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Kojima H, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Hayakawa Y, Niwa T, Tokuhiro K, Katahira S, Higashiyama T, Ishiguro S. Broad Chain-Length Specificity of the Alkane-Forming Enzymes NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Nymphaea odorata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:428-446. [PMID: 38174441 PMCID: PMC11020225 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Many terrestrial plants produce large quantities of alkanes for use in epicuticular wax and the pollen coat. However, their carbon chains must be long to be useful as fuel or as a petrochemical feedstock. Here, we focus on Nymphaea odorata, which produces relatively short alkanes in its anthers. We identified orthologs of the Arabidopsis alkane biosynthesis genes AtCER1 and AtCER3 in N. odorata and designated them NoCER1A, NoCER3A and NoCER3B. Expression analysis of NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Arabidopsis cer mutants revealed that the N. odorata enzymes cooperated with the Arabidopsis enzymes and that the NoCER1A produced shorter alkanes than AtCER1, regardless of which CER3 protein it interacted with. These results indicate that AtCER1 frequently uses a C30 substrate, whereas NoCER1A, NoCER3A/B and AtCER3 react with a broad range of substrate chain lengths. The incorporation of shorter alkanes disturbed the formation of wax crystals required for water-repellent activity in stems, suggesting that chain-length specificity is important for surface cleaning. Moreover, cultured tobacco cells expressing NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B effectively produced C19-C23 alkanes, indicating that the introduction of the two enzymes is sufficient to produce alkanes. Taken together, our findings suggest that these N. odorata enzymes may be useful for the biological production of alkanes of specific lengths. 3D modeling revealed that CER1s and CER3s share a similar structure that consists of N- and C-terminal domains, in which their predicted active sites are respectively located. We predicted the complex structure of both enzymes and found a cavity that connects their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kojima
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kanta Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tomoko Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenro Tokuhiro
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, 480-1192 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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Zhou D, Ding M, Wen S, Tian Q, Zhang X, Fang Y, Xue D. Characterization of the Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase (FAR) Gene Family and Its Response to Abiotic Stress in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1010. [PMID: 38611539 PMCID: PMC11013768 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) is an important NADPH-dependent enzyme that can produce primary alcohol from fatty acyl-CoA or fatty acyl-carrier proteins as substrates. It plays a pivotal role in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. Herein, we performed genome-wide identification and expression analysis of FAR members in rice using bioinformatics methods. A total of eight OsFAR genes were identified, and the OsFARs were comprehensively analyzed in terms of phylogenetic relationships, duplication events, protein motifs, etc. The cis-elements of the OsFARs were predicted to respond to growth and development, light, hormones, and abiotic stresses. Gene ontology annotation analysis revealed that OsFAR proteins participate in biological processes as fatty acyl-CoA reductase during lipid metabolism. Numerous microRNA target sites were present in OsFARs mRNAs. The expression analysis showed that OsFARs were expressed at different levels during different developmental periods and in various tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of OsFARs were altered under abiotic stresses, suggesting that FARs may be involved in abiotic stress tolerance in rice. The findings presented here serve as a solid basis for further exploring the functions of OsFARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mingyu Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shuting Wen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Quanxiang Tian
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yunxia Fang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (D.Z.); (M.D.); (S.W.); (Q.T.); (X.Z.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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DeAndrés-Gil C, Moreno-Pérez AJ, Villoslada-Valbuena M, Halsey K, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R, Kurup S, Beaudoin F, Salas JJ, Venegas-Calerón M. Characterisation of fatty acyl reductases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111992. [PMID: 38301931 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Long and very long chain fatty alcohols are produced from their corresponding acyl-CoAs through the activity of fatty acyl reductases (FARs). Fatty alcohols are important components of the cuticle that protects aerial plant organs, and they are metabolic intermediates in the synthesis of the wax esters in the hull of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Genes encoding 4 different FARs (named HaFAR2, HaFAR3, HaFAR4 and HaFAR5) were identified using BLAST, and studies showed that four of the genes were expressed in seed hulls. In this study, the structure and location of sunflower FAR proteins were determined. They were also expressed exogenously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate their substrate specificity based on the fatty alcohols synthesized by the transformed yeasts. Three of the four enzymes tested showed activity in yeast. HaFAR3 produced C18, C20 and C22 saturated alcohols, whereas HaFAR4 and HaFAR5 produced C24 and C26 saturated alcohols. The involvement of these genes in the synthesis of sunflower seed wax esters was addressed by considering the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Pérez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Kirstie Halsey
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Smita Kurup
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Ctra. Utrera Km 1, Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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The Plant Fatty Acyl Reductases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416156. [PMID: 36555796 PMCID: PMC9783961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductase (FAR) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP substrates to primary fatty alcohols, which in turn acts as intermediate metabolites or metabolic end products to participate in the formation of plant extracellular lipid protective barriers (e.g., cuticular wax, sporopollenin, suberin, and taproot wax). FARs are widely present across plant evolution processes and play conserved roles during lipid synthesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of FAR family enzymes, including phylogenetic analysis, conserved structural domains, substrate specificity, subcellular localization, tissue-specific expression patterns, their varied functions in lipid biosynthesis, and the regulation mechanism of FAR activity. Finally, we pose several questions to be addressed, such as the roles of FARs in tryphine, the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and FARs in various environments, and the identification of post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulators.
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Sun Y, Gong Y, He Q, Kuang S, Gao Q, Ding W, He H, Xue J, Li Y, Qiu L. FAR knockout significantly inhibits Chilo suppressalis survival and transgene expression of double-stranded FAR in rice exhibits strong pest resistance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2272-2283. [PMID: 36028465 PMCID: PMC9674317 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chilo suppressalis is one of the most prevalent and damaging rice pests, causing significant economic losses each year. Chemical control is currently the primary method of controlling C. suppressalis. However, the indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides increases pest resistance, pollutes the environment and poses a significant health threat to humans and livestock, highlighting the need to find safer, more pest-specific and more effective alternatives to pest control. Plant-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising agricultural pest control method that is highly pest-specific and has less of an impact on the environment. Using multi-sgRNAs/Cas9 technology to delete Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) of C. suppressalis in the G0 generation, we show that downregulating FAR transcription may significantly increase the mortality rate and darken the epidermis of C. suppressalis compared with the control. Subsequently, we developed dsFAR transgenic rice lines using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and then screened three strains expressing dsFAR at high levels using transcriptional level analysis. Using transgenic rice stems, a laboratory feeding bioassay indicated that at least one line (L#10) displayed a particularly high level of insect resistance, with an insect mortality rate of more than 80%. In the field trials, dsFAR transgenic rice displayed high levels of resistance to C. suppressalis damage. Collectively, these results suggest the potential of a new environment-friendly, species-specific strategy for rice pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Sun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Youwei Gong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Qingzhen He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Suijie Kuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Qiao Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wenbing Ding
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional IngredientsHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation ProcessingChangshaChina
| | - Hualiang He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jin Xue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Youzhi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
- National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional IngredientsHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lin Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant ProtectionHunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaChina
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Cheng D, Li L, Rizhsky L, Bhandary P, Nikolau BJ. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of Plant Wax Ester Producing Enzymes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070577. [PMID: 35888701 PMCID: PMC9319179 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wax esters are widely distributed among microbes, plants, and mammals, and they serve protective and energy storage functions. Three classes of enzymes catalyze the reaction between a fatty acyl alcohol and a fatty acyl-CoA, generating wax esters. Multiple isozymes of two of these enzyme classes, the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase class of wax synthase (WS) and the bifunctional wax synthase/diacylglycerol acyl transferase (WSD), co-exist in plants. Although WSD enzymes are known to produce the wax esters of the plant cuticle, the functionality of plant WS enzymes is less well characterized. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among the 12 WS and 11 WSD isozymes that occur in Arabidopsis, and established two in vivo heterologous expression systems, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Arabidopsis seeds to investigate the catalytic abilities of the WS enzymes. These two refactored wax assembly chassis were used to demonstrate that WS isozymes show distinct differences in the types of esters that can be assembled. We also determined the cellular and subcellular localization of two Arabidopsis WS isozymes. Additionally, using publicly available Arabidopsis transcriptomics data, we identified the co-expression modules of the 12 Arabidopsis WS coding genes. Collectively, these analyses suggest that WS genes may function in cuticle assembly and in supporting novel photosynthetic function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Cheng
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.C.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.C.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ludmila Rizhsky
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.C.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhandary
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.C.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-290-3382
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7
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Domergue F, Miklaszewska M. The production of wax esters in transgenic plants:
towards a sustainable source of bio-lubricants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2817-2834. [PMID: 35560197 PMCID: PMC9113324 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wax esters are high-value compounds used as feedstocks for the production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently, they are produced mostly from fossil reserves using chemical synthesis, but this cannot meet increasing demand and has a negative environmental impact. Natural wax esters are also obtained from Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) but comparably in very low amounts and expensively. Therefore, metabolic engineering of plants, especially of the seed storage lipid metabolism of oil crops, represents an attractive strategy for renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly production of wax esters tailored to industrial applications. Utilization of wax ester-synthesizing enzymes with defined specificities and modulation of the acyl-CoA pools by various genetic engineering approaches can lead to obtaining wax esters with desired compositions and properties. However, obtaining high amounts of wax esters is still challenging due to their negative impact on seed germination and yield. In this review, we describe recent progress in establishing non-food-plant platforms for wax ester production and discuss their advantages and limitations as well as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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8
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Chen MZ, Zhong XM, Lin HS, Qin XM. Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Musa nana Laur. Peel Treated With UV-C Reveals the Involvement of Key Metabolic Pathways. Front Genet 2022; 12:792991. [PMID: 35154246 PMCID: PMC8830439 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.792991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing attention is being given to treat fruits with ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation to extend shelf-life, senescence, and protection from different diseases during storage. However, the detailed understanding of the pathways and key changes in gene expression and metabolite accumulation related to UV-C treatments are yet to be explored. This study is a first attempt to understand such changes in banana peel irradiated with UV-C. We treated Musa nana Laur. with 0.02 KJ/m2 UV-C irradiation for 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, and 18 days and studied the physiological and quality indicators. We found that UV-C treatment reduces weight loss and decay rate, while increased the accumulation of total phenols and flavonoids. Similarly, our results demonstrated that UV-C treatment increases the activity of defense and antioxidant system related enzymes. We observed that UV-C treatment for 8 days is beneficial for M. nana peels. The peels of M. nana treated with UV-C for 8 days were then subjected to combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. In total, there were 425 and 38 differentially expressed genes and accumulated metabolites, respectively. We found that UV-C treatment increased the expression of genes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis related pathways. Concomitant changes in the metabolite accumulation were observed. Key pathways that were responsive to UV-C irradiation include flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid bios6ynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling (plant), and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. We concluded that UV-C treatment imparts beneficial effects on banana peels by triggering defense responses against disease, inducing expression of flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis genes, and activating phytohormone and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-zhong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Yangjiang Polytechnic, Yangjiang, China
| | | | - Hai-Sheng Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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9
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Machine learning-guided acyl-ACP reductase engineering for improved in vivo fatty alcohol production. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5825. [PMID: 34611172 PMCID: PMC8492656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-forming fatty acyl reductases (FARs) catalyze the reduction of thioesters to alcohols and are key enzymes for microbial production of fatty alcohols. Many metabolic engineering strategies utilize FARs to produce fatty alcohols from intracellular acyl-CoA and acyl-ACP pools; however, enzyme activity, especially on acyl-ACPs, remains a significant bottleneck to high-flux production. Here, we engineer FARs with enhanced activity on acyl-ACP substrates by implementing a machine learning (ML)-driven approach to iteratively search the protein fitness landscape. Over the course of ten design-test-learn rounds, we engineer enzymes that produce over twofold more fatty alcohols than the starting natural sequences. We characterize the top sequence and show that it has an enhanced catalytic rate on palmitoyl-ACP. Finally, we analyze the sequence-function data to identify features, like the net charge near the substrate-binding site, that correlate with in vivo activity. This work demonstrates the power of ML to navigate the fitness landscape of traditionally difficult-to-engineer proteins.
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10
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Intasian P, Prakinee K, Phintha A, Trisrivirat D, Weeranoppanant N, Wongnate T, Chaiyen P. Enzymes, In Vivo Biocatalysis, and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling a Circular Economy and Sustainability. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10367-10451. [PMID: 34228428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the industrial revolution, the rapid growth and development of global industries have depended largely upon the utilization of coal-derived chemicals, and more recently, the utilization of petroleum-based chemicals. These developments have followed a linear economy model (produce, consume, and dispose). As the world is facing a serious threat from the climate change crisis, a more sustainable solution for manufacturing, i.e., circular economy in which waste from the same or different industries can be used as feedstocks or resources for production offers an attractive industrial/business model. In nature, biological systems, i.e., microorganisms routinely use their enzymes and metabolic pathways to convert organic and inorganic wastes to synthesize biochemicals and energy required for their growth. Therefore, an understanding of how selected enzymes convert biobased feedstocks into special (bio)chemicals serves as an important basis from which to build on for applications in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to enable biobased processes that are greener and cleaner for the environment. This review article highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymatic reactions used in converting biobased wastes (lignocellulosic biomass, sugar, phenolic acid, triglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol) and greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into value-added products and discusses the current progress made in their metabolic engineering. The commercial aspects and life cycle assessment of products from enzymatic and metabolic engineering are also discussed. Continued development in the field of metabolic engineering would offer diversified solutions which are sustainable and renewable for manufacturing valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Intasian
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kridsadakorn Prakinee
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Aisaraphon Phintha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Trisrivirat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Nopphon Weeranoppanant
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, 169, Long-hard Bangsaen, Saensook, Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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11
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Soong YHV, Zhao L, Liu N, Yu P, Lopez C, Olson A, Wong HW, Shao Z, Xie D. Microbial synthesis of wax esters. Metab Eng 2021; 67:428-442. [PMID: 34391890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial synthesis of wax esters (WE) from low-cost renewable and sustainable feedstocks is a promising path to achieve cost-effectiveness in biomanufacturing. WE are industrially high-value molecules, which are widely used for applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Since the natural WE resources are limited, the WE production mostly rely on chemical synthesis from rather expensive starting materials, and therefore solution are sought from development of efficient microbial cell factories. Here we report to engineer the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and bacterium Escherichia coli to produce WE at the highest level up to date. First, the key genes encoding fatty acyl-CoA reductases and wax ester synthase from different sources were investigated, and the expression system for two different Y. lipolytica hosts were compared and optimized for enhanced WE production and the strain stability. To improve the metabolic pathway efficiency, different carbon sources including glucose, free fatty acid, soybean oil, and waste cooking oil (WCO) were compared, and the corresponding pathway engineering strategies were optimized. It was found that using a lipid substrate such as WCO to replace glucose led to a 60-fold increase in WE production. The engineered yeast was able to produce 7.6 g/L WE with a yield of 0.31 (g/g) from WCO within 120 h and the produced WE contributed to 57% of the yeast DCW. After that, E. coli BL21(DE3), with a faster growth rate than the yeast, was engineered to significantly improve the WE production rate. Optimization of the expression system and the substrate feeding strategies led to production of 3.7-4.0 g/L WE within 40 h in a 1-L bioreactor. The predominant intracellular WE produced by both Y. lipolytica and E. coli in the presence of hydrophobic substrates as sole carbon sources were C36, C34 and C32, in an order of decreasing abundance and with a large proportion being unsaturated. This work paved the way for the biomanufacturing of WE at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hue Valerie Soong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Le Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Carmen Lopez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Hsi-Wu Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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12
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Wang Y, Xu J, He Z, Hu N, Luo W, Liu X, Shi X, Liu T, Jiang Q, An P, Liu L, Sun Y, Jetter R, Li C, Wang Z. BdFAR4, a root-specific fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in fatty alcohol synthesis of root suberin polyester in Brachypodium distachyon. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1468-1483. [PMID: 33768632 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer of aliphatic and phenolic compounds which controls the movement of gases, water, and solutes and protects plants from environmental stresses and pathogenic infection. The synthesis and regulatory pathways of suberin remain unknown in Brachypodium distachyon. Here we describe the identification of a B. distachyon gene, BdFAR4, encoding a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) by a reverse genetic approach, and investigate the molecular relevance of BdFAR4 in the root suberin synthesis of B. distachyon. BdFAR4 is specifically expressed throughout root development. Heterologous expression of BdFAR4 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) afforded the production of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols. The loss-of-function knockout of BdFAR4 by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing significantly reduced the content of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols associated with root suberin. In contrast, overexpression of BdFAR4 in B. distachyon and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resulted in the accumulation of root suberin-associated C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols, suggesting that BdFAR4 preferentially accepts C20:0 and C22:0 fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates. The BdFAR4 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. BdFAR4 transcript levels can be increased by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase activity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor BdMYB41 directly binds to the promoter of BdFAR4. Taken together, these results imply that BdFAR4 is essential for the production of root suberin-associated fatty alcohols, especially under stress conditions, and that its activity is transcriptionally regulated by the BdMYB41 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Peng H, Wang Y, Jiang K, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Qu X. A Dual Role Reductase from Phytosterols Catabolism Enables the Efficient Production of Valuable Steroid Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Xinru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xudong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
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14
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Peng H, Wang Y, Jiang K, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Qu X. A Dual Role Reductase from Phytosterols Catabolism Enables the Efficient Production of Valuable Steroid Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5414-5420. [PMID: 33258169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
4-Androstenedione (4-AD) and progesterone (PG) are two of the most important precursors for synthesis of steroid drugs, however their current manufacturing processes suffer from low efficiency and severe environmental issues. In this study, we decipher a dual-role reductase (mnOpccR) in the phytosterols catabolism, which engages in two different metabolic branches to produce the key intermediate 20-hydroxymethyl pregn-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) through a 4-e reduction of 3-oxo-4-pregnene-20-carboxyl-CoA (3-OPC-CoA) and 2-e reduction of 3-oxo-4-pregnene-20-carboxyl aldehyde (3-OPA), respectively. Inactivation or overexpression of mnOpccR in the Mycobacterium neoaurum can achieve exclusive production of either 4-AD or 4-HBC from phytosterols. By utilizing a two-step synthesis, 4-HBC can be efficiently converted into PG in a scalable manner (100 gram scale). This study deciphers a pivotal biosynthetic mechanism of phytosterol catabolism and provides very efficient production routes of 4-AD and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
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15
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Krishnan A, McNeil BA, Stuart DT. Biosynthesis of Fatty Alcohols in Engineered Microbial Cell Factories: Advances and Limitations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:610936. [PMID: 33344437 PMCID: PMC7744569 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.610936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns about climate change and environmental destruction have led to interest in technologies that can replace fossil fuels and petrochemicals with compounds derived from sustainable sources that have lower environmental impact. Fatty alcohols produced by chemical synthesis from ethylene or by chemical conversion of plant oils have a large range of industrial applications. These chemicals can be synthesized through biological routes but their free forms are produced in trace amounts naturally. This review focuses on how genetic engineering of endogenous fatty acid metabolism and heterologous expression of fatty alcohol producing enzymes have come together resulting in the current state of the field for production of fatty alcohols by microbial cell factories. We provide an overview of endogenous fatty acid synthesis, enzymatic methods of conversion to fatty alcohols and review the research to date on microbial fatty alcohol production. The primary focus is on work performed in the model microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae but advances made with cyanobacteria and oleaginous yeasts are also considered. The limitations to production of fatty alcohols by microbial cell factories are detailed along with consideration to potential research directions that may aid in achieving viable commercial scale production of fatty alcohols from renewable feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bonnie A McNeil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David T Stuart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Li DT, Dai YT, Chen X, Wang XQ, Li ZD, Moussian B, Zhang CX. Ten fatty acyl-CoA reductase family genes were essential for the survival of the destructive rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2304-2315. [PMID: 31994314 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty alcohols are the precursors of sex pheromone components, wax esters and hydrocarbons in insects. Fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) are important enzymes required for the reduction of fatty alcohol and thereby contribute to the production of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC). RESULTS Based on bioinformatics analyses we identified 17 FAR genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. RNA interference against these genes demonstrated that ten NlFAR genes were essential for the survival of N. lugens. For instance, knockdown of NlFAR5, 6, 11 or 15 was lethal and caused a slender body shape, while the old cuticles of the respective animals remained attached to the abdomen or failed to split open from the nota. Knockdown of NlFAR9 resulted in a phenotype, with a smooth body surface and a decrease in CHC amounts. Similarly, CHC deficiency in N. lugens resulted in increased adhesion of water droplets and secreted honeydew to the insect surface and the inability of N. lugens to survive in paddy fields with varying humidity. Knockdown of NlFAR1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 13 additionally resulted in female adult infertility. CONCLUSION The present study illustrates the structural and functional differences of FAR family genes and provides potential targets for RNA interference-based rice planthopper management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi-Ting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Alotaibi SS, Elseehy MM, Aljuaid BS, El-Shehawi AM. Transcriptome Analysis of Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis) during Seed Development and Liquid Wax Ester Biosynthesis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050588. [PMID: 32375380 PMCID: PMC7284725 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Jojoba is one of the main two known plant source of natural liquid wax ester for use in various applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel. Due to the lack of transcriptomic and genomic data on lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, molecular marker breeding has been used to improve jojoba oil production and quality. In the current study, the transcriptome of developing jojoba seeds was investigated using the Illunina NovaSeq 6000 system, 100 × 106 paired end reads, an average length of 100 bp, and a sequence depth of 12 Gb per sample. A total of 176,106 unigenes were detected with an average contig length of 201 bp. Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the detected unigenes were distributed in the three GO groups biological processes (BP, 5.53%), cellular component (CC, 6.06%), and molecular functions (MF, 5.88%) and distributed in 67 functional groups. The lipid biosynthesis pathway was established based on the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, FA desaturation, FA elongation, fatty alcohol biosynthesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, phospholipid metabolism, wax ester biosynthesis, and lipid transfer and storage genes. The detection of these categories of genes confirms the presence of an efficient lipid biosynthesis and accumulation system in developing jojoba seeds. The results of this study will significantly enhance the current understanding of wax ester biology in jojoba seeds and open new routes for the improvement of jojoba oil production and quality through biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
| | - Mona M. Elseehy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Bandar S. Aljuaid
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.E.-S.)
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18
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Hu Y, Zhu Z, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and chemicals. Open Biol 2020; 9:190049. [PMID: 31088249 PMCID: PMC6544985 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used cell factory for the production of fuels and chemicals, in particular ethanol, a biofuel produced in large quantities. With a need for high-energy-density fuels for jets and heavy trucks, there is, however, much interest in the biobased production of hydrocarbons that can be derived from fatty acids. Fatty acids also serve as precursors to a number of oleochemicals and hence provide interesting platform chemicals. Here, we review the recent strategies applied to metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae for the production of fatty acid-derived biofuels and for improvement of the titre, rate and yield (TRY). This includes, for instance, redirection of the flux towards fatty acids through engineering of the central carbon metabolism, balancing the redox power and varying the chain length of fatty acids by enzyme engineering. We also discuss the challenges that currently hinder further TRY improvements and the potential solutions in order to meet the requirements for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,3 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs Lyngby , Denmark.,4 BioInnovation Institute , Ole Måløes Vej, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- 1 Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden.,2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
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19
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Sturtevant D, Lu S, Zhou ZW, Shen Y, Wang S, Song JM, Zhong J, Burks DJ, Yang ZQ, Yang QY, Cannon AE, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Borisjuk L, Munz E, Verbeck GF, Wang X, Azad RK, Singleton B, Dyer JM, Chen LL, Chapman KD, Guo L. The genome of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3240. [PMID: 32195345 PMCID: PMC7065883 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of the desert shrub, jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), are an abundant, renewable source of liquid wax esters, which are valued additives in cosmetic products and industrial lubricants. Jojoba is relegated to its own taxonomic family, and there is little genetic information available to elucidate its phylogeny. Here, we report the high-quality, 887-Mb genome of jojoba assembled into 26 chromosomes with 23,490 protein-coding genes. The jojoba genome has only the whole-genome triplication (γ) shared among eudicots and no recent duplications. These genomic resources coupled with extensive transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome data helped to define heterogeneous pathways and machinery for lipid synthesis and storage, provided missing evolutionary history information for this taxonomically segregated dioecious plant species, and will support efforts to improve the agronomic properties of jojoba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Ming Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshun Zhong
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Quan Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Singleton
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
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20
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Yuan Y, Arondel V, Domergue F. Characterization and heterologous expression of three DGATs from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) mesocarp in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochimie 2020; 169:18-28. [PMID: 31536755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) can accumulate up to 88% oil in fruit mesocarp. A previous transcriptome study of oil palm fruits indicated that genes coding for three diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs), designated as EgDGAT1_3, EgDGAT2_2 and EgWS/DGAT_1 (according to Rosli et al., 2018) were highly expressed in mesocarp during oil accumulation. In the present study, the corresponding open reading frames were isolated, and characterized by heterologous expression in the mutant yeast H1246, which is devoid of neutral lipid synthesis. Expression of EgDGAT1_3 or EgDGAT2_2 could restore TAG synthesis, confirming that both proteins are true DGAT. In contrast, expression of EgWS/DGAT_1 resulted in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl esters (FAIEs) with saturated long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. In the presence of exogenously supplied fatty alcohols, EgWS/DGAT_1 was able to produce wax esters, indicating that EgWS/DGAT_1 codes for an acyltransferase with wax ester synthase but no DGAT activity. Finally, the complete wax ester biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted in yeast by coexpressing EgWS/DGAT_1 with a fatty acyl reductase from Tetrahymena thermophila. Altogether, our results characterized two novel DGATs from oil palm as well as a putative wax ester synthase that preferentially using medium chain fatty alcohols and saturated very-long chain fatty acids as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yuan
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Arondel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS - University of Bordeaux - UMR 5200, Bâtiment A3 - INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux - CS 20032, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Dou X, Zhang A, Jurenka R. Functional identification of fatty acyl reductases in female pheromone gland and tarsi of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 116:103260. [PMID: 31682920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most moths utilize sex pheromones released by the female to attract a mate. Females produce the sex pheromone in the pheromone gland in a biosynthetic pathway which consists of several key enzymes. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase is one of the key enzymes, which catalyzes the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding alcohol, playing an important role in producing the final proportion of each pheromone component. In Helicoverpa zea, (Z)-11-hexadecenal is the major sex pheromone component in female pheromone glands and previously a large amount of hexadecanal was also found in female and male tarsi. In our previous study, we compared the transcriptome between pheromone glands and tarsi and found 20 fatty acyl-CoA reductases in both tissues. In this study, we functionally characterized four FARs which were expressed at high levels according to the transcriptome of pheromone glands and tarsi. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 was homologous to other moth pheromone gland specific fatty acyl-CoA reductases, and it was also present in male tarsi. Functional expression in yeast cells indicates that only fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 was able to produce fatty alcohols. In addition, a decreased mRNA level of fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 in female pheromone glands and male tarsi by RNAi knockdown caused a significant decrease in the production of (Z)-11-hexadecenal in pheromone glands and hexadecanal in male tarsi. This study is the first to demonstrate the direct function of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase in male tarsi and also confirms its role in sex pheromone biosynthesis in H. zea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Russell Jurenka
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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Li X, Guan R, Fan J, Zhu LH. Development of Industrial Oil Crop Crambe abyssinica for Wax Ester Production through Metabolic Engineering and Cross Breeding. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1274-1283. [PMID: 31056666 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an important industrial feedstock, wax esters (WEs) have been used as lubricants in a number of technical processes. There is however currently no large-scale biological source for WE production and alteration in metabolic pathways of plant oils for producing WEs could be attractive to the commercial markets. Here, we present the breeding results of long-term studies on successful development of new crambe lines producing WEs through genetic engineering and cross breeding. The transgenic crambe lines producing WEs at over 25% of the total seed oil were first generated by introduction of the jojoba WE biosynthetic genes ScFAR and ScWS. Further improvement of the lines aiming at improving oxidative stability of WEs was achieved through introducing the CaFAD2-RNAi gene into these lines by crossing. The hybrid lines possessed similar agronomic traits to the wild type and a stable level of WEs over several generations, suggesting a high potential of crambe as an industrial crop for WE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Li
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rui Guan
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Present address: Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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23
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Li DT, Chen X, Wang XQ, Zhang CX. FAR gene enables the brown planthopper to walk and jump on water in paddy field. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1521-1531. [PMID: 30810963 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many insects can live on water and survive being caught in the rain. Current research has shown that insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) confer desiccation resistance to maintain water balance. In this study, we identified a fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene (NlFAR) of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens that is essential for the production of CHCs, and found that NlFAR is essential for N. lugens to walk and jump on water when moving from one rice plant to another in paddy fields. NlFAR was mainly expressed in the integument at the beginning of each molt. Cuticular surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy and characterization of CHC extracts indicated that N. lugens with knockdown of NlFAR using RNA inference (RNAi) had a neater epicuticle layer and a significant decrease in CHC contents. Knockdown of NlFAR did not influence the desiccation resistance of N. lugens, but the dsNlFAR-treated insects were easily adhered and moistened by water droplets or their own secreted honeydew and unable to walk or jump on water. These results suggested that NlFAR is a crucial enzyme for CHC biosynthesis and cuticle waterproofing, but not for water retention of N. lugens, which may provide a potential strategy for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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24
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Tupec M, Buček A, Janoušek V, Vogel H, Prchalová D, Kindl J, Pavlíčková T, Wenzelová P, Jahn U, Valterová I, Pichová I. Expansion of the fatty acyl reductase gene family shaped pheromone communication in Hymenoptera. eLife 2019; 8:e39231. [PMID: 30714899 PMCID: PMC6361591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductases (FARs) are involved in the biosynthesis of fatty alcohols that serve a range of biological roles. Insects typically harbor numerous FAR gene family members. While some FARs are involved in pheromone biosynthesis, the biological significance of the large number of FARs in insect genomes remains unclear. Using bumble bee (Bombini) FAR expression analysis and functional characterization, hymenopteran FAR gene tree reconstruction, and inspection of transposable elements (TEs) in the genomic environment of FARs, we uncovered a massive expansion of the FAR gene family in Hymenoptera, presumably facilitated by TEs. The expansion occurred in the common ancestor of bumble bees and stingless bees (Meliponini). We found that bumble bee FARs from the expanded FAR-A ortholog group contribute to the species-specific pheromone composition. Our results indicate that expansion and functional diversification of the FAR gene family played a key role in the evolution of pheromone communication in Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tupec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Aleš Buček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Václav Janoušek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Darina Prchalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Tereza Pavlíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petra Wenzelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Irena Valterová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
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25
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Shih PM. Towards a sustainable bio-based economy: Redirecting primary metabolism to new products with plant synthetic biology. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 273:84-91. [PMID: 29907312 PMCID: PMC6005202 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans have domesticated many plant species as indispensable sources of food, materials, and medicines. The dawning era of synthetic biology represents a means to further refine, redesign, and engineer crops to meet various societal and industrial needs. Current and future endeavors will utilize plants as the foundation of a bio-based economy through the photosynthetic production of carbohydrate feedstocks for the microbial fermentation of biofuels and bioproducts, with the end goal of decreasing our dependence on petrochemicals. As our technological capabilities improve, metabolic engineering efforts may expand the utility of plants beyond sugar feedstocks through the direct production of target compounds, including pharmaceuticals, renewable fuels, and commodity chemicals. However, relatively little work has been done to fully realize the potential in redirecting central carbon metabolism in plants for the engineering of novel bioproducts. Although our ability to rationally engineer and manipulate plant metabolism is in its infancy, I highlight some of the opportunities and challenges in applying synthetic biology towards engineering plant primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Shih
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, United States; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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26
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Tupec M, Buček A, Valterová I, Pichová I. Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:387-403. [PMID: 28742527 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There are more than one million described insect species. This species richness is reflected in the diversity of insect metabolic processes. In particular, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as defensive compounds and chemical signals, encompasses an extraordinarily wide range of chemicals that are generally unparalleled among natural products from other organisms. Insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes thus offer a valuable resource for discovery of novel enzymes with potential for biotechnological applications. Here, we focus on fatty acid (FA) metabolism-related enzymes, notably the fatty acyl desaturases and fatty acyl reductases involved in the biosynthesis of FA-derived pheromones. Research on insect pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes, which exhibit diverse enzymatic properties, has the potential to broaden the understanding of enzyme specificity determinants and contribute to engineering of enzymes with desired properties for biotechnological production of FA derivatives. Additionally, the application of such pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes represents an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to the chemical synthesis of pheromones that are used in insect pest management strategies.
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27
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Hu YH, Chen XM, Yang P, Ding WF. Characterization and functional assay of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene in the scale insect, Ericerus pela Chavannes (Hemiptera: Coccoidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21445. [PMID: 29277917 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ericerus pela Chavannes (Hemiptera: Coccoidae) is an economically important scale insect because the second instar males secrete a harvestable wax-like substance. In this study, we report the molecular cloning of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene (EpFAR) of E. pela. We predicted a 520-aa protein with the FAR family features from the deduced amino acid sequence. The EpFAR mRNA was expressed in five tested tissues, testis, alimentary canal, fat body, Malpighian tubules, and mostly in cuticle. The EpFAR protein was localized by immunofluorescence only in the wax glands and testis. EpFAR expression in High Five insect cells documented the recombinant EpFAR reduced 26-0:(S) CoA and to its corresponding alcohol. The data illuminate the molecular mechanism for fatty alcohol biosynthesis in a beneficial insect, E. pela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Hu
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- College of Forest, Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Feng Ding
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
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28
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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29
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Rains MK, Gardiyehewa de Silva ND, Molina I. Reconstructing the suberin pathway in poplar by chemical and transcriptomic analysis of bark tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:340-361. [PMID: 28575526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The tree bark periderm confers the first line of protection against pathogen invasion and abiotic stresses. The phellogen (cork cambium) externally produces cork (phellem) cells that are dead at maturity; while metabolically active, these tissues synthesize cell walls, as well as cell wall modifications, namely suberin and waxes. Suberin is a heteropolymer with aliphatic and aromatic domains, composed of acylglycerols, cross-linked polyphenolics and solvent-extractable waxes. Although suberin is essentially ubiquitous in vascular plants, the biochemical functions of many enzymes and the genetic regulation of its synthesis are poorly understood. We have studied suberin and wax composition in four developmental stages of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) stem periderm. The amounts of extracellular ester-linked acyl lipids per unit area increased with tissue age, a trend not observed with waxes. We used RNA-Seq deep-sequencing technology to investigate the cork transcriptome at two developmental stages. The transcript analysis yielded 455 candidates for the biosynthesis and regulation of poplar suberin, including genes with proven functions in suberin metabolism, genes highlighted as candidates in other plant species and novel candidates. Among these, a gene encoding a putative lipase/acyltransferase of the GDSL-motif family emerged as a suberin polyester synthase candidate, and specific isoforms of peroxidase and laccase genes were preferentially expressed in cork, suggesting that their corresponding proteins may be involved in cross-linking aromatics to form lignin-like polyphenolics. Many transcriptional regulators with possible roles in meristem identity, cork differentiation and acyl-lipid metabolism were also identified. Our work provides the first large-scale transcriptomic dataset on the suberin-synthesizing tissue of poplar bark, contributing to our understanding of tree bark development at the molecular level. Based on these data, we have proposed a number of hypotheses that can be used in future research leading to novel biological insights into suberin biosynthesis and its physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Rains
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biology, Essar Convergence Centre, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2G4
| | - Nayana Dilini Gardiyehewa de Silva
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Nesbitt Biology Building, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biology, Essar Convergence Centre, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2G4
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30
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Yu D, Hornung E, Iven T, Feussner I. High-level accumulation of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil by abundant supply of oleic acid substrates to efficient wax ester synthesis enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:53. [PMID: 29507605 PMCID: PMC5831613 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotechnology enables the production of high-valued industrial feedstocks from plant seed oil. The plant-derived wax esters with long-chain monounsaturated acyl moieties, like oleyl oleate, have favorite properties for lubrication. For biosynthesis of wax esters using acyl-CoA substrates, expressions of a fatty acyl reductase (FAR) and a wax synthase (WS) in seeds are sufficient. RESULTS For optimization of the enzymatic activity and subcellular localization of wax ester synthesis enzymes, two fusion proteins were created, which showed wax ester-forming activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To promote the formation of oleyl oleate in seed oil, WSs from Acinetobactor baylyi (AbWSD1) and Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaWS2), as well as the two created fusion proteins were tested in Arabidopsis to evaluate their abilities and substrate preference for wax ester production. The tested seven enzyme combinations resulted in different yields and compositions of wax esters. Expression of a FAR of Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaFAR) with AbWSD1 or MaWS2 led to a high incorporation of C18 substrates in wax esters. The MaFAR/TMMmAWAT2-AbWSD1 combination resulted in the incorporation of more C18:1 alcohol and C18:0 acyl moieties into wax esters compared with MaFAR/AbWSD1. The fusion protein of a WS from Simmondsia chinensis (ScWS) with MaFAR exhibited higher specificity toward C20:1 substrates in preference to C18:1 substrates. Expression of MaFAR/AbWSD1 in the Arabidopsis fad2 fae1 double mutant resulted in the accumulation of oleyl oleate (18:1/18:1) in up to 62 mol% of total wax esters in seed oil, which was much higher than the 15 mol% reached by MaFAR/AbWSD1 in Arabidopsis Col-0 background. In order to increase the level of oleyl oleate in seed oil of Camelina, lines expressing MaFAR/ScWS were crossed with a transgenic high oleate line. The resulting plants accumulated up to >40 mg g seed-1 of wax esters, containing 27-34 mol% oleyl oleate. CONCLUSIONS The overall yields and the compositions of wax esters can be strongly affected by the availability of acyl-CoA substrates and to a lesser extent, by the characteristics of wax ester synthesis enzymes. For synthesis of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil, appropriate wax ester synthesis enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and desired substrate specificity should be expressed in plant cells; meanwhile, high levels of oleic acid-derived substrates need to be supplied to these enzymes by modifying the fatty acid profile of developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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31
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Wang Y, Sun Y, You Q, Luo W, Wang C, Zhao S, Chai G, Li T, Shi X, Li C, Jetter R, Wang Z. Three Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Reductases, BdFAR1, BdFAR2 and BdFAR3, are Involved in Cuticular Wax Primary Alcohol Biosynthesis in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:527-543. [PMID: 29329458 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax is a heterogeneous mixture of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. Primary alcohols are the dominant wax components throughout leaf development of Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium). However, the genes involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis have not been investigated and their exact biological function remains unclear in Brachypodium to date. Here, we monitored the leaf wax profile and crystal morphology during Brachypodium leaf morphogenesis, and isolated three Brachypodium fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) genes, named BdFAR1, BdFAR2 and BdFAR3, then analyzed their biochemical activities, substrate specificities, expression patterns, subcellular localization and stress induction. Transgenic expression of BdFAR genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brachypodium increased the production of primary alcohols. The three BdFAR genes were preferentially expressed in Brachypodium aerial tissues, consistent with known sites of wax primary alcohol deposition, and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Finally, expression of the BdFAR genes was induced by drought, cold and ABA treatments, and drought stress significantly increased cuticular wax accumulation in Brachypodium. Taken together, these results indicate that the three BdFAR genes encode active FARs involved in the biosynthesis of Brachypodium wax primary alcohols and respond to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Qiuye You
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wenqiao Luo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Optimization of C16 and C18 fatty alcohol production by an engineered strain of Lipomyces starkeyi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi was engineered for the production of long-chain fatty alcohols by expressing a fatty acyl-CoA reductase, mFAR1, from Mus musculus. The optimal conditions for production of fatty alcohols by this strain were investigated. Increased carbon-to-nitrogen ratios led to efficient C16 and C18 fatty alcohol production from glucose, xylose and glycerol. Batch cultivation resulted in a titer of 1.7 g/L fatty alcohol from glucose which represents a yield of 28 mg of fatty alcohols per gram of glucose. This relatively high level of production with minimal genetic modification indicates that L. starkeyi may be an excellent host for the bioconversion of carbon-rich waste streams, particularly lignocellulosic waste, to C16 and C18 fatty alcohols.
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Gonzales-Vigil E, Hefer CA, von Loessl ME, La Mantia J, Mansfield SD. Exploiting Natural Variation to Uncover an Alkene Biosynthetic Enzyme in Poplar. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2000-2015. [PMID: 28729404 PMCID: PMC5590506 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes are linear hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds. Despite their potential as biofuels and precursors for specialty chemicals, the underlying biochemistry and genetics of alkene biosynthesis in plants remain elusive. Here, we report on a screen of natural accessions of poplar (Populus trichocarpa), revealing that the leaf cuticular waxes are predominantly composed of alkanes and alkenes. Interestingly, the accumulation of alkenes increases with leaf development, is limited to the abaxial side of the leaf, and is impaired in a few accessions. Among other genes, a β-ketoacyl CoA synthase gene (PotriKCS1) was downregulated in leaves from non-alkene-producing accessions. We demonstrated biochemically that PotriKCS1 elongates monounsaturated fatty acids and is responsible for the recruitment of unsaturated substrates to the cuticular wax. Moreover, we found significant associations between the presence of alkenes and tree growth and resistance to leaf spot. These findings highlight the crucial role of cuticular waxes as the first point of contact with the environment, and they provide a foundation for engineering long-chain monounsaturated oils in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Michelle E von Loessl
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan La Mantia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn and Soybean Research, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Ruiz‐Lopez N, Broughton R, Usher S, Salas JJ, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Beaudoin F. Tailoring the composition of novel wax esters in the seeds of transgenic Camelina sativa through systematic metabolic engineering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:837-849. [PMID: 27990737 PMCID: PMC5466440 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The functional characterization of wax biosynthetic enzymes in transgenic plants has opened the possibility of producing tailored wax esters (WEs) in the seeds of a suitable host crop. In this study, in addition to systematically evaluating a panel of WE biosynthetic activities, we have also modulated the acyl-CoA substrate pool, through the co-expression of acyl-ACP thioesterases, to direct the accumulation of medium-chain fatty acids. Using this combinatorial approach, we determined the additive contribution of both the varied acyl-CoA pool and biosynthetic enzyme substrate specificity to the accumulation of non-native WEs in the seeds of transgenic Camelina plants. A total of fourteen constructs were prepared containing selected FAR and WS genes in combination with an acyl-ACP thioesterase. All enzyme combinations led to the successful production of wax esters, of differing compositions. The impact of acyl-CoA thioesterase expression on wax ester accumulation varied depending on the substrate specificity of the WS. Hence, co-expression of acyl-ACP thioesterases with Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus WS and Marinobacter aquaeolei FAR resulted in the production of WEs with reduced chain lengths, whereas the co-expression of the same acyl-ACP thioesterases in combination with Mus musculus WS and M. aquaeolei FAR had little impact on the overall final wax composition. This was despite substantial remodelling of the acyl-CoA pool, suggesting that these substrates were not efficiently incorporated into WEs. These results indicate that modification of the substrate pool requires careful selection of the WS and FAR activities for the successful high accumulation of these novel wax ester species in Camelina seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz‐Lopez
- IHSM‐UMA‐CSICUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | - Richard Broughton
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | | | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | | | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
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Wang M, Wu H, Xu J, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Z. Five Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Reductases Are Involved in the Biosynthesis of Primary Alcohols in Aegilops tauschii Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1012. [PMID: 28659955 PMCID: PMC5466989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The diploid Aegilops tauschii is the D-genome donor to hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and represents a potential source for genetic study in common wheat. The ubiquitous wax covering the aerial parts of plants plays an important role in protecting plants against non-stomatal water loss. Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very-long-chain fatty acids, alkanes, primary and/or secondary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, triterpenes, sterols, and flavonoids. In the present work, primary alcohols were identified as the major components of leaf cuticular wax in Ae. tauschii, with C26:0-OH being the dominant primary alcohol. Analysis by scanning electron microscope revealed that dense platelet-shaped wax crystals were deposited on leaf surfaces of Ae. tauschii. Ten putative wax biosynthetic genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) were identified in the genome of Ae. tauschii. Five of these genes, Ae.tFAR1, Ae.tFAR2, Ae.tFAR3, Ae.tFAR4, and Ae.tFAR6, were found expressed in the leaf blades. Heterologous expression of the five Ae.tFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that Ae.tFAR1, Ae.tFAR2, Ae.tFAR3, Ae.tFAR4, and Ae.tFAR6 were predominantly responsible for the accumulation of C16:0, C18:0, C26:0, C24:0, and C28:0 primary alcohols, respectively. In addition, nine Ae.tFAR paralogous genes were located on D chromosome of wheat and the wheat nullisomic-tetrasomic lines with the loss of Ae.tFAR3 and Ae.tFAR4 paralogous genes had significantly reduced levels of primary alcohols in the leaf blades. Collectively, these data suggest that Ae.tFAR1, Ae.tFAR2, Ae.tFAR3, Ae.tFAR4, and Ae.tFAR6 encode alcohol-forming FARs involved in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols in the leaf blades of Ae. tauschii. The information obtained in Ae. tauschii enables us to better understand wax biosynthesis in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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36
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Miklaszewska M, Banaś A, Królicka A. Metabolic engineering of fatty alcohol production in transgenic hairy roots of Crambe abyssinica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1275-1282. [PMID: 27943249 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological production of fatty alcohols, important raw materials in the chemical industry, has been receiving considerable attention in recent years. Fatty alcohols are formed by the reduction of fatty acyl-CoAs or fatty acyl-ACPs catalyzed by a fatty acyl reductase (FAR). In this study, we introduced genes encoding FARs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFAR5) and Simmondsia chinensis (ScFAR) into Crambe abyssinica hairy roots via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The efficiency of the transformation ranged between 30 and 45%. The fatty alcohols were only detected in the transgenic hairy root lines expressing ScFAR gene. In all tested lines stearyl alcohol (18:0-OH), arachidyl alcohol (20:0-OH), and behenyl alcohol (22:0-OH) were produced. The content of 18:0-OH varied from 1 to 3% of total fatty acids and fatty alcohols, while the amount of either 20:0-OH and 22:0-OH did not exceed 2%. The transgenic hairy root lines produced from 0.98 to 2.59 nmol of fatty alcohols per mg of dry weight. Very low activity of ScFAR was detected in the microsomal fractions isolated from the selected hairy root lines. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the fatty alcohol production in the hairy root cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1275-1282. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Królicka
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama, Gdańsk, Poland
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37
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Wenning L, Yu T, David F, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Establishing very long-chain fatty alcohol and wax ester biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1025-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wenning
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet Lyngby Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
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38
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Identification of long chain specific aldehyde reductase and its use in enhanced fatty alcohol production in E. coli. Metab Eng 2016; 37:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Miklaszewska M, Banaś A. Biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of jojoba fatty acyl-CoA reductase and jojoba wax synthase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:84-92. [PMID: 27297992 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wax esters are used in industry for production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The only natural source of wax esters is jojoba oil. A much wider variety of industrial wax esters-containing oils can be generated through genetic engineering. Biotechnological production of tailor-made wax esters requires, however, a detailed substrate specificity of fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FAR) and wax synthases (WS), the two enzymes involved in wax esters synthesis. In this study we have successfully characterized the substrate specificity of jojoba FAR and jojoba WS. The genes encoding both enzymes were expressed heterologously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the activity of tested enzymes was confirmed by in vivo studies and in vitro assays using microsomal preparations from transgenic yeast. Jojoba FAR exhibited the highest in vitro activity toward 18:0-CoA followed by 20:1-CoA and 22:1-CoA. The activity toward other 11 tested acyl-CoAs was low or undetectable as with 18:2-CoA and 18:3-CoA. In assays characterizing jojoba WS combinations of 17 fatty alcohols with 14 acyl-CoAs were tested. The enzyme displayed the highest activity toward 14:0-CoA and 16:0-CoA in combination with C16-C20 alcohols as well as toward C18 acyl-CoAs in combination with C12-C16 alcohols. 20:1-CoA was efficiently utilized in combination with most of the tested alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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40
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Microbial production of fatty alcohols. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:152. [PMID: 27465852 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty alcohols have numerous commercial applications, including their use as lubricants, surfactants, solvents, emulsifiers, plasticizers, emollients, thickeners, and even fuels. Fatty alcohols are currently produced by catalytic hydrogenation of fatty acids from plant oils or animal fats. Microbial production of fatty alcohols may be a more direct and environmentally-friendly strategy since production is carried out by heterologous enzymes, called fatty acyl-CoA reductases, able to reduce different acyl-CoA molecules to their corresponding primary alcohols. Successful examples of metabolic engineering have been reported in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli in which the production of fatty alcohols ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 g/L, respectively. Due to their metabolic advantages, oleaginous yeasts are considered the best hosts for production of fatty acid-derived chemicals. Some of these species can naturally produce, under specific growth conditions, lipids at high titers (>50 g/L) and therefore provide large amounts of fatty acyl-CoAs or fatty acids as precursors. Very recently, taking advantage of such features, over 8 g/L of C16-C18 fatty alcohols have been produced in Rhodosporidium toruloides. In this review we summarize the different metabolic engineering strategies, hosts and cultivation conditions used to date. We also point out some future trends and challenges for the microbial production of fatty alcohols.
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41
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Antony B, Ding BJ, Moto K, Aldosari SA, Aldawood AS. Two fatty acyl reductases involved in moth pheromone biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29927. [PMID: 27427355 PMCID: PMC4947906 DOI: 10.1038/srep29927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl reductases (FARs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved gene family found in all kingdoms of life. Members of the FAR gene family play diverse roles, including seed oil synthesis, insect pheromone biosynthesis, and mammalian wax biosynthesis. In insects, FAR genes dedicated to sex pheromone biosynthesis (pheromone-gland-specific fatty acyl reductase, pgFAR) form a unique clade that exhibits substantial modifications in gene structure and possesses unique specificity and selectivity for fatty acyl substrates. Highly selective and semi-selective ‘single pgFARs’ produce single and multicomponent pheromone signals in bombycid, pyralid, yponomeutid and noctuid moths. An intriguing question is how a ‘single reductase’ can direct the synthesis of several fatty alcohols of various chain lengths and isomeric forms. Here, we report two active pgFARs in the pheromone gland of Spodoptera, namely a semi-selective, C14:acyl-specific pgFAR and a highly selective, C16:acyl-specific pgFAR, and demonstrate that these pgFARs play a pivotal role in the formation of species-specific signals, a finding that is strongly supported by functional gene expression data. The study envisages a new area of research for disclosing evolutionary changes associated with C14- and C16-specific FARs in moth pheromone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bao-Jian Ding
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Ken'Ichi Moto
- RIKEN, Lipid Biology Laboratory, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Saleh A Aldosari
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- King Saud University, Department of Plant Protection, Chair of Date Palm Research, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Decio P, Vieira AS, Dias NB, Palma MS, Bueno OC. The Postpharyngeal Gland: Specialized Organ for Lipid Nutrition in Leaf-Cutting Ants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154891. [PMID: 27149618 PMCID: PMC4858231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several hypotheses about the possible functions of the postpharyngeal gland (PPG) in ants. The proposed functions include roles as cephalic or gastric caeca and diverticulum of the digestive tract, mixing of hydrocarbons, nestmate recognition, feeding larvae, and the accumulation of lipids inside this gland, whose origin is contradictory. The current study aimed to investigate the functions of these glands by examining the protein expression profile of the PPGs of Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Mated females received lipid supplementation and their glands were extracted and analyzed using a proteomic approach. The protocol used combined two-dimensional electrophoresis and shotgun strategies, followed by mass spectrometry. We also detected lipid β-oxidation by immunofluorescent marking of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Supplying ants with lipids elicited responses in the glandular cells of the PPG; these included increased expression of proteins related to defense mechanisms and signal transduction and reorganization of the cytoskeleton due to cell expansion. In addition, some proteins in PPG were overexpressed, especially those involved in lipid and energy metabolism. Part of the lipids may be reduced, used for the synthesis of fatty alcohol, transported to the hemolymph, or may be used as substrate for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA, which is oxidized to form molecules that drive oxidative phosphorylation and produce energy for cellular metabolic processes. These findings suggest that this organ is specialized for lipid nutrition of adult leaf-cutting ants and characterized like a of diverticulum foregut, with the ability to absorb, store, metabolize, and mobilize lipids to the hemolymph. However, we do not rule out that the PPG may have other functions in other species of ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Decio
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Santana Vieira
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ASV); (OCB)
| | - Nathalia Baptista Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Zooquímica, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Zooquímica, Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Odair Correa Bueno
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ASV); (OCB)
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Wang M, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu J, Li T, Hegebarth D, Jetter R, Chen L, Wang Z. Three TaFAR genes function in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols and the response to abiotic stresses in Triticum aestivum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25008. [PMID: 27112792 PMCID: PMC4845010 DOI: 10.1038/srep25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes play crucial roles in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. They are complex mixtures of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including C20-C32 fatty alcohols. Here, we report the identification of 32 FAR-like genes and the detailed characterization of TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4, wax biosynthetic genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Heterologous expression of the three TaFARs in wild-type yeast and mutated yeast showed that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 were predominantly responsible for the accumulation of C18:0, C28:0 and C24:0 primary alcohols, respectively. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato fruit and Arabidopsis cer4 mutant led to increased production of C22:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. GFP-fusion protein injection assay showed that the three encoded TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The transcriptional expression of the three TaFAR genes was induced by cold, salt, drought and ABA. Low air humidity led to increased expression of TaFAR genes and elevated wax accumulation in wheat leaves. Collectively, these data suggest that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 encode active alcohol-forming FARs involved in the synthesis of primary alcohol in wheat leaf and the response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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44
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In vitro reconstitution guide for targeted synthetic metabolism of chemicals, nutraceuticals and drug precursors. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:25-33. [PMID: 29062924 PMCID: PMC5640587 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the developments in metabolic engineering and the emergence of synthetic biology, many breakthroughs in medicinal, biological and chemical products as well as biofuels have been achieved in recent decades. As an important barrier to traditional metabolic engineering, however, the identification of rate-limiting step(s) for the improvement of specific cellular functions is often difficult. Meanwhile, in the case of synthetic biology, more and more BioBricks could be constructed for targeted purposes, but the optimized assembly or engineering of these components for high-efficiency cell factories is still a challenge. Owing to the lack of steady-state kinetic data for overall flux, balancing many multistep biosynthetic pathways is time-consuming and needs vast resources of labor and materials. A strategy called targeted engineering is proposed in an effort to solve this problem. Briefly, a targeted biosynthetic pathway is to be reconstituted in vitro and then the contribution of cofactors, substrates and each enzyme will be analyzed systematically. Next is in vivo engineering or de novo pathway assembly with the guidance of information gained from in vitro assays. To demonstrate its practical application, biosynthesis pathways for the production of important products, e.g. chemicals, nutraceuticals and drug precursors, have been engineered in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These cases can be regarded as concept proofs indicating targeted engineering might help to create high-efficiency cell factories based upon constructed biological components.
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Zhu LH, Krens F, Smith MA, Li X, Qi W, van Loo EN, Iven T, Feussner I, Nazarenus TJ, Huai D, Taylor DC, Zhou XR, Green AG, Shockey J, Klasson KT, Mullen RT, Huang B, Dyer JM, Cahoon EB. Dedicated Industrial Oilseed Crops as Metabolic Engineering Platforms for Sustainable Industrial Feedstock Production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22181. [PMID: 26916792 PMCID: PMC4768164 DOI: 10.1038/srep22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedstocks for industrial applications ranging from polymers to lubricants are largely derived from petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Vegetable oils with fatty acid structures and storage forms tailored for specific industrial uses offer renewable and potentially sustainable sources of petrochemical-type functionalities. A wide array of industrial vegetable oils can be generated through biotechnology, but will likely require non-commodity oilseed platforms dedicated to specialty oil production for commercial acceptance. Here we show the feasibility of three Brassicaceae oilseeds crambe, camelina, and carinata, none of which are widely cultivated for food use, as hosts for complex metabolic engineering of wax esters for lubricant applications. Lines producing wax esters >20% of total seed oil were generated for each crop and further improved for high temperature oxidative stability by down-regulation of fatty acid polyunsaturation. Field cultivation of optimized wax ester-producing crambe demonstrated commercial utility of these engineered crops and a path for sustainable production of other industrial oils in dedicated specialty oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Frans Krens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Smith
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Weicong Qi
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eibertus N. van Loo
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tara J. Nazarenus
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Dongxin Huai
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - David C. Taylor
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jay Shockey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - K. Thomas Klasson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bangquan Huang
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - John M. Dyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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46
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Iven T, Hornung E, Heilmann M, Feussner I. Synthesis of oleyl oleate wax esters in Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa seed oil. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:252-9. [PMID: 25912558 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed oil composed of wax esters with long-chain monoenoic acyl moieties represents a high-value commodity for industry. Such plant-derived sperm oil-like liquid wax esters are biodegradable and can have excellent properties for lubrication. In addition, wax ester oil may represent a superior substrate for biodiesel production. In this study, we demonstrate that the low-input oil seed crop Camelina sativa can serve as a biotechnological platform for environmentally benign wax ester production. Two biosynthetic steps catalysed by a fatty alcohol-forming acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) and a wax ester synthase (WS) are sufficient to achieve wax ester accumulation from acyl-CoA substrates. To produce plant-derived sperm oil-like liquid wax esters, the WS from Mus musculus (MmWS) or Simmondsia chinensis (ScWS) were expressed in combination with the FAR from Mus musculus (MmFAR1) or Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaFAR) in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa. The three analysed enzyme combinations Oleo3:mCherry:MmFAR1∆c/Oleo3:EYFP:MmWS, Oleo3:mCherry:MmFAR1∆c/ScWS and MaFAR/ScWS showed differences in the wax ester molecular species profiles and overall biosynthetic performance. By expressing MaFAR/ScWS in Arabidopsis or Camelina up to 59% or 21% of the seed oil TAGs were replaced by wax esters, respectively. This combination also yielded wax ester molecular species with highest content of monounsaturated acyl moieties. Expression of the enzyme combinations in the Arabidopsis fae1 fad2 mutant background high in oleic acid resulted in wax ester accumulation enriched in oleyl oleate (18:1/18:1 > 60%), suggesting that similar values may be obtained with a Camelina high oleic acid line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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47
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Kawelke S, Feussner I. Two Predicted Transmembrane Domains Exclude Very Long Chain Fatty acyl-CoAs from the Active Site of Mouse Wax Synthase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145797. [PMID: 26714272 PMCID: PMC4694924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax esters are used as coatings or storage lipids in all kingdoms of life. They are synthesized from a fatty alcohol and an acyl-CoA by wax synthases. In order to get insights into the structure-function relationships of a wax synthase from Mus musculus, a domain swap experiment between the mouse acyl-CoA:wax alcohol acyltransferase (AWAT2) and the homologous mouse acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) was performed. This showed that the substrate specificity of AWAT2 is partially determined by two predicted transmembrane domains near the amino terminus of AWAT2. Upon exchange of the two domains for the respective part of DGAT2, the resulting chimeric enzyme was capable of incorporating up to 20% of very long acyl chains in the wax esters upon expression in S. cerevisiae strain H1246. The amount of very long acyl chains in wax esters synthesized by wild type AWAT2 was negligible. The effect was narrowed down to a single amino acid position within one of the predicted membrane domains, the AWAT2 N36R variant. Taken together, we provide first evidence that two predicted transmembrane domains in AWAT2 are involved in determining its acyl chain length specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kawelke
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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48
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Aslan S, Hofvander P, Dutta P, Sun C, Sitbon F. Increased production of wax esters in transgenic tobacco plants by expression of a fatty acid reductase:wax synthase gene fusion. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:945-53. [PMID: 26138876 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wax esters are hydrophobic lipids consisting of a fatty acid moiety linked to a fatty alcohol with an ester bond. Plant-derived wax esters are today of particular concern for their potential as cost-effective and sustainable sources of lubricants. However, this aspect is hampered by the fact that the level of wax esters in plants generally is too low to allow commercial exploitation. To investigate whether wax ester biosynthesis can be increased in plants using transgenic approaches, we have here exploited a fusion between two bacterial genes together encoding a single wax ester-forming enzyme, and targeted the resulting protein to chloroplasts in stably transformed tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Compared to wild-type controls, transgenic plants showed both in leaves and stems a significant increase in the total level of wax esters, being eight-fold at the whole plant level. The profiles of fatty acid methyl ester and fatty alcohol in wax esters were related, and C16 and C18 molecules constituted predominant forms. Strong transformants displayed certain developmental aberrations, such as stunted growth and chlorotic leaves and stems. These negative effects were associated with an accumulation of fatty alcohols, suggesting that an adequate balance between formation and esterification of fatty alcohols is crucial for a high wax ester production. The results show that wax ester engineering in transgenic plants is feasible, and suggest that higher yields may become achieved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Aslan
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7080, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Paresh Dutta
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7080, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Folke Sitbon
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7080, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Hegebarth D, Li T, Jetter R, Wang Z. Molecular Characterization of TaFAR1 Involved in Primary Alcohol Biosynthesis of Cuticular Wax in Hexaploid Wheat. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26220905 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain (VLC) fatty acids and their derivatives in which primary alcohols are the most abundant components in the leaf surface of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, the genes involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis in wheat are still largely unknown. Here we identified, via a homology-based approach, the TaFAR1 gene belonging to the fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) from wheat. Heterologous expression of TaFAR1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cer4-3 mutant afforded production of C22 primary alcohol and C22-C24 primary alcohols, respectively, and transgenic expression of TaFAR1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves and fruits resulted in the accumulation of C26-C30 primary alcohols and C30-C34 primary alcohols, respectively. The TaFAR1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaf protoplasts. Moreover, the TaFAR1 expression pattern across various organs correlated with the levels of primary alcohols accumulating in corresponding waxes, and with the presence of platelet-shaped epicuticular wax crystals formed by primary alcohols. A nullisomic-tetrasomic wheat line lacking TaFAR1 had significantly reduced levels of primary alcohols in its leaf blade and anther wax. TaFAR1 was located on chromosome 4AL and appeared to be highly conserved, with only one haplotype among 32 wheat cultivars. Finally, TaFAR1 expression was induced by drought and cold stress in an ABA-dependent manner. Taken together, our results show that TaFAR1 is an active enzyme forming primary alcohols destined for the wheat cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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50
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Fillet S, Gibert J, Suárez B, Lara A, Ronchel C, Adrio JL. Fatty alcohols production by oleaginous yeast. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1463-72. [PMID: 26318028 PMCID: PMC4607723 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have engineered Rhodosporidium toruloides to produce fatty alcohols by expressing a fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8. Production of fatty alcohols in flasks was achieved in different fermentation media at titers ranging from 0.2 to 2 g/L. In many of the conditions tested, more than 80 % of fatty alcohols were secreted into the cultivation broth. Through fed-batch fermentation in 7 L bioreactors, over 8 g/L of C16–C18 fatty alcohols were produced using sucrose as the substrate. This is the highest titer ever reported on microbial production of fatty alcohols to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Fillet
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Jordi Gibert
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Armando Lara
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Ronchel
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Adrio
- Neol Biosolutions SA, Avda. Innovación, 1, Edificio BIC-213, Parque Tecnológico de La Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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