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Gancheva S, Roden M, Castera L. Diabetes as a risk factor for MASH progression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 217:111846. [PMID: 39245423 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic (now: metabolic) steatohepatitis (MASH) is the progressive inflammatory form of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which often coexists and mutually interacts with type 2 diabetes (T2D), resulting in worse hepatic and cardiovascular outcomes. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of diabetes-related MASH progression is crucial for effective therapeutic strategies. This review delineates the multifaceted pathways involved in this interplay and explores potential therapeutic implications. The synergy between adipose tissue, gut microbiota, and hepatic alterations plays a pivotal role in disease progression. Adipose tissue dysfunction, particularly in the visceral depot, coupled with dysbiosis in the gut microbiota, exacerbates hepatic injury and insulin resistance. Hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress further potentiate inflammation and fibrosis, contributing to disease severity. Dietary modification with weight reduction and exercise prove crucial in managing T2D-related MASH. Additionally, various well-known but also novel anti-hyperglycemic medications exhibit potential in reducing liver lipid content and, in some cases, improving MASH histology. Therapies targeting incretin receptors show promise in managing T2D-related MASH, while thyroid hormone receptor-β agonism has proven effective as a treatment of MASH and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Laurent Castera
- Department of Hepatology, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France; Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation Paris, Montmartre, Paris, France.
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2
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Ohm B, Moneke I, Jungraithmayr W. Targeting cluster of differentiation 26 / dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26/DPP4) in organ fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2846-2861. [PMID: 36196001 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26)/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is an exopeptidase that is expressed as a transmembrane protein in many organs but also present in a circulating soluble form. Beyond its enzymatic and costimulatory activity, CD26/DPP4 is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic fibrotic diseases across many organ types, such as liver cirrhosis, kidney fibrosis and lung fibrosis. Organ fibrosis is associated with a high morbidity and mortality, and there are no causative therapies that can effectively attenuate the progress of the disease. Growing evidence suggests that inhibiting CD26/DPP4 can modulate the profibrotic tissue microenvironment and thus reduce fibrotic changes within affected organs. This review summarizes the role of CD26/DPP4 in fibroproliferative disorders and highlights new opportunities for an antifibrotic treatment by CD26/DPP4 inhibition. As a major advantage, CD26/DPP4 inhibitors have been in safe and routine clinical use in type 2 diabetes for many years and thus qualify for repurposing to repurpose as a promising therapeutic against fibrosis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Ohm
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Moneke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Shao Y, Chen S, Han L, Liu J. Pharmacotherapies of NAFLD: updated opportunities based on metabolic intervention. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37415199 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that is becoming increasingly prevalent, and it ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. However, there is still a lack of pharmacotherapeutic strategies approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which results in a higher risk of death related to carcinoma and cardiovascular complications. Of note, it is well established that the pathogenesis of NAFLD is tightly associated with whole metabolic dysfunction. Thus, targeting interconnected metabolic conditions could present promising benefits to NAFLD, according to a number of clinical studies. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics of the development of NAFLD, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and intestinal metabolism, and provide insight into pharmacological targets. In addition, we present updates on the progresses in the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies based on metabolic intervention globally, which could lead to new opportunities for NAFLD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Trzaskalski NA, Vulesevic B, Nguyen MA, Jeraj N, Fadzeyeva E, Morrow NM, Locatelli CA, Travis N, Hanson AA, Nunes JR, O’Dwyer C, van der Veen JN, Lorenzen-Schmidt I, Seymour R, Pulente SM, Clément AC, Crawley AM, Jacobs RL, Doyle MA, Cooper CL, Kim KH, Fullerton MD, Mulvihill EE. Hepatocyte-derived DPP4 regulates portal GLP-1 bioactivity, modulates glucose production, and when absent influences NAFLD progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:154314. [PMID: 36472923 PMCID: PMC9977314 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a biomarker for liver disease, but its involvement in gluconeogenesis and metabolic associated fatty liver disease progression remains unclear. Here, we identified that DPP4 in hepatocytes but not TEK receptor tyrosine kinase-positive endothelial cells regulates the local bioactivity of incretin hormones and gluconeogenesis. However, the complete absence of DPP4 (Dpp4-/-) in aged mice with metabolic syndrome accelerates liver fibrosis without altering dyslipidemia and steatosis. Analysis of transcripts from the livers of Dpp4-/- mice displayed enrichment for inflammasome, p53, and senescence programs compared with littermate controls. High-fat, high-cholesterol feeding decreased Dpp4 expression in F4/80+ cells, with only minor changes in immune signaling. Moreover, in a lean mouse model of severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mice, we observed a 4-fold increase in circulating DPP4, in contrast with previous findings connecting DPP4 release and obesity. Last, we evaluated DPP4 levels in patients with hepatitis C infection with dysglycemia (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance > 2) who underwent direct antiviral treatment (with/without ribavirin). DPP4 protein levels decreased with viral clearance; DPP4 activity levels were reduced at long-term follow-up in ribavirin-treated patients; but metabolic factors did not improve. These data suggest elevations in DPP4 during hepatitis C infection are not primarily regulated by metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A. Trzaskalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Branka Vulesevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - My-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Jeraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evgenia Fadzeyeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadya M. Morrow
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra A.A. Locatelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Travis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio A. Hanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia R.C. Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conor O’Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jelske N. van der Veen
- Li Ka Shing (LKS) Centre for Health Research Innovation, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Rick Seymour
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serena M. Pulente
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Clément
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Li Ka Shing (LKS) Centre for Health Research Innovation, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary-Anne Doyle
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Curtis L. Cooper
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Kyoung-Han Kim
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E. Mulvihill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Montréal Diabetes Research Group, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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5
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Montaniel KRC, Bucher M, Phillips EA, Li C, Sullivan EL, Kievit P, Rugonyi S, Nathanielsz PW, Maloyan A. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition delays developmental programming of obesity and metabolic disease in male offspring of obese mothers. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:727-740. [PMID: 35068408 PMCID: PMC9308839 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity programs the offspring to metabolic diseases later in life; however, the mechanisms of programming are yet unclear, and no strategies exist for addressing its detrimental transgenerational effects. Obesity has been linked to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), an adipokine, and treatment of obese individuals with DPPIV inhibitors has been reported to prevent weight gain and improve metabolism. We hypothesized that DPPIV plays a role in maternal obesity-mediated programming. We measured plasma DPPIV activity in human maternal and cord blood samples from normal-weight and obese mothers at term. We found that maternal obesity increases maternal and cord blood plasma DPPIV activity but only in male offspring. Using two non-human primate models of maternal obesity, we confirmed the activation of DPPIV in the offspring of obese mothers. We then created a mouse model of maternal high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and found an early-life increase in plasma DPPIV activity in male offspring. Activation of DPPIV preceded the progression of obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male offspring of HFD-fed mothers. We then administered sitagliptin, DPPIV inhibitor, to regular diet (RD)- and HFD-fed mothers, starting a week prior to breeding and continuing throughout pregnancy and lactation. We found that sitagliptin treatment of HFD-fed mothers delayed the progression of obesity and metabolic diseases in male offspring and had no effects on females. Our findings reveal that maternal obesity dysregulates plasma DPPIV activity in males and provide evidence that maternal inhibition of DPPIV has potential for addressing the transgenerational effects of maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ramil C. Montaniel
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
- Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Matthew Bucher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Elysse A. Phillips
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
- Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
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6
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Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Dule S, Cavallo MG. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) as A Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092306. [PMID: 36140405 PMCID: PMC9496088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a molecule implicated in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes, and it exerts its main action through its enzymatic activity. DPP4 represents the enzyme most involved in the catabolism of incretin hormones; thus, its activity impacts appetite, energy balance, and the fine regulation of glucose homeostasis. Indeed, DPP4 inhibitors represent a class of antidiabetic agents widely used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPP4 also acts as an adipokine and is mainly secreted by the adipose tissue, mostly from mature adipocytes of the visceral compartment, where it exerts autocrine and paracrine activities. DPP4 can disrupt insulin signaling within the adipocyte and in other target cells and tissues, where it also favors the development of a proinflammatory environment. This is likely at the basis of the presence of elevated circulating DPP4 levels in several metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence of the role of the DPP4 as an adipokine-regulating glucose/insulin metabolism and fat homeostasis, with a particular focus on clinical outcomes associated with its increased secretion in the presence of adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction.
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7
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Tarrant TK, Kelly SJ, Hershfield MS. Elucidating the pathogenesis of adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency: current status and unmet needs. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2021.2050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael S Hershfield
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, US
- Duke University School of Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry, Durham, US
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Adegoke TE, Sabinari IW, Areola ED, Ajao F, Asafa OO, Soluoku TK, Bello A, Adesanmi AM, Yusuf SO, Omoleye A, Ayinla MT, Olatunji LA. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 averts free fatty acids deposition in the hearts of oral estrogen-progestin contraceptive-induced hyperinsulinemic female rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1316-1323. [PMID: 34310895 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Free fatty acid (FFA) deposition in non-adipose tissues such as the heart is a characteristic of insulin resistant states which feature hyperinsulinemia and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activation. Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives (OC) treatment reportedly increased DPP-4 activity in rat tissue, and DPP-4 inhibitors have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of DPP-4 inhibition on cardiac FFA deposition in estrogen-progestin-treated female rats. From our data, estrogen-progestin OC exposure in female rats led to elevated plasma insulin, cardiac DPP-4 activity, FFA and triglyceride (TG) accumulation, TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, adenosine deaminase/xanthine oxidase/uric acid pathway (ADA/XO/UA), lipid peroxidation, glycogen synthase activity, and alanine phosphatase; whereas cardiac glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Na+/K+-ATPase and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased. However, DPP-4 inhibition resulted in decreased plasma insulin, cardiac DPP-4 activity, FFA, TG, TG/HDL-C ratio, and alkaline phosphatase. These were accompanied by reduced ADA/XO/UA pathway, lipid peroxidation, and augmented NO and Na+/K+-ATPase in estrogen-progestin OC-treated rats. DPP-4 inhibition attenuated cardiac lipid deposition accompanied by reduced activity in the ADA/XO/UA pathway in estrogen-progestin OC-treated female rats. DPP-4 is therefore a plausible therapeutic target in cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Eniola Adegoke
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Damilare Areola
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Folasade Ajao
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka Olawale Asafa
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Talha Kolade Soluoku
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Bello
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Mosunmade Adesanmi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Shukurat Olaide Yusuf
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - AyokunleOlusuyi Omoleye
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Tayo Ayinla
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase Inhibition Enhances CD8 T Cell Recruitment and Activates Intrahepatic Inflammasome in a Murine Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215495. [PMID: 34771657 PMCID: PMC8583374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study reported, for the first time, on the expression and activity of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) family during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also demonstrated that the pan-DPP inhibitory compound ARI-4175 significantly reduced the number of macroscopic liver nodules in a mouse HCC model. ARI-4175 increased intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, CD8+ T cell numbers and caspase-1-mediated inflammasome activation in the HCC-bearing liver. Thus, this study provides promising data on the efficacy of ARI-4175 in the treatment of early-stage HCC. Targeting the DPP4 family may be a novel and effective approach to promote anti-tumour immunity in HCC via caspase-1 activation. Abstract The mRNA expression of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) gene family is highly upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with poor survival in HCC patients. Compounds that inhibit the DPP4 enzyme family, such as talabostat and ARI-4175, can mediate tumour regression by immune-mediated mechanisms that are believed to include NLRP1 activation. This study investigated the expression and activity of the DPP4 family during the development of HCC and evaluated the efficacy of ARI-4175 in the treatment of early HCC in mice. This first report on this enzyme family in HCC-bearing mice showed DPP9 upregulation in HCC, whereas intrahepatic DPP8/9 and DPP4 enzyme activity levels decreased with age. We demonstrated that ARI-4175 significantly lowered the total number of macroscopic liver nodules in these mice. In addition, ARI-4175 increased intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, including CD8+ T cell numbers, into the HCC-bearing livers. Furthermore, ARI-4175 activated a critical component of the inflammasome pathway, caspase-1, in these HCC-bearing livers. This is the first evidence of caspase-1 activation by a pan-DPP inhibitor in the liver. Our data suggest that targeting the DPP4 enzyme family may be a novel and effective approach to promote anti-tumour immunity in HCC via caspase-1 activation.
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SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes: A potential therapeutic effect of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100134. [PMID: 34661092 PMCID: PMC8511553 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and has become an urgent economic and health challenge. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), also mentioned as a cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26) is a serine exopeptidase found in two arrangements: a soluble form (sDPP-4) and a plasma membrane-bound form. Because other coronaviruses enter the cells by binding to DPP-4, it has been speculated that DPP-4 inhibitors may exert activity against COVID-19. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the potential therapeutic effect of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19. To include different studies, publications related to Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor use and clinical outcomes from COVID-19 were searched from the databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS, via English key terms. A direct engrossment of DPP4 in COVID-19 needs to be elucidated, there is also evidence confirming that DPP4 inhibitors exert anti-fibrotic and modulate inflammation activity. Thus, the use of DPP-4 inhibitors could reduce mortality due to COVID-19 or improve the progression of COVID-19; this evidence may support the management of diabetic patients diagnosed with COVID-19; however more well-designed investigation is urgently required.
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11
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Ferguson D, Finck BN. Emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:484-495. [PMID: 34131333 PMCID: PMC8570106 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent liver disease in the world, yet there are still no approved pharmacological therapies to prevent or treat this condition. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although NASH is linked to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis and has now become the leading cause of liver failure-related transplantation, the majority of patients with NASH will ultimately die as a result of complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic diseases. Importantly, NAFLD is closely linked to obesity and tightly interrelated with insulin resistance and T2DM. Thus, targeting these interconnected conditions and taking a holistic attitude to the treatment of metabolic disease could prove to be a very beneficial approach. This Review will explore the latest relevant literature and discuss the ongoing therapeutic options for NAFLD focused on targeting intermediary metabolism, insulin resistance and T2DM to remedy the global health burden of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Barchetta I, Ceccarelli V, Cimini FA, Barone E, Sentinelli F, Coluzzi M, Chiappetta C, Bertoccini L, Tramutola A, Labbadia G, Di Cristofano C, Silecchia G, Leonetti F, Cavallo MG. Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 is independently associated with the presence and severity of NAFLD/NASH in individuals with and without obesity and metabolic disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:979-988. [PMID: 32852705 PMCID: PMC8049937 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) levels are associated to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in humans; initial evidence reported a relationship between DPP4 and chronic liver diseases. Aim of this study was to investigate hepatic and systemic DPP4 levels/activity in relation to NAFLD/NASH in individuals with and without metabolic disease. METHODS We recruited fifty-two obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery and intra-operative liver biopsy at Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. The association between DPP4 levels/activity and NAFLD was also evaluated in 126 non-obese individuals recruited in the same setting. RESULTS NAFLD patients had significantly higher circulating DPP4 activity than no-NAFLD in both the obese and non-obese cohorts; plasma DPP4 activity and levels linearly correlated with steatosis grade and inflammation at the liver biopsy. Hepatic DPP4 mRNA was not associated to either its circulating levels/activity or NAFLD. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis on all the study participants (n = 178), higher circulating DPP4 activity was associated with NAFLD independently of potential confounders with OR (95% CI): 3.5 (1.2-10.21), p = 0.022. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the coexistence of increased plasma DPP4 levels and activity in NAFLD. Circulating DPP4 measurement may represent a novel cost-effective strategy for NAFLD/NASH risk stratification and a potential tool for monitoring disease's progression in established NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia A Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sentinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Coluzzi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Chiappetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Labbadia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Cristofano
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Silecchia
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frida Leonetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria G Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Sagara M, Iijima T, Kase M, Kato K, Sakurai S, Tomaru T, Jojima T, Usui I, Aso Y. Serum levels of soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in type 2 diabetes are associated with severity of liver fibrosis evaluated by transient elastography (FibroScan) and the FAST (FibroScan-AST) score, a novel index of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant fibrosis. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107885. [PMID: 33602617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship in people with type 2 diabetes between serum soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (sDDP-4) and degree of liver fibrosis assessed as the liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and FAST (FibroScan-AST) score, both of which were measured by transient elastography (FibroScan). SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we examined 115 patients with type 2 diabetes. With transient elastography (FibroScan), we assessed the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) as measures of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, respectively. We calculated the FAST score, which identifies progressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), from CAP, LSM, and the serum aspartate aminotransferase level. Significant hepatic steatosis was defined as CAP ≥280 dB/m; and significant liver fibrosis, as LSM ≥ 8.0 kPa. LSM was divided into 3 severity levels: significant fibrosis (8.0 to <9.7 kPa); advanced fibrosis, (9.7 to <13.0 kPa); and liver cirrhosis (≥ 13.0 kPa). RESULTS Serum sDPP-4 correlated positively with liver enzymes, CAP, LSM, and FAST score. Multivariate analysis showed that LSM remained to be an independent factor for serum sDDP-4. Serum sDPP-4 was significantly higher in patients with LSM ≥ 8.0 kPa than in those with LSM <8.0 kPa and was significantly elevated in patients who are at risk for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with fibrosis (FAST score ≥ 035 or 0.67). Patients with both hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis had the highest serum sDPP-4. CONCLUSION Serum sDPP-4 was strongly associated with severity of liver fibrosis evaluated by LSM and the FAST score and was markedly elevated in diabetic patients with LSM ≥ 13.0 kPa indicating probable cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sagara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Toshie Iijima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Masato Kase
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sakurai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takuya Tomaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Teruo Jojima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Isao Usui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Aso
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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14
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Shin CY, Lee HY, Kim GH, Park SY, Choi WS, Sohn UD. Effects of the Combination of Evogliptin and Leucine on Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:419-426. [PMID: 33814417 PMCID: PMC8255144 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of treatment with a combination of evogliptin and leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetes. Treatment with evogliptin alone or in combination with leucine reduced the body weight of the mice, compared to the case for those from the HFD control group. Long-term treatment with evogliptin alone or in combination with leucine resulted in a significant reduction in glucose intolerance; however, leucine alone did not affect postprandial glucose control, compared to the case for the mice from the HFD control group. Furthermore, the combination of evogliptin and leucine prevented HFD-induced insulin resistance, which was associated with improved homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, accompanied by markedly reduced liver fat deposition, hepatic triglyceride content, and plasma alanine aminotransferase levels. The combination of evogliptin and leucine increased the gene expression levels of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, whereas those of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 were not altered, compared to the case in the HFD-fed mice (p<0.05). Thus, our results suggest that the combination of evogliptin and leucine may be beneficial for treating patients with type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis; however, further studies are needed to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yell Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Yeong Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Hyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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15
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Herz CT, Brix JM, Ludvik B, Schernthaner G, Schernthaner GH. Decrease of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity is associated with weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2021; 31:2545-2550. [PMID: 33538983 PMCID: PMC8113172 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is expressed and secreted by adipocytes. DPP4 induces insulin resistance independently of its effect on glucagon-like peptide 1, thus it is conceivable that DPP4 directly contributes to metabolic dysfunction in patients with morbid obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on DPP4 activity, and whether these changes are associated with improvements in markers of metabolic dysfunction and fatty liver disease. Materials and Methods We included 68 non-diabetic patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Serum DPP4 activity was measured using a fluorogenic substrate before and after surgery. Results Results: After a median follow-up period of 12 (IQR 11-17) months, median serum DPP4 activity decreased from 230 (IQR: 194-273) to 193 (164-252) pmol/min (p=0.012). The decrease in DPP4 activity was significantly correlated with decreases in BMI, improved cholesterol levels, reduced hepatic injury markers as well as improved post-prandial insulin sensitivity. After multivariable adjustment, ΔDPP4 activity remained significantly associated with Δcholesterol (beta=0.341, p=0.025), ΔLDL cholesterol (beta=0.350, p=0.019), Δgamma-glutamyltransferase (beta=0.323, p=0.040) and ΔMatsuda index (beta=-0.386, p=0.045). Conclusion We demonstrated that weight loss induced by bariatric surgery results in decreased circulating DPP4 activity beyond the initial phase of weight loss. The associations between decreased DPP4 activity and improved cholesterol levels as well as hepatic injury markers point towards pleiotropic effects of DPP4 beyond glucose metabolism which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T Herz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Angiology, Department of Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna M Brix
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Ludvik
- Department of Medicine I, Klinik Landstraße, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Bassendine MF, Bridge SH, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. COVID-19 and comorbidities: A role for dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in disease severity? J Diabetes 2020; 12:649-658. [PMID: 32394639 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), similar to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), which cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and case fatalities. COVID-19 disease severity is worse in older obese patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Cell binding and entry of betacoronaviruses is via their surface spike glycoprotein; SARS-CoV binds to the metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), MERS-CoV utilizes dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and recent modeling of the structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein predicts that it can interact with human DPP4 in addition to ACE2. DPP4 is a ubiquitous membrane-bound aminopeptidase that circulates in plasma; it is multifunctional with roles in nutrition, metabolism, and immune and endocrine systems. DPP4 activity differentially regulates glucose homeostasis and inflammation via its enzymatic activity and nonenzymatic immunomodulatory effects. The importance of DPP4 for the medical community has been highlighted by the approval of DPP4 inhibitors, or gliptins, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review discusses the dysregulation of DPP4 in COVID-19 comorbid conditions; DPP4 activity is higher in older individuals and increased plasma DPP4 is a predictor of the onset of metabolic syndrome. DPP4 upregulation may be a determinant of COVID-19 disease severity, which creates interest regarding the use of gliptins in management of COVID-19. Also, knowledge of the chemistry and biology of DPP4 could be utilized to develop novel therapies to block viral entry of some betacoronaviruses, potentially including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F Bassendine
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon H Bridge
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Valencia I, Peiró C, Lorenzo Ó, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Eckel J, Romacho T. DPP4 and ACE2 in Diabetes and COVID-19: Therapeutic Targets for Cardiovascular Complications? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1161. [PMID: 32848769 PMCID: PMC7426477 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 coronavirus has become an urgent health and economic challenge. Diabetes is a risk factor for severity and mortality of COVID-19. Recent studies support that COVID-19 has effects beyond the respiratory tract, with vascular complications arising as relevant factors worsening its prognosis, then making patients with previous vascular disease more prone to severity or fatal outcome. Angiotensin-II converting enzime-2 (ACE2) has been proposed as preferred receptor for SARS-CoV-2 host infection, yet specific proteins participating in the virus entry are not fully known. SARS-CoV-2 might use other co-receptor or auxiliary proteins allowing virus infection. In silico experiments proposed that SARS-CoV-2 might bind dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26), which was established previously as receptor for MERS-CoV. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) component ACE2 and DPP4 are proteins dysregulated in diabetes. Imbalance of the RAAS and direct effect of soluble DPP4 exert deleterious vascular effects. We hypothesize that diabetic patients might be more affected by COVID-19 due to increased presence ACE2 and DPP4 mediating infection and contributing to a compromised vasculature. Here, we discuss the role of ACE2 and DPP4 as relevant factors linking the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 in diabetic patients and present an outlook on therapeutic potential of current drugs targeted against RAAS and DPP4 to treat or prevent COVID-19-derived vascular complications. Diabetes affects more than 400 million people worldwide, thus better understanding of how they are affected by COVID-19 holds an important benefit to fight against this disease with pandemic proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Valencia
- Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolism Group (FARMAVASM), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolism Group (FARMAVASM), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Diabetes, FIIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolism Group (FARMAVASM), Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical Diabetology, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical Diabetology, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Dougherty JA, Guirguis E, Thornby KA. A Systematic Review of Newer Antidiabetic Agents in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 55:65-79. [PMID: 32571083 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020935105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT) inhibitors to treat nondiabetic and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as it relates to improvement in hepatosteatosis (HS) or steatohepatitis (SH). DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and CINAHL were searched from inception through May 1, 2020. Search terms included nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, fatty liver, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Full-text observational and randomized controlled studies in English were included. Patients diagnosed with NAFLD, treated with GLP-1 RAs, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors, with measures to evaluate HS or SH were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight GLP-1 RA trials were reviewed; 7 GLP-1 RA trials showed improvement in HS. Two studies demonstrated improvement in liver histology in patients with SH. Seven SGLT2 inhibitor studies were reviewed; 6 studies demonstrated improvements in NAFLD. Five studies showed improvements in HS, whereas 1 displayed improvement in liver histology in NASH. Six studies that included DPP-4 inhibitors were evaluated, and only 2 demonstrated improvement in NASH. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Based on evidence reviewed, GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors decreased HS and SH in NAFLD patients, whereas DPP-4 inhibitor therapy was not effective for patients with HS. CONCLUSIONS Based on study data utilizing imaging studies and biopsy results, GLP-1 RAs or SGLT2 inhibitors can benefit NAFLD T2DM patients. Clinical trials with larger patient populations may augment these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Dougherty
- Palm Beach Atlantic University: Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Erenie Guirguis
- Palm Beach Atlantic University: Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Krisy-Ann Thornby
- Palm Beach Atlantic University: Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
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19
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Sun Y, Li L, Wu J, Gong B, Liu H. Germacrone cooperates with dexmedetomidine to alleviate high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus via upregulating AMPKα1 expression. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3514-3524. [PMID: 31602228 PMCID: PMC6777304 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of germacrone (GM) and dexmedetomidine (DEX) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced T2DM rat model was established. The experimental rats were divided into the control group, HFD group, GM treatment group, DEX treatment group and GM + DEX treatment group. In addition, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C (CC) was used to inhibit AMPKα1 expression. All rats received their respective treatment daily for 21 days. Blood glucose and lipid levels, apoptosis of hepatic cells, and levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indicators in serum samples were evaluated. Protein expression of AMPKα1 and its downstream targets were also investigated. Results demonstrated that blood glucose concentration, blood lipid indicators (endothelin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol), cell apoptosis in liver tissues, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β levels in serum were increased in the high-fat group compared to the control but decreased following GM and/or DEX treatment. By contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and antioxidative stress indicator superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased in the high-fat group but increased following GM and/or DEX treatment. Protein expression of AMPKα1 and the catabolic genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and acyl coenzyme A were decreased whilst anabolic genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2, were increased in the HFD group. These effects were attenuated by GM and/or DEX treatment. AMPKα1 inhibition resulted in decreased SOD and increased cell apoptosis in liver tissues as well as increased IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β levels compared with the HFD group. However, these effects were abolished following treatment with CC, GM and DEX together. Taken together these results indicated that GM worked synergistically with DEX to attenuate symptoms of high-fat-induced T2DM, with the effect potentially involving an increase in AMPKα1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Anesthesia, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
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20
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Barchetta I, Ciccarelli G, Barone E, Cimini FA, Ceccarelli V, Bertoccini L, Sentinelli F, Tramutola A, Del Ben M, Angelico F, Baroni MG, Lenzi A, Cavallo MG. Greater circulating DPP4 activity is associated with impaired flow-mediated dilatation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1087-1094. [PMID: 31431395 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a key enzyme involved in the regulation of the incretin system exerted by cleaving the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1); the blockage of DPP4, exerted by the antidiabetic agents DPP4-inhibitors (DPP4-I), results in greater GLP-1 concentration and improved glycaemic control. DPP4 acts also as a pro-inflammatory molecule and mediates vascular damage in experimental models. The relationship between DPP4 activity and endothelial function in diabetes has not been explored yet. Aim of this study was to investigate systemic plasma DPP4 activity in relation to endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-two T2DM individuals were recruited in our Diabetes outpatient clinics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. All participants underwent complete clinical work-up; endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) test; plasma DPP4 activity was assessed by measuring the 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) cleavage rate from the synthetic substrate H-glycyl-prolyl-AMC and compared with DPP4 activity measured in sixty-two age-, sex-, BMI-matched non-diabetic subjects. Patients with T2DM had significantly higher DPP4 activity than non-diabetic individuals (211,466 ± 87657 vs 158,087 ± 60267 nmol/min/ml, p < 0.001); in T2DM patients, greater DPP4 activity significantly correlated with lower FMD whereas was not associated with BMI and metabolic control. Greater systemic DPP4 activity was an independent predictor of reduced FMD after adjusting for age, gender and other confounders. CONCLUSIONS Circulating DPP4 activity is increased in individuals with T2DM and associated with signs of endothelial dysfunction such as impaired FMD. DPP4 may negatively affect endothelial function through mechanisms beyond glucose homeostasis and metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia A Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Bertoccini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Del Ben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Baroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria G Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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21
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Varin EM, Mulvihill EE, Beaudry JL, Pujadas G, Fuchs S, Tanti JF, Fazio S, Kaur K, Cao X, Baggio LL, Matthews D, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. Circulating Levels of Soluble Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Are Dissociated from Inflammation and Induced by Enzymatic DPP4 Inhibition. Cell Metab 2019; 29:320-334.e5. [PMID: 30393019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) controls glucose homeostasis through enzymatic termination of incretin action. We report that plasma DPP-4 activity correlates with body weight and fat mass, but not glucose control, in mice. Genetic disruption of adipocyte Dpp4 expression reduced plasma DPP-4 activity in older mice but did not perturb incretin levels or glucose homeostasis. Knockdown of hepatocyte Dpp4 completely abrogated the obesity-associated increase in plasma DPP-4 activity, reduced liver cytokine expression, and partially attenuated inflammation in adipose tissue without changes in incretin levels or glucose homeostasis. In contrast, circulating levels of soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) were dissociated from inflammation in mice with endothelial-selective or global genetic inactivation of Dpp4. Remarkably, inhibition of DPP-4 enzymatic activity upregulated circulating levels of sDPP4 originating from endothelial or hematopoietic cells without inducing systemic or localized inflammation. Collectively, these findings reveal unexpected complexity in regulation of soluble versus enzymatic DPP-4 and control of inflammation and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Gemma Pujadas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Shai Fuchs
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University Côte d'Azur, Faculty of Medicine, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Sofia Fazio
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University Côte d'Azur, Faculty of Medicine, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
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Cho EY, Ryu JY, Lee HAR, Hong SH, Park HS, Hong KS, Park SG, Kim HP, Yoon TJ. Lecithin nano-liposomal particle as a CRISPR/Cas9 complex delivery system for treating type 2 diabetes. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:19. [PMID: 30696428 PMCID: PMC6350399 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-based Cas9 in vivo gene editing therapeutics have practical limitations owing to their instability and low efficacy. To overcome these obstacles and improve stability, we designed a nanocarrier primarily consisting of lecithin that can efficiently target liver disease and encapsulate complexes of Cas9 with a single-stranded guide RNA (sgRNA) ribonucleoprotein (Cas9-RNP) through polymer fusion self-assembly. RESULTS In this study, we optimized an sgRNA sequence specifically for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 gene (DPP-4) to modulate the function of glucagon-like peptide 1. We then injected our nanocarrier Cas9-RNP complexes directly into type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) db/db mice, which disrupted the expression of DPP-4 gene in T2DM mice with remarkable efficacy. The decline in DPP-4 enzyme activity was also accompanied by normalized blood glucose levels, insulin response, and reduced liver and kidney damage. These outcomes were found to be similar to those of sitagliptin, the current chemical DPP-4 inhibition therapy drug which requires recurrent doses. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that a nano-liposomal carrier system with therapeutic Cas9-RNP has great potential as a platform to improve genomic editing therapies for human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yi Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
- Moogene Medi Co. Ltd., Korea Bio Park, Daewangpangyo-ro 700, Seongnam, 13488 South Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Han A. Reum Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Shin Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119 South Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119 South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Hong Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 South Korea
- Moogene Medi Co. Ltd., Korea Bio Park, Daewangpangyo-ro 700, Seongnam, 13488 South Korea
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition protects the liver of insulin-resistant female rats against triglyceride accumulation by suppressing uric acid. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:869-877. [PMID: 30557836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition has been shown to exert beneficial effects against insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) treatment is associated with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism but the mechanisms are elusive. We therefore, hypothesized that DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates COC-induced glucose dysregulation and hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation through adenosine deaminase (ADA) /xanthine oxidase (XO) /uric acid-dependent pathway. Female Wistar rats received (po) vehicle and COC (1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel; po) with or without DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin; 100 mg/kg; po) for 8 weeks (n = 6/group). Glucose dysmetabolism was assessed by elevated fasting blood glucose, impaired oral glucose tolerance test and homeostatic model assessment of IR. Treatment with COC led to increased plasma fasting glucose, triglyceride-glucose index, 1-h postload glucose response, insulin, free fatty acid, IR and impaired glucose tolerance. COC treatment also resulted in increased plasma and hepatic TG, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, malondialdehyde, uric acid (plasma; 25.2 ± 0.6 mg/dl; hepatic 128.9 ± 8.0 mg/100 mg tissue), lactate dehydrogenase, DPP-4, ADA and XO (plasma;10.5 ± 1.1 U/L; hepatic 21.2 ± 1.4 U/g protein) activities. Likewise, COC led to reduction in nitric oxide level. However, DPP-4 inhibition significantly ameliorated these alterations induced by COC treatment through suppression of uric acid (plasma; 15.1 ± 1.0 mg/dl, hepatic; 75.6 ± 5.0 mg/100 mg tissue), XO (plasma; 4.1 ± 0.9 U/L, hepatic; 8.7 ± 0.4 U/g protein), ADA and DPP-4 activities suggesting their involvement in glucose dysregulation and hepatic TG accumulation induced by COC treatment. Therefore, DPP-4 inhibition would impact positively on cardiometabolic disorders, at least in part, through XO, ADA and uric acid suppression.
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24
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Saad MA, Rastanawi AA, El-Yamany MF. Alogliptin abates memory injuries of hepatic encephalopathy induced by acute paracetamol intoxication via switching-off autophagy-related apoptosis. Life Sci 2018; 215:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Li JP, Yuan Y, Zhang WY, Jiang Z, Hu TJ, Feng YT, Liu MX. Effect of Radix isatidis polysaccharide on alleviating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus cells and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:220-229. [PMID: 30298631 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper was to explore the effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharide (RIP) extracted from Radix isatis on alleviating insulin resistance. METHODS The insulin resistance models of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and type 2 diabetic rats were established to evaluate the insulin resistance activity of RIP. KEY FINDINGS Radix isatidis polysaccharide within the concentration range of 25-100 μg/ml could reduce cell supernatant glucose and TNF-α levels (P < 0.01) and increase the expression of PI-3K P85, Glut4, IRS-1 and Akt protein in symptoms of IR 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In the meantime, RIP contributed to relieve the weight loss of diabetic rats whose liver weight and liver index were decreased due to the effects of RIP. Experiments in rats also showed that RIP had capacity in reduced serum TC, TG, LDL-C, FFA, FBG, FINS, MDA, ALT, AST activities and increased serum HDL-C, SOD, ISI (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In addition, the oral glucose tolerance in rats was improved (P < 0.05) and liver damage was restored due to RIP. CONCLUSIONS Radix isatidis polysaccharide significantly alleviates insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and type 2 diabetic rats. These beneficial effects of RIP may associate with their roles in improving the glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy & Laboratory, Ya'an Vocational College, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen-You Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ting Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mo-Xiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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26
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Sodium acetate improves disrupted glucoregulation and hepatic triglyceride content in insulin-resistant female rats: involvement of adenosine deaminase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activities. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:103-116. [PMID: 30280312 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) treatment has been shown to be associated with glucose deregulation and increased triglyceride levels, but the mechanisms are elusive. Soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (sDPP-4) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) are involved in the initiation and/or progression of cardiometabolic disorders. We therefore, hypothesized that increased DPP-4 and ADA activities are involved in glucose deregulation and hepatic triglyceride accumulation induced by COC treatment. This study also investigated whether short-chain fatty acid, acetate, would protect against COC-induced dysmetabolic effects. Female Wistar rats received (p.o.) vehicle and COC (1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel) with or without sodium acetate (ACE; 200 mg) for 8 weeks. Treatment with COC led to increased plasma triglyceride-glucose index, 1-h postload glucose response, insulin, free fatty acid, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. COC treatment also resulted in increased plasma and hepatic triglycerides (TG), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, malondialdehyde, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, DPP-4, ADA, and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. On the other hand, COC led to reduction in nitric oxide level. However, ACE significantly ameliorated the alterations induced by COC treatment, but XO activity remains elevated during COC treatment. This result also demonstrates that increased DPP-4 and ADA activities are at least in part involved in glucose deregulation and hepatic TG accumulation induced by COC treatment. Therefore, sodium acetate would impact positively on cardiometabolic disorders, at least in part, by inhibition of DPP-4 and ADA activities.
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27
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Kanda T, Matsuoka S, Yamazaki M, Shibata T, Nirei K, Takahashi H, Kaneko T, Fujisawa M, Higuchi T, Nakamura H, Matsumoto N, Yamagami H, Ogawa M, Imazu H, Kuroda K, Moriyama M. Apoptosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2661-2672. [PMID: 29991872 PMCID: PMC6034146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been increasing. NASH causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is one of the most serious health problems in the world. The mechanism through which NASH progresses is still largely unknown. Activation of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-induced hepatocyte apoptosis plays a role in the activation of NAFLD/NASH. Apoptotic hepatocytes stimulate immune cells and hepatic stellate cells toward the progression of fibrosis in the liver through the production of inflammasomes and cytokines. Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as microbiota accelerate these processes. The production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress is also involved. Cell death, including apoptosis, seems very important in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. Recently, inhibitors of apoptosis have been developed as drugs for the treatment of NASH and may prevent cirrhosis and HCC. Increased hepatocyte apoptosis may distinguish NASH from NAFLD, and the improvement of apoptosis could play a role in controlling the development of NASH. In this review, the association between apoptosis and NAFLD/NASH are discussed. This review could provide their knowledge, which plays a role in seeing the patients with NAFLD/NASH in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Motomi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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28
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Lee JY, Jang BK, Song MK, Kim HS, Kim MK. Association between Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Concentration and Obesity-Related Factors in Health Screen Examinees (J Obes Metab Syndr 2017;26:188-96). J Obes Metab Syndr 2018; 27:73-74. [PMID: 31089544 PMCID: PMC6489490 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Baumeier C, Schlüter L, Saussenthaler S, Laeger T, Rödiger M, Alaze SA, Fritsche L, Häring HU, Stefan N, Fritsche A, Schwenk RW, Schürmann A. Elevated hepatic DPP4 activity promotes insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1254-1263. [PMID: 29031724 PMCID: PMC5641684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased hepatic expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether this is causative for the development of NAFLD is not yet clarified. Here we investigate the effect of hepatic DPP4 overexpression on the development of liver steatosis in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. METHODS Plasma DPP4 activity of subjects with or without NAFLD was analyzed. Wild-type (WT) and liver-specific Dpp4 transgenic mice (Dpp4-Liv-Tg) were fed a high-fat diet and characterized for body weight, body composition, hepatic fat content and insulin sensitivity. In vitro experiments on HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes were conducted to validate cell autonomous effects of DPP4 on lipid storage and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Subjects suffering from insulin resistance and NAFLD show an increased plasma DPP4 activity when compared to healthy controls. Analysis of Dpp4-Liv-Tg mice revealed elevated systemic DPP4 activity and diminished active GLP-1 levels. They furthermore show increased body weight, fat mass, adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis, liver damage and hypercholesterolemia. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of PPARγ and CD36 as well as severe insulin resistance in the liver. In agreement, treatment of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with physiological concentrations of DPP4 resulted in impaired insulin sensitivity independent of lipid content. CONCLUSIONS Our results give evidence that elevated expression of DPP4 in the liver promotes NAFLD and insulin resistance. This is linked to reduced levels of active GLP-1, but also to auto- and paracrine effects of DPP4 on hepatic insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baumeier
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Schlüter
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Sophie Saussenthaler
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Laeger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Rödiger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stella Amelie Alaze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolfgang Schwenk
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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30
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Lee JY, Jang BK, Song MK, Kim HS, Kim MK. Association between Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Concentration and Obesity-related Factors in Health Screen Examinees. J Obes Metab Syndr 2017; 26:188-196. [PMID: 31089516 PMCID: PMC6484912 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is an aminopeptidase that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides, neuropeptides, and various chemokines. Recent studies reported that serum DPP-4 concentration is correlated with clinical parameters of obesity. However, research on these correlations has never been conducted in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between serum DPP-4 concentration and various clinical parameters of obesity in the Korean population. Methods Patients who visited the Health Promotion Center at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center for a regular medical examination between January 2013 and March 2013 and consented to participate in this study were included. We measured and analyzed parameters of obesity. In addition, serum DPP-4 concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Serum DPP-4 concentration was positively correlated with lean body mass, total cholesterol level, and creatinine level. Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obese group than in the normal body mass index (BMI) group. No significant difference in serum DPP-4 concentration was found between the metabolically healthy group and metabolically unhealthy group. Conclusion Serum DPP-4 concentration was higher in the obesity group than in the normal BMI group, which was associated with obesity-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Abstract
Scarring and fibrosis are an enormous public health concern, resulting in excessive morbidity and mortality in addition to countless lost health care dollars. Recent advances in cell and developmental biology promise a better understanding of scarring and fibrosis and may translate to new clinical therapies.
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Anoop S, Misra A, Bhatt SP, Gulati S, Pandey RM, Mahajan H. High circulating plasma dipeptidyl peptidase- 4 levels in non-obese Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes correlate with fasting insulin and LDL-C levels, triceps skinfolds, total intra-abdominal adipose tissue volume and presence of diabetes: a case-control study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5:e000393. [PMID: 29188065 PMCID: PMC5704106 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate circulating plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) levels in non-obese Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to correlate these with metabolic profile and measures of anthropometry, skinfolds, abdominal adipose tissue depots, pancreatic volume, and liver span. METHODOLOGY Non-obese (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2) patients with T2DM (cases, n=93), diagnosed within 1 year from recruitment, on metformin therapy and BMI-matched, and non-diabetic subjects (controls, n=40) were compared. Measurements of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma insulin levels, lipid profile, hepatic transaminases and plasma DPP4 levels, and quantification of abdominal fat depots, pancreatic volume and liver span (MRI scan), were done. RESULTS Significantly higher (p<0.001) circulating plasma DPP4 levels were observed in cases as compared to controls. Specifically, in patients with T2DM with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n=48), the mean plasma DPP4 level (52.6±27.8 ng/mL) was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared with those without NAFLD (n=43; 47±28.3 ng/mL). Significant positive correlation was observed for circulating plasma DPP4 levels with waist-to-hip ratio, total intra-abdominal adipose volume, and liver span. Fasting serum insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triceps skinfolds, total intra-abdominal adipose tissue volume and presence of T2DM were significant determinants of circulating plasma DPP4 levels. CONCLUSION Non-obese Asian Indian patients with T2DM and on metformin therapy have significantly higher circulating plasma DPP4 levels as compared to non-obese non-diabetic controls, and these levels correlate with fasting insulin and LDL-C levels, upper limb subcutaneous adipose tissue, intra-abdominal adiposity and presence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajith Anoop
- Centre of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India
- Diabetes Foundation (India), Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- Centre of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India
- Diabetes Foundation (India), Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, India
- Fortis C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic disorders, Fortis Flt Lt Rajan Dhall Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Surya Prakash Bhatt
- Centre of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India
- Diabetes Foundation (India), Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Gulati
- Centre of Nutrition & Metabolic Research (C-NET), National Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC), New Delhi, India
- Diabetes Foundation (India), Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Mahajan
- Division of Metabolic Imaging, Mahajan Imaging Centre, New Delhi, India
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33
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Sinnathurai P, Lau W, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Bachovchin WW, Englert H, Howe G, Spencer D, Manolios N, Gorrell MD. Circulating fibroblast activation protein and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2016; 21:1915-1923. [PMID: 27990763 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To quantify circulating fibroblast activation protein (cFAP) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (cDPP4) protease activities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and a control group with mechanical back pain and to correlate plasma levels with disease characteristics. METHODS Plasma was collected from patients with RA (n = 73), SSc (n = 37) and control subjects (n = 26). DPP4 and FAP were quantified using specific enzyme activity assays. RESULTS Median cDPP4 was significantly lower in the RA group (P = 0.02), and SSc group (P = 0.002) compared with controls. There were no significant differences in median cFAP between the three groups. DPP4 and FAP demonstrated a negative correlation with inflammatory markers and duration of disease. There were no associations with disease subtypes in RA, including seropositive and erosive disease. Decreased cDPP4 was found in SSc patients with myositis. Plasma FAP was lower in RA patients receiving prednisone (P = 0.001) or leflunomide (P = 0.04), but higher with biologic agents (P = 0.01). RA patients receiving leflunomide also had decreased cDPP4 (P = 0.014). SSc patients receiving prednisone (P = 0.02) had lower cDPP4 but there was no association with cFAP. CONCLUSIONS No association was found between cFAP and RA or SSc. Plasma DPP4 was decreased in RA and SSc when compared with controls. cDPP4 and cFAP correlated negatively with inflammatory markers and there were no significant correlations with disease characteristics in this RA cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Lau
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana Julia Vieira de Ribeiro
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Englert
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graydon Howe
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Spencer
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Manolios
- Rheumatology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wang XM, Holz LE, Chowdhury S, Cordoba SP, Evans KA, Gall MG, Vieira de Ribeiro AJ, Zheng YZ, Levy MT, Yu DM, Yao TW, Polak N, Jolly CJ, Bertolino P, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. The pro-fibrotic role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 in carbon tetrachloride-induced experimental liver injury. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:443-453. [PMID: 27899813 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process involving inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), also known as CD26, is a cell surface glycoprotein and serine protease. DPP4 binds to fibronectin, can inactivate specific chemokines, incretin hormone and neuropeptides, and influences cell adhesion and migration. Such properties suggest a pro-fibrotic role for this peptidase but this hypothesis needs in vivo examination. Experimental liver injury was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in DPP4 gene knockout (gko) mice. DPP4 gko had less liver fibrosis and inflammation and fewer B cell clusters than wild type mice in the fibrosis model. DPP4 inhibitor-treated mice also developed less liver fibrosis. DNA microarray and PCR showed that many immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and some metabolism-associated transcripts were differentially expressed in the gko strain compared with wild type. CCl4-treated DPP4 gko livers had more IgM+ and IgG+ intrahepatic lymphocytes, and fewer CD4+, IgD+ and CD21+ intrahepatic lymphocytes. These data suggest that DPP4 is pro-fibrotic in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and that the mechanisms of DPP4 pro-fibrotic action include energy metabolism, B cells, NK cells and CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin M Wang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Chowdhury
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun P Cordoba
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Evans
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Yuan Zhou Zheng
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam T Levy
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denise Mt Yu
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jolly
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Prevention and treatment effect of evogliptin on hepatic steatosis in high-fat-fed animal models. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:268-281. [PMID: 27885461 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is an adipokine that interrupts insulin signaling. The resulting insulin resistance exacerbates hepatic steatosis. We previously reported that the novel DPP4 inhibitor evogliptin improves insulin resistance. This study aimed to verify the therapeutic potential of evogliptin for fatty liver. Evogliptin treatment was initiated simultaneously with a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in normal mice and in a post-24 week HFD-fed rats. In a prevention study, insulin sensitivity was preserved in evogliptin-treated mice after a 16-week treatment. Overall plasma lipid levels stayed lower and hepatic lipid accumulation was drastically suppressed by evogliptin treatment. Evogliptin reduced hepatic expression of Srebf1, a key transcriptional factor for lipogenesis. Additionally, DPP4 inhibitor-treated mice showed less weight gain. In a treatment study, after evogliptin treatment for 14 weeks in pre-established HFD-fed obese rats, weight loss was marginal, while hepatic lipid accumulation and liver damage assessed by measuring plasma aminotransferase levels were completely resolved, suggesting weight loss-independent beneficial effects on fatty liver. Moreover, reduction in plasma non-esterified fatty acids supported the improvement of insulin resistance by evogliptin treatment. Conclusively, our findings suggest that evogliptin treatment ameliorates fatty liver by increasing insulin sensitivity and suppressing lipogenesis.
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Michurina SV, Ishenko IJ, Klimontov VV, Archipov SA, Myakina NE, Cherepanova MA, Zavjalov EL, Koncevaya GV, Konenkov VI. Linagliptin alleviates fatty liver disease in diabetic db/ db mice. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:534-546. [PMID: 27895822 PMCID: PMC5107713 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i19.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effects of linagliptin on the structural signs of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in db/db mice.
METHODS Male diabetic db/db mice (BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/J) aged 10 wk received the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor linagliptin (10 mg/kg) or saline as a placebo once per day by gavage for 8 wk. Intact db/db mice served as controls. Structural changes in the liver were analyzed from light and electron microscopic images of sections from intact, placebo-treated and linagliptin-treated animals. We estimated the changes in hepatocytes, sinusoidal cells, liver microvasculature and lymphatic roots. Hepatic staining for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) was assessed by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS In 18-wk-old diabetic mice, liver steatosis (predominantly microvesicular and mediovesicular steatosis) was accompanied by dilation of the roots of the lymphatic system, interlobular blood vessels and bile canaliculi. Compared to saline-treated mice, linagliptin-treated mice exhibited a reduction in the mean numeral densities of hepatocytes with lipid droplets (92.4% ± 1.7% vs 64.9% ± 5.8% per field of view, P = 0.0002) and a lower proportion of hepatocytes with a high density of lipid droplets (20.7% ± 3.6% vs 50.4% ± 3.1%, P = 0.0007). We observed heterogeneous hepatocytes and relatively preserved cell structures in the linagliptin group. Dilation of blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as ultrastructural changes in the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, were alleviated by linagliptin treatment. In intact and placebo-treated mice, immunohistochemical staining for LYVE-1 was observed in the endothelial cells of interlobular lymphatic vessels and on the membranes of some endothelial sinusoidal cells. We observed an enlarged LYVE-1 reaction area in linagliptin-treated mice compared to intact and placebo-treated mice. The improvement in the structural parameters of the liver in linagliptin-treated mice was independent to changes in the plasma glucose levels.
CONCLUSION The DPP4 inhibitor linagliptin alleviates liver steatosis and structural changes in the hepatic microvasculature and lymphatic roots in a model of NAFLD in diabetic db/db mice.
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Wang J, Zhao P, Wan Z, Jin X, Cheng Y, Yan T, Qing S, Ding N, Xin S. Differentiation of human foreskin fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:475-482. [PMID: 27569862 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). The iPSCs were firstly induced by transduction of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC into HFFs using retrovirus. Afterwards, expressions of pluripotency factors were identified by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining, and karyotype, embryoid, and teratoma were observed by microscope. Then, iPSCs were gradually differentiated into endoderm cells, hepatic progenitor cells, and mature HLCs by special culture medium. During this process, differentiation efficiency into each kind of cells was evaluated by detecting SOX17, HNF4a, and ALB using flow cytometry, respectively. Besides, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to detect the secretion of ALB in iPSC-induced HLCs and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of hepatocyte-specific genes. The iPSCs were successfully induced by HFFs, which exhibited typical embryonic stem cells morphology, positive alkaline phosphatase staining, normal diploid karyotype, and positive expression of various pluripotency factors. Meanwhile, spherical embryoid and teratoma with 3 germ layers were formed by iPSCs. The iPSCs were consecutively induced into endoderm cells, hepatic progenitor cells and mature HLCs, and the differentiation efficiency was 55.7 ± 2.9%, 45.7 ± 4.8%, and 35.0 ± 3.9%, respectively. Besides, the secretion of ALB and expression of various hepatocyte-specific genes was highly detected in iPSC-induced HLCs. The iPSCs were successfully derived from HFFs and then differentiated into HLCs, which proved a new source for hepatocyte transplantation. HIGHLIGHTS HFFs were successfully induced into iPSCs by transduction of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. Positive expressions of various pluripotency factors were exhibited in HFFs-induced iPSCs. The iPSCs were consecutively induced into endoderm cells, hepatic progenitor cells, and mature HLCs. Various hepatocyte-specific genes were highly expressed in iPSC-induced HLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wan
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Jin
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqian Cheng
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Song Qing
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- International Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China.
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Hazlehurst JM, Woods C, Marjot T, Cobbold JF, Tomlinson JW. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Metabolism 2016; 65:1096-108. [PMID: 26856933 PMCID: PMC4943559 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are common conditions that regularly co-exist and can act synergistically to drive adverse outcomes. The presence of both NAFLD and T2DM increases the likelihood of the development of complications of diabetes (including both macro- and micro- vascular complications) as well as augmenting the risk of more severe NAFLD, including cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. The mainstay of NAFLD management is currently to reduce modifiable metabolic risk. Achieving good glycaemic control and optimising weight loss are pivotal to restricting disease progression. Once cirrhosis has developed, it is necessary to screen for complications and minimise the risk of hepatic decompensation. Therapeutic disease modifying options for patients with NAFLD are currently limited. When diabetes and NAFLD co-exist, there are published data that can help inform the clinician as to the most appropriate oral hypoglycaemic agent or injectable therapy that may improve NAFLD, however most of these data are drawn from observations in retrospective series and there is a paucity of well-designed randomised double blind placebo controlled studies with gold-standard end-points. Furthermore, given the heterogeneity of inclusion criteria and primary outcomes, as well as duration of follow-up, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions that are applicable across the entire spectrum of NAFLD and diabetes. In this review, we have summarised and critically evaluated the available data, with the aim of helping to inform the reader as to the most pertinent issues when managing patients with co-existent NAFLD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Hazlehurst
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LE
| | - Conor Woods
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LE
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Jeremy F Cobbold
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LE.
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39
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Henderson JM, Zhang HE, Polak N, Gorrell MD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Mouse models and the potential roles of proteases. Cancer Lett 2016; 387:106-113. [PMID: 27045475 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the second most common cause of mortality from cancer. The most common models of hepatocellular carcinoma, which use a chemical and/or metabolic insult, xenograft, or genetic manipulation, are discussed in this review. In the tumour microenvironment lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and antigen presenting cells are important determinants of cell fate. These cells make a range of proteases that modify the biological activity of other proteins, particularly extracellular matrix proteins that alter cell migration of tumour cells, fibroblasts and leucocytes, and chemokines that alter leucocyte migration. The DPP4 family of post-proline peptidase enzymes modifies cell movement and the activities of many bioactive molecules including growth factors and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Henderson
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Hui Emma Zhang
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Natasa Polak
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006 Australia.
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Nuño-Lámbarri N, Barbero-Becerra VJ, Uribe M, Chávez-Tapia NC. Mitochondrial Molecular Pathophysiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Proteomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:281. [PMID: 26999105 PMCID: PMC4813145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver condition that can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer. It is considered an emerging health problem due to malnourishment or a high-fat diet (HFD) intake, which is observed worldwide. It is well known that the hepatocytes’ apoptosis phenomenon is one of the most important features of NAFLD. Thus, this review focuses on revealing, through a proteomics approach, the complex network of protein interactions that promote fibrosis, liver cell stress, and apoptosis. According to different types of in vitro and murine models, it has been found that oxidative/nitrative protein stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays a major role in stimulating NAFLD damage. Human studies have revealed the importance of novel biomarkers, such as retinol-binding protein 4, lumican, transgelin 2 and hemoglobin, which have a significant role in the disease. The post-genome era has brought proteomics technology, which allows the determination of molecular pathogenesis in NAFLD. This has led to the search for biomarkers which improve early diagnosis and optimal treatment and which may effectively prevent fatal consequences such as cirrhosis or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nuño-Lámbarri
- Traslational Research Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico.
| | | | - Misael Uribe
- Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico.
| | - Norberto C Chávez-Tapia
- Traslational Research Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico.
- Obesity and Digestive Diseases Unit, Médica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City 14050, Mexico.
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Wong PF, Gall MG, Bachovchin WW, McCaughan GW, Keane FM, Gorrell MD. Neuropeptide Y is a physiological substrate of fibroblast activation protein: Enzyme kinetics in blood plasma and expression of Y2R and Y5R in human liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peptides 2016; 75:80-95. [PMID: 26621486 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) and endopeptidase that is weakly expressed in normal adult human tissues but is greatly up-regulated in activated mesenchymal cells of tumors and chronically injured tissue. The identities and locations of target substrates of FAP are poorly defined, in contrast to the related protease DPP4. This study is the first to characterize the physiological substrate repertoire of the DPP activity of endogenous FAP present in plasma. Four substrates, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY, B-type natriuretic peptide and substance P, were analyzed by mass spectrometry following proteolysis in human or mouse plasma, and by in vivo localization in human liver tissues with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPY was the most efficiently cleaved substrate of both human and mouse FAP, whereas all four peptides were efficiently cleaved by endogenous DPP4, indicating that the in vivo degradomes of FAP and DPP4 differ. All detectable DPP-specific proteolysis and C-terminal processing of these neuropeptides was attributable to FAP and DPP4, and plasma kallikrein, respectively, highlighting their combined physiological significance in the regulation of these neuropeptides. In cirrhotic liver and HCC, NPY and its receptor Y2R, but not Y5R, were increased in hepatocytes near the parenchymal-stromal interface where there is an opportunity to interact with FAP expressed on nearby activated mesenchymal cells in the stroma. These novel findings provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAP, which differs greatly from DPP4, and reveal a potential function for FAP in neuropeptide regulation within liver and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pok Fai Wong
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret G Gall
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William W Bachovchin
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona M Keane
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Ali MA, El-Abhar HS, Kamel MA, Attia AS. Antidiabetic Effect of Galantamine: Novel Effect for a Known Centrally Acting Drug. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134648. [PMID: 26262991 PMCID: PMC4532414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is one of the putative biochemical pathways that link diabetes with Alzheimer disease. Hence, we aimed to verify the potential antidiabetic effect of galantamine, unveil the possible mechanisms and evaluate its interaction with vildagliptin. The n5-STZ rat model was adopted and the diabetic animals were treated with galantamine and/or vildagliptin for 4 weeks. Galantamine lowered the n5-STZ-induced elevation in body weight, food/water intake, serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, and ALT/AST, as well as AChE in the tested organs. Moreover, it modulated successfully the lipid profile assessed in serum, liver, and muscle, and increased serum insulin level, as well as % β-cell function, in a pattern similar to that of vildagliptin. Additionally, galantamine confirmed its antioxidant (Nrf2, TAC, MDA), anti-inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α, visfatin, adiponectin) and anti-apoptotic (caspase-3, cytochrome c) capabilities by altering the n5-STZ effect on all the aforementioned parameters. On the molecular level, galantamine/vildagliptin have improved the insulin (p-insulin receptor, p-Akt, GLUT4/GLUT2) and Wnt/β-catenin (p-GSK-3β, β-catenin) signaling pathways. On almost all parameters, the galantamine effects surpassed that of vildagliptin, while the combination regimen showed the best effects. The present results clearly proved that galantamine modulated glucose/lipid profile possibly through its anti-oxidant, -apoptotic, -inflammatory and -cholinesterase properties. These effects could be attributed partly to the enhancement of insulin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Galantamine can be strongly considered as a potential antidiabetic agent and as an add-on therapy with other oral antidiabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah A. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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