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Zhao Y, Li B, Cao H, Wang F, Mu M, Jin H, Liu J, Fan Z, Tao X. Maternal nicotine exposure promotes hippocampal CeRNA-mediated excitotoxicity and social barriers in adolescent offspring mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116079. [PMID: 38377778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine, an addictive component of cigarettes, causes cognitive defects, particularly when exposure occurs early in life. However, the exact mechanism through which nicotine causes toxicity and alters synaptic plasticity is still not fully understood. The aim of the current study is to examine how non-coding developmental regulatory RNA impacts the hippocampus of mice offspring whose mothers were exposed to nicotine. Female C57BL/6J mice were given nicotine water from one week before pregnancy until end of lactation. Hippocampal tissue from offspring at 20 days post-birth was used for LncRNA and mRNA microarray analysis. Differential expression of LncRNAs and mRNAs associated with neuronal development were screened and validated, and the CeRNA pathway mediating neuronal synaptic plasticity GM13530/miR-7119-3p/mef2c was predicted using LncBase Predicted v.2. Using protein immunoblotting, Golgi staining and behavioral tests, our findings revealed that nicotine exposure in offspring mice increased hippocampal NMDAR receptor, activated receptor-dependent calcium channels, enhanced the formation of NMDAR/nNOS/PSD95 ternary complexes, increased NO synthesis, mediated p38 activation, induced neuronal excitability toxicity. Furthermore, an epigenetic CeRNA regulatory mechanism was identified, which suppresses Mef2c-mediated synaptic plasticity and leads to modifications in the learning and social behavior of the offspring during adolescence. This study uncovers the way in which maternal nicotine exposure results in neurotoxicity in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Zhao
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Bing Li
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Hangbing Cao
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Min Mu
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Haibo Jin
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The First Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xinrong Tao
- Joint Research Center for Occupational Medicine and Health of IHM, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Control and Occupational Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China; School of Medicine, Department of Medical Frontier Experimental Center, Anhui University of Science and Technology, China.
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Borkar NA, Thompson MA, Bartman CM, Khalfaoui L, Sine S, Sathish V, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Nicotinic receptors in airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L149-L163. [PMID: 38084408 PMCID: PMC11280694 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With continued smoking of tobacco products and expanded use of nicotine delivery devices worldwide, understanding the impact of smoking and vaping on respiratory health remains a major global unmet need. Although multiple studies have shown a strong association between smoking and asthma, there is a relative paucity of mechanistic understanding of how elements in cigarette smoke impact the airway. Recognizing that nicotine is a major component in both smoking and vaping products, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which nicotine impacts airways and promotes lung diseases such as asthma. There is now increasing evidence that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are critical players in nicotine effects on airways, but the mechanisms by which α7nAChR influences different airway cell types have not been widely explored. In this review, we highlight and integrate the current state of knowledge regarding nicotine and α7nAChR in the context of asthma and identify potential approaches to alleviate the impact of smoking and vaping on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Steven Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Palumbo TB, Miwa JM. Lynx1 and the family of endogenous mammalian neurotoxin-like proteins and their roles in modulating nAChR function. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106845. [PMID: 37437646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The promise of nicotinic receptors as a therapeutic target has yet to be fully realized, despite solid data supporting their involvement in neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. The reasons for this are likely complex and manifold, having to do with the widespread action of the cholinergic system and the biophysical mechanism of action of nicotinic receptors leading to fast desensitization and down-regulation. Conventional drug development strategies tend to focus on receptor subtype-specific action of candidate therapeutics, although the broad agonist, nicotine, is being explored in the clinic. The potential negative effects of nicotine make the search for alternate strategies warranted. Prototoxins are a promising yet little-explored avenue of nicotinic receptor drug development. Nicotinic receptors in the brain belong to a complex of proteins, including those that bind to the extracellular face of the receptor, as well as chaperones that bind the intracellular domain, etc. Lynx prototoxins have allosteric modularity effects on receptor function and number and have been implicated in complex in vivo processes such as neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Their mechanism of action and binding specificity on sets of nAChR subtypes present intriguing possibilities for more efficacious and nuanced therapeutic targeting than nicotinic receptor subtypes alone. An allosteric drug may restrict its actions to physiologically relevant time points, which tend to be correlated with salient events which would be encoded into long-term memory storage. Rather than blanketing the brain with a steady and prolonged elevation of agonist, an allosteric nAChR compound could avoid side effects and loss of efficacy over time. This review details the potential strengths and challenges of prototoxin proteins as therapeutic targets, and some of the utility of such therapeutics based on the emerging understanding of cholinergic signaling in a growing number of complex neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talulla B Palumbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, B-217, Bethlehem PA, USA.
| | - Julie M Miwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, B-217, Bethlehem PA, USA.
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Mize TJ, Funkhouser SA, Buck JM, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA, Evans LM. Testing Association of Previously Implicated Gene Sets and Gene-Networks in Nicotine Exposed Mouse Models with Human Smoking Phenotypes. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1030-1038. [PMID: 36444815 PMCID: PMC10077928 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking behaviors are partly heritable, yet the genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying smoking phenotypes are not fully understood. Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is a significant risk factor for smoking and leads to gene expression changes in mouse models; however, it is unknown whether the same genes whose expression is impacted by DNE are also those underlying smoking genetic liability. We examined whether genes whose expression in D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons due to DNE in the mouse are also associated with human smoking behaviors. METHODS Specifically, we assessed whether human orthologs of mouse-identified genes, either individually or as a set, were genetically associated with five human smoking traits using MAGMA and S-LDSC while implementing a novel expression-based gene-SNP annotation methodology. RESULTS We found no strong evidence that these genes sets were more strongly associated with smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, but ten of these individual genes were significantly associated with three of the five human smoking traits examined (p < 2.5e-6). Three of these genes have not been reported previously and were discovered only when implementing the expression-based annotation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the genes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mice are largely distinct from those contributing to smoking genetic liability in humans. However, examining a single mouse neuronal cell type may be too fine a resolution for comparison, suggesting that experimental manipulation of nicotine consumption, reward, or withdrawal in mice may better capture genes related to the complex genetics of human tobacco use. IMPLICATIONS Genes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mouse D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons were not found to be, as a whole, more strongly associated with human smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, though ten individual mouse-identified genes were associated with human smoking traits. This suggests little overlap between the genetic mechanisms impacted by DNE and those influencing heritable liability to smoking phenotypes in humans. Further research is warranted to characterize how developmental nicotine exposure paradigms in mice can be translated to understand nicotine use in humans and their heritable effects on smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Mize
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott A Funkhouser
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jordan M Buck
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Ponzoni L, Melzi G, Marabini L, Martini A, Petrillo G, Teh MT, Torres-Perez JV, Morara S, Gotti C, Braida D, Brennan CH, Sala M. Conservation of mechanisms regulating emotional-like responses on spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish and mammals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110334. [PMID: 33905756 PMCID: PMC8380689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine withdrawal syndrome is a major clinical problem. Animal models with sufficient predictive validity to support translation of pre-clinical findings to clinical research are lacking. AIMS We evaluated the behavioural and neurochemical alterations in zebrafish induced by short- and long-term nicotine withdrawal. METHODS Zebrafish were exposed to 1 mg/L nicotine for 2 weeks. Dependence was determined using behavioural analysis following mecamylamine-induced withdrawal, and brain nicotinic receptor binding studies. Separate groups of nicotine-exposed and control fish were assessed for anxiety-like behaviours, anhedonia and memory deficits following 2-60 days spontaneous withdrawal. Gene expression analysis using whole brain samples from nicotine-treated and control fish was performed at 7 and 60 days after the last drug exposure. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in pretectum was also analysed. RESULTS Mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal nicotine-exposed fish showed increased anxiety-like behaviour as evidenced by increased freezing and decreased exploration. 3H-Epibatidine labeled heteromeric nicotinic acethylcholine receptors (nAChR) significantly increased after 2 weeks of nicotine exposure while 125I-αBungarotoxin labeled homomeric nAChR remained unchanged. Spontaneous nicotine withdrawal elicited anxiety-like behaviour (increased bottom dwelling), reduced motivation in terms of no preference for the enriched side in a place preference test starting from Day 7 after withdrawal and a progressive decrease of memory attention (lowering discrimination index). Behavioural differences were associated with brain gene expression changes: nicotine withdrawn animals showed decreased expression of chrna 4 and chrna7 after 60 days, and of htr2a from 7 to 60 days.The expression of c-Fos was significantly increased at 7 days. Finally, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity increased in dorsal parvocellular pretectal nucleus, but not in periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum nor in optic tectum, at 60 days after withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-like behaviour, cognitive alterations, gene expression changes and increase in pretectal TH expression, similar to those observed in humans and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Marabini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK
| | - Jose V Torres-Perez
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ghozali N, Belguendouz H, Messaoudene D, Hadjimi Z, Ihammichene S, Chekaoui A, Benchabane S, Terahi M, Kediha I, Ali Pacha L, Touil-Boukoffa C. In-vitro immunomodulatory effects of nicotine on Nitric Oxide, interleukin 1β and interleukin 37 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with Behçet disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108189. [PMID: 34601327 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder associated with a cytokine profile disruption and increased nitric oxide levels. In our current study we sought to evaluate the in-vitro modulatory effect of nicotine, the principal alkaloid of tobacco, on nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 37 (IL-37) production during Behçet's disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures were performed with or without nicotine (200 μg/ml). Culture supernatants were harvested after 24 h of incubation. NO, IL-1β and IL-37 measurements were, respectively, performed by modified Griess method and ELISA sandwich. Our results showed that nicotine significantly reduced NO and IL-1β levels in patients with Behçet's disease, while it increased IL-37 production. Our results showed no sex differences in the effects of nicotine on the production of nitric oxide and IL-1β nor IL-37 in PBMC of patients. Our findings suggest that nicotine may provide a potential therapeutic strategy targeting inflammation during Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourelhouda Ghozali
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratory of valorization and conservation of biological resources, FS, UMBB, Boumerdes, Algeria.
| | - Houda Belguendouz
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamel Messaoudene
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zohra Hadjimi
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sarah Ihammichene
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Arezki Chekaoui
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sara Benchabane
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Malika Terahi
- Ophthalmology Department, Nafissa Hammoud Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Islam Kediha
- Neurology Department, Mustapha Bacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Lamia Ali Pacha
- Neurology Department, Mustapha Bacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Team "Cytokines and NO synthases: Immunity and pathogenesis", LBCM, FSB, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria.
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Partial and full deletion of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 and β2 subunits reduces sensitivity to acute nicotine administration and development of tolerance following chronic nicotine administration. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 31:688-701. [PMID: 32568759 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) subunits underlies the complex responses to nicotine. Mice differing in the expression of α4 and β2 subunits, which are most widely expressed in brain, were evaluated for the responses to acute nicotine administration on Y-maze crossings and rears, open-field locomotion and body temperature following chronic treatment with nicotine (0, 0.25, 1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg/h). Deletion or partial deletion of the α4, β2 or both nAChR subunits reduced the sensitivity of mice to acute nicotine administration. This reduced sensitivity was gene dose-dependent. Modification of α4 subunit expression elicited a greater reduction in sensitivity than the modification of β2 subunit expression. No measurable tolerance was observed for mice of any genotype following chronic treatment with 0.25 mg/kg/h nicotine. Modest tolerance was noted following treatment with 1.0 mg/kg/h. Greater tolerance was observed following treatment with 4.0 mg/kg/h. The extent of tolerance differed among the mice depending on genotype: wild-type (α4 and β2) developed measurable tolerance for all four tests. Heterozygotes (α4, β2 and α4/β2) developed tolerance for only Y-maze crossings and body temperature. Null mutants (α4 and β2) did not become tolerant. However, following chronic treatment with 4.0 mg/kg/h nicotine, wild type, α4 and α4 mice displayed increased Y-maze crossings following acute administration of 0.5 mg/kg nicotine that may reflect the activity of α6β2*-nAChR. These results confirm the importance of the α4 and β2 nAChR subunits in mediating acute and chronic effects of nicotine on locomotion and body temperature in the mouse.
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Wills L, Kenny PJ. Addiction-related neuroadaptations following chronic nicotine exposure. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1652-1673. [PMID: 33742685 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The addiction-relevant molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of nicotine are derived from its stimulatory effects on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. nAChRs expressed by dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral midbrain, most notably in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), contribute to the reward-enhancing properties of nicotine that motivate the use of tobacco products. nAChRs are also expressed by neurons in brain circuits that regulate aversion. In particular, nAChRs expressed by neurons in the medial habenula (mHb) and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPn) to which the mHb almost exclusively projects regulate the "set-point" for nicotine aversion and control nicotine intake. Different nAChR subtypes are expressed in brain reward and aversion circuits and nicotine intake is titrated to maximally engage reward-enhancing nAChRs while minimizing the recruitment of aversion-promoting nAChRs. With repeated exposure to nicotine, reward- and aversion-related nAChRs and the brain circuits in which they are expressed undergo adaptations that influence whether tobacco use will transition from occasional to habitual. Genetic variation that influences the sensitivity of addiction-relevant brain circuits to the actions of nicotine also influence the propensity to develop habitual tobacco use. Here, we review some of the key advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which nicotine acts on brain reward and aversion circuits and the adaptations that occur in these circuits that may drive addiction to nicotine-containing tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
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DeCristofano L, Decker S, Schulte MK, Suryanarayanan A. Desformylflustrabromine (dFBr), a positive allosteric modulator of the α 4β 2 nicotinic receptor modulates the hypnotic response to ethanol. Alcohol 2021; 93:35-44. [PMID: 33652092 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking can increase an individual's risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Ethanol targets multiple neurotransmitter systems; however, not much is known about its effects on the cholinergic system. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels, the heteromeric α4β2 nAChR being a commonly expressed subtype. Desformylflustrabromine (dFBr), a positive allosteric modulator (PAM), increases the efficacy of α4β2 nAChR in vitro and has previously been shown to have translational potential. In this study, we investigated whether dFBr modulates the hypnotic response to ethanol. METHODS Ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) duration was measured in the presence and absence of dFBr. The β2 nAChR selective antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) was used to study the involvement of the β2 subunit. Additionally, we used a crosslinking-based western blot assay to estimate changes in total versus intracellular α4 nAChR protein in thalamic tissue of rats treated with vehicle, dFBr, ethanol, or ethanol and dFBr. Lastly, using Xenopus oocyte two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) studies, we determined the effects of ethanol and dFBr on α4β2 nAChR. RESULTS Pretreatment with 6 mg/kg dFBr reduced ethanol-induced LORR duration as compared to rats treated with ethanol alone. LORR studies with DHβE suggest that dFBr reduced ethanol-induced LORR duration via the β2 nAChR subunit. Crosslinking-based western analyses revealed that ethanol caused early increases in total and presumably surface thalamic α4 nAChR subunit protein levels. This ethanol-induced α4 nAChR upregulation was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with 6 mg/kg dFBr. In TEVC studies, ethanol potentiated ACh-induced currents in α4β2 nAChR, while it slightly reduced dFBr potentiation of maximal ACh currents. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that thalamic nAChRs containing the α4 subunit are rapidly upregulated by a single intoxicating dose of ethanol. Furthermore, dFBr, an α4β2 nAChR-selective PAM, significantly attenuates the hypnotic response to ethanol via actions on β2 nAChR. Overall, these results indicate that dFBr represents an option to reverse ethanol intoxication.
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Noda Y, Soeda K, Uchida M, Goto S, Ito T, Kitagaki S, Mamiya T, Yoshimi A, Ozaki N, Mouri A. Multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes regulate social or cognitive behaviors in mice repeatedly administered phencyclidine. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113284. [PMID: 33819533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitual smoking in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is considered to improve their own psychoses or to develop a vulnerability to psychological dependence on (-)-nicotine ([-]-NIC) by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated whether habitual smoking is due to get therapeutic effect or to psychological dependence and which nAChR subunits are associated with them using mice that were repeatedly administered phencyclidine (PCP: 10 mg/kg/day, s.c. for 14 days) as SCZ-like model mice. Mice that were repeatedly administered PCP showed impairments in social or cognitive behaviors; decreased expression of α7 and/or α4 nAChR subunits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and increased expression of α7, α4, and β2 nAChR subunits in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These changes were attenuated by repeated administration of (-)-NIC. The attenuating effects on behavioral impairments were prevented by a selective α7 nAChR antagonist and a selective α4β2 nAChR antagonist. At non- or weak effective dose by themselves, co-administration of (-)-NIC (0.03 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.03 mg/kg) showed synergistic effects on behavioral impairments in PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC in the PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC and attenuating effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in the PCP-administered mice. Our findings suggest that habitual smoking in SCZ might be attributed to get therapeutic and reduce side effects mediated by α7 and α4β2 nAChR activation by (-)-NIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Koki Soeda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuki Uchida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Sakika Goto
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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11
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Stojanovic T, Benes H, Awad A, Bormann D, Monje FJ. Nicotine abolishes memory-related synaptic strengthening and promotes synaptic depression in the neurogenic dentate gyrus of miR-132/212 knockout mice. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12905. [PMID: 32293776 PMCID: PMC7988623 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are highly evolutionarily conserved short-length/noncoding RNA molecules that modulate a wide range of cellular functions in many cell types by regulating the expression of a variety of targeted genes. miRNAs have also recently emerged as key regulators of neuronal genes mediating the effects of psychostimulant drugs and memory-related neuroplasticity processes. Smoking is a predominant addictive behaviour associated with millions of deaths worldwide, and nicotine is a potent natural psychoactive agonist of cholinergic receptors, highly abundant in cigarettes. The influence of miRNAs modulation on cholinergic signalling in the nervous system remains however poorly explored. Using miRNA knockout mice and biochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches, we examined the effects of miR-132/212 gene disruption on the levels of hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, total ERK and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and MeCP2 protein levels, and studied the impact of nicotine stimulation on hippocampal synaptic transmission and synaptic depression and strengthening. miR-132/212 deletion significantly altered α7-nAChR and pERK protein levels, but not total ERK or MeCP2, and resulted in both exacerbated synaptic depression and virtually abolished memory-related synaptic strengthening upon nicotine stimulation. These observations reveal a functional miRNAs/nicotinergic signalling interplay critical for nicotinic-receptor expression and neuroplasticity in brain structures relevant for drug addiction and learning and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stojanovic
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hannah Benes
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Amena Awad
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Bormann
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Francisco J. Monje
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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12
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Horkowitz AP, Schwartz AV, Alvarez CA, Herrera EB, Thoman ML, Chatfield DA, Osborn KG, Feuer R, George UZ, Phillips JA. Acetylcholine Regulates Pulmonary Pathology During Viral Infection and Recovery. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:333-350. [PMID: 33365281 PMCID: PMC7751717 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s279228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was designed to explore the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in pulmonary viral infection and recovery. Inflammatory control is critical to recovery from respiratory viral infection. ACh secreted from non-neuronal sources, including lymphocytes, plays an important, albeit underappreciated, role in regulating immune-mediated inflammation. Methods ACh and lymphocyte cholinergic status in the lungs were measured over the course of influenza infection and recovery. The role of ACh was examined by inhibiting ACh synthesis in vivo. Pulmonary inflammation was monitored by Iba1 immunofluorescence, using a novel automated algorithm. Tissue repair was monitored histologically. Results Pulmonary ACh remained constant through the early stage of infection and increased during the peak of the acquired immune response. As the concentration of ACh increased, cholinergic lymphocytes appeared in the BAL and lungs. Cholinergic capacity was found primarily in CD4 T cells, but also in B cells and CD8 T cells. The cholinergic CD4+ T cells bound to influenza-specific tetramers and were retained in the resident memory regions of the lung up to 2 months after infection. Histologically, cholinergic lymphocytes were found in direct physical contact with activated macrophages throughout the lung. Inflammation was monitored by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunofluorescence, using a novel automated algorithm. When ACh production was inhibited, mice exhibited increased tissue inflammation and delayed recovery. Histologic examination revealed abnormal tissue repair when ACh was limited. Conclusion These findings point to a previously unrecognized role for ACh in the transition from active immunity to recovery and pulmonary repair following respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Horkowitz
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ashley V Schwartz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carlos A Alvarez
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Edgar B Herrera
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marilyn L Thoman
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dale A Chatfield
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kent G Osborn
- Office of Animal Research, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ralph Feuer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Uduak Z George
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Donald P. Shiley Biosciences Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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13
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Moreira TS, Sobrinho CR, Falquetto B, Oliveira LM, Lima JD, Mulkey DK, Takakura AC. The retrotrapezoid nucleus and the neuromodulation of breathing. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:699-719. [PMID: 33427575 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00497.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing is regulated by a host of arousal and sleep-wake state-dependent neuromodulators to maintain respiratory homeostasis. Modulators such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin (5-HT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), substance P, somatostatin, bombesin, orexin, and leptin can serve complementary or off-setting functions depending on the target cell type and signaling mechanisms engaged. Abnormalities in any of these modulatory mechanisms can destabilize breathing, suggesting that modulatory mechanisms are not overly redundant but rather work in concert to maintain stable respiratory output. The present review focuses on the modulation of a specific cluster of neurons located in the ventral medullary surface, named retrotrapezoid nucleus, that are activated by changes in tissue CO2/H+ and regulate several aspects of breathing, including inspiration and active expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleyton R Sobrinho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janayna D Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel K Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Laviolette SR. Molecular and neuronal mechanisms underlying the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on anxiety and mood disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 184:108411. [PMID: 33245960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco addiction is highly co-morbid with a variety of mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive compound in tobacco-related products is known to functionally modulate brain circuits that are disturbed in these disorders. Nicotine can potently regulate the transmission of various neurochemicals, including dopamine (DA), γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, within various mesocorticolimbic structures, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), all of which show pathologies in these disorders. Many neuropsychiatric diseases have etiological origins during neurodevelopment, typically occurring during vulnerable periods of adolescent or pre-natal brain development. During these neurodevelopmental periods, exposure to extrinsic drug insults can induce enduring and long-term pathophysiological sequelae that ultimately increase the risk of developing chronic mental health disorders in later life. These vulnerability factors are of growing concern given rising rates of adolescent nicotine exposure via traditional tobacco use and the increasing use of alternative nicotine delivery formats such as vaping and e-cigarettes. A large body of clinical and pre-clinical evidence points to an important role for adolescent exposure to nicotine and increased vulnerability to developing mood and anxiety disorders in later life. This review will examine current clinical and pre-clinical evidence that pinpoints specific mechanisms within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry and molecular biomarkers linked to the association between adolescent nicotine exposure and increased risk of developing mood and anxiety-related disorders. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Dept. of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 3K7, ON, Canada.
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15
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ten Hove AS, Brinkman DJ, Li Yim AYF, Verseijden C, Hakvoort TBM, Admiraal I, Welting O, van Hamersveld PHP, Sinniger V, Bonaz B, Luyer MD, de Jonge WJ. The role of nicotinic receptors in SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression in intestinal epithelia. Bioelectron Med 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 33123616 PMCID: PMC7592135 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-020-00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) propagates in intestinal epithelial cells expressing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), implying that these cells represent an important entry site for the viral infection. Nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) have been put forward as potential regulators of inflammation and of ACE2 expression. As vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) activates nAChRs, we aimed to investigate whether VNS can be instrumental in affecting intestinal epithelial ACE2 expression. METHODS By using publicly available datasets we qualified epithelial ACE2 expression in human intestine, and assessed gene co-expression of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 priming Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) with nAChRs in intestinal epithelial cells. Next, we investigated mouse and human ACE2 expression in intestinal tissues after chronic VNS via implanted devices. RESULTS We show co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with nAChRs and α7 nAChR in particular in intestinal stem cells, goblet cells, and enterocytes. However, VNS did not affect ACE2 expression in murine or human intestinal tissue, albeit in colitis setting. CONCLUSIONS ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are specifically expressed in epithelial cells of human intestine, and both are co-expressed with nAChRs. However, no evidence for regulation of ACE2 expression through VNS could be found. Hence, a therapeutic value of VNS with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection risk through ACE2 receptor modulation in intestinal epithelia could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - David J. Brinkman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Y. F. Li Yim
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - Theo B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - Iris Admiraal
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Welting
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - Patricia H. P. van Hamersveld
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
| | - Valérie Sinniger
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Bonaz
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Misha D. Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, 1105 BK the Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Kizildag S, Hosgorler F, Güvendi G, Koc TB, Kandis S, Argon A, Ates M, Uysal N. Nicotine lowers TNF-α, IL-1b secretion and leukocyte accumulation via nAChR in rat stomach. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1790604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Kizildag
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hosgorler
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güven Güvendi
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Talha Basar Koc
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Kandis
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asuman Argon
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ates
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nazan Uysal
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Piper ME, Drobes DJ, Walker N. Behavioral and Subjective Effects of Reducing Nicotine in Cigarettes: A Cessation Commentary. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:S19-S21. [PMID: 31867644 PMCID: PMC6939774 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This commentary addresses critical questions regarding the impact of the reduction of nicotine on changes in smoking behavior. There appears to be moderate evidence that use of reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNC) increases the likelihood of making a quit attempt among smokers unmotivated to quit and among smokers motivated to quit who also used nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). There was limited evidence that RNC combined with NRT increased smoking abstinence, regardless of motivation to quit. Several plausible mechanisms via which RNC may influence smoking behavior, including reducing dependence, are reviewed. The moderate evidence that abrupt reduction in nicotine reduces self-reported dependence as well as smoking behavior and likelihood of relapse is also reviewed. The data reviewed here suggest that abrupt switching to, and extended use of, RNC can reduce cigarette dependence and several related constructs, including the ability to quit smoking. The data reviewed in this commentary suggest that abrupt reduction in the level of nicotine in combustible cigarettes could reduce smoking behavior, nicotine dependence, and other related constructs and increase quit attempts and eventual smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Piper
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - David J Drobes
- Tobacco Research and Intervention Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL.,Departments of Oncologic Sciences & Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Natalie Walker
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Krishna A, Mathieu W, Mull E, Tobias JD. Perioperative Implications of Vaping. J Med Cases 2020; 11:129-134. [PMID: 34434382 PMCID: PMC8383562 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 - 15 years, there has been a significant increase in the use of electronic cigarettes. These devices are generally used to deliver nicotine through inhalation by aerosolization. While the long-term risk of lung cancer is yet to be known, the chemicals and impurities in the solutions may have other acute and chronic effects on the respiratory system including respiratory failure from adult respiratory distress syndrome. Recent concerns have been raised regarding the potential for significant acute and chronic health care risks of these devices including pneumonitis, airway reactivity and respiratory failure. Given that many of the acute effects are related to the respiratory system, anesthetic care may be required during diagnostic procedures including bronchoscopy to investigate the etiology of acute respiratory symptomatology. We present an adolescent who presented to the operating room for bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage to investigate the etiology of respiratory involvement following an episode of vaping. The healthcare and end-organ effects of nicotine, tobacco smoke and vaping are discussed, and potential anesthetic implications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amogha Krishna
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH, USA
| | - Wana Mathieu
- The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric Mull
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Kangiser MM, Thomas AM, Kaiver CM, Lisdahl KM. Nicotine Effects on White Matter Microstructure in Young Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:10-21. [PMID: 31009035 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotine use is widely prevalent among youth, and is associated with white matter microstructural changes as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In adults, nicotine use is generally associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA), but in adolescents/young adults (≤30 years), microstructure appears healthier, indicated by higher FA. This cross-sectional study examined associations between nicotine use and white matter microstructure using fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) in young adults. METHODS Fifty-three participants (18 nicotine users [10 female]/35 controls [17 female]) ages 18-25 underwent MRI scan, neuropsychological battery, toxicology screening, and drug use interview. Nicotine group associations with FA and MD were examined in various white matter tracts. In significant tracts, AD and RD were measured. Exploratory correlations were conducted between significant tracts and verbal memory and sustained attention/working memory performance. RESULTS Nicotine users exhibited significantly lower FA than controls in the left anterior thalamic radiation, left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, left superior longitudinal fasciculus-temporal, and left uncinate fasciculus. In these tracts, AD and RD did not differ, nor did MD differ in any tract. White matter quality was positively correlated with sustained attention/working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking may disrupt white matter microstructure. These results are consistent with adult studies, but inconsistent with adolescent/young adult studies, likely due to methodological and sample age differences. Further studies should examine longitudinal effects of nicotine use on white matter microstructure in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Kangiser
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alicia M Thomas
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christine M Kaiver
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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20
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Cunha JE, Barbosa GM, Castro PATDS, Luiz BLF, Silva ACA, Russo TL, Vasilceac FA, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Salvini TF. Knee osteoarthritis induces atrophy and neuromuscular junction remodeling in the quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles of rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6366. [PMID: 31019213 PMCID: PMC6482306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is associated with muscle weakness, but it is unclear which structures are involved in the muscle changes. This study assessed morphological alterations and the expression of genes and proteins linked to muscular atrophy and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in KOA, induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rats. Two groups of rats were assessed: control (without intervention) and KOA (ACLT surgery in the right knee). After 8 weeks, quadriceps, tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius muscles were analyzed (area of muscle fibers, NMJ, gene and protein expression). KOA group showed atrophy in quadriceps (15.7%) and TA (33%), with an increase in atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1). KOA group showed quadriceps NMJ remodeling (reduction area and perimeter) and decrease in NMJ diameter in TA muscle. The expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) γ-nAChR increased and that of α-nAChR and muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) declined in the quadriceps, with a decrease in ε-nAChR in TA. MuRF-1 protein expression increased in quadriceps and TA, with no changes in neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). In conclusion, ACLT-induced KOA promotes NMJ remodeling and atrophy in quadriceps and TA muscles, associated with inflammatory signs and changes in muscle gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thiago Luiz Russo
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Pharmacology Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Fátima Salvini
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Nardou R, Lewis EM, Rothhaas R, Xu R, Yang A, Boyden E, Dölen G. Oxytocin-dependent reopening of a social reward learning critical period with MDMA. Nature 2019; 569:116-120. [PMID: 30944474 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A critical period is a developmental epoch during which the nervous system is expressly sensitive to specific environmental stimuli that are required for proper circuit organization and learning. Mechanistic characterization of critical periods has revealed an important role for exuberant brain plasticity during early development, and for constraints that are imposed on these mechanisms as the brain matures1. In disease states, closure of critical periods limits the ability of the brain to adapt even when optimal conditions are restored. Thus, identification of manipulations that reopen critical periods has been a priority for translational neuroscience2. Here we provide evidence that developmental regulation of oxytocin-mediated synaptic plasticity (long-term depression) in the nucleus accumbens establishes a critical period for social reward learning. Furthermore, we show that a single dose of (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) reopens the critical period for social reward learning and leads to a metaplastic upregulation of oxytocin-dependent long-term depression. MDMA-induced reopening of this critical period requires activation of oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens, and is recapitulated by stimulation of oxytocin terminals in the nucleus accumbens. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases that are characterized by social impairments and of disorders that respond to social influence or are the result of social injury3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nardou
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Wendy Klag Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eastman M Lewis
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Wendy Klag Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Rothhaas
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Wendy Klag Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aimei Yang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Media Laboratory, Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward Boyden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Media Laboratory, Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gül Dölen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Wendy Klag Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Stroup AM, Branstetter SA. Effect of e-cigarette advertisement exposure on intention to use e-cigarettes in adolescents. Addict Behav 2018; 82:1-6. [PMID: 29471130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the growth of electronic cigarettes use, curiosity about and experimentation with these products has increased among adolescents. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the moderating effect of e-cigarette advertisement (ad) exposure on the relation between perceptions of use and intentions to use in youth. METHODS Multiple regression analyses utilizing data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 17,286) were used to evaluate the effect of ad exposure, perceived harmfulness, barriers, and benefits of e-cigarette use on intentions to use among youth who had never used e-cigarettes. RESULTS Models for non-smokers accounted for 15.5% of the variance in intention to use (R2 = 0.155, F (15) = 187.0, p < 0.001). Results demonstrate that an increase in the number of exposures to e-cigarette ads was associated with an increase in intent to use (b = 0.039, t = 7.4, p < 0.001). Models also demonstrated significant interactions between ad exposure and perceptions of use on future intention to use. For smokers, models explained 11.1% of the variance in intention to use (R2 = 0.111, F (15) = 3.1, p < 0.001). Ad exposure had a non-significant effect on intention to use e-cigarettes (b = -0.010, t = -0.2, p = 0.859). In smokers, ad exposure did not significantly affect the association between perceptions of use and intention to use. CONCLUSIONS Ads are most effective at attracting non-smoking youth as new users rather than promoting product switching in young cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Stroup
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Steven A Branstetter
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Muschler M, Rhein M, Ritter A, Hillemacher T, Frieling H, Bleich S, Glahn A. Epigenetic alterations of the POMC promoter in tobacco dependence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:875-879. [PMID: 29871818 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is substantially involved in several psychiatric disorders. Smoking interferes with HPA axis by activating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and thus stimulating the expression of POMC. The POMC transcript is processed into several peptide hormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), that play a role in stress response and weight control. In alcohol dependence, POMC promoter methylation is associated with craving. Here, we describe evidence of altered POMC promoter methylation in smoking. To determine how tobacco dependence and its withdrawal affect POMC promoter-specific DNA methylation, we assessed blood samples of 36 tobacco dependent individuals at day 1, 7 and 14 of withdrawal compared to 41 healthy controls using direct bisulfite sequencing. We found that POMC promoter methylation is significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Moreover, this methylation difference does not readapt within 14 days of abstinence. We offer two explanatory models: Smokers could have a higher methylation state before the onset of smoking and this premorbid status might be acquired by environmental factors in early life. Alternatively, smoking may activate POMC neurons and its protein expression. Therefore, increasing methylation status of its promoter might be an adjustment to keep homeostasis. In either way, altered POMC methylation in smokers seems to indicate an adaptation of stress signaling, thereby potentially serving as a marker for stress-related functions that support the addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Muschler
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mathias Rhein
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritter
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Departement of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Glahn
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Morris M, Shaw A, Lambert M, Perry HH, Lowenstein E, Valenzuela D, Velazquez-Ulloa NA. Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29898654 PMCID: PMC6001141 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women may be exposed to nicotine if they smoke or use tobacco products, nicotine replacement therapy, or via e-cigarettes. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been shown to have deleterious effects on the nervous system in mammals including changes in brain size and in the dopaminergic system. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. A Drosophila melanogaster model for these effects of nicotine exposure could contribute to faster identification of genes and molecular pathways underlying these effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if developmental nicotine exposure affects the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, focusing on changes to brain size and the dopaminergic system at two developmental stages. RESULTS We reared flies on control or nicotine food from egg to 3rd instar larvae or from egg to adult and determined effectiveness of the nicotine treatment. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize the whole brain and dopaminergic neurons, using tyrosine hydroxylase as the marker. We measured brain area, tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence, and counted the number of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters. We detected an increase in larval brain hemisphere area, a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence in adult central brains, and a decrease in the number of neurons in the PPM3 adult dopaminergic cluster. We tested involvement of Dα7, one of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and found it was involved in eclosion, as previously described, but not involved in brain size. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that developmental nicotine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster affects brain size and the dopaminergic system. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mammals has also been shown to have effects on brain size and in the dopaminergic system. This study further establishes Drosophila melanogaster as model organism to study the effects of developmental nicotine exposure. The genetic and molecular tools available for Drosophila research will allow elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morris
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ariel Shaw
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
| | | | | | - Eve Lowenstein
- Biology Department, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
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Moretti M, Fasoli F, Gotti C, Marks MJ. Reduced α4 subunit expression in α4 +- and α4 +- /β2 +- nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alters α4β2 subtype up-regulation following chronic nicotine treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1944-1956. [PMID: 28585241 PMCID: PMC5980142 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Genomic analysis has shown many variants in both CHRNA4 and CHRNB2, genes which encode the α4 and β2 subunits of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR) respectively. Some variants influence receptor expression, raising the possibility that CHRNA4 variants may affect response to tobacco use in humans. Chronic exposure to nicotine increases expression of nAChRs, particularly α4β2-nAChRs, in humans and laboratory animals. Here, we have evaluated whether the initial level of receptor expression affects the increase in expression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice differing in expression of α4 and/or β2 nAChR subunits were chronically treated with saline, 0.25, 1.0 or 4.0 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 nicotine. Brain preparations were analysed autoradiographically by [125 I]-epibatidine binding, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Immunochemical studies confirmed that most of the [3 H]-epibatidine binding corresponds to α4β2*-nAChR and that increases in binding correspond to increases in α4 and β2 proteins. Consistent with previous reports, the dose-dependent increase in nAChR in wild-type mice following chronic nicotine treatment, measured with any of the methods, reached a maximum. Although receptor expression was reduced by approximately 50% in β2+- mice, the pattern of response to chronic treatment resembled that of wild-type mice. In contrast, both α4+- and α4+- /β2+- exhibited relatively greater up-regulation. Consistent with previous reports, α4β2α5-nAChR did not increase in response to nicotine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results indicate that mice with reduced expression of the α4 nAChR subunit have a more robust response to chronic nicotine than mice with normal expression of this subunit. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Moretti
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael J Marks
- Instute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Halawa AA, Damborsky JC, Slaton GS, Winzer-Serhan UH. Activation of immediate early genes by nicotine after chronic neonatal nicotine exposure in brain areas involved in stress and anxiety responses. Brain Res 2018; 1687:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kelly NA, Hammond KG, Bickel CS, Windham ST, Tuggle SC, Bamman MM. Effects of aging and Parkinson's disease on motor unit remodeling: influence of resistance exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:888-898. [PMID: 29357501 PMCID: PMC5972459 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging muscle atrophy is in part a neurodegenerative process revealed by denervation/reinnervation events leading to motor unit remodeling (i.e., myofiber type grouping). However, this process and its physiological relevance are poorly understood, as is the wide-ranging heterogeneity among aging humans. Here, we attempted to address 1) the relation between myofiber type grouping and molecular regulators of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability; 2) the impact of motor unit remodeling on recruitment during submaximal contractions; 3) the prevalence and impact of motor unit remodeling in Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-related neurodegenerative disease; and 4) the influence of resistance exercise training (RT) on regulators of motor unit remodeling. We compared type I myofiber grouping, molecular regulators of NMJ stability, and the relative motor unit activation (MUA) requirement during a submaximal sit-to-stand task among untrained but otherwise healthy young (YA; 26 yr, n = 27) and older (OA; 66 yr, n = 91) adults and OA with PD (PD; 67 yr, n = 19). We tested the effects of RT on these outcomes in OA and PD. PD displayed more motor unit remodeling, alterations in NMJ stability regulation, and a higher relative MUA requirement than OA, suggesting PD-specific effects. The molecular and physiological outcomes tracked with the severity of type I myofiber grouping. Together these findings suggest that age-related motor unit remodeling, manifested by type I myofiber grouping, 1) reduces MUA efficiency to meet submaximal contraction demand, 2) is associated with disruptions in NMJ stability, 3) is further impacted by PD, and 4) may be improved by RT in severe cases. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Because the physiological consequences of varying amounts of myofiber type grouping are unknown, the current study aims to characterize the molecular and physiological correlates of motor unit remodeling. Furthermore, because exercise training has demonstrated neuromuscular benefits in aged humans and improved innervation status and neuromuscular junction integrity in animals, we provide an exploratory analysis of the effects of high-intensity resistance training on markers of neuromuscular degeneration in both Parkinson's disease (PD) and age-matched older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Kelly
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kelley G Hammond
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - C Scott Bickel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Samuel T Windham
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - S Craig Tuggle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham, Alabama
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Qian J, Mummalaneni S, Larsen J, Grider JR, Spielman AI, Özdener MH, Lyall V. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) expression and function in cultured human adult fungiform (HBO) taste cells. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513745 PMCID: PMC5841828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, CHRNs are involved in bitter taste transduction of nicotine and ethanol. Currently, it is not clear if CHRNs are expressed in human taste cells and if they play a role in transducing the bitter taste of nicotine and ethanol or in the synthesis and release of neurohumoral peptides. Accordingly, we investigated the expression and functional role of CHRNs in HBO cells. Using molecular techniques, we demonstrate that a subset of HBO cells express CHRNs that also co-express TRPM5, T1R3 or T2R38. Exposing HBO cells to nicotine or ethanol acutely or to nicotine chronically induced a differential increase in the expression of CHRN mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Acutely exposing HBO cells to a mixture containing nicotine plus ethanol induced a smaller increase in CHRN mRNAs relative to nicotine or ethanol treatment alone. A subset of HBO cells responded to nicotine, acetylcholine and ATP with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. Nicotine effects on [Ca2+]i were mecamylamine sensitive. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein was detected in HBO cells using ELISA. Acute nicotine exposure decreased BDNF in HBO cells and increased BDNF release in the medium. CHRNs were also detected in HEK293 cells by RT-PCR. Unlike HBO cells, CHRNs were localized in most of HEK293 cells and majority of HEK293 cells responded to nicotine and ethanol stimulation with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. BDNF levels in HEK293 cells were significantly higher than in HBO cells but the nicotine induced release of BDNF in the media was a fraction of the BDNF cellular content. We conclude that CHRNs are expressed in TRPM5 positive HBO cells. CHRN mRNA expression is modulated by exposure to nicotine and ethanol in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine induces the synthesis and release of BDNF in HBO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Shobha Mummalaneni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - James Larsen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Vijay Lyall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Melroy-Greif WE, Simonson MA, Corley RP, Lutz SM, Hokanson JE, Ehringer MA. Examination of the Involvement of Cholinergic-Associated Genes in Nicotine Behaviors in European and African Americans. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:417-425. [PMID: 27613895 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cigarette smoking is a physiologically harmful habit. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are bound by nicotine and upregulated in response to chronic exposure to nicotine. It is known that upregulation of these receptors is not due to a change in mRNA of these genes, however, more precise details on the process are still uncertain, with several plausible hypotheses describing how nAChRs are upregulated. We have manually curated a set of genes believed to play a role in nicotine-induced nAChR upregulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that these genes are associated with and contribute risk for nicotine dependence (ND) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). Methods Studies with genotypic data on European and African Americans (EAs and AAs, respectively) were collected and a gene-based test was run to test for an association between each gene and ND and CPD. Results Although several novel genes were associated with CPD and ND at P < 0.05 in EAs and AAs, these associations did not survive correction for multiple testing. Previous associations between CHRNA3, CHRNA5, CHRNB4 and CPD in EAs were replicated. Conclusions Our hypothesis-driven approach avoided many of the limitations inherent in pathway analyses and provided nominal evidence for association between cholinergic-related genes and nicotine behaviors. Implications We evaluated the evidence for association between a manually curated set of genes and nicotine behaviors in European and African Americans. Although no genes were associated after multiple testing correction, this study has several strengths: by manually curating a set of genes we circumvented the limitations inherent in many pathway analyses and tested several genes that had not yet been examined in a human genetic study; gene-based tests are a useful way to test for association with a set of genes; and these genes were collected based on literature review and conversations with experts, highlighting the importance of scientific collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Melroy-Greif
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Sharon M Lutz
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John E Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Forced but not free-choice nicotine during lactation alters maternal behavior and noradrenergic system of pups: Impact on social behavior of adolescent isolated male rats. Neuroscience 2017; 361:6-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fabbri C, Serretti A. Role of 108 schizophrenia-associated loci in modulating psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:757-764. [PMID: 28786528 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) identified 108 loci associated with schizophrenia, but their role in modulating specific psychopathological dimensions of the disease is unknown. This study investigated which symptom dimensions may be affected by these loci in schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Positive, negative and depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, cognition, violent behaviors, quality of life, and early onset were investigated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (CATIE) and systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD) studies. Individual loci were investigated, then genes within 50 Kbp from polymorphisms with p < 0.10 were included in an enrichment analysis (Cytoscape GeneMania plugin) and used to estimate polygenic risk scores (PRS). Covariates were center, age, gender, ancestry-informative population, principal components, and for cognition, also years of education were considered. Eighty-nine polymorphisms were available, 479 and 810 white subjects were included from CATIE and STEP-BD, respectively. rs75059851 (IGSF9B gene) was associated with negative symptoms in CATIE (p = 0.00048). Genes within 50 Kbp from variants contributing to negative symptoms and suicide were enriched with GO terms involved in acetylcholine neurotransmission, cognition showed enrichment with GO terms involved in vitamin B6 and fucose metabolism while early onset with GO terms related to extracellular matrix structure. PRS showed nominal associations with violent behaviors and depressive symptoms. This study provided preliminary evidence that a schizophrenia-associated variant (rs75059851) may modulate negative symptoms. Multi-locus models may provide interesting insights about the biological mechanisms that mediate psychopathological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Naser PV, Kuner R. Molecular, Cellular and Circuit Basis of Cholinergic Modulation of Pain. Neuroscience 2017; 387:135-148. [PMID: 28890048 PMCID: PMC6150928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a key component of the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine acts as a prominent neurotransmitter and neuromodulator upon release from key groups of cholinergic projection neurons and interneurons distributed across the central nervous system. It has been more than forty years since it was discovered that cholinergic transmission profoundly modifies the perception of pain. Directly activating cholinergic receptors or extending the action of endogenous acetylcholine via pharmacological blockade of acetylcholine esterase reduces pain in rodents as well as humans; conversely, inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors induces nociceptive hypersensitivity. Here, we aim to review the considerable progress in our understanding of peripheral, spinal and brain contributions to cholinergic modulation of pain. We discuss the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors over the central nervous system and the synaptic and circuit-level modulation by cholinergic signaling. AchRs profoundly regulate nociceptive transmission at the level of the spinal cord via pre- as well as postsynaptic mechanisms. Moreover, we attempt to provide an overview of how some of the salient regions in the pain network spanning the brain, such as the primary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex and descending modulatory systems are influenced by cholinergic modulation. Finally, we critically discuss the clinical relevance of cholinergic signaling to pain therapy. Cholinergic mechanisms contribute to several both conventional as well as unorthodox forms of pain treatments, and reciprocal interactions between cholinergic and opioidergic modulation impact on the function and efficacy of both opioids and cholinomimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Naser
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Networks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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Molas S, DeGroot SR, Zhao-Shea R, Tapper AR. Anxiety and Nicotine Dependence: Emerging Role of the Habenulo-Interpeduncular Axis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:169-180. [PMID: 27890353 PMCID: PMC5258775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While innovative modern neuroscience approaches have aided in discerning brain circuitry underlying negative emotional behaviors including fear and anxiety responses, how these circuits are recruited in normal and pathological conditions remains poorly understood. Recently, genetic tools that selectively manipulate single neuronal populations have uncovered an understudied circuit, the medial habenula (mHb)-interpeduncular (IPN) axis, that modulates basal negative emotional responses. Interestingly, the mHb-IPN pathway also represents an essential circuit that signals heightened anxiety induced by nicotine withdrawal. Insights into how this circuit interconnects with regions more classically associated with anxiety, and how chronic nicotine exposure induces neuroadaptations resulting in an anxiogenic state, may thereby provide novel strategies and molecular targets for therapies that facilitate smoking cessation, as well as for anxiety relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Molas
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Steven R DeGroot
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rubing Zhao-Shea
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Evaluation of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Associated Proteome at Baseline and Following Nicotine Exposure in Human and Mouse Cortex. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0166-16. [PMID: 27559543 PMCID: PMC4985585 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0166-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) support the initiation and maintenance of smoking, but the long-term changes occurring in the protein complex as a result of smoking and the nicotine in tobacco are not known. Human studies and animal models have also demonstrated that increasing cholinergic tone increases behaviors related to depression, suggesting that the nAChR-associated proteome could be altered in individuals with mood disorders. We therefore immunopurified nAChRs and associated proteins for quantitative proteomic assessment of changes in protein–protein interactions of high-affinity nAChRs containing the β2 subunit (β2*-nAChRs) from either cortex of mice treated with saline or nicotine, or postmortem human temporal cortex tissue from tobacco-exposed and nonexposed individuals, with a further comparison of diagnosed mood disorder to control subjects. We observed significant effects of nicotine exposure on the β2*-nAChR-associated proteome in human and mouse cortex, particularly in the abundance of the nAChR subunits themselves, as well as putative interacting proteins that make up core components of neuronal excitability (Na/K ATPase subunits), presynaptic neurotransmitter release (syntaxins, SNAP25, synaptotagmin), and a member of a known nAChR protein chaperone family (14-3-3ζ). These findings identify candidate-signaling proteins that could mediate changes in cholinergic signaling via nicotine or tobacco use. Further analysis of identified proteins will determine whether these interactions are essential for primary function of nAChRs at presynaptic terminals. The identification of differences in the nAChR-associated proteome and downstream signaling in subjects with various mood disorders may also identify novel etiological mechanisms and reveal new treatment targets.
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Wen L, Yang Z, Cui W, Li MD. Crucial roles of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence: update and subjects for future research. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e843. [PMID: 27327258 PMCID: PMC4931601 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death throughout the world. Nicotine, the primary addictive compound in tobacco, plays a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of its use. Nicotine exerts its pharmacological roles through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five membrane-spanning subunits. Besides the CHRNA4, CHRNB2 and CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster on chromosome 15, which has been investigated intensively, recent evidence from both genome-wide association studies and candidate gene-based association studies has revealed the crucial roles of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence (ND). These studies demonstrate two distinct loci within this region. The first one is tagged by rs13277254, upstream of the CHRNB3 gene, and the other is tagged by rs4952, a coding single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 5 of that gene. Functional studies by genetic manipulation in mice have shown that α6*-nAChRs, located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), are of great importance in controlling nicotine self-administration. However, when the α6 subunit is selectively re-expressed in the VTA of the α6(-/-) mouse by a lentiviral vector, the reinforcing property of nicotine is restored. To further determine the role of α6*-nAChRs in the process of nicotine-induced reward and withdrawal, genetic knock-in strains have been examined, which showed that replacement of Leu with Ser in the 9' residue in the M2 domain of α6 produces nicotine-hypersensitive mice (α6 L9'S) with enhanced dopamine release. Moreover, nicotine-induced upregulation may be another ingredient in the pathology of nicotine addiction although the effect of chronic nicotine exposure on the expression of α6-containing receptors is controversial. To gain a better understanding of the pathological processes underlying ND and ND-related behaviors and to promote the development of effective smoking cessation therapies, we here present the most recent studies concerning the genetic effects of the CHRNB3-CHRNA6 gene cluster in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - M D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Air Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China or Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. E-mail:
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Holmes A. The developmental origins of complex behavior and neuropsychiatric disease. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:5-6. [PMID: 26764602 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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