' positions, respectively. Here we report the identification of gene transcripts expressed in S. lycopersicum (cultivated tomato) and in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes that encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin, and its partially methylated derivatives exclusively at the 3 position. The S. habrochaites gene transcript is preferentially expressed in the glandular trichomes and it encodes a protein with high similarity to the S. habrochaites, 3'/5' O-methyltransferase which is also present in glandular trichomes. Phylogenic analysis suggests that the 3-OMT activity has probably evolved from an ancestral 3'/5' methyltransferase activity. The discovery and characterization of 3-OMT provides a more complete picture of the series of reactions leading to highly methylated myricetin compounds in S. habrochaites glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schmidt
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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Voo SS, Grimes HD, Lange BM. Assessing the biosynthetic capabilities of secretory glands in Citrus peel. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:81-94. [PMID: 22452856 PMCID: PMC3375987 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) lining the secretory cavities of Citrus peel have been hypothesized to be responsible for the synthesis of essential oil, but direct evidence for such a role is currently sparse. We used laser-capture microdissection and pressure catapulting to isolate ECs and parenchyma cells (as controls not synthesizing oil) from the peel of young grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi 'Duncan'), isolated RNA, and evaluated transcript patterns based on oligonucleotide microarrays. A Gene Ontology analysis of these data sets indicated an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids and nonvolatile phenylpropanoids in ECs (when compared with parenchyma cells), thus indicating a significant metabolic specialization in this cell type. The gene expression patterns in ECs were consistent with the accumulation of the major essential oil constituents (monoterpenes, prenylated coumarins, and polymethoxylated flavonoids). Morphometric analyses demonstrated that secretory cavities are formed early during fruit development, whereas the expansion of cavities, and thus oil accumulation, correlates with later stages of fruit expansion. Our studies have laid the methodological and experimental groundwork for a vastly improved knowledge of the as yet poorly understood processes controlling essential oil biosynthesis in Citrus peel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siau Sie Voo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
| | - Howard D. Grimes
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
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Rogers ED, Jackson T, Moussaieff A, Aharoni A, Benfey PN. Cell type-specific transcriptional profiling: implications for metabolite profiling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:5-17. [PMID: 22449039 PMCID: PMC3315153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and survival is centered on complex regulatory networks composed of genes, proteins, hormone pathways, metabolites and signaling pathways. The recent advancements in whole genome biology have furthered our understanding of the interactions between these networks. As a result, numerous cell type-specific transcriptome profiles have been generated that have elucidated complex gene regulatory networks occurring at the cellular level, many of which were masked during whole-organ analysis. Modern technologies have also allowed researchers to generate multiple whole-organ metabolite profiles; however, only a limited number have been generated at the level of individual cells. Recent advancements in the isolation of individual cell populations have made cell type-specific metabolite profiles possible, enabling the enhanced detection and quantification of metabolites that were formerly unavailable when considering the whole organ. The comparison of metabolite and transcriptome profiles from the same cells has been a valuable resource to generate predictions regarding specific metabolite activity and function. In this review, we focus on recent studies that demonstrate the value of cell type-specific transcriptional profiles and their comparison with profiles generated from whole organs. Advancements in the isolation of single-cell populations will be highlighted, and the potential application towards generating detailed metabolic profiles will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Rogers
- Department of Biologyand Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Terry Jackson
- Department of Biologyand Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
| | - Arieh Moussaieff
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Philip N. Benfey
- Department of Biologyand Duke Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 27708
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Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: what comes after expressed sequence tags? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:51-68. [PMID: 22449043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes cover the surface of many plant species. They exhibit tremendous diversity, be it in their shape or the compounds they secrete. This diversity is expressed between species but also within species or even individual plants. The industrial uses of some trichome secretions and their potential as a defense barrier, for example against arthropod pests, has spurred research into the biosynthesis pathways that lead to these specialized metabolites. Because complete biosynthesis pathways take place in the secretory cells, the establishment of trichome-specific expressed sequence tag libraries has greatly accelerated their elucidation. Glandular trichomes also have an important metabolic capacity and may be considered as true cell factories. To fully exploit the potential of glandular trichomes as breeding or engineering objects, several research areas will have to be further investigated, such as development, patterning, metabolic fluxes and transcription regulation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the methods and technologies which have been used to investigate glandular trichomes and to propose new avenues of research to deepen our understanding of these specialized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tissier
- Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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