1
|
Meng D, He M, Bai Y, Xu H, Dandekar AM, Fei Z, Cheng L. Decreased sorbitol synthesis leads to abnormal stamen development and reduced pollen tube growth via an MYB transcription factor, MdMYB39L, in apple (Malus domestica). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:641-656. [PMID: 29027668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sugars produced by photosynthesis not only fuel plant growth and development, but may also act as signals to regulate plant growth and development. This work focuses on the role of sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, in flower development and pollen tube growth of apple (Malus domestica). Transgenic 'Greensleeves' apple trees with decreased sorbitol synthesis had abnormal stamen development, a decreased pollen germination rate and reduced pollen tube growth, which were all closely related to lower sorbitol concentrations in stamens. RNA sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR analyses identified reduced transcript levels during stamen development and pollen tube growth in the transgenic trees of a stamen-specific MYB39-like transcription factor, MdMYB39L, and of its putative target genes involved in hexose uptake, cell wall formation and microsporogenesis. Suppressing MdMYB39L expression in pollen via antisense oligonucleotide transfection significantly reduced the expression of its putative target genes and pollen tube growth. Exogenous sorbitol application during flower development partially restored MdMYB39L expression, stamen development, and pollen germination and tube growth of the transgenic trees. Addition of sorbitol to the germination medium also partially restored pollen germination and tube growth of the transgenic trees. We conclude that sorbitol plays an essential role in stamen development and pollen tube growth via MdMYB39L in apple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Meng
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingyang He
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Lailiang Cheng
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheng Z, Lv Y, Li W, Luo R, Wei X, Xie L, Jiao G, Shao G, Wang J, Tang S, Hu P. Yellow-Leaf 1 encodes a magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase, involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177989. [PMID: 28558018 PMCID: PMC5448749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase (MPEC) catalyzes the conversion of MPME to divinyl protochlorophyllide (DVpchlide). This is an essential enzyme during chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis but details of its function in rice are still lacking. Here, we identified a novel rice mutant yellow-leaf 1 (yl-1), which showed decreased Chl accumulation, abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure and attenuated photosynthetic activity. Map-based cloning and over-expression analysis suggested that YL-1 encodes a subunit of MPEC. The YL-1 protein localizes in chloroplasts, and it is mainly expressed in green tissues, with greatest abundance in leaves and young panicles. Results of qRT-PCR showed that Chl biosynthesis upstream genes were highly expressed in the yl-1 mutant, while downstream genes were compromised, indicating that YL-1 plays a pivotal role in the Chl biosynthesis. Furthermore, the expression levels of photosynthesis and chloroplast development genes were also affected. RNA-seq results futher proved that numerous membrane-associated genes, including many plastid membrane-associated genes, have altered expression pattern in the yl-1 mutant, implying that YL-1 is required for plastid membrane stability. Thus, our study confirms a putative MPME cyclase as a novel key enzyme essential for Chl biosynthesis and chloroplast membrane stability in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yusong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongjian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Agricultural College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PH); (ST)
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PH); (ST)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Huang R, Quan R. Mutation in Mg-Protoporphyrin IX Monomethyl Ester Cyclase Decreases Photosynthesis Capacity in Rice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171118. [PMID: 28129387 PMCID: PMC5271374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, the pigments chlorophyll a/b absorb light energy to convert to chemical energy in chloroplasts. Though most enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis from glutamyl-tRNA to chlorophyll a/b have been identified, the exact composition and regulation of the multimeric enzyme Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase (MPEC) is largely unknown. In this study, we isolated a rice pale-green leaf mutant m167 with yellow-green leaf phenotype across the whole lifespan. Chlorophyll content decreases 43-51% and the granal stacks of chloroplasts becomes thinner in m167. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including Fv/Fm (the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII) and quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)), were lower in m167 than those in wild type plants (WT), and photosynthesis rate decreases 40% in leaves of m167 mutant compared with WT plants, which lead to yield reduction in m167. Genetic analysis revealed that yellow-green leaf phenotype of m167 is controlled by a single recessive genetic locus. By positional cloning, a single mutated locus, G286A (Alanine 96 to Threonine in protein), was found in the coding sequence of LOC_Os01g17170 (Rice Copper Response Defect 1, OsCRD1), encoding a putative subunit of MPEC. Expression profile analysis demonstrated that OsCRD1 is mainly expressed in green tissues of rice. Sequence alignment analysis of CRD1 indicated that Alanine 96 is very conserved in all green plants and photosynthetic bacteria. OsCRD1 protein mainly locates in chloroplast and the point mutation A96T in OsCRD1 does not change its location. Therefore, Alanine96 of OsCRD1 might be fundamental for MPEC activity, mutation of which leads to deficiency in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development and decreases photosynthetic capacity in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong W, Yu X, Chen H, Liu L, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Lin Y, Yu Y, Wang C, Jiang L, Zhai H, Zhao Z, Wan J. The catalytic subunit of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase forms a chloroplast complex to regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:177-91. [PMID: 27514852 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
YGL8 has the dual functions in Chl biosynthesis: one as a catalytic subunit of MgPME cyclase, the other as a core component of FLU-YGL8-LCAA-POR complex in Chl biosynthesis. Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (MgPME) cyclase is an essential enzyme involved in chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis. However, its roles in regulating Chl biosynthesis are not fully explored. In this study, we isolated a rice mutant yellow-green leaf 8 (ygl8) that exhibited chlorosis phenotype with abnormal chloroplast development in young leaves. As the development of leaves, the chlorotic plants turned green accompanied by restorations in Chl content and chloroplast ultrastructure. Map-based cloning revealed that the ygl8 gene encodes a catalytic subunit of MgPME cyclase. The ygl8 mutation caused a conserved amino acid substitution (Asn182Ser), which was related to the alterations of Chl precursor content. YGL8 was constitutively expressed in various tissues, with more abundance in young leaves and panicles. Furthermore, we showed that expression levels of some nuclear genes associated with Chl biosynthesis were affected in both the ygl8 mutant and YGL8 RNA interference lines. By transient expression in rice protoplasts, we found that N-terminal 40 amino acid residues were enough to localize the YGL8 protein to chloroplast. In vivo experiments demonstrated a physical interaction between YGL8 and a rice chloroplast protein, low chlorophyll accumulation A (OsLCAA). Moreover, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that YGL8 also interacted with the other two rice chloroplast proteins, viz. fluorescent (OsFLU1) and NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (OsPORB). These results provide new insights into the roles of YGL8, not only as a subunit with catalytic activity, but as a core component of FLU-YGL8-LCAA-POR complex required for Chl biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Kong
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjia Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Lin
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huqu Zhai
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Zhu Y, Sun L, Li L, Jin S, Zhang X. Transgenic Bt cotton driven by the green tissue-specific promoter shows strong toxicity to lepidopteran pests and lower Bt toxin accumulation in seeds. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:172-82. [PMID: 26728504 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A promoter of the PNZIP (Pharbitis nil leucine zipper) gene (1.459 kb) was cloned from Pharbitis nil and fused to the GUS (β-glucuronidase) and Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin (Cry9C) genes. Several transgenic PNZIP::GUS and PNZIP::Cry9C cotton lines were developed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Strong GUS staining was detected in the green tissues of the transgenic PNZIP::GUS cotton plants. In contrast, GUS staining in the reproductive structures such as petals, anther, and immature seeds of PNZIP::GUS cotton was very faint. Two transgenic PNZIP::Cry9C lines and one transgenic cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S::Cry9C line were selected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and insect bioassays. Expression of the Cry9C protein in the 35S::Cry9C line maintained a high level in most tissues ranging from 24.6 to 45.5 μg g(-1) fresh weight. In green tissues such as the leaves, boll rinds, and bracts of the PNZIP::Cry9C line, the Cry9C protein accumulated up to 50.2, 39.7, and 48.3 μg g(-1) fresh weight respectively. In contrast, seeds of the PNZIP::Cry9C line (PZ1.3) accumulated only 0.26 μg g(-1) fresh weight of the Cry9C protein, which was 100 times lower than that recorded for the seeds of the CaMV 35S::Cry9C line. The insect bioassay showed that the transgenic PNZIP::Cry9C cotton plant exhibited strong resistance to both the cotton bollworm and the pink bollworm. The PNZIP promoter could effectively drive Bt toxin expression in green tissues of cotton and lower accumulated levels of the Bt protein in seeds. These features should allay public concerns about the safety of transgenic foods. We propose the future utility of PNZIP as an economical, environmentally friendly promoter in cotton biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lebin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang P, Li XZ, Cui HR, Feng YG, Wang XY. Identification and functional analysis of a novel parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerase from Gossypium hirsutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 76:58-66. [PMID: 24468661 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed a variety of adaptive mechanisms to cope with stresses. A novel salt-induced gene was isolated during the screening of a NaCl-induced cDNA library of cotton seedlings. The gene was registered as accession number AY972810 in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protein encoded by the gene belongs to the parvulin family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases, EC 5.2.1.8). Northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNA accumulation of GhPPI was induced by salt stress. Subcellular localization revealed that GhPPI (Gossypium hirsutum peptidyl-prolyl isomerase) was localized in the nucleus. The purified recombinant GhPPI could accelerate the initial velocity of the cis-trans conversion of peptidyl-prolyl bonds of a tetrapeptide in a GhPPI concentration-dependent manner. Recombinant GhPPI also suppressed protein aggregation under denaturing conditions using Gdn-HCl (guanidine hydrochloride), suggesting an additional chaperone activity. Several amino acid residues in GhPPI were speculated to be involved in substrate binding or catalysis based on molecular modeling and docking results. The activity of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase was affected when the relevant amino acids were mutated. Among the 11 mutants, five amino acids mutations led to the enzyme activities decreased to 30% as that of wild type, and two reduced to approximately 60%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant parvulin PPIase involved in the salt stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Cui
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-guang Feng
- Jinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, Jinan 250300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ji L, Xu R, Lu L, Zhang J, Yang G, Huang J, Wu C, Zheng C. TM6, a novel nuclear matrix attachment region, enhances its flanking gene expression through influencing their chromatin structure. Mol Cells 2013; 36:127-37. [PMID: 23852133 PMCID: PMC3887953 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) regulate the higher-order organization of chromatin and affect the expression of their flanking genes. In this study, a tobacco MAR, TM6, was isolated and demonstrated to remarkably increase the expression of four different promoters that drive gusA gene and adjacent nptII gene. In turn, this expression enhanced the transformation frequency of transgenic tobacco. Deletion analysis of topoisomerase II-binding site, AT-rich element, and MAR recognition signature (MRS) showed that MRS has the highest contribution (61.7%) to the TM6 sequence-mediated transcription activation. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) accessibility assay showed that 35S and NOS promoter regions with TM6 are more sensitive than those without TM6. The analysis also revealed that TM6 reduces promoter DNA methylation which can affect the gusA expression. In addition, two tobacco chromatin-associated proteins, NtMBP1 and NtHMGB, isolated using a yeast one-hybrid system, specifically bound to the TM6II-1 region (761 bp to 870 bp) and to the MRS element in the TM6II-2 (934 bp to 1,021 bp) region, respectively. We thus suggested that TM6 mediated its chromatin opening and chromatin accessibility of its flanking promoters with consequent enhancement of transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
- Present address: College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059,
P.R. China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| | - Longtao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
- Present address: Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261061,
P.R.China
| | - Jiedao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| | - Changai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018,
P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gene encoding PnFL-2 with TIFY and CCT motifs may control floral induction in Pharbitis nil. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Huang H, Qi SD, Qi F, Wu CA, Yang GD, Zheng CC. NtKTI1, a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity from Nicotiana tabacum, plays an important role in tobacco's defense response. FEBS J 2010; 277:4076-88. [PMID: 20735473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA library from tobacco inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani was constructed, and several cDNA fragments were identified by differential hybridization screening. One cDNA clone that was dramatically repressed, NtKTI1, was confirmed as a member of the Kunitz plant proteinase inhibitor family. RT-PCR analysis revealed that NtKTI1 was constitutively expressed throughout the whole plant and preferentially expressed in the roots and stems. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis showed that NtKTI1 expression was repressed after R. solani inoculation, mechanical wounding and salicylic acid treatment, but was unaffected by methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid and NaCl treatment. In vitro assays showed that NtKTI1 exerted prominent antifungal activity towards R. solani and moderate antifungal activity against Rhizopus nigricans and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. Bioassays of transgenic tobacco demonstrated that overexpression of NtKTI1 enhanced significantly the resistance of tobacco against R. solani, and the antisense lines exhibited higher susceptibility than control lines towards the phytopathogen. Taken together, these studies suggest that NtKTI1 may be a functional Kunitz trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity against several important phytopathogens in the tobacco defense response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peter E, Rothbart M, Oelze ML, Shalygo N, Dietz KJ, Grimm B. Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase deficiency and effects on tetrapyrrole metabolism in different light conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1229-41. [PMID: 20460500 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester (MgProtoME) cyclase catalyzes isocyclic ring formation to form divinyl protochlorophyllide. The CHL27 protein is part of the cyclase complex. Deficiency of CHL27 has been previously reported to compromise photosynthesis and nuclear gene expression. In a comprehensive analysis of different CHL27 antisense tobacco lines grown under different light conditions, the physiological consequences of gradually reduced CHL27 expression on the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway were explored. Excessive amounts of MgProtoME, the substrate of the cyclase reaction, accumulated in response to the reduced CHL27 content. Moreover, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis, Mg chelatase and Mg protoporphyrin methyltransferase activities were reduced in transgenic plants. Compared with growth under continuous light exposure, the CHL27-deficient plants showed a stronger reduction in Chl content, cell death and leaf necrosis during diurnal light/dark cycles. This photooxidative phenotype correlated with a rapidly increasing MgProtoME steady-state level at the beginning of each light period. In contrast, the same transformants grown under continuous light exposure possessed a permanently elevated amount of MgProtoME. Its lower phototoxicity correlated with increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase, and a higher amount of reduced ascorbate. It is proposed that improved stress acclimation during continuous light in comparison with light-dark growth increases the capacity to prevent photooxidation by excess tetrapyrrole precursors and lowers the susceptibility to secondary photodynamic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Peter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Philippstr.13, Building 12, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Liu M, Li Y, Zhao Y, He H, Yang G, Zheng C. Oral immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice of a carrot-derived vaccine candidate expressing UreB subunit against Helicobacter pylori. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 69:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
12
|
Grimm B. Chapter 3 Control of the Metabolic Flow in Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis: Regulation of Expression and Activity of Enzymes in the Mg Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. THE CHLOROPLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
13
|
Zheng CC, Potter D, O'Neill SD. Phytochrome gene expression and phylogenetic analysis in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil (Convolvulaceae): Differential regulation by light and an endogenous clock. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1319-1336. [PMID: 21628281 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of distinct phytochrome pools in photoperiodic timekeeping, we characterized four phytochrome genes in the short-day plant Pharbitis nil. Each PHY gene had different photosensory properties and sensitivity to night break that inhibits flowering. During extended dark periods, PHYE, PHYB, and PHYC mRNA accumulation exhibited a circadian rhythmicity indicative of control by an endogenous clock. Phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades of angiosperm phytochrome genes, phyA, phyB, phyC, and phyE. All except the phyE clade included sequences from both monocots and eudicots. In addition, phyA is sister to phyC and phyE sister to phyB, with gymnosperm sequences sister to either the phyA-phyC clade or to the phyB-phyE clade. These results suggest that a single duplication occurred in an ancestral seed plant before the divergence of extant gymnosperms from angiosperms and that two subsequent duplications occurred in an ancestral angiosperm before the divergence of monocots from eudicots. Thus in P. nil, a multigene family with different patterns of mRNA abundance in light and darkness contributes to the total phytochrome pool: one pool is light labile (phyA), whereas the other is light stable (phyB and phyE). In addition, PHYC mRNA represents a third phytochrome pool with intermediate photosensory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chao Zheng
- Section of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peter E, Salinas A, Wallner T, Jeske D, Dienst D, Wilde A, Grimm B. Differential requirement of two homologous proteins encoded by sll1214 and sll1874 for the reaction of Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester oxidative cyclase under aerobic and micro-oxic growth conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1458-67. [PMID: 19540827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The two open reading frames in the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome, sll1214 and sll1874, here designated cycI and cycII, respectively, encode similar proteins, which are involved in the Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester (MgProtoME) cyclase reaction. The impairment of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis was examined by separate inactivation of both cyclase encoding genes followed by analysis of chlorophyll contents, MgProtoME levels and several enzyme activities of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. We additionally addressed the question, whether the two isoforms can complement cyclase deficiency under normal aerobic and micro-oxic growth conditions in light. A cycII knock-out mutant grew without any adverse symptoms at normal air conditions, but showed MgProtoME accumulation at growth under low oxygen conditions. A complete deletion of cycI failed in spite of mixotrophic growth and low light at both ambient and low oxygen, but resulted in accumulation of 150 and 28 times more MgProtoME, respectively, and circa 60% of the wild-type chlorophyll content. The CycI deficiency induced a feedback-controlled limitation of the metabolic flow in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway by reduced ALA synthesis and Fe chelatase activity. Ectopic expression of the CycI protein restored the wild-type phenotype in cycI(-) mutant cells under ambient air as well as micro-oxic growth conditions. Overexpressed CycII protein could not compensate for cycI(-) mutation under micro-oxic and aerobic growth conditions, but complemented the cycII knock-out mutant as indicated by wild-type MgProtoME and chlorophyll levels. Our findings indicate the essential contribution of CycI to the cyclase reaction at ambient and low oxygen conditions, while low oxygen conditions additionally require CycII for the cyclase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Peter
- Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang YT, Yu YL, Yang GD, Zhang JD, Zheng CC. Tissue-specific expression of the PNZIP promoter is mediated by combinatorial interaction of different cis-elements and a novel transcriptional factor. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:2630-44. [PMID: 19270069 PMCID: PMC2677881 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that PNZIP and its homologs encode a special cyclase and play an important role in chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. To investigate the molecular mechanism governing the PNZIP gene, the PNZIP promoter was isolated and analyzed. Deletion analysis indicated that G-box is an important element in the regulation of the reporter gene expression. Further mutation assay demonstrated that G-box and GATACT elements are necessary and sufficient for the high and tissue-specific expression of the GUS gene. Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we have isolated a novel tobacco bZIP protein, NtbZIP, which can specifically recognize the G-box of the PNZIP promoter. The NtbZIP protein shares a limited amino acid homology to Arabidopsis ABI5 and AtAREB1 and very low homology to other bZIP proteins. Northern blot analysis showed that the NtbZIP gene is not induced by exogenous ABA and is expressed in different tobacco organs. Cotransformation assays showed that the NtbZIP protein could activate the transcription of the GUS gene driven by the PNZIP promoter. Transgenic tobaccos analysis demonstrated that constitutively expressing antisense NtbZIP gene resulted in a lower NTZIP synthesis and reduced chlorophyll levels. We suggest that NTZIP is a target gene of NtbZIP, which is involved in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 and Beijing Institute for neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 and Beijing Institute for neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 and Beijing Institute for neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Dao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 and Beijing Institute for neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018 and Beijing Institute for neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xue T, Li X, Zhu W, Wu C, Yang G, Zheng C. Cotton metallothionein GhMT3a, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, increased tolerance against abiotic stress in transgenic tobacco and yeast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 60:339-49. [PMID: 19033550 PMCID: PMC3071772 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a 64-amino acid type 3 metallothionein protein, designated GhMT3a, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by cDNA library screening. Northern blot analysis indicated that mRNA accumulation of GhMT3a was up-regulated not only by high salinity, drought, and low temperature stresses, but also by heavy metal ions, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotton seedlings. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing GhMT3a showed increased tolerance against abiotic stresses compared with wild-type plants. Interestingly, the induced expression of GhMT3a by salt, drought, and low-temperature stresses could be inhibited in the presence of antioxidants. H(2)O(2) levels in transgenic tobacco plants were only half of that in wild-type (WT) plants under such stress conditions. According to in vitro assay, recombinant GhMT3a protein showed an ability to bind metal ions and scavenge ROS. Transgenic yeast overexpressing GhMT3a also showed higher tolerance against ROS stresses. Taken together, these results indicated that GhMT3a could function as an effective ROS scavenger and its expression could be regulated by abiotic stresses through ROS signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bang WY, Jeong IS, Kim DW, Im CH, Ji C, Hwang SM, Kim SW, Son YS, Jeong J, Shiina T, Bahk JD. Role of Arabidopsis CHL27 protein for photosynthesis, chloroplast development and gene expression profiling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1350-63. [PMID: 18682427 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In Chl biosynthesis, aerobic Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (MPE) cyclase is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of protochlorophyllide a, and its membrane-bound component is known to be encoded by homologs of CHL27 in photosynthetic bacteria, green algae and plants. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis chl27-t knock-down mutant exhibits retarded growth and chloroplast developmental defects that are caused by damage to PSII reaction centers. The mutant contains a T-DNA insertion within the CHL27 promoter that dramatically reduces the CHL27 mRNA level. chl27-t mutant plants grew slowly with a pale green appearance, suggesting that they are defective in Chl biosynthesis. Chl fluorescence analysis showed significantly low photosynthetic activity in chl27-t mutants, indicating damage in their PSII reaction centers. The chl27-t mutation also conferred severe defects in chloroplast development, including the unstacking of thylakoid membranes. Microarray analysis of the chl27-t mutant showed repression of numerous nuclear genes involved in photosynthesis, including those encoding components of light-harvesting complex I (LHCI) and LHCII, and PSI and PSII, which accounts for the defects in photosynthetic activity and chloroplast development. In addition, the microarray data also revealed the significant repression of genes such as PORA and AtFRO6 for Chl biosynthesis and iron acquisition, respectively, and, furthermore, implied that there is cross-talk in the Chl biosynthetic pathway among the PORA, AtFRO6 and CHL27 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Young Bang
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21-EBNCRC), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang X, Zhu W, Dai S, Gai S, Zheng G, Zheng C. The involvement of mitochondrial phosphate transporter in accelerating bud dormancy release during chilling treatment of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). PLANTA 2008; 228:545-52. [PMID: 18566830 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone was isolated from tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) subtractive cDNA library of burst buds and characterized with regard to its sequence, expression in response to chilling treatment during the release of bud dormancy, and its function in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The clone, designated as PsMPT, contains 1,615 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 1,119 nucleotides, and the deduced amino acid sequence shows high homology with mitochondrial phosphate transporters (MPTs) from various organisms. The mRNA accumulation of PsMPT in tree peony was strongly induced by chilling treatment during the release of bud dormancy. When the treated plants were transferred to normal growth conditions, the level of PsMPT transcripts induced by sufficient chilling could be maintained high, whereas that induced by insufficient chilling decreased sharply. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants that overexpress PsMPT showed rapid growth and earlier flowering than wild-type plants. ATP contents in the transgenic plants were much higher than that in wild-type plants through various developmental stages. Together, these results suggest that the product of PsMPT is a MPT and might play an important role during the release of bud dormancy in tree peony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shan DP, Huang JG, Yang YT, Guo YH, Wu CA, Yang GD, Gao Z, Zheng CC. Cotton GhDREB1 increases plant tolerance to low temperature and is negatively regulated by gibberellic acid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:70-81. [PMID: 17803642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors C-repeat binding factors/dehydration-responsive element binding proteins (CBFs/DREBs) control the expression of many stress-inducible genes in Arabidopsis. A cDNA clone, designated GhDREB1, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by cDNA library screening. Northern blot analysis indicated that mRNA accumulation of GhDREB1 was induced by low temperatures and salt stress, but was not induced by abscisic acid (ABA) or drought stress in cotton seedlings. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing GhDREB1 displayed stronger chilling tolerance than wild-type plants. Their leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthetic rate and proline concentrations were higher than those of control plants during low-temperature treatment. However, under normal growth conditions, the transgenic tobacco plants exhibited retarded growth and delayed flowering. Interestingly, GhDREB1 transcripts in cotton seedlings were negatively regulated by gibberellic acid (GA(3)) treatment. Analysis of the promoter of the GhDREB1 gene revealed the presence of one low-temperature and four gibberellin-responsive elements. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal intensity or beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity driven by the GhDREB1 promoter was clearly enhanced by low temperature but repressed by GA(3). These results suggest that GhDREB1 functions as a transcription factor and plays an important role in improving cold tolerance, and also affects plant growth and development via GA(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ying-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chang-Ai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Cheng-Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thomson MJ, Edwards JD, Septiningsih EM, Harrington SE, McCouch SR. Substitution mapping of dth1.1, a flowering-time quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with transgressive variation in rice, reveals multiple sub-QTL. Genetics 2006; 172:2501-14. [PMID: 16452146 PMCID: PMC1456415 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative trait locus (QTL), dth1.1, was associated with transgressive variation for days to heading in an advanced backcross population derived from the Oryza sativa variety Jefferson and an accession of the wild rice relative Oryza rufipogon. A series of near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing different O. rufipogon introgressions across the target region were constructed to dissect dth1.1 using substitution mapping. In contrast to the late-flowering O. rufipogon parent, O. rufipogon alleles in the substitution lines caused early flowering under both short- and long-day lengths and provided evidence for at least two distinct sub-QTL: dth1.1a and dth1.1b. Potential candidate genes underlying these sub-QTL include genes with sequence similarity to Arabidopsis GI, FT, SOC1, and EMF1, and Pharbitis nil PNZIP. Evidence from families with nontarget O. rufipogon introgressions in combination with dth1.1 alleles also detected an early flowering QTL on chromosome 4 and a late-flowering QTL on chromosome 6 and provided evidence for additional sub-QTL in the dth1.1 region. The availability of a series of near-isogenic lines with alleles introgressed from a wild relative of rice provides an opportunity to better understand the molecular basis of transgressive variation in a quantitative trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Thomson
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang H, Zhang X, Liu M, Zhang J, Li Y, Zheng CC. Expression and characterization of Helicobacter pylori heat-shock protein A (HspA) protein in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2006; 43:33-8. [PMID: 16134969 DOI: 10.1042/ba20050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is prevalent worldwide, especially in developing countries, and is associated with several upper-gastrointestinal-tract diseases. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent and cure H. pylori infection. By using transgenic plants, plant organs could serve as factories to produce antigens of biotechnological interest. HspA (heat-shock protein A) is an effective antigen and one common to all strains of H. pylori. In the present study, the PCR technique was employed to amplify the gene fragment of the HspA from H. pylori chromosomal DNA. The pGEM-T vector was used for the insertion of the gene fragment of the HspA, and the vector pBI121 was used to construct the plant expression vector. After transformation, the regenerated tobacco plants were identified by PCR and by Northern- and Western-blot analyses. The results verified the integration of this gene into the genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and the expression of this gene in transgenic tobacco. Mucosal immunization of mice with transgenic tobacco extracts containing the HspA protein elicited anti-HspA serum antibody that specifically bound to the purified bacterial HspA protein. The present study, using transgenic tobacco plants, provides useful data for the production of an edible plant vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Zhang
- Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, and Taian Central Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li HY, Yang GD, Shu HR, Yang YT, Ye BX, Nishida I, Zheng CC. Colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:154-63. [PMID: 16326755 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RQRT-PCR) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the AM fungus revealed an up-regulation of VCH3 transcripts. This increase was greater than that observed following infection with RKN. However, inoculation of the mycorrhizal grapevine roots with RKN was able to enhance VCH3 transcript expression further. Moreover, the increase in VCH3 transcripts appeared to result in a higher level of resistance against subsequent RKN infection. Constitutive expression of VCH3 cDNA in transgenic tobacco under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter also conferred resistance against RKN, but had no significant effect on the growth of the AM fungus. We analyzed beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity directed by a 1,216 bp VCH3 promoter in transgenic tobacco following inoculation with both the AM fungus and RKN. GUS activity was negligible in the root tissues before inoculation, and was more effectively induced after inoculation with the AM fungus than with RKN. Moreover, GUS staining in the mycorrhizal transgenic tobacco roots was enhanced by subsequent RKN infection, and was found ubiquitously throughout the whole root tissue. Together, these results suggest that AM fungus induced a defense response against RKN in the mycorrhizal grapevine roots, which appeared to involve transcriptional control of VCH3 expression throughout the whole root tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xue H, Yang YT, Wu CA, Yang GD, Zhang MM, Zheng CC. TM2, a novel strong matrix attachment region isolated from tobacco, increases transgene expression in transgenic rice calli and plants. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 110:620-7. [PMID: 15660239 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) are thought to influence the expression of the flanking genes. TM2, a new DNA fragment isolated from tobacco, can bind with the rice nuclear matrix in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effect of TM2 on transgene expression under the control of three different promoters in stably transformed rice calli and plants. The presence of TM2 flanking the transgene increased the expression of constructs based on the constitutive CaMV 35S and maize ubiquitin gene promoters in both resistant calli and transformed plants. The GUS expression directed by the photosynthetic-tissue-specific PNZIP promoter was also increased in photosynthetic tissues of transformants. However, TM2 did not change the gene expression pattern controlled by the PNZIP promoter. The effect of TM2 in transgenic plants was stronger than that in transgenic calli based on all three promoters. Our results indicate that TM2, as a novel strong MAR, can be used to increase the transgene expression levels in the whole plant or in particular tissues of monocotyledons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Matsumoto F, Obayashi T, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Ohta H, Takamiya KI, Masuda T. Gene expression profiling of the tetrapyrrole metabolic pathway in Arabidopsis with a mini-array system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:2379-91. [PMID: 15326282 PMCID: PMC520805 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole compounds, such as chlorophylls, hemes, and phycobilins, are synthesized in many enzymatic steps. For regulation of the tetrapyrrole metabolic pathway, it is generally considered that several specific isoforms catalyzing particular enzymatic steps control the flow of tetrapyrrole intermediates by differential regulation of gene expression depending on environmental and developmental factors. However, the coordination of such regulatory steps and orchestration of the overall tetrapyrrole metabolic pathway are still poorly understood. In this study, we developed an original mini-array system, which enables the expression profiling of each gene involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis simultaneously with high sensitivity. With this system, we performed a transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis seedlings in terms of the onset of greening, endogenous rhythm, and developmental control. Data presented here clearly showed that based on their expression profiles at the onset of greening, genes involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis can be classified into four categories, in which genes are coordinately regulated to control the biosynthesis. Moreover, genes in the same group were similarly controlled in an endogenous rhythmic manner but also by a developmental program. The physiological significance of these gene clusters is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu CA, Yang GD, Meng QW, Zheng CC. The cotton GhNHX1 gene encoding a novel putative tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter plays an important role in salt stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:600-7. [PMID: 15169942 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cDNA library and characterized with regard to its sequence, regulation in response to salt stress and functions in yeast mutants and transgenic tobacco plants. The clone, designated as GhNHX1, contains 2485 nucleotides with an open reading frame of 1629 nucleotides, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities with other plant vacuolar-type Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. Northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNA accumulation of GhNHX1 was strongly induced by salt stress and abscisic acid in cotton seedlings. The expression of GhNHX1 in yeast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter mutant showed function complementation. The transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing GhNHX1 also had higher salt tolerance than the wild-type plants. The salt-induced mRNA level of GhNHX1 was 3 and 7 times higher in the salt-tolerant cotton cultivar ZM3 than those in the salt-sensitive cotton cultivars ZMS17 and ZMS12, respectively. Together, these results suggest that the products of the novel gene, GhNHX1, function as a tonoplast Na(+)/H(+) antiporter and play an important role in salt tolerance of cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P.R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu N, Yang YT, Liu HH, Yang GD, Zhang NH, Zheng CC. NTZIP antisense plants show reduced chlorophyll levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:321-7. [PMID: 15120117 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a new photosynthetic tissue-specific gene NTZIP (Nicotiana tabacum leucine zipper) from tobacco (N. tabacum). Its deduced amino acid sequence has two highly conserved regions, leucine zipper and [EX(n)DEXRH](2) motifs, which are related to the gene's biochemical functions. NTZIP was expressed in leaves and stems, but was not detected in roots or flowers, suggesting that its physiological functions might be associated with photosynthesis. Northern blot analysis showed that NTZIP mRNA accumulation was induced by light signals, increased greatly under low temperatures and was repressed by strong light illumination. Furthermore, a number of homologs of NTZIP were isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus), rape (Brassica napus), clover (Trifolium repens), willow (Salix babylonica), rosebush (Rusa dovurica), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea), proving the ubiquitous existence of the NTZIP-like genes in higher plants. Transgenic tobaccos constitutively expressing antisense RNA to NTZIP displayed chlorosis and a lack of ability to turn green even under normal growth conditions. The chlorophyll deficiency was further confirmed by chlorophyll content determination and gas exchange analysis. Based on these observations, we propose that NTZIP may be involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and might define a novel family of evolutionarily conserved proteins with its homologs in other plant species.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Carbon Dioxide/metabolism
- Chlorophyll/biosynthesis
- DNA, Plant/analysis
- Genes, Plant
- Leucine Zippers/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Photosynthesis/physiology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/physiology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Antisense/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tottey S, Block MA, Allen M, Westergren T, Albrieux C, Scheller HV, Merchant S, Jensen PE. Arabidopsis CHL27, located in both envelope and thylakoid membranes, is required for the synthesis of protochlorophyllide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:16119-24. [PMID: 14673103 PMCID: PMC307702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2136793100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CHL27, the Arabidopsis homologue to Chlamydomonas Crd1, a plastid-localized putative diiron protein, is required for the synthesis of protochlorophyllide and therefore is a candidate subunit of the aerobic cyclase in chlorophyll biosynthesis. delta-Aminolevulinic acid-fed antisense Arabidopsis plants with reduced amounts of Crd1/CHL27 accumulate Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester, the substrate of the cyclase reaction. Mutant plants have chlorotic leaves with reduced abundance of all chlorophyll proteins. Fractionation of Arabidopsis chloroplast membranes shows that Crd1/CHL27 is equally distributed on a membrane-weight basis in the thylakoid and inner-envelope membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tottey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Box 951569, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jensen PJ, Rytter J, Detwiler EA, Travis JW, McNellis TW. Rootstock effects on gene expression patterns in apple tree scions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 53:493-511. [PMID: 15010615 DOI: 10.1023/b:plan.0000019122.90956.3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Like many fruit trees, apple trees (Malus pumila) do not reproduce true-to-type from seed. Desirable cultivars are clonally propagated by grafting onto rootstocks that can alter the characteristics of the scion. For example, the M.7 EMLA rootstock is semi-dwarfing and reduces the susceptibility of the scion to Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease. In contrast, the M.9 T337 rootstock is dwarfing and does not alter fire blight susceptibility of the scion. This study represents a comprehensive comparison of gene expression patterns in scions of the 'Gala' apple cultivar grafted to either M.7 EMLA or M.9 T337. Expression was determined by cDNA-AFLP coupled with silver staining of the gels. Scions grafted to the M.9 T337 rootstock showed higher expression of a number of photosynthesis-related, transcription/translation-related, and cell division-related genes, while scions grafted to the M.7 EMLA rootstock showed increased stress-related gene expression. The observed differences in gene expression showed a remarkable correlation with physiological differences between the two graft combinations. The roles that the differentially expressed genes might play in tree stature, stress tolerance, photosynthetic activity, fire blight resistance, and other differences conferred by the two rootstocks are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Jensen
- Department of Plant Pathology, 210 Buckhout Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Four proteins have been identified recently as diiron carboxylate proteins on the basis of conservation of six amino acids (four carboxylate residues and two histidines) constituting an iron-binding motif. Unlike previously identified proteins with this motif, biochemical studies indicate that each of these proteins is membrane bound, although homology modeling rules out a transmembrane mode of binding. Therefore, the predicted structure of each protein [the alternative oxidase (AOX), the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), the diiron 5-demethoxyquinone hydroxylase (DMQ hydroxylase), and the aerobic Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethylester hydroxylase (MME hydroxylase)] is that of a protein bound monotopically to one leaflet of the membrane bilayer. Three of these enzymes utilize a quinol substrate, with two oxidizing the quinol (AOX and PTOX) and one hydroxylating it (DMQ hydroxylase). MME hydroxylase is involved in synthesis of the isocyclic ring of chlorophyll. Two enzymes are involved in respiration (AOX and, indirectly, the diiron DMQ hydroxylase through ubiquinone biosynthesis) and two in photosynthesis, through their roles in carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis (PTOX and MME hydroxylase, respectively). We discuss what is known about each enzyme as well as our expectations based on their identification as interfacially bound proteins with a diiron carboxylate active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Berthold
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 12, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moseley JL, Page MD, Alder NP, Eriksson M, Quinn J, Soto F, Theg SM, Hippler M, Merchant S. Reciprocal expression of two candidate di-iron enzymes affecting photosystem I and light-harvesting complex accumulation. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14:673-88. [PMID: 11910013 PMCID: PMC150588 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2001] [Accepted: 12/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crd1 (Copper response defect 1), which is required for the maintenance of photosystem I and its associated light-harvesting complexes in copper-deficient (-Cu) and oxygen-deficient (-O(2)) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, is localized to the thylakoid membrane. A related protein, Cth1 (Copper target homolog 1), is shown to have a similar but not identical function by genetic suppressor analysis of gain-of-function sct1 (suppressor of copper target 1) strains that are transposon-containing alleles at CTH1. The pattern of Crd1 versus Cth1 accumulation is reciprocal; Crd1 abundance is increased in -Cu or -O(2) cells, whereas Cth1 accumulates in copper-sufficient (+Cu), oxygenated cells. This expression pattern is determined by a single trans-acting regulatory locus, CRR1 (COPPER RESPONSE REGULATOR 1), which activates transcription in -Cu cells. In +Cu cells, a 2.1-kb Cth1 mRNA is produced and translated, whereas Crd1 is transcribed only at basal levels, leading to Cth1 accumulation in +Cu cells. In -Cu cells, CRR1 function determines the activation of Crd1 expression and the production of an alternative 3.1-kb Cth1 mRNA that is extended at the 5' end relative to the 2.1-kb mRNA. Synthesis of the 3.1-kb mRNA, which encodes six small upstream open reading frames that possibly result in poor translation, blocks the downstream promoter through transcriptional occlusion. Fluorescence analysis of wild-type, crd1, and sct1 strains indicates that copper-responsive adjustment of the Cth1:Crd1 ratio results in modification of the interactions between photosystem I and associated light-harvesting complexes. The tightly coordinated CRR1-dependent regulation of isoenzymes Cth1 and Crd1 reinforces the notion that copper plays a specific role in the maintenance of chlorophyll proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Moseley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pinta V, Picaud M, Reiss-Husson F, Astier C. Rubrivivax gelatinosus acsF (previously orf358) codes for a conserved, putative binuclear-iron-cluster-containing protein involved in aerobic oxidative cyclization of Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethylester. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:746-53. [PMID: 11790744 PMCID: PMC139524 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.3.746-753.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the characterization of orf358, an open reading frame of previously unidentified function, in the purple bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus. A strain in which orf358 was disrupted exhibited a phenotype similar to the wild type under photosynthesis or low-aeration respiratory growth conditions. In contrast, under highly aerated respiratory growth conditions, the wild type still produced bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a), while the disrupted strain accumulated a compound that had the same absorption and fluorescence emission spectra as Mg-protoporphyrin but was less polar, suggesting that it was Mg-protoporphyrin monomethylester (MgPMe). These data indicated a blockage in Bchl a synthesis at the oxidative cyclization stage and implied the coexistence of two different mechanisms for MgPMe cyclization in R. gelatinosus, an anaerobic mechanism active under photosynthesis or low oxygenation and an aerobic mechanism active under high-oxygenation growth conditions. Based on these results as well as on sequence analysis indicating the presence of conserved putative binuclear-iron-cluster binding motifs, the designation of orf358 as acsF (for aerobic cyclization system Fe-containing subunit) is proposed. Several homologs of AcsF were found in a wide range of photosynthetic organisms, including Chlamydonomas reinhardtii Crd1 and Pharbitis nil PNZIP, suggesting that this aerobic oxidative cyclization mechanism is conserved from bacteria to plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Pinta
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Bactéries Photosynthétiques, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, UPR2167 associée à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kolosova N, Gorenstein N, Kish CM, Dudareva N. Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants. THE PLANT CELL 2001; 13:2333-2347. [PMID: 11595805 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.13.10.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emission of methyl benzoate, one of the most abundant scent compounds of bee-pollinated snapdragon flowers, occurs in a rhythmic manner, with maximum emission during the day, and coincides with the foraging activity of bumblebees. Rhythmic emission of methyl benzoate displays a "free-running" cycle in the absence of environmental cues (in continuous dark or continuous light), indicating the circadian nature of diurnal rhythmicity. Methyl benzoate is produced in upper and lower snapdragon petal lobes by enzymatic methylation of benzoic acid in the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BAMT). When a detailed time-course analysis of BAMT activity in upper and lower petal lobes during a 48-hr period was performed, high BAMT activity was found at night as well as in continuous darkness, indicating that the BAMT activity is not an oscillation-determining factor. Analysis of the level of benzoic acid during a 24-hr period revealed oscillations in the amount of benzoic acid during the daily light/dark cycle that were retained in continuous darkness. These data clearly show that the total amount of substrate (benzoic acid) in the cell is involved in the regulation of the rhythmic emission of methyl benzoate. Our results also suggest that similar molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of methyl benzoate production in diurnally (snapdragon) and nocturnally (tobacco and petunia) emitting plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kolosova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kolosova N, Gorenstein N, Kish CM, Dudareva N. Regulation of circadian methyl benzoate emission in diurnally and nocturnally emitting plants. THE PLANT CELL 2001; 13:2333-47. [PMID: 11595805 PMCID: PMC139162 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2001] [Accepted: 08/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Emission of methyl benzoate, one of the most abundant scent compounds of bee-pollinated snapdragon flowers, occurs in a rhythmic manner, with maximum emission during the day, and coincides with the foraging activity of bumblebees. Rhythmic emission of methyl benzoate displays a "free-running" cycle in the absence of environmental cues (in continuous dark or continuous light), indicating the circadian nature of diurnal rhythmicity. Methyl benzoate is produced in upper and lower snapdragon petal lobes by enzymatic methylation of benzoic acid in the reaction catalyzed by S-adenosyl-L-methionine:benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BAMT). When a detailed time-course analysis of BAMT activity in upper and lower petal lobes during a 48-hr period was performed, high BAMT activity was found at night as well as in continuous darkness, indicating that the BAMT activity is not an oscillation-determining factor. Analysis of the level of benzoic acid during a 24-hr period revealed oscillations in the amount of benzoic acid during the daily light/dark cycle that were retained in continuous darkness. These data clearly show that the total amount of substrate (benzoic acid) in the cell is involved in the regulation of the rhythmic emission of methyl benzoate. Our results also suggest that similar molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of methyl benzoate production in diurnally (snapdragon) and nocturnally (tobacco and petunia) emitting plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kolosova
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu J, Yu J, McIntosh L, Kende H, Zeevaart JA. Isolation of a CONSTANS ortholog from Pharbitis nil and its role in flowering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1821-1830. [PMID: 11299362 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.41821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The short-day plant Pharbitis nil is a model plant for the study of photoperiodic control of floral initiation. Flower formation can be induced at the cotyledon stage by a single long night of at least 14 h in duration. Using differential display of mRNA we identified a P. nil ortholog of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene, which will be referred to as PnCO. Expression of PnCO was high after a 14-h night, but low when the dark period was 12 h or less. Our results indicate that the level of the PnCO transcript is photoperiodically regulated. After transfer from continuous light to darkness, PnCO showed a circadian pattern of expression. Expression of the CAB gene, which is a molecular marker for the circadian clock, exhibited a different pattern of expression than did PnCO and was not subject to the same photoperiodic control. A major portion of the PnCO transcripts contained an unspliced intron. Only the intron-free PnCO was able to complement the co mutant of Arabidopsis by shortening the time to flower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu J, Yu J, McIntosh L, Kende H, Zeevaart JA. Isolation of a CONSTANS ortholog from Pharbitis nil and its role in flowering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1821-30. [PMID: 11299362 PMCID: PMC88838 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2000] [Revised: 10/30/2000] [Accepted: 12/18/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The short-day plant Pharbitis nil is a model plant for the study of photoperiodic control of floral initiation. Flower formation can be induced at the cotyledon stage by a single long night of at least 14 h in duration. Using differential display of mRNA we identified a P. nil ortholog of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene, which will be referred to as PnCO. Expression of PnCO was high after a 14-h night, but low when the dark period was 12 h or less. Our results indicate that the level of the PnCO transcript is photoperiodically regulated. After transfer from continuous light to darkness, PnCO showed a circadian pattern of expression. Expression of the CAB gene, which is a molecular marker for the circadian clock, exhibited a different pattern of expression than did PnCO and was not subject to the same photoperiodic control. A major portion of the PnCO transcripts contained an unspliced intron. Only the intron-free PnCO was able to complement the co mutant of Arabidopsis by shortening the time to flower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moseley J, Quinn J, Eriksson M, Merchant S. The Crd1 gene encodes a putative di-iron enzyme required for photosystem I accumulation in copper deficiency and hypoxia in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J 2000; 19:2139-51. [PMID: 10811605 PMCID: PMC384357 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.10.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adapts to copper deficiency by degrading apoplastocyanin and inducing Cyc6 and Cpx1 encoding cytochrome c(6) and coproporphyrinogen oxidase, respectively. To identify other components in this pathway, colonies resulting from insertional mutagenesis were screened for copper- conditional phenotypes. Twelve crd (copper response defect) strains were identified. In copper-deficient conditions, the crd strains fail to accumulate photosystem I and light-harvesting complex I, and they contain reduced amounts of light-harvesting complex II. Cyc6, Cpx1 expression and plastocyanin accumulation remain copper responsive. The crd phenotype is rescued by a similar amount of copper as is required for repression of Cyc6 and Cpx1 and for maintenance of plastocyanin at its usual stoichiometry, suggesting that the affected gene is a target of the same signal transduction pathway. The crd strains represent alleles at a single locus, CRD1, which encodes a 47 kDa, hydrophilic protein with a consensus carboxylate-bridged di-iron binding site. Crd1 homologs are present in the genomes of photosynthetic organisms. In Chlamydomonas, Crd1 expression is activated in copper- or oxygen-deficient cells, and Crd1 function is required for adaptation to these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Moseley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yoshizaki M, Furumoto T, Hata S, Shinozaki M, Izui K. cDNA cloning and expression analysis of a non-photosynthetic ferredoxin gene in morning glory (Pharbitis nil). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1491:273-8. [PMID: 10760590 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding a non-photosynthetic ferredoxin was isolated from apical buds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil), a short-day plant, by differential screening under flower-inducing and non-inducing conditions. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization showed that the transcript was abundant in shoot apices and root tips. The transcript level in the apical buds decreased with the flower-inducing light treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshizaki
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yoshizaki M, Furumoto T, Hata S, Shinozaki M, Izui K. Characterization of a novel gene encoding a phytocyanin-related protein in morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:466-70. [PMID: 10679228 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA for a novel phytocyanin homolog was cloned from apical buds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). The predicted protein was most similar to a family of early nodulins, which are expressed during the formation of symbiotic root nodules of legume plants, and less similar to typical phytocyanins such as lacquer tree stellacyanin and cucumber basic protein. The amino acid sequence predicted that it is a secreted protein associated with other components of the extracellular matrix. Hybridization analyses showed that the transcript was expressed specifically in meristems and procambia of apical buds and root tips. The transcript level in the apical buds decreased significantly on flower-inducing treatment. Involvement of this phytocyanin-related protein in plant organ differentiation is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshizaki
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Somers DE. The physiology and molecular bases of the plant circadian clock. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:9-20. [PMID: 10482655 PMCID: PMC1539225 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D E Somers
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- J C Dunlap
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|