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Agarwal A, Gandhi S, Tripathi AD, Gupta A, Iammarino M, Sidhu JK. Food contamination from packaging material with special focus on the Bisphenol-A. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38839596 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Additives, such as bisphenol A (BPA) that are added to packaging material to enhance functionality may migrate into food products creating a concern for food safety. BPA has been linked to various chronic diseases, such as: diabetes, obesity, prostate cancer, impaired thyroid function, and several other metabolic disorders. To safeguard consumers, BPA migration limits have been defined by regulatory bodies. However, it is important to address the underlying factors and mechanisms so that they can be optimized in order to minimize BPA migration. In this review, we determine the relative importance of the factors, i.e. temperature, contact time, pH, food composition, storage time and temperature, package type, cleaning, and aging, and packaging damage that promote BPA migration in foods. Packaging material seems to be the key source of BPA and the temperature (applied during food production, storage, can sterilization and cleaning processes) was the critical driver influencing BPA migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Agarwal
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Food Technology, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shivika Gandhi
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Food Technology, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Marco Iammarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jaisal Kaur Sidhu
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Food Technology, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Sánchez A, Vélez D, Devesa V. Processes influencing the toxicity of microplastics ingested through the diet. Food Chem 2024; 456:139947. [PMID: 38850610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study assesses the effect of culinary treatment and gastrointestinal digestion upon the release of additives present in microplastics. Organic additives were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and inorganic additives using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The results revealed a large number of organic additives in the plastic samples, some being classified as possible carcinogens. Contents of Sb in PET (polyethylene terephthalate), Zn and Ba in LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and PVC (polyvinylchloride), and Ti and Pb in LDPE were also noteworthy. The culinary process promotes the release and solubilization of additives into the cooking liquid, with phthalates, benzophenone, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) and bisphenol A being of particular concern. The solubilization of phthalates and NBBS was also observed during gastrointestinal digestion. This study demonstrates that culinary treatment and gastrointestinal digestion promote release and solubilization of additives from plastics ingested with the diet. Such solubilization may facilitate their entry into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sánchez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Zhang J, Liu H, Sablani SS, Wu Q. Recycling Functional Fillers from Waste Tires for Tailored Polystyrene Composites: Mechanical, Fire Retarding, Electromagnetic Field Shielding, and Acoustic Insulation Properties-A Short Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2675. [PMID: 38893939 PMCID: PMC11173639 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Polymer waste is currently a big and challenging issue throughout the world. Waste tires represent an important source of polymer waste. Therefore, it is highly desirable to recycle functional fillers from waste tires to develop composite materials for advanced applications. The primary theme of this review involves an overview of developing polystyrene (PS) composites using materials from recycled tires as fillers; waste tire recycling in terms of ground tire rubbers, carbon black, and textile fibers; surface treatments of the fillers to optimize various composite properties; and the mechanical, fire retarding, acoustic, and electromagnetic field (EMI) shielding performances of PS composite materials. The development of composite materials from polystyrene and recycled waste tires provides a novel avenue to achieve reductions in carbon emission goals and closed-loop plastic recycling, which is of significance in the development of circular economics and an environmentally friendly society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Apparel, Merchandising, Design and Textiles, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Shyam S. Sablani
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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4
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Erriah B, Shtukenberg AG, Aronin R, McCarthy D, Brázda P, Ward MD, Kahr B. ROY Crystallization on Poly(ethylene) Fibers, a Model for Bed Net Crystallography. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2432-2440. [PMID: 38495899 PMCID: PMC10938503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Many long-lasting insecticidal bed nets for protection against disease vectors consist of poly(ethylene) fibers in which insecticide is incorporated during manufacture. Insecticide molecules diffuse from within the supersaturated polymers to surfaces where they become bioavailable to insects and often crystallize, a process known as blooming. Recent studies revealed that contact insecticides can be highly polymorphic. Moreover, insecticidal activity is polymorph-dependent, with forms having a higher crystal free energy yielding faster insect knockdown and mortality. Consequently, the crystallographic characterization of insecticide crystals that form on fibers is critical to understanding net function and improving net performance. Structural characterization of insecticide crystals on bed net fiber surfaces, let alone their polymorphs, has been elusive owing to the minute size of the crystals, however. Using the highly polymorphous compound ROY (5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)-amino]thiophene-3-carbonitrile) as a proxy for insecticide crystallization, we investigated blooming and crystal formation on the surface of extruded poly(ethylene) fibers containing ROY. The blooming rates, tracked from the time of extrusion, were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy after successive washes. Six crystalline polymorphs (of the 13 known) were observed on poly(ethylene) fiber surfaces, and they were identified and characterized by Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D electron diffraction. These observations reveal that the crystallization and phase behavior of polymorphs forming on poly(ethylene) fibers is complex and dynamic. The characterization of blooming and microcrystals underscores the importance of bed net crystallography for the optimization of bed net performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Reese Aronin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Derik McCarthy
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Petr Brázda
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2/1999, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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5
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Ghobashy MM, Gayed HM. Thermal conversion of irradiated LLDPE waste into sustainable sponge-like compounds: a novel approach for efficient trace-level oil-water removal. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4833. [PMID: 38413688 PMCID: PMC10899568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The newest method for recycling waste linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is the thermo-catalytic degradation technique known as catalytic pyrolysis. Typically, it is limited by 500-800 °C high temperatures. Catalytic pyrolysis releases toxins and forms harmful carbonized char. The current study is based on exposing wasted LLDPE to different gamma irradiation doses and then pyrolysis in castor oil (150-300 °C). The output product of Ir-(rLLDPE) is turned into another compound with a new structural architecture (sponge-like). SEM analysis confirms conversion, showing sponge-like spicules and layers. Ir-(rLLDPE) is sponge-like with a soft, malleable, absorbent texture. The DSC demonstrates altered thermal properties, with a melting point at 121 °C splitting into two peaks (endothermic at 117 °C and exothermic at 160 °C). The exothermic peaks signify the curing process of the sponge-like material. Ir-(rLLDPE) is assessed as an adsorbent for aqueous oils and solvents. The study examines irradiation doses, pyrolysis temperature, and time on adsorbent capacity. The oil removal obeys the Langmuir isotherm with monolayer adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 24.75 g/g of waste oil and 43 g/g of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Squashing maintains adsorption after 20 reuses. Data shows sponges effectively clean marine oil spills and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - H M Gayed
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
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6
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Haleem N, Kumar P, Zhang C, Jamal Y, Hua G, Yao B, Yang X. Microplastics and associated chemicals in drinking water: A review of their occurrence and human health implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169594. [PMID: 38154642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have entered drinking water (DW) via various pathways, raising concerns about their potential health impacts. This study provides a comprehensive review of MP-associated chemicals, such as oligomers, plasticizers, stabilizers, and ultraviolet (UV) filters that can be leached out during DW treatment and distribution. The leaching of these chemicals is influenced by various environmental and operating factors, with three major ones identified: MP concentration and polymer type, pH, and contact time. The leaching process is substantially enhanced during the disinfection step of DW treatment, due to ultraviolet light and/or disinfectant-triggered reactions. The study also reviewed human exposure to MPs and associated chemicals in DW, as well as their health impacts on the human nervous, digestive, reproductive, and hepatic systems, especially the neuroendocrine toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. An overview of MPs in DW, including tap water and bottled water, was also presented to enable a background understanding of MPs-associated chemicals. In short, certain chemicals leached from MPs in DW can have significant implications for human health and demand further research on their long-term health impacts, mitigation strategies, and interactions with other pollutants such as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study is anticipated to facilitate the research and management of MPs in DW and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haleem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yousuf Jamal
- Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Guanghui Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Xufei Yang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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7
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Yu Y, Kumar M, Bolan S, Padhye LP, Bolan N, Li S, Wang L, Hou D, Li Y. Various additive release from microplastics and their toxicity in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123219. [PMID: 38154772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Additives may be present in amounts higher than 50% within plastic objects. Additives in plastics can be gradually released from microplastics (MPs) into the aquatic environment during their aging and fragmentation because most of them do not chemically react with the polymers. Some are known to be hazardous substances, which can cause toxicity effects on organisms and pose ecological risks. In this paper, the application of functional additives in MPs and their leaching in the environment are first summarized followed by their release mechanisms including photooxidation, chemical oxidation, biochemical degradation, and physical abrasion. Important factors affecting the additive release from MPs are also reviewed. Generally, smaller particle size, light irradiation, high temperature, dissolved organic matter (DOM) existence and alkaline conditions can promote the release of chemicals from MPs. In addition, the release of additives is also influenced by the polymer's structure, electrolyte types, as well as salinity. These additives may transfer into the organisms after ingestion and disrupt various biological processes, leading to developmental malformations and toxicity in offspring. Nonetheless, challenges on the toxicity of chemicals in MPs remain hindering the risk assessment on human health from MPs in the environment. Future research is suggested to strengthen research on the leaching experiment in the actual environment, develop more techniques and analysis methods to identify leaching products, and evaluate the toxicity effects of additives from MPs based on more model organisms. The work gives a comprehensive overview of current process for MP additive release in natural waters, summarizes their toxicity effects on organisms, and provides recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Sixu Li
- Beijing No.4 High School International Campus, Beijing, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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8
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Kaing V, Guo Z, Sok T, Kodikara D, Breider F, Yoshimura C. Photodegradation of biodegradable plastics in aquatic environments: Current understanding and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168539. [PMID: 37981156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct and indirect photolysis are important abiotic processes in aquatic environments through which plastics can be transformed physically and chemically. Transport of biodegradable plastics in water is influenced by vertical mixing and turbulent flow, which make biodegradable plastics remain susceptible to sunlight and photolysis despite their high density. In general, biodegradable plastics are composed of ester containing polymers (e.g., poly(butylene succinate), polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polylactic acid), whereas non-biodegradable plastics are composed of long chains of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons in their backbones (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene). Based on the reviewed knowledge and discussion, we may hypothesize that 1) direct photolysis is more pronounced for non-biodegradation than for biodegradable plastics, 2) smaller plastics such as micro/nano-plastics are more prone to photodegradation and photo-transformation by direct and indirect photolysis, 3) the production rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the surface of biodegradable plastics is higher than that of non-biodegradable plastics, 4) the photodegradation of biodegradable plastics may be promoted by ROS produced from biodegradable plastics themselves, and 5) the subsequent reactions of ROS are more active on biodegradable plastics than non-biodegradable plastics. Moreover, micro/nanoplastics derived from biodegradable plastics serve as more effective carriers of organic pollutants than those from non-biodegradable plastics and thus biodegradable plastics may not necessarily be more ecofriendly than non-biodegradable plastics. However, biodegradable plastics have been largely unexplored from the viewpoint of direct or indirect photolysis. Roles of reactive oxygen species originating from biodegradable plastics should be further explored for comprehensively understanding the photodegradation of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinhteang Kaing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd., P.O. Box 86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ty Sok
- Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd., P.O. Box 86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dilini Kodikara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Florian Breider
- EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Central Environmental Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ENAC, station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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9
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Perez Bravo JJ, Gerbehaye C, Raquez JM, Mincheva R. Recent Advances in Solid-State Modification for Thermoplastic Polymers: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:667. [PMID: 38338411 PMCID: PMC10856226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review introduces groundbreaking insights in polymer science, specifically spotlighting a novel review of the solid-state modification (SSM) approach of thermoplastic polymers, a method not extensively explored. Unlike traditional melt polymer modification, SSM stands out by incorporating monomers or oligomers into the amorphous phase of polymers through innovative exchange reactions. The background of the study places thermoplastics within the context of their increased use over the past century, highlighting their versatility in various applications and the associated environmental and health concerns due to certain additives. The results section outlines the unique aspects of SSM and its increasing recognition for its potential to enhance material performance in areas such as catalysts and composites. It also discusses the application of SSM in modifying different thermoplastic polymers, highlighting various studies demonstrating the method's effectiveness in altering polymer properties. Finally, this work emphasizes SSM's importance in environmental sustainability and its potential in the recycling and upcycling of plastic materials. It acknowledges the challenges and future perspectives in the field, particularly regarding the scalability of SSM techniques for industrial applications and their role in advancing a circular economy in the polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.J.P.B.)
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, CIRMAP, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.J.P.B.)
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10
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Guo X, Dai H, He L. Migration testing of microplastics from selected water and food containers by Raman microscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132798. [PMID: 37856957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The migration of microplastics (MPs) from plastic food packaging has received increasing attention. Despite numerous studies quantifying MPs released from food packaging, there is lack of systematic investigation on migration of MPs from food packages under US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s guidance for food contact substances. Herein, we aimed to determine the quantity and size distribution of MPs migrating from water and food plastic containers following US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s guidance using Raman microscopy. Six commonly used water and food containers made of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) were treated using distilled water and food stimulants (10% and 50% ethanol) under various conditions. A range of 23,702 to 490,330 particles per liter MPs with 77%- 92% smaller than 5 µm were detected, in which the PP food container exhibited the highest release of MPs when incubated with 50% ethanol at 130 °C for 15 min (equivalent to heating fatty food in a microwave). The temperature and food types were key attributes for elevating MP migration in general. Further comparison observed direct microwave (534,109 particles per liter) heating led to a significantly higher release of MPs compared to the FDA-suggested method (155,572 particles per liter). Part of MPs (12-63%) failed to be identified by Raman microscopy due to small particle size. Our estimation suggests that individuals might inhale up to 4511 MPs per kg per day. This research offers vital insights into MP migration from food and water containers, aiding in the development of relevant guidelines and facilitating MPs' risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Haochen Dai
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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11
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Valduga AT, Gonçalves IL, Saorin Puton BM, de Lima Hennig B, Sousa de Brito E. Anthraquinone as emerging contaminant: technological, toxicological, regulatory and analytical aspects. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:11-21. [PMID: 38223676 PMCID: PMC10786786 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone (anthracene-9,10-dione) is a multifaceted chemical used in the paper industry, in the production of synthetic dyes, in crop protection against birds and is released from fossil fuels. Additionally, the anthraquinone scaffold, when substituted with sugars and hydroxyl groups is found in plants as metabolites. Because of these multiple applications, it is produced on a large scale worldwide. However, its toxicological aspects have gained interest, due to the low limits in the foods defined by legislation. Worrying levels of anthracene-9,10-dione have been detected in wastewater, atmospheric air, soil, food packaging and more recently, in actual foodstuffs. Recent investigations aiming to identify the anthracene-9,10-dione contamination sources in teas highlighted the packaging, leaves processing, anthracene metabolism, reactions between tea constituents and deposition from the environment. In this context, this review seeks to highlight the uses, sources, biological effects, analytical and regulatory aspects of anthracene-9,10-dione. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Teresa Valduga
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Engineerng, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Bruna Maria Saorin Puton
- Graduate Program in Food Engineerng, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Bruna de Lima Hennig
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-Erechim, Avenida Sete de Setembro, Erechim, RS 1621 Brazil
| | - Edy Sousa de Brito
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita 2270, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
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12
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Vattanasit U, Kongpran J, Ikeda A. Airborne microplastics: A narrative review of potential effects on the human respiratory system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166745. [PMID: 37673257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been growing evidence showing the widespread of airborne microplastics (AMPs) in many regions of the world, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This review aimed to consolidate recent literature on AMPs regarding their physical and chemical characteristics, deposition in the human respiratory tract, translocation, occurrence from human studies, and toxic effects determined in vitro and in vivo. The physical characteristics influence interactions with cell membranes, cellular internalization, accumulation, and cytotoxicity resulting from cell membrane damage and oxidative stress. In addition, prolonged exposure to AMP-associated toxic chemicals might lead to significant health effects. Most toxicological assessments of AMPs in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation are major mechanisms of action for their toxic effects. Elevated reactive oxygen species production could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and subsequent apoptosis in experimental models. To date, there has been some evidence suggesting exposure in humans. However, the data are still insufficient, and adverse human health effects need to be investigated. Future research on the existence, exposure, and health effects of AMPs is required for developing preventive and mitigation measures to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomratana Vattanasit
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.
| | - Jira Kongpran
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0600812, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0600812, Japan
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Gassmann P, Bohlmann C, Pintus V. Towards the Understanding of the Aging Behavior of p-PVC in Close Contact with Minced Meat in the Artwork POEMETRIE by Dieter Roth. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4558. [PMID: 38232025 PMCID: PMC10707740 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents scientific investigations into the materiality and aging behavior of a copy of Dieter Roth's multiple POEMETRIE (1968), mainly made of p-PVC components and minced meat, with the aim of informing conservation-restoration strategies. The main issues were represented by plasticizer migration, fat diffusion, and leakage, which led to the formation of a sticky surface layer. Replicas of p-PVC without minced meat were prepared and artificially thermally aged, while several techniques were used to investigate both the artwork and the replicas in terms of materials and degradation state. These include UV/Vis imaging, pH measurements, FTIR-ATR, and Py-GC/MS. In addition to showing that p-PVC-based materials composed of slightly different plasticizers were affected by similar degradation pathways (i.e., plasticizer migration, yellowing, etc.), this study reports that fat components were also shown to be unstable, resulting in migration/leakage in different directions, where their degradation amplified that of the p-PVC bags. This work represents a first study of plasticizer migration and fat diffusion in the art and conservation context. Also, an ammine-wax type of lubricant was identified in the most recent p-PVC formulations as the replicas selected for this study, thus providing an important source of information in different polymer-based research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gassmann
- Institute for Conservation and Restoration, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (P.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Carolin Bohlmann
- Institute for Conservation and Restoration, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (P.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Valentina Pintus
- Institute for Conservation and Restoration, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (P.G.); (C.B.)
- Institute for Natural Science and Technology in Arts, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Nguyen LBT, Thanh Truc NT, Nguyen NTT, Vu DK, Lee BK. A regional approach for health risk assessment of toxicants in plastic food containers. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:681-692. [PMID: 37779586 PMCID: PMC10541386 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic food containers are being used popularly, generating a waste of about 115 million tons in Vietnam. Such waste is causing environmental and health issues. This study conducted a field survey with 250 local people and selected 59 samples out of 135 plastic food containers collected in Go Vap district, Vietnam. Collected plastic samples identified compositions were PET 13.6%, PP 28.8%, PS 16.9%, and 40.7% undefined plastics. Collected plastic samples were classified based on the plastic type using recycling code and quantitatively analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method to assess concentrations of Cd, Sb, Pb, Hg, Sn, Cr, Br, Cl, and S. Most of these collected plastic samples (91.5%) were found to contain 8/9 hazardous substances and most elements contained in these plastics were below their standard thresholds. These elements in plastic samples could be divided as the result into three hazard groups: (1) high hazard group (Sb, Cl, and S); (2) medium hazard group (Cr, Br and Hg); and (3) low hazard groups (Cd, Pb and Sn). Among substances in the high hazard group, element Sb was assessed for its migration because only Sb is regulated in Vietnam in QCVN 12-1: 2011/BYT. Substances of Cl, S, Cr, Br, and Hg (group 1, 2) do not have regulations related to the method of decontamination. Thus, additional health risks need to be assessed using the USEtox model. Finally, this study proposed a screening process to assess the risk of toxicity of elements contained in plastic food containers through ISO 31000:2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00194-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Binh Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc
- Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Tran Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Dinh Khang Vu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Byeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
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15
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Wu CC, Chen CY, Zhong LS, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Particle transfer mediates dermal exposure of consumers to plasticizers in eraser and pen accessories. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108191. [PMID: 37716339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to chemicals released from daily consumer products is a rising concern, particularly for children who are susceptible to unintentional hand-to-mouth transfer and related chemical exposure risk. However, chemical transfer induced by tiny particles of intact products has yet to be adequately addressed. The objective of the present study was to determine the potentiality of particles release from intact erasers and pen grips upon dermal contact by measuring the migration rates of the embedded plasticizers (phthalates and its alternatives). The results showed that billions of particles were released from erasers (0.6-1.2 × 109) and pen grips (0.2-1.6 × 108) upon dermal contact at ambient temperature, with sizes mainly smaller than 1 μm. The composition of eraser leachates was identical to that of the corresponding bulk eraser, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis. Migrated hydrophobic plasticizers may be used as indicators of particle release from erasers and pen grips. The potentiality of particle release was negatively correlated with the total plasticizer contents (r = -0.51; p < 0.05) for both erasers and pen grips. These findings indicated that particles directly released from school supplies and accessories could be a non-negligible source of human exposure to plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chun-Yan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Li-Shan Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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16
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Tomić A, Šovljanski O, Erceg T. Insight on Incorporation of Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Substances in Biopolymer-Based Active Packaging. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1473. [PMID: 37760769 PMCID: PMC10525543 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in microbiological food safety requires the development of sensitive and reliable analyses and technologies for preserving food products' freshness and quality. Different types of packaging systems are one of the solutions for controlling microbiological activity in foods. During the last decades, the development of biopolymer-based active packaging with essential oil incorporation systems has resulted in technologies with exceptional application potential, primarily in the food industry. There is no doubt that this principle can facilitate food status monitoring, reduce food waste, extend the shelf life, improve the overall quality of food, or indicate a larger problem during the storage, production, and distribution of foodstuffs. On the other hand, most antimicrobial packaging systems are in the development phase, while the sensitivity, selectivity, complexity, and, above all, safety of these materials are just some of the essential questions that need to be answered before they can be widely used. The incorporation of essential oils as antimicrobial substances in biopolymer-based active packaging holds significant promise for enhancing food safety, extending shelf life, and offering more sustainable packaging solutions. While challenges exist, ongoing research and innovation in this field are likely to lead to the development of effective and environmentally friendly packaging systems with enhanced antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olja Šovljanski
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.T.); (T.E.)
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17
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Muzeza C, Ngole-Jeme V, Msagati TAM. The Mechanisms of Plastic Food-Packaging Monomers' Migration into Food Matrix and the Implications on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:3364. [PMID: 37761073 PMCID: PMC10529129 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of packaging technology has become a crucial part of the food industry in today's modern societies, which are characterized by technological advancements, industrialization, densely populated cities, and scientific advancements that have increased food production over the past 50 years despite the lack of agricultural land. Various types of food-packaging materials are utilized, with plastic being the most versatile. However, there are certain concerns with regards to the usage of plastic packaging because of unreacted monomers' potential migration from the polymer packaging to the food. The magnitude of monomer migration depends on numerous aspects, including the monomer chemistry, type of plastic packaging, physical-chemical parameters such as the temperature and pH, and food chemistry. The major concern for the presence of packaging monomers in food is that some monomers are endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) with a capability to interfere with the functioning of vital hormonal systems in the human body. For this reason, different countries have resolved to enforce guidelines and regulations for packaging monomers in food. Additionally, many countries have introduced migration testing procedures and safe limits for packaging monomer migration into food. However, to date, several research studies have reported levels of monomer migration above the set migration limits due to leaching from the food-packaging materials into the food. This raises concerns regarding possible health effects on consumers. This paper provides a critical review on plastic food-contact materials' monomer migration, including that from biodegradable plastic packaging, the monomer migration mechanisms, the monomer migration chemistry, the key factors that affect the migration process, and the associated potential EDC human health risks linked to monomers' presence in food. The aim is to contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding of plastic food-packaging monomer migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Muzeza
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Veronica Ngole-Jeme
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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18
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Songue Same O, Nobosse P, Ngolong Ngea GL, Piveteau C, Lemdani M, Kamga R, Deprez B. Migration study of phthalates from non-food plastic containers used in food preservation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20002. [PMID: 37809712 PMCID: PMC10559742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAE) are used as additives in the formulation of plastics, to increase their flexibility and transparency. They can migrate from plastic packaging to food, then cause endocrine disruption in consumers. This migration depends on the conditions of use defined for each plastic. Non-food plastics are likely to release more PAE than food-grade plastics. In Cameroon, non-food grade plastics such as old paint buckets are used by people to preserve liquid food. The present work aimed at studying the conditions and mechanism of migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap. For this purpose, the effects of seven factors were determined through Plackett-Burman experimental design. The interactions of the most influential factors were determined through a full factorial design. The conditions of the migration of total PAE were obtained via face-centered composite design. Then experimental results of migration kinetics were modelled according to equations of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion. The results revealed that the most influential factors were pH, temperature and contact time. The effects of these factors are non-linear, and their interactions have to be considered. When pap is preserved in paint buckets according to the conditions: temperature of pap >70 °C, pH of pap ≤4 or ≥10 and contact time > 2 h, as is the case in donut shops in Cameroon, the amount of total PAE released is greater than 50 μg/L. Migration of total PAE from paint buckets to pap is best described by the pseudo-second order model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Songue Same
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Physicochemical Section of Hygiene and Environment Department, PO Box 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Nobosse
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- Université de Douala à Yabassi, Institut des Sciences Halieutiques, Département de Trasformation et Contrôle de Qualité des Produits Halieutiques, P.O. Box 7236, Douala-Bassa, Cameroon
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Lemdani
- University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lab. Biomaths Metrics, 59006, Lille, France
| | - Richard Kamga
- University of Ngaoundere, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, Department of Applied Chemistry, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Benoit Deprez
- University of Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
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19
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Lee YK, He W, Guo H, Karanfil T, Hur J. Effects of organic additives on spectroscopic and molecular-level features of photo-induced dissolved organic matter from microplastics. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120272. [PMID: 37393811 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The environmental occurrence and impact of dissolved organic matter leached from microplastics (MP-DOM) has been the subject of increased research interest. Commercial plastics, which typically contain additives, are subject to natural weathering processes and can eventually lose their additives. However, the effects of organic additives in commercial microplastics (MPs) on the release of MP-DOM under UV irradiation remain poorly understood. In this study, four polymer MPs (polyethylene; PE, polypropylene; PP, polystyrene; PS, polyvinylchloride; PVC) and four commercial MPs, including a PE zip bag, a PP facial mask, a PVC sheet, Styrofoam, were subjected to leaching under UV irradiation, and the MP-DOM was characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and fluorescence excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Although UV light promoted the leaching of MP-DOM from both MP groups, the amount released was more pronounced for the polymer MPs than for the commercial MPs. The commercial MP-DOM was characterized by a prominent protein/phenol-like component (C1), while a humic-like component (C2) prevailed in the polymer MPs. FT-ICR-MS identified a higher number of unique molecular formulas for the commercial than for the polymer MP-DOM. The unique molecular formulas of commercial MP-DOM included known organic additives and other breakdown products, while the polymer MP-DOM featured more pronounced unsaturated carbon structures in its identified unique formulas. Several molecular-level parameters showed significant correlations with fluorescence properties, such as CHO formulas (%) with C1 and condensed aromatic structure (CAS-like, %) with C2, suggesting the potential application of fluorescent components as an optical descriptor for the complex molecular-level composition. This study also revealed the possible high environmental reactivity of both polymer MPs and fully weathered plastics due to the unsaturated structures generated in sunlit environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson 29634, South Carolina, United States
| | - Wei He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Huaming Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution & School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson 29634, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
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20
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Batista MJPA, Marques MBF, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Development of Films from Spent Coffee Grounds' Polysaccharides Crosslinked with Calcium Ions and 1,4-Phenylenediboronic Acid: A Comparative Analysis of Film Properties and Biodegradability. Foods 2023; 12:2520. [PMID: 37444258 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most polymeric materials are synthetic and derived from petroleum, hence they accumulate in landfills or the ocean, and recent studies have focused on alternatives to replace them with biodegradable materials from renewable sources. Biodegradable wastes from food and agroindustry, such as spent coffee grounds (SCGs), are annually discarded on a large scale and are rich in organic compounds, such as polysaccharides, that could be used as precursors to produce films. Around 6.5 million tons of SCGs are discarded every year, generating an environmental problem around the world. Therefore, it was the aim of this work to develop films from the SCGs polysaccharide fraction, which is comprised of cellulose, galactomannans and arabinogalactans. Two types of crosslinking were performed: the first forming coordination bonds of calcium ions with polysaccharides; and the second through covalent bonds with 1,4-phenylenediboronic acid (PDBA). The films with Ca2+ ions exhibited a greater barrier to water vapor with a reduction of 44% of water permeability vapor and 26% greater tensile strength than the control film (without crosslinkers). Films crosslinked with PDBA presented 55-81% higher moisture contents, 85-125% greater permeability to water vapor and 67-150% larger elongations at break than the films with Ca2+ ions. Film biodegradability was demonstrated to be affected by the crosslinking density, with the higher the crosslinking density, the longer the time for the film to fully biodegrade. The results are promising and suggest that future research should focus on enhancing the properties of these films to expand the range of possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J P A Batista
- PPGCA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - M Betânia F Marques
- DQ, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Franca
- PPGCA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- DEMEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Oliveira
- PPGCA, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- DEMEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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21
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Lestido-Cardama A, Barbosa-Pereira L, Sendón R, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. Migration of Dihydroxy Alkylamines and Their Possible Impurities from Packaging into Foods and Food Simulants: Analysis and Safety Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2656. [PMID: 37376302 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkyl diethanolamines are a group of compounds commonly used as antistatic agents in plastic food packaging materials. These additives and their possible impurities have the ability to transfer into the food; hence, the consumer may be exposed to these chemicals. Recently, scientific evidence of unknown adverse effects associated with these compounds was reported. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl (C8-C18) amines as well as other related compounds and their possible impurities were analyzed in different plastic packaging materials and coffee capsules using target and non-target LC-MS methods. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl amines, precisely, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17 and C18, 2-(octadecylamino)ethanol and octadecylamine, among others, were identified in most of the analyzed samples. It should be emphasized that the latter compounds are not listed in the European Regulation 10/2011 and 2-(octadecylamino)ethanol was classified as high toxicity according to Cramer rules. Migration tests were carried out in foods and in the food simulants Tenax and 20% ethanol (v/v). The results showed that stearyldiethanolamine migrated into the tomato, salty biscuits, salad and Tenax. Lastly, as a crucial step in the risk assessment process, the dietary exposure to stearyldiethanolamine transferred from the food packaging into the food was determined. The estimated values ranged from 0.0005 to 0.0026 µg/kg bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido-Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Letricia Barbosa-Pereira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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22
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Lu L, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu M. Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 166:245-258. [PMID: 37196390 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extensive production and consumption of plastics has resulted in significant plastic waste and plastic pollution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste has a high chlorine content and is the primary source of chlorine in the plastic waste stream, potentially generating hazardous chlorinated organic pollutants if treated improperly. This review discusses PVC synthesis, applications, and the current types and challenges of PVC waste management. Dechlorination is vital for the chemical recycling of PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste. We review dehydrochlorination and dechlorination mechanisms of PVC using thermal degradation and wet treatments, and summarize the recent progress in chemical treatments and dechlorination principles. This review provides readers with a comprehensive analysis of chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste to transform them into chemicals, fuels, feedstock, and value-added polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Weiming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
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23
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Meng W, Sun H, Su G. Plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards - An overview of reviews. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138795. [PMID: 37116723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging contains residues from substances used during manufacturing, such as solvents, as well as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), such as impurities, oligomers, or degradation products. By searching peer-reviewed literature, we found that at least 10,259 chemicals were related to plastic packaging materials, which include chemicals used during manufacturing and/or present in final packaging items. We then summarized and discussed their chemical structures, analytical instruments, migration characteristics, and hazard categories where possible. For plastic packaging chemicals, examination of the literature reveals gas and liquid chromatography hyphenated to a variety of accurate mass analyzers based on the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry is usually used for the identification of unknown migrants coming from plastic packaging. Chemical migration from food packaging is affected by several parameters, including the nature and complexity of the food, contact time, temperature of the system, type of packaging contact layer, and properties of the migrants. A review of the literature reveals that information on adverse effects is only available for approximately 1600 substances. Among them, it appears that additives are more toxic than monomers to wildlife and humans. Neurotoxicity accounted for the highest proportion of toxicity of all types of chemicals, while benzenoids, organic acids, and derivatives were the most toxic types of chemicals. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that hydrocarbon derivatives, organic nitrogen compounds, and organometallic compounds have the highest proportions of dermatotoxicity, and organohalogen compounds have the highest proportions of hepatotoxicity. The main contributors to skin sensitization are organic salts. This study provides a basis for comprehensively publicizing information on chemicals in plastics, and could be helpful to better understand their potential risks to the environment and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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24
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Nawab J, Khan H, Ghani J, Zafar MI, Khan S, Toller S, Fatima L, Hamza A. New insights into the migration, distribution and accumulation of micro-plastic in marine environment: A critical mechanism review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138572. [PMID: 37088212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the marine environment, posing a significant threat to marine biota. The contribution of anthropogenic and terrestrial sources to the aquatic ecosystem has led to an increase in MPs findings, and their abundance in aquatic biota has been reported to be of concern. MPs are formed mainly via photo degradation of macroplastics (large plastic debris), and their release into the environment is a result of the degradation of additives. Eco-toxicological risks are increasing for marine organisms, due to the ingestion of MPs, which cause damage to gastrointestinal (GI) tracts and stomach. Plastics with a size <5 mm are considered MPs, and they are commonly identified by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Laser direct infrared (LDIR). The size, density and additives are the main factors influencing the abundance and bioavailability of MPs. The most abundant type of MPs found in fishes are fiber, polystyrenes, and fragments. These microscale pellets cause physiological stress and growth deformities by targeting the GI tracts of fishes and other biota. Approximately 80% MPs come from terrestrial sources, either primary, generated during different products such as skin care products, tires production and the use of MPs as carrier for pharmaceutical products, or secondary plastics, disposed of near coastal areas and water bodies. The issue of MPs and their potential effects on the marine ecosystem require proper attention. Therefore, this study conducted an extensive literature review on assessing MPs levels in fishes, sediments, seawater, their sources, and effects on marine biota (especially on fishes), chemo-physical behavior and the techniques used for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Haris Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Simone Toller
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laraib Fatima
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 2300, Pakistan
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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25
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Moreno-Gordaliza E, Dolores Marazuela M, Milagros Gómez-Gómez M. Risk assessment of silver and microplastics release from antibacterial food containers under conventional use and microwave heating. Food Chem 2023; 420:136097. [PMID: 37060672 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the migration of ionic silver and nanoparticulated silver (AgNPs) from antimicrobial plastic packaging to food is crucial to ensure its safety. Migration assays were performed on reusable silver-containing polypropylene (PP) food containers and a silicone baby bottle, using food simulants, under conventional or microwave heating and repeated use. The PP containers released significant amounts of silver, increasing with temperature, contact time, acidity and lower crystallinity. Silver migration in the silicone bottle was much lower. Risk assessment of released silver was done considering European authorities safety recommendations, with some containers far exceeding these levels. No significant AgNPs release was detected in the simulants by single particle-ICPMS. Silver-containing microplastics and silicone microparticles were detected by SEM in the food simulants after the migration assays. Consumers may be continuously exposed to the harmful effects of ionic silver and microplastics, which can potentially lead to health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno-Gordaliza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Dolores Marazuela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Milagros Gómez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Ross C, Sablani S, Tang J. Preserving Ready-to-Eat Meals Using Microwave Technologies for Future Space Programs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061322. [PMID: 36981248 PMCID: PMC10048495 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The crewed suborbital and space flights launched by private companies over the past three years have rejuvenated public interest in space travel, including space tourism. Ready-to-eat meals (MREs) are the main source of nutrients and energy for space travelers. It is critical that those meals are free of bacterial and viral pathogens and have adequate shelf life. The participation of private companies in space programs will create new opportunities and demand for high-quality and microbiologically safe MREs for future space travels. In this article, we provide a brief review of nutrition and energy requirements for human activities in space. We discuss the general thermal processing requirements for control of bacterial and viral pathogens in MREs and introduce advanced thermal preservation technologies based on microwaves for production of MREs with different shelf-lives under various storage conditions. We also present the latest advancements in the development of polymer packaging materials for quality preservation of thermally stabilized MREs over extended storage. Finally, we recommend future research on issues related to the sensory quality of specially formulated MREs, microbial safety of dried foods that complement high moisture MREs, and food package waste management in future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ross
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shyam Sablani
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Muhib MI, Uddin MK, Rahman MM, Malafaia G. Occurrence of microplastics in tap and bottled water, and food packaging: A narrative review on current knowledge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161274. [PMID: 36587673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, microplastic has been detected in many environmental samples, including aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, few studies recently have addressed their attention to microplastic contamination in different drinking sources and food packages. This review paper has narrated those few findings in brief. Literature showed that different pieces of microplastic fragments, e.g., polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), etc. are detected in plastic drinking bottle, tap water, and food packaging containers. Microplastic fragmentation may be associated with mechanical stress, UV radiation, low plastic material quality, aging factor, and atmospheric deposition. Besides these, microplastic is a hub of different chemical compounds and can also retain other complex materials from the surroundings. This makes the microplastic contamination even more complicated and difficult to detect them accurately in a single method. Additionally, one of the common practices at the community level is the long-time repeated usage of plastic drinking bottles and food boxes that subsequently cause microplastic leaching and potential health threats to consumers. This narrative study summarizes the current scenario of microplastic contamination from drinking bottles and food containers and emphasizes doing more quality research in this subtle but highly imposed field to understand potential exposure better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Iftakharul Muhib
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khabir Uddin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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28
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Xu Y, Nie S, Wang M, Zhao Z, Amakye WK, Yuan E, Ren J. Walnut-derived peptide PPKNW alleviate polystyrene microparticles-induced growth inhibition of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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29
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Kim HS, Lee KY, Jung JS, Sin HS, Lee HG, Jang DY, Lee SH, Lim KM, Choi D. Comparison of migration and cumulative risk assessment of antioxidants, antioxidant degradation products, and other non-intentionally added substances from plastic food contact materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Özgür A, Aktürk EZ, Köseoğlu D, Onac C, Akdoğan A. Deep Eutectic Solvent-based green extraction and gas chromatography determination of phthalates released from food contact materials. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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31
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Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E, Gerassimidou S. An overview of the occurrence, fate, and human risks of the bisphenol-A present in plastic materials, components, and products. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:45-62. [PMID: 35362236 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With over 95% of bisphenol-A (BPA) used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resins, termed here as BPA-based plastic materials, components, and products (MCPs), an investigation of human exposure to BPA over the whole lifecycle of BPA-based plastic MCPs is necessary. This mini-review unpacks the implications arising from the long-term human exposure to BPA and its potential accumulation across the lifecycle of BPA-based plastics (production, use, and management). This investigation is timely and necessary in promoting a sustainable circular economy model. Restrictions of BPA in the form of bans and safety standards are often specific to products, while safety limits rely on traditional toxicological and biomonitoring methods that may underestimate human health implications and therefore the "safety" of BPA exposure. Controversies in regards to the: (a) dose-response curves; (b) the complexity of sources, release mechanisms, and pathways of exposure; and/or (c) the quality and reliability of toxicological studies, appear to currently stifle progress toward the regulation of BPA-based plastic MCPs. Due to the abundance of BPA in our MCPs production, consumption, and management systems, there is partial and inadequate evidence on the contribution of BPA-based plastic MCPs to human exposure to BPA. Yet, the production, use, and end-of-life management of plastic MCPs constitute the most critical BPA source and potential exposure pathways that require further investigation. Active collaboration among risk assessors, government, policy-makers, and researchers is needed to explore the impacts of BPA in the long term and introduce restrictions to BPA-based MCPs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:45-62. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, London, UK
- Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
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32
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Boháčková J, Havlíčková L, Semerád J, Titov I, Trhlíková O, Beneš H, Cajthaml T. In vitro toxicity assessment of polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride microplastics using three cell lines from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:136996. [PMID: 36336021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The RTgill-W1 (gill), RTG-2 (gonad), and RTL-W1 (liver) cell lines derived from a freshwater fish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were used to assess the toxicity of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and two forms of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Two size fractions (25-μm and 90-μm particles) were tested for all materials. The highest tested concentration was 1 mg/ml, corresponding to from 70 000 ± 9000 to 620 000 ± 57 000 particles/ml for 25-μm particles and from 2300 ± 100 to 11 000 ± 1000 particles/ml for 90-μm particles (depending on the material). Toxicity differences between commercial PVC dry blend powder and secondary microplastics created from a processed PVC were newly described. After a 24-h exposure, the cells were analyzed for changes in viability, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In addition to the microplastic suspensions, leachates and particles remaining after leaching resuspended in fresh exposure medium were tested. The particles were subjected to leaching for 1, 8, and 15 days. The PVC dry blend (25 μm and 90 μm) and processed PVC (25 μm) increased ROS generation, to which leached chemicals appeared to be the major contributor. PVC dry blend caused substantially higher ROS induction than processed PVC, showing that the former is not suitable for toxicity testing, as it can produce different results from those of secondary PVC. The 90-μm PVC dry blend increased ROS generation only after prolonged leaching. PET did not induce any changes in ROS generation, and none of the tested polymers had any effect on viability or EROD activity. The importance of choosing realistic extraction procedures for microplastic toxicity experiments was emphasized. Conducting long-term experiments is crucial to detect possible environmentally relevant effects. In conclusion, the tested materials showed no acute toxicity to the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Boháčková
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Havlíčková
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Titov
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 16206, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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33
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Naziruddin M, Nurulhuda K, Sulaiman R, Sanny M. Assessment of residual styrene monomer migration into yoghurt packed in high impact polystyrene pots using a modelling approach. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Wang X, Nag R, Brunton NP, Siddique MAB, Harrison SM, Monahan FJ, Cummins E. A probabilistic approach to model bisphenol A (BPA) migration from packaging to meat products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158815. [PMID: 36115396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical which has raised concerns due to its potential toxicological effects on humans, has been widely detected in canned and non-canned meat and meat products. This study estimated BPA migration from packaging to non-canned and canned meat products by developing two probabilistic models. BPA concentration data in packaging materials were collated, including polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy-based coatings, and polyester-based coatings. Migration ratios were calculated from migration tests of BPA molecules moving from packaging to food simulants. The predictive model revealed that the BPA migration concentration from packaging ranges from 0.017 to 0.13 (5th-95th percentile) μg kg-1 with a simulated mean of 0.056 μg kg-1 in non-canned meat products. This is in stark contrast to the simulated mean of 134.57 (5th-95th percentile: 59.17-223.25) μg kg-1 for canned meat products. Nevertheless, plastic packaging was estimated to contribute only 3 % of BPA levels in non-canned meat products. The sensitivity analysis showed that the contact area of meat products with films is the most sensitive parameter of the plastic packaging migration model. It is concluded that plastic packaging may not be the only or dominant source of BPA in non-canned meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Nigel P Brunton
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sabine M Harrison
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Frank J Monahan
- University College Dublin, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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35
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Zhao N, Zhu J, Zhao M, Jin H. Twenty bisphenol analogues in take-out polystyrene-made food containers: concentration levels, simulated migration, and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10516-10526. [PMID: 36083374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is mainly used to produce polycarbonate consumer products. However, the occurrence of BPA and other bisphenol analogues (BPs) in polystyrene-made plastic products, such as white foam take-out containers (WFTOCs), has not been well investigated. In this study, occurrence of 20 BPs in WFTOC samples collected from China, Canada, and Poland were investigated with a sample size of 152. Results showed that 11 out of 20 BPs have been detected at least in one WFTOC sample. Among them, BPA was the most frequently detected BP, followed by bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF, while BPF was the least detected BP. Very high concentrations of BPA and BPS were detected in WFTOCs from China (mean 2694 and 552 ng/g), compared with Canada (81 and 45 ng/g, respectively) and Poland (95 and 16 ng/g). Other BPs, such as bisphenol TMC (BPTMC; detection frequency 65%, range < LOQ - 224 ng/g), bisphenol G (17%, < LOQ - 11 ng/g), and bisphenol BP (11%, < LOQ - 1.6 ng/g), were also detected in Chinese WFTOC samples. The mean partitioning coefficients of BPA, BPS, bisphenol AP, and BPTMC between WFTOCs and tap water, 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol, corn oil, or steamed rice were 0.22 - 2.9%, 0.16 - 5.1%, 0.11 - 7.5%, 2.3 - 6.5%, or 0.19 - 0.36%, respectively. The estimated daily intake of BPA, BPS, and BPTMC through using WFTOCs were 0.50 - 547, 0.054 - 229, and < 0.66 ng/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population in China, Canada, and Poland. Overall, this study first reveals the unexpected presence of BPs in WFTOCs made of polystyrene, which contributes to the better understanding of the sources of human exposure to BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Lapp HE, Margolis AE, Champagne FA. Impact of a bisphenol A, F, and S mixture and maternal care on the brain transcriptome of rat dams and pups. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:22-36. [PMID: 36041667 PMCID: PMC9985957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Products containing BPA structural analog replacements have increased in response to growing public concern over adverse effects of BPA. Although humans are regularly exposed to a mixture of bisphenols, few studies have examined effects of prenatal exposure to BPA alternatives or bisphenol mixtures. In the present study, we investigate the effect of exposure to an environmentally-relevant, low-dose (150 ug/kg body weight per day) mixture of BPA, BPS, and BPF during gestation on the brain transcriptome in Long-Evans pups and dams using Tag RNA-sequencing. We also examined the association between dam licking and grooming, which also has enduring effects on pup neural development, and the transcriptomes. Associations between licking and grooming and the transcriptome were region-specific, with the hypothalamus having the greatest number of differentially expressed genes associated with licking and grooming in both dams and pups. Prenatal bisphenol exposure also had region-specific effects on gene expression and pup gene expression was affected more robustly than dam gene expression. In dams, the prelimbic cortex had the greatest number of differentially expressed genes associated with prenatal bisphenol exposure. Prenatal bisphenol exposure changed the expression of over 2000 genes in pups, with the majority being from the pup amygdala. We used Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to asses enrichment of gene ontology biological processes for each region. Top GSEA terms were diverse and varied by brain region and included processes known to have strong associations with steroid hormone regulation, cilium-related terms, metabolic/biosynthetic process terms, and immune terms. Finally, hypothesis-driven analysis of genes related to estrogen response, parental behavior, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression revealed region-specific expression associated with licking and grooming and bisphenol exposure that were distinct in dams and pups. These data highlight the effects of bisphenols on multiple physiological process that are highly dependent on timing of exposure (prenatal vs. adulthood) and brain region, and reiterate the contributions of multiple environmental and experiential factors in shaping the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Lapp
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keaton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - A E Margolis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - F A Champagne
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keaton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Tisler S, Christensen JH. Nontargeted Screening in Environmental Analysis: An Example Showing Migration of Chemicals from Reusable Sports Plastic Bottles into Drinking Water. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.bl8085j2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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Identification of polymer additives from multilayer milk packaging materials by liquid-solid extraction coupled with GC-MS. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Liotta L, Litrenta F, Lo Turco V, Potortì AG, Lopreiato V, Nava V, Bionda A, Di Bella G. Evaluation of Chemical Contaminants in Conventional and Unconventional Ragusana Provola Cheese. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233817. [PMID: 36496625 PMCID: PMC9740842 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic contaminants belonging to various classes (plasticizers, bisphenols, pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs,) were analyzed in samples of provola cheese produced from Friesian dairy cows fed with a conventional diet (group CTR), and an unconventional diet (group BIO) enriched with olive cake (OC). The results show that for most determined contaminants, the differences between the two diets were very slight, indicating that the contamination does not depend on the olive cake integrated in the unconventional diet. The results also indicate that the minimal contamination could result from environmental contamination or the production process. It can be concluded that unconventional provola is as safe for the consumer as conventional provola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Litrenta
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lo Turco
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0906766993
| | - Angela Giorgia Potortì
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nava
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Arianna Bionda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan University, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Luo H, Liu C, He D, Sun J, Li J, Pan X. Effects of aging on environmental behavior of plastic additives: Migration, leaching, and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157951. [PMID: 35961392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), an emerging pollutant, are of global concern due to their wide distribution and large quantities. In addition to MPs themselves, various additives within MPs (such as plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants and heavy metals) may also have harmful effects on the environment. Most of these additives are physically bound to plastics and can therefore be leached from the plastic and released into the environment. Aging of MPs in the actual environment can affect the migration and release of additives, further increasing the ecotoxicological risk of additives to organisms. This work reviews the functions of several commonly used additives in MPs, and summarizes the representative characterization methods. Furthermore, the migration and leaching of additives in the human environment and marine environment are outlined. As aging promotes the internal chain breaking of MPs and the increase of specific surface area, it in turn stimulates the release of additives. The hazards of additive exposure have been elucidated, and various studies from the laboratory have shown that more toxic additives such as phthalates and brominated flame retardants can disrupt a variety of biological processes in organisms, including metabolism, skeletal development and so on. Increase of MPs ecological risk caused by the leaching of toxic additives is discussed, especially under the effect of aging. This study presents a systematic summary of various functional and environmental behaviors of additives in plastics, using weathering forces as the main factor, which helps to better assess the environmental impact and potential risks of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Vilakati B, Venkataraman S, Nyoni H, Mamba BB, Omine K, Msagati TAM. Qualitative characterisation and identification of microplastics in a freshwater dam at Gauteng Province, South Africa, using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-ToF-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83452-83468. [PMID: 35761140 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis GC-ToF-MS-based analytical study was employed in the identification of microplastics (MPs) in the freshwater of a dam Rietvlei (RTV) located at Gauteng Province, South Africa. These MPs extracted in five locations of the dam were found to contain five different plastic polymeric constituents including PE, PS, PA, PVC and PET along with phthalate esters and fatty acid (amides and esters) derivatives as additives. Based on the fragmented pyrolyzate products, the contribution of plastic polymers and additives was 74% and 26% respectively. Among polymers, PA was dominant with 52% followed by PVC (16%) and others (13%) such as PE, PET and PS in MPs. Scanning electron micrographs of MPs in this aquatic body displayed the rough and fibrous typed patterns. The residual mass of 8-14% was left after the thermal degradation of MPs in RTV samples in the temperature range of 500-550 °C. The results of thermogravimetry (TGA) and energy-dispersive (EDS) analyses are mutually dependent and coherent to each other by way of demonstrating the presence of various inorganic compounds in the form of additives and/or sorbates. The lessened intensities of carbonyl stretching in PA (1625 cm-1) and PET (1725 cm-1) type of MPs attributed the occurrence of degradation and weathering in this aquatic system. The possible causes to the contamination of MPs in this freshwater are the located industries and poor waste management strategies being practised in this densely populated city. Based on the industry, waste management and population perspectives, the increased contamination of MPs is very likely in this freshwater which will drastically affect the ecosystem in the near future. Based on the characterisation results, the presence of various polymers, additives and the metals in MPs is envisaged to deteriorate the aquatic life along with successive risks for the people as a consequence of bio-magnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongekile Vilakati
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sivasankar Venkataraman
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa's College (Affiliated to University of Madras), Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600 030, India
| | - Hlengilizwe Nyoni
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kiyoshi Omine
- Geo-Environmental Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki-Daigaku, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852 8521, Japan
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- College of Science Engineering and Technology, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392 UNISA 0003, Florida 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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42
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Nguyen TM, Lim YW, Shiong Choo SS, Jana S. Macromolecular benzylidene malonates with low migration profiles for food-packaging applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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43
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Cellulose Nanofibers/Pectin/Pomegranate Extract Nanocomposite as Antibacterial and Antioxidant Films and Coating for Paper. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214605. [PMID: 36365599 PMCID: PMC9659057 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymer composites find increasing research and industrial interest in different areas of our life. In this study, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) isolated from sugar beet pulp and nanoemulsion prepared from sugar beet pectin and pomegranate extract (PGE) were used for making films and used as coating with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for paper. For Pectin/PGE nanoemulsion preparation, different ratios of PGE were mixed with pectin using ultrasonic treatment; the antibacterial properties were evaluated to choose the formula with the adequate antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsion with the highest antimicrobial activity was also evaluated. The nanoemulsion with the optimum antibacterial activity was mixed with different ratios of CNFs. Mechanical, greaseproof, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties of the CNFs/Pectin/PGE films were evaluated. Finally, the CNFs/Pectin/PGE formulation with the highest antibacterial activity was tested as a coating material for paper. Mechanical, greaseproof, and air porosity properties, as well as water vapor permeability and migration of the coated layer from paper sheets in different media were evaluated. The results showed promising applicability of the CNFs/Pectin/PGE as films and coating material with antibacterial and antioxidant activities, as well as good stability for packaging aqueous, fatty, and acidic food products.
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Mandal S, Suresh S, Priya N, Banothu R, Mohan R, Sreeram KJ. Phthalate migration and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride)-based footwear: pathways, influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1844-1854. [PMID: 36107023 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of phthalate migration in footwear is important from an environmental viewpoint and the consumer health perspective as it remains in direct contact with the user for a long time. In this research article, the migration of phthalate, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) shoe sole to the attached leather insole has been studied for six months under different environmental conditions. After one month, the DEHP concentration in the PVC sole decreased by 45-58%, and that in the leather insole increased from 0.35 mg g-1 to 38-58 mg g-1. After six months, about 90% of the DEHP has been lost from the PVC sole, and that in the leather insole reached close to its initial value (value before the experiment). The migration rate depends on the environmental conditions and the presence of phthalate soluble solvents in the sole-adhesive-insole system of the footwear. The influence of DEHP migration on the physicochemical characteristics of the PVC sole and leather insole has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration and emission pathways of DEHP, the influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure to phthalate through footwear are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mandal
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - S Suresh
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - N Priya
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - Ravi Banothu
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - R Mohan
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - K J Sreeram
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
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45
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Bandara R, Indunil G. Food packaging from recycled papers: chemical, physical, optical properties and heavy metal migration. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10959. [PMID: 36267374 PMCID: PMC9576889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper recycling is a viable option for wastepaper management. This study assessed the suitability of recycled papers as a food packaging material. Permanence and durability of three different recycled papers; R1:150 GSM, R2:120 GSM, and R3:100 GSM with aging were evaluated using standard methods. Eventhough opacity increased with aging grammage, burst strength, tensile strength, pH, brightness, and whiteness decreased. Recycled papers failed water absorptiveness test even before aging. Presence of heavy metals in recycled papers were compared with food packaging standards and migration of heavy metals from the packaging to different food types was assessed. Presence of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd and Pb were below EC and EPA standards but only Pb and Cd exceeded the EU standard. Migration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Cr were within EPA, EU and EC standards except Pb and Cd with respect to EC standard. Highest migration is associated with foods contain more fatty acids; fast food, sausages and pizza.
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46
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Panda SK. Synthesis and Overall Migration Study of Chitosan‐Encapsulated ZnO‐Based ESO Bionanocomposite with Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity for Packaging Purpose. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv kumari Panda
- Assistant professor in Department of Chemistry U.N Autonomous college of Science and Technology Adaspur Cuttack Odisha 754011 India
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47
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Mohammed A, Gaduan A, Chaitram P, Pooran A, Lee KY, Ward K. Sargassum inspired, optimized calcium alginate bioplastic composites for food packaging. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Study on the Physical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of SEBS/PP (Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene/Polypropylene) Blend as a Medical Fluid Bag. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163267. [PMID: 36015524 PMCID: PMC9416621 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of DEHP in PVC-based medical bags poses a significant health risk to patients undergoing blood transfusion. In order to fabricate safer medical fluid bag materials, the use of SEBS/PP polymer blend as a potential material was investigated. Polymeric blends with varying weight percentages of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene/polypropylene (SEBS/PP) were fabricated by melt mixing using an internal Haake mixer. The physical properties of the SEBS/PP polymer blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, measurements of the mechanical strength (tensile strength and Young’s modulus) as per ASTM 638, polymer hardness was tested using a durometer and swelling was analysed through water absorption and compared with commercial PVC-based blood bags. The results indicate that the SEBS/PP 50/50 blend has approximately similar characteristics as PVC-based blood bags. The SEBS/PP polymer blend possesses approximate tensile strength and Young’s modulus with values of 23.28 MPa and 14.42 MPa, respectively, to that of the conventional PVC blood bags. The results show that the SEBS/PP polymer blends have negligible zinc and aluminium migration with values of 1.6 and 2.1 mg/kg, respectively, and do not elute any harmful leachates, while the thermal studies indicate that the studied SEBS/PP materials are capable of withstanding steam sterilisation at 120 °C and cold storage below −40 °C. The investigated material can be utilized for medical fluid bags and contributes towards sustainable development goals, such as SDG 3 to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being, as well as SDG 12 to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
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Hoque M, McDonagh C, Tiwari BK, Kerry JP, Pathania S. Effect of High-Pressure Processing on the Packaging Properties of Biopolymer-Based Films: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153009. [PMID: 35893971 PMCID: PMC9331499 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suitable packaging material in combination with high-pressure processing (HPP) can retain nutritional and organoleptic qualities besides extending the product’s shelf life of food products. However, the selection of appropriate packaging materials suitable for HPP is tremendously important because harsh environments like high pressure and high temperature during the processing can result in deviation in the visual and functional properties of the packaging materials. Traditionally, fossil-based plastic packaging is preferred for the HPP of food products, but these materials are of serious concern to the environment. Therefore, bio-based packaging systems are proposed to be a promising alternative to fossil-based plastic packaging. Some studies have scrutinized the impact of HPP on the functional properties of biopolymer-based packaging materials. This review summarizes the HPP application on biopolymer-based film-forming solutions and pre-formed biopolymer-based films. The impact of HPP on the key packaging properties such as structural, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties in addition to the migration of additives from the packaging material into food products were systemically analyzed. HPP can be applied either to the film-forming solution or preformed packages. Structural, mechanical, hydrophobic, barrier, and thermal characteristics of the films are enhanced when the film-forming solution is exposed to HPP overcoming the shortcomings of the native biopolymers-based film. Also, biopolymer-based packaging mostly PLA based when exposed to HPP at low temperature showed no significant deviation in packaging properties indicating the suitability of their applications. HPP may induce the migration of packaging additives and thus should be thoroughly studied. Overall, HPP can be one way to enhance the properties of biopolymer-based films and can also be used for packaging food materials intended for HPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjurul Hoque
- Food Industry Development Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (C.M.)
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Ciara McDonagh
- Food Industry Development Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Brijesh K. Tiwari
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Joseph P. Kerry
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 R229 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Shivani Pathania
- Food Industry Development Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.H.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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50
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Li J. Evaluation of fatty tissue representative solvents in extraction of medical devices for chromatographic analysis of devices' extractables and leachables based on Abraham general solvation model. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463240. [PMID: 35752148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extraction solvents used in chemical characterization (i.e., extractables and leachables testing, E&L) of fatty tissue-contacting medical devices for biocompatibility assessment per ISO 10993 have been studied by Abraham general solvation models. Chemically suitable alternative solvents to fatty tissues in solvation properties (solubility, partition, extraction, etc.) have been proposed based on Abraham's organic solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases. This evaluation is built upon the conclusion by Abraham, Acree Jr and Cometto-Muñiz that olive oil is chemically corresponding to fatty tissues. However, olive oil, if used as an extraction solvent to simulate fatty tissues, is in general not analytically expedient (realistic) per ISO 10993-18 (2020) for chromatographic analysis, and it is critical to seek alternative solvents to olive oil to perform the extraction. Although nonpolar solvents such as alkanes have been proposed and used as alternative solvents to vegetable oils, they are not equivalent to olive oil in solvation properties. Due to the practical challenge in chromatographic analysis of oil samples and the difference in migration kinetics of E&L between oil and organic solvents, the computational approach is the only realistic option to evaluate chemically alternative solvents to olive oil to simulate fatty tissue extraction. By comparing Abraham solvent system coefficients for water and air to condensed organic solvent phases distribution, a five-dimensional space distance (D) between solvents and olive oil as a reference solvent is calculated using Abraham and Martin equation to predict alternative or similar solvents to olive oil. The results of the calculation are further evaluated using E&L solubility ratio between solvents and olive oil, taking into consideration of solvent safety and physical properties. It is concluded from the study that butanone and dioxane are chemically the most suitable alternative or representative solvents to olive oil. They can be used as fatty tissue representative solvents in chemical characterization study of medical device. As Abraham solvation model is solvent system specific, not solute specific, the conclusions from this study are considered as universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Chemical Characterization Solutions, LLC, PO Box 113, Newport, MN 55055, USA.
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