1
|
Tang ACI, Flechard CR, Arriga N, Papale D, Stoy PC, Buchmann N, Cuntz M, Douros J, Fares S, Knohl A, Šigut L, Simioni G, Timmermans R, Grünwald T, Ibrom A, Loubet B, Mammarella I, Belelli Marchesini L, Nilsson M, Peichl M, Rebmann C, Schmidt M, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Cremonese E, El-Madany TS, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Hörtnagl L, Roland M, Varlagin A, Fu Z, Heinesch B, Janssens I, Kowalska N, Dušek J, Gerosa G, Mölder M, Tuittila ES, Loustau D. Detection and attribution of an anomaly in terrestrial photosynthesis in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166149. [PMID: 37567315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant photosynthesis, referred to as gross primary production (GPP) at the ecosystem level, is sensitive to environmental factors, including pollutant exposure, pollutant uptake, and changes in the scattering of solar shortwave irradiance (SWin) - the energy source for photosynthesis. The 2020 spring lockdown due to COVID-19 resulted in improved air quality and atmospheric transparency, providing a unique opportunity to assess the impact of air pollutants on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, detecting these effects can be challenging as GPP is influenced by other meteorological drivers and management practices. Based on data collected from 44 European ecosystem-scale CO2 flux monitoring stations, we observed significant changes in spring GPP at 34 sites during 2020 compared to 2015-2019. Among these, 14 sites showed an increase in GPP associated with higher SWin, 10 sites had lower GPP linked to atmospheric and soil dryness, and seven sites were subjected to management practices. The remaining three sites exhibited varying dynamics, with one experiencing colder and rainier weather resulting in lower GPP, and two showing higher GPP associated with earlier spring melts. Analysis using the regional atmospheric chemical transport model (LOTOS-EUROS) indicated that the ozone (O3) concentration remained relatively unchanged at the research sites, making it unlikely that O3 exposure was the dominant factor driving the primary production anomaly. In contrast, SWin increased by 9.4 % at 36 sites, suggesting enhanced GPP possibly due to reduced aerosol optical depth and cloudiness. Our findings indicate that air pollution and cloudiness may weaken the terrestrial carbon sink by up to 16 %. Accurate and continuous ground-based observations are crucial for detecting and attributing subtle changes in terrestrial ecosystem functioning in response to environmental and anthropogenic drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Che Ing Tang
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Nicola Arriga
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Dario Papale
- University of Tuscia DIBAF, Viterbo, Italy; EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change, CMCC IAFES, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - John Douros
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renske Timmermans
- Climate Air and Sustainability Unit, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DTU-Sustain, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- UMR ECOSYS, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley - Climate Change Unit, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zheng Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Cao J, Hao Y. Spatial and species-specific responses of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions to elevated ozone from 2014-2020 in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161636. [PMID: 36657678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
China suffered from serious and elevated ozone (O3) pollution during 2014-2020. O3 exposure increased with W126, a biologically based cumulative exposure index, at a rate of 1.738 ppm-hr yr-1. MEGAN3.1 was applied to estimate biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and their response to O3 pollution in China by quantifying species responses to O3 stress. In 2020, China's BVOC emissions were 23.26 Tg when considering the effects of O3 pollution, which was 1.7 % higher than that without O3 stress. Isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOC emissions changed by -1.0 %, 1.4 %, 15.5 %, and 2.7 %, respectively. The stimulated BVOC emissions were mainly focused on the North China Plain (NCP) and a partial area of the Tibetan Plateau, which increased by >45 %. Changes in monthly emissions differed, with the greatest increase, 181 tons (3.25 %), in August. The seasonal patterns for the impacts of O3 pollution were also distinguished spatially. The elevated O3 exposure caused BVOC emission increases of 104.7 Gg yr-1 during 2014-2020, with isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOCs contributing -18.6 %, 27.5 %, 40.4 %, and 50.8 %, respectively. The greatest increase in emissions appeared on the NCP and eastern and central China, with annual increases of >100 tons per grid (36 km × 36 km). The interannual variations in BVOC emissions also displayed different seasonal patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yufang Hao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Energy and Environment Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institute/ETH, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lukasová V, Bičárová S, Buchholcerová A, Adamčíková K. Low sensitivity of Pinus mugo to surface ozone pollution in the subalpine zone of continental Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2311-2324. [PMID: 36107252 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High altitudes have been exposed to enhanced levels of surface ozone (O3) concentrations over recent decades compared to the pre-industrial era. The responses of vegetation to this toxic pollutant are species-specific and depend on the climate conditions. In this paper, we explored the reaction of Pinus mugo (P. mugo) to O3-induced stress in the continental climate of an ozone-rich mountain area in the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). The effects of O3 doses modelled by a deposition model, O3 concentrations and other factors on P. mugo were identified from (a) satellite-based data via NDVI (normalised differenced vegetation index) over 2000-2020 and (b) visible injury on needle samples gathered from P. mugo individuals at ground-truth sites in 2019 and 2020. Analysing the NDVI trend, we observed non-significant changes (p > 0.05) in the greenness of P. mugo despite growing in an environment with the average seasonal O3 concentration around 51.6 ppbv, the maximum hourly concentrations more than 90 ppbv and increasing trend of O3 doses by 0.1 mmol m-2 PLA (plant leaf area) year-1. The visible O3 injury of samples collected at study sites was low (mean injury observed on 1-10% of needles' surface), and the symptoms of injury caused by other biotic and abiotic factors prevailed over those caused by O3. In addition, the correlation analyses between NDVI and the climatic factors indicated a significant (p < 0.05) and positive relationship with photosynthetic active radiation (R = 0.45) in July, and with stomatal conductance (R = 0.52) and temperature factor (R = 0.43) in August. Therefore, we concluded that the positive effect of climate conditions, which support the growth processes of P. mugo, may suppress the negative effect of the mean O3 doses of 17.8 mmol m-2 PLA accumulated over the growing season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lukasová
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, 059 60, Slovakia.
| | - Svetlana Bičárová
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, 059 60, Slovakia
| | - Anna Buchholcerová
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Adamčíková
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, Nitra, 949 01, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Responses of Growth, Oxidative Injury and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Leaves of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea to Elevated O 3 Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095153. [PMID: 35563542 PMCID: PMC9104282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of increasing atmospheric ozone (O3) concentrations on cool-season plant species have been well studied, but little is known about the physiological responses of cool-season turfgrass species such as Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea exposed to short-term acute pollution with elevated O3 concentrations (80 ppb and 160 ppb, 9 h d−1) for 14 days, which are widely planted in urban areas of Northern China. The current study aimed to investigate and compare O3 sensitivity and differential changes in growth, oxidative injury, antioxidative enzyme activities, and chloroplast ultrastructure between the two turf-type plant species. The results showed that O3 decreased significantly biomass regardless of plant species. Under 160 ppb O3, total biomass of L. perenne and F. arundinacea significantly decreased by 55.3% and 47.8% (p < 0.05), respectively. No significant changes were found in visible injury and photosynthetic pigment contents in leaves of the two grass species exposed to 80 ppb O3, except for 160 ppb O3. However, both 80 ppb and 160 ppb O3 exposure induced heavily oxidative stress by high accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in leaves and damage in chloroplast ultrastructure regardless of plant species. Elevated O3 concentration (80 ppb) increased significantly the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidaseby 77.8%, 1.14-foil and 34.3% in L. perenne leaves, and 19.2%, 78.4% and 1.72-fold in F. arundinacea leaves, respectively. These results showed that F. arundinacea showed higher O3 tolerance than L. perenne. The damage extent by elevated O3 concentrations could be underestimated only by evaluating foliar injury or chlorophyll content without considering the internal physiological changes, especially in chloroplast ultrastructure and ROS accumulation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tzortziou M, Kwong CF, Goldberg D, Schiferl L, Commane R, Abuhassan N, Szykman JJ, Valin LC. Declines and peaks in NO 2 pollution during the multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the New York metropolitan area. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022; 22:2399-2417. [PMID: 36590031 PMCID: PMC9798457 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-2399-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior and economic activity resulted in significant declines in nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions, immediately after strict lockdowns were imposed. Here we examined the impact of multiple waves and response phases of the pandemic on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dynamics and the role of meteorology in shaping relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO2 pollution in post-pandemic New York City. Long term (> 3.5 years), high frequency measurements from a network of ground-based Pandora spectrometers were combined with TROPOMI satellite retrievals, meteorological data, mobility trends, and atmospheric transport model simulations to quantify changes in NO2 across the New York metropolitan area. The stringent lockdown measures after the first pandemic wave resulted in a decline in top-down NO x emissions by approx. 30% on top of long-term trends, in agreement with sector-specific changes in NO x emissions. Ground-based measurements showed a sudden drop in total column NO2 in spring 2020, by up to 36% in Manhattan and 19%-29% in Queens, New Jersey (NJ), and Connecticut (CT), and a clear weakening (by 16%) of the typical weekly NO2 cycle. Extending our analysis to more than a year after the initial lockdown captured a gradual recovery in NO2 across the NY/NJ/CT tri-state area in summer and fall 2020, as social restrictions eased, followed by a second decline in NO2 coincident with the second wave of the pandemic and resurgence of lockdown measures in winter 2021. Meteorology was not found to have a strong NO2 biassing effect in New York City after the first pandemic wave. Winds, however, were favorable for low NO2 conditions in Manhattan during the second wave of the pandemic, resulting in larger column NO2 declines than expected based on changes in transportation emissions alone. Meteorology played a key role in shaping the relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO with low-speed (< 5 ms-1) SW-SE winds enhancing contributions from the high-emitting power-generation sector in NJ and Queens and driving particularly high NO2 pollution episodes in Manhattan, even during - and despite - the stringent early lockdowns. These results have important implications for air quality management in New York City, and highlight the value of high resolution NO2 measurements in assessing the effects of rapid meteorological changes on air quality conditions and the effectiveness of sector-specific NO x emission control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tzortziou
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Charlotte F. Kwong
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daniel Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Luke Schiferl
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nader Abuhassan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James J. Szykman
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
- US EPA/Office of Research and Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lukas C. Valin
- US EPA/Office of Research and Development/Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anav A, De Marco A, Collalti A, Emberson L, Feng Z, Lombardozzi D, Sicard P, Verbeke T, Viovy N, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118690. [PMID: 34921939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a threat to forests by decreasing photosynthesis and, consequently, influencing the strength of land carbon sink. However, due to the lack of continuous surface O3 measurements, observational-based assessments of O3 impacts on forests are largely missing at hemispheric to global scales. Currently, some metrics are used for regulatory purposes by governments or national agencies to protect forests against the negative impacts of ozone: in particular, both Europe and United States (US) makes use of two different exposure-based metrics, i.e. AOT40 and W126, respectively. However, because of some limitations in these metrics, a new standard is under consideration by the European Union (EU) to replace the current exposure metric. We analyse here the different air quality standards set or proposed for use in Europe and in the US to protect forests from O3 and to evaluate their spatial and temporal consistency while assessing their effectiveness in protecting northern-hemisphere forests. Then, we compare their results with the information obtained from a complex land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We find that present O3 uptake decreases gross primary production (GPP) in 37.7% of the NH forested area of northern hemisphere with a mean loss of 2.4% year-1. We show how the proposed US (W126) and the currently used European (AOT40) air quality standards substantially overestimate the extension of potential vulnerable regions, predicting that 46% and 61% of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forested area are at risk of O3 pollution. Conversely, the new proposed European standard (POD1) identifies lower extension of vulnerability regions (39.6%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory. Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Verbeke
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li S, Yuan X, Feng Z, Du Y, Agathokleous E, Paoletti E. Whole-plant compensatory responses of isoprene emission from hybrid poplar seedlings exposed to elevated ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150949. [PMID: 34655631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the responses of isoprene (ISO) emission to elevated O3 vary with biological organization level (i.e. leaf and whole-plant). To study such responses and the possible reasons explaining their variation, we investigated the effect of O3 (CF: charcoal-filtered ambient air; E-O3: non-filtered ambient air enriched with O3) on ISO emission rate (ISOrate), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, and leaf growth traits in poplar seedlings (Populus deltoides cv. 55/56 × P. deltoides cv. Imperial) during one growing season. Opposite effects of E-O3 on Pn were found between upper leaves (positive effect) and lower leaves (negative effect). Compared to CF, E-O3 significantly decreased leaf mass per area, number of leaves, and leaf biomass, but increased leaf nitrogen content and individual leaf size. In the framework of such compensatory responses, poplar seedlings further increased ISOrate in upper leaves and decreased ISOrate in lower leaves, thus preventing significant decrease in the overall whole-plant ISOrate by E-O3. The measured whole-plant ISOrate also showed that the simplistic estimation approaches based on the linear regression between chlorophyll content indicated by soil plant analysis development meter (SPAD value) and leaf-level ISOrate could not accurately reflect the true response of whole plant to elevated O3. For more accurate predictions, the potential ISO compensatory response to increasing O3 concentration should be incorporated into the climate biogeochemical models related to ISO emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yingdong Du
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jakovljević T, Lovreškov L, Jelić G, Anav A, Popa I, Fornasier MF, Proietti C, Limić I, Butorac L, Vitale M, De Marco A. Impact of ground-level ozone on Mediterranean forest ecosystems health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147063. [PMID: 34088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the high ozone concentrations observed in the Mediterranean region during summer, it is crucial to extend our knowledge on the potential ozone impacts on forest health with in situ studies, especially to protect typical endemic forests of the Mediterranean basin. This study is focused on ozone measurements and exposures over the Eastern Adriatic coast and on the calculation of different O3 metrics, i.e., accumulated exposure AOT40 (AOT40dir, AOT40ICP, AOT40pheno) and stomatal O3 fluxes with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y) to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (PODY, with Y = 0, 1, 2 nmol O3 m-2 s-1) used for forest protection. Finally, we provide an assessment of the relationships between the forest response indicators and environmental variables. Passive ozone measurements and monitoring of forest health indicators, namely growth and crown defoliation, were performed for Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Pinus halepensis, and Pinus nigra forests. Results showed that, for all the analysed species, ozone levels were close to reached the upper plausibility limits for passive monitoring of air quality at forest sites (100 ppb), with the highest values found on P. halepensis in the summer period. O3 metrics based on exposure were found to be higher in pine plots than in oak plots, while the highest values of uptake-based metrics were found on P. nigra. Regarding relationships between environmental variables and forest-health response indicators, the crown defoliation was significantly correlated with the soil water content at various depth while the tree growth was correlated with the different O3 metrics. The most important predictors affecting tree growth of Q. pubescens and Q. ilex were AOT40pheno and AOT40dir and POD0 for P. nigra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jakovljević
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia.
| | - Lucija Lovreškov
- Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia.
| | - Goran Jelić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Alessandro Anav
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Viale Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ionel Popa
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Drăcea", Calea Bucovinei 73 bis, Campulung Moldovenesc, Romania; Centre of Mountain Economy - CE-MONT, Vatra Dornei, Romania
| | - Maria Francesca Fornasier
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ivan Limić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Lukrecija Butorac
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Viale Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Tropospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O3) have undergone a great increase from preindustrial 10–15 ppbv to a present-day concentration of 35–40 ppbv in large parts of the industrialised world due to increased emissions of O3 precursors including NOx, CO, CH4 and volatile organic compounds. The rate of increase in O3 concentration ranges between 1 ppbv per decade in remote locations of the Southern hemisphere and 5 ppbv per decade in the Northern hemisphere, where largest sources of O3 precursors are located. Molecules of O3 penetrating into the leaves through the stomatal apertures trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, leading thus to the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. Accordingly, it is assumed, that O3 increase reduces the terrestrial carbon uptake relative to the preindustrial era. Here we summarise the results of previous manipulative experiments in laboratory growth cabinets, field open-top chambers and free-air systems together with O3 flux measurements under natural growth conditions. In particular, we focus on leaf-level physiological responses in trees, variability in stomatal O3 flux and changes in carbon fluxes and biomass production in forest stands. As the results reported in the literature are highly variable, ranging from negligible to severe declines in photosynthetic carbon uptake, we also discuss the possible interactions of O3 with other environmental factors including solar radiation, drought, temperature and nitrogen deposition. Those factors were found to have great potential to modulate stomata openness and O3 fluxes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Paoletti E, Feng Z, De Marco A, Hoshika Y, Harmens H, Agathokleous E, Domingos M, Mills G, Sicard P, Zhang L, Carrari E. Challenges, gaps and opportunities in investigating the interactions of ozone pollution and plant ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136188. [PMID: 31887502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E. Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:14. [PMID: 32154200 PMCID: PMC7044178 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of our era's greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere plays a protective role against ultraviolet irradiation, it is harmful when in high concentration at ground level, also affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are all considered air pollutants that are harmful to humans. Carbon monoxide can even provoke direct poisoning when breathed in at high levels. Heavy metals such as lead, when absorbed into the human body, can lead to direct poisoning or chronic intoxication, depending on exposure. Diseases occurring from the aforementioned substances include principally respiratory problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis, and also lung cancer, cardiovascular events, central nervous system dysfunctions, and cutaneous diseases. Last but not least, climate change resulting from environmental pollution affects the geographical distribution of many infectious diseases, as do natural disasters. The only way to tackle this problem is through public awareness coupled with a multidisciplinary approach by scientific experts; national and international organizations must address the emergence of this threat and propose sustainable solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Manisalidis
- Delphis S.A., Kifisia, Greece.,Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Elisavet Stavropoulou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Médicine Interne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu S, He X, Burkey K, Chen W, Li P, Li Y, Li B, Wang Y. Ethylenediurea (EDU) pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of elevated O 3 on Populus alba "Berolinensis" in an urban area. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 84:42-50. [PMID: 31284915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediurea (EDU) has been used as a chemical protectant against ozone (O3). However, its protective effect and physiological mechanisms are still uncertain. The present study aimed to investigate the changes of foliar visible injury, physiological characteristics and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in one-year-old Populus alba "Berolinensis" saplings pretreated with EDU and exposed to elevated O3 (EO, 120 μg/m3). The results showed that foliar visible injury symptoms under EO were significantly alleviated in plants with EDU application (p < 0.05). Under EO, net photosynthetic rate, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and the photochemical efficiency of PSII of plants pretreated with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU were similar to unexposed controls and significantly higher compared to EO-stressed plants without EDU pretreatment, respectively. Malondialdehyde content was highest in EO without EDU and decreased significantly by 14.9% and 21.3% with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment, respectively. EDU pretreatment alone increased superoxide dismutase activity by 10-fold in unexposed plants with further increases of 88.4% and 37.5% in EO plants pretreated with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment, respectively (p < 0.05). Abscisic acid content declined under EO relative to unexposed controls with the effect partially reversed by EDU pretreatments. Similarly, VOCs emission rate declined under EO relative to unexposed plants with a recovery of emission rate observed with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment. These findings provided significant evidence that EDU exerted a beneficial effect and protection on the tested plants against O3 stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xingyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Kent Burkey
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC 27616, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pin Li
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu S, Li B, Li P, He X, Chen W, Yan K, Li Y, Wang Y. Soil high Cd exacerbates the adverse impact of elevated O 3 on Populus alba 'Berolinensis' L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:35-42. [PMID: 30818258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollution with both heavy metal and ground-level ozone (O3) has been steadily increasing, especially in the cities with heavy industry. Little information is known about their combined impacts on urban tree. This study was aimed at characterizing the interactive effects of soil cadmium (Cd) addition and O3 fumigation on visible injury and growth, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, abscisic acid (ABA) content and bioaccumulation of Cd in one-year-old Populus alba 'Berolinensis' saplings by using open top chambers in Shenyang city with developed heavy industry, Northeast China. In this study, poplar saplings were grown in the pots containing soil with different concentrations of Cd (0, 100 and 500 mg kg-1) under ambient air (40 µg L-1) and elevated O3 (120 µg L-1). The results showed that EO and its combination with high Cd (500 mg kg-1) induced significant foliar injury symptoms, decreased root weight (by 41.6%) and total biomass (by 17.4%), inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, and increased malondialdehyde and ABA contents after 4 weeks of O3 exposure. Elevated O3 exacerbated the accumulation of Cd in leaves and stems of poplar plants grown in the pots with high Cd-polluted soil. Our results also indicated that high Cd pollution in soil increased the susceptibility of plants to O3 and exacerbated the adverse impact of elevated O3 on physiological metabolisms of poplar species, which implied that it was very necessary to take into consideration for O3-tolerance of tree species during phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soil in heavy industrial areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Pin Li
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xingyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Kun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anav A, De Marco A, Friedlingstein P, Savi F, Sicard P, Sitch S, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Growing season extension affects ozone uptake by European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:1043-1052. [PMID: 30970453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change significantly modifies terrestrial ecosystems and vegetation activity, yet little is known about how climate change and ozone pollution interact to affect forest health. Here we compared the trends of two metrics widely used to protect forests against negative impacts of ozone pollution, the AOT40 (Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb) which only depends on surface air ozone concentrations, and the POD (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose) which relies on the amount of ozone uptaken by plants through stomata. Using a chemistry transport model, driven by anthropogenic emission inventories, we found that European-averaged ground-level ozone concentrations significantly declined (-1.6%) over the time period 2000-2014, following successful control strategies to reduce the ozone precursors emission; as a consequence, the AOT40 metric declined (-22%). In contrast, climate change increased both growing season length (~7 days/decade) and stomatal conductance and thus enhanced the stomatal ozone uptake by forests (5.9%), leading to an overall increase of potential ozone damage on plants, despite the reduction in ozone concentrations. Our results suggest that stomatal-flux based strategies of forest protection against ozone in a changing climate require a proper consideration of the duration of the growing season with a better estimation of start and end of the growing season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Climate Modeling Laboratory, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Climate Modeling Laboratory, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Flavia Savi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - Stephen Sitch
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Marcello Vitale
- University of Rome "Sapienza", Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Araminienė V, Sicard P, Anav A, Agathokleous E, Stakėnas V, De Marco A, Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė I, Paoletti E, Girgždienė R. Trends and inter-relationships of ground-level ozone metrics and forest health in Lithuania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1265-1277. [PMID: 30677989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithuania is representative of maritime to continental climate, no water limitation, and moderate ground-level ozone (O3) pollution. We investigated the trends of meteorological variables and O3 and how these environmental conditions associate with tree health from 2001 onward. Ozone metrics for forest protection, based on Accumulated O3 exposure Over a Threshold of X ppb (AOTX) or on Phytotoxic O3 Dose over a Y threshold (PODY), were modeled at nine ICP-Forests plots over the time period 2001-2014. Tree-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation and visible foliar O3 injury, were assessed during annual field surveys carried out at each ICP-Forests plot over the time period 2007-2017. Mann-Kendall and Sen statistical tests were applied to estimate changes over time of meteorological variables, response indicators and O3 metrics. Finally, the O3 metrics were correlated (Spearman test) to the response indicators over the common period 2007-2014. Over this time period, trend analyses revealed an increasingly hotter (+0.27 °C decade-1, on average) and drier climate (rainfall, -48 mm decade-1). A reduction was found for O3 annual mean (-0.28 ppb decade-1, on average) and AOT40 (-2540 ppb·h decade-1, on average) whereas an increase was found for POD0 (+0.40 mmol m-2 decade-1, on average). Visible foliar O3 injury increased (+0.17% decade-1), while an improvement of the crown conditions (-5.0% decade-1) was observed. AOT40 was significantly associated with crown defoliation while PODY and soil water content were correlated with visible foliar O3 injury. As visible foliar O3 injury was negligible in all the studied species, the results suggest that moderate O3 pollution (approximately 30 ppb as annual average) does not induce biologically significant effects on this forest vegetation under the current conditions, however the overall O3 risk (POD0) is expected to increase in the future under a hotter and drier climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valda Araminienė
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys, Kaunas District, Lithuania.
| | | | | | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Vidas Stakėnas
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys, Kaunas District, Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Rasa Girgždienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Raveh-Rubin S, Rohatyn S, Tatarinov F, Rotenberg E, Ramati E, Dicken U, Preisler Y, Fredj E, Yakir D, Tas E. Investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under warm and dry conditions near the Eastern Mediterranean coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1316-1333. [PMID: 30677993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important removal pathway for tropospheric O3, while O3 uptake through plant stomata negatively affects vegetation and leads to climate change. Both processes are controlled by vegetation characteristics and ambient conditions via complex mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that these processes can be fundamentally impacted by coastal effects, and by dry and warm conditions in ways that have not been fully characterized, largely due to lack of measurements under such conditions. Hence, we hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation along a sharp spatial climate gradient, and at different distances from the coast, can offer new insights into the characterization of these effects on O3 deposition to vegetation and stomatal uptake, providing important information for afforestation management and for climate and air-quality model improvement. To address these hypotheses, several measurement campaigns were performed at different sites, including pine, oak, and mixed Mediterranean forests, at distances of 20-59 km from the Eastern Mediterranean coast, under semiarid, Mediterranean and humid Mediterranean climate conditions. The eddy covariance technique was used to quantify vertical O3 flux (Ftot) and its partitioning to stomatal flux (Fst) and non-stomatal flux (Fns). Whereas Fst tended to peak around noon under humid Mediterranean and Mediterranean conditions in summer, it was strongly limited by drought under semiarid conditions from spring to early winter, with minimum average Fst/Ftot of 8-11% during the summer. Fns in the area was predominantly controlled by relative humidity (RH), whereas increasing Fns with RH for RH < 70% indicated enhancement of Fns by aerosols, via surface wetness stimulation. At night, efficient turbulence due to sea and land breezes, together with increased RH, resulted in strong enhancement of Ftot. Extreme dry surface events, some induced by dry intrusion from the upper troposphere, resulted in positive Fns events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Raveh-Rubin
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Rohatyn
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fyodor Tatarinov
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Ramati
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Dicken
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A New Wetness Index to Evaluate the Soil Water Availability Influence on Gross Primary Production of European Forests. CLIMATE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cli7030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rising temperature, drought and more-frequent extreme climatic events have been predicted for the next decades in many regions around the globe. In this framework, soil water availability plays a pivotal role in affecting vegetation productivity, especially in arid or semi-arid environments. However, direct measurements of soil moisture are scarce, and modeling estimations are still subject to biases. Further investigation on the effect of soil moisture on plant productivity is required. This study aims at analyzing spatio-temporal variations of a modified temperature vegetation wetness index (mTVWI), a proxy of soil moisture, and evaluating its effect on gross primary production (GPP) in forests. The study was carried out in Europe on 19 representative tree species during the 2000–2010 time period. Results outline a north–south gradient of mTVWI with minimum values (low soil water availability) in Southern Europe and maximum values (high soil water availability) in Northeastern Europe. A low soil water availability negatively affected GPP from 20 to 80%, as a function of site location, tree species, and weather conditions. Such a wetness index improves our understanding of water stress impacts, which is crucial for predicting the response of forest carbon cycling to drought and aridity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dalstein L, Ciriani ML. Ozone foliar damage and defoliation monitoring of P.cembra between 2000 and 2016 in the southeast of France. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:451-461. [PMID: 30359927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dalstein
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Études des Forêts Sud-Européennes), 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300, Nice, France.
| | - Marie-Lyne Ciriani
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Études des Forêts Sud-Européennes), 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Fredj E, Tas E. Measurement-based investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under the effects of coastal and photochemical air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1579-1597. [PMID: 30248876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important pathway for its removal from the troposphere, and it can lead to adverse effects in plants and changes in climate. However, our mechanistic understanding of O3 dry deposition is insufficient to adequately account for it in global and regional models, primarily because this process is highly complicated by feedback mechanisms and sensitivity to specific characteristics of vegetative environment and atmospheric dynamics and composition. We hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation near the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) coast, where large variations in meteorological conditions and photochemical air pollution frequently occur, would enable identifying the mechanisms controlling O3 deposition to vegetation. Moreover, we have only limited knowledge of O3 deposition to vegetation occurring near a coastline, under air pollution, or in the EM. This study investigated O3 deposition to mixed Mediterranean vegetation between the summers of 2015 and 2017, 3.6 km away from the EM coast, using the eddy covariance technique to quantify vertical flux of O3 and its partitioning to stomatal and non-stomatal flux, concurrent with nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Surprisingly, nighttime O3-deposition velocity (Vd) was smaller than daytime Vd by only ~20-37% on average for all measurement periods, primarily related to moderate nighttime atmospheric stability due to proximity to the seashore. We provide evidence for the role of sea-salt aerosols in enhancing O3 deposition via surface-wetness buildup at low relative humidity near the coast, and for daytime enhancement of O3 deposition by the combined effects of biogenic volatile organic compound emission and surface-wetness buildup. We further show that NOx emitted from elevated emission sources can reduce O3 deposition, and even lead to a positive O3 flux, demonstrating the importance of adequately taking into account the impact of air pollution on O3 deposition to vegetation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sicard P, Agathokleous E, Araminiene V, Carrari E, Hoshika Y, De Marco A, Paoletti E. Should we see urban trees as effective solutions to reduce increasing ozone levels in cities? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:163-176. [PMID: 30172122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is considered as the most serious environmental problem for human health, associated with some million deaths worldwide per year. Cities have to cope with the challenges due to poor air quality impacting human health and citizen well-being. According to an analysis in the framework of this study, the annual mean concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) have been increasing by on average 0.16 ppb year-1 in cities across the globe over the time period 1995-2014. Green urban infrastructure can improve air quality by removing O3. To efficiently reduce O3 in cities, it is important to define suitable urban forest management, including proper species selection, with focus on the removal ability of O3 and other air pollutants, biogenic emission rates, allergenic effects and maintenance requirements. This study reanalyzes the literature to i) quantify O3 removal by urban vegetation categorized into trees/shrubs and green roofs; ii) rank 95 urban plant species based on the ability to maximize air quality and minimize disservices, and iii) provide novel insights on the management of urban green spaces to maximize urban air quality. Trees showed higher O3 removal capacity (3.4 g m-2 year-1 on average) than green roofs (2.9 g m-2 year-1 as average removal rate), with lower installation and maintenance costs (around 10 times). To overcome present gaps and uncertainties, a novel Species-specific Air Quality Index (S-AQI) of suitability to air quality improvement is proposed for tree/shrub species. We recommend city planners to select species with an S-AQI>8, i.e. with high O3 removal capacity, O3-tolerant, resistant to pests and diseases, tolerant to drought and non-allergenic (e.g. Acer sp., Carpinus sp., Larix decidua, Prunus sp.). Green roofs can be used to supplement urban trees in improving air quality in cities. Urban vegetation, as a cost-effective and nature-based approach, aids in meeting clean air standards and should be taken into account by policy-makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Forestry, Girionys, Lithuania
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du B, Kreuzwieser J, Winkler JB, Ghirardo A, Schnitzler JP, Ache P, Alfarraj S, Hedrich R, White P, Rennenberg H. Physiological responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seedlings to acute ozone exposure at high temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:905-913. [PMID: 30041163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation in the Arabian Peninsula is facing high and steadily rising tropospheric ozone pollution. However, little is known about the impacts of elevated ozone on date palms, one of the most important indigenous economic species. To elucidate the physiological responses of date palm to peak levels of acute ozone exposure, seedlings were fumigated with 200 ppb ozone for 8 h. Net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conduction, total carbon, its isotope signature and total sugar contents in leaves and roots were not significantly affected by the treatment and visible symptoms of foliar damage were not induced. Ozone exposure did not affect hydrogen peroxide and thiol contents but diminished the activities of glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase, stimulated the oxidation of ascorbate, and resulted in elevated total ascorbate contents. Total nitrogen, soluble protein and lignin contents remained unchanged upon ozone exposure, but the abundance of low molecular weight nitrogen (LMWN) compounds such as amino acids and nitrate as well as other anions were strongly diminished in leaves and roots. Other nitrogen pools did not benefit from the decline of LMWN, indicating reduced uptake and/or enhanced release of these compounds into the soil as a systemic response to aboveground ozone exposure. Several phenolic compounds, concurrent with fatty acids and stearyl alcohol, accumulated in leaves, but declined in roots, whereas total phenol contents significantly increased in the roots. Together these results indicate that local and systemic changes in both, primary and secondary metabolism contribute to the high tolerance of date palms to short-term acute ozone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, 621000, Mianyang, China; Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS) at the Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Philip White
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pandey AK, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Effect of elevated ozone and varying levels of soil nitrogen in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars: Growth, gas-exchange, antioxidant status, grain yield and quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 158:59-68. [PMID: 29656165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant causing a substantial damage to plants and agriculture worldwide. Plant productivity is affected by several environmental factors, which interact with each other. Studies related to interactions involving O3 and different levels of nitrogen (N) are still rare and elusive. In the present study we grew two wheat cultivars (HD2967 and Sonalika) in open top chambers (OTC) under ambient (AO) and elevated O3 (EO) (ambient + 20 ppb O3) and provided two levels of N fertilization; (a) recommended nitrogen (RN), (b) 1.5 times the recommended N (HN). Growth (root/shoot ratio, leaf number and leaf area), biomass, gas-exchange (stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), physiological (chlorophyll and carotenoids), biochemical [antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation (MDA)] parameters and leaf N content were measured at the vegetative and reproductive phases. Yield attributes (spike weight plant-1, grain weight plant-1, grain numbers plant-1, husk weight plant-1, straw weight plant-1, 1000 grain weight, harvest index) and seed N content were analyzed at the final harvest stage. Grain yield plant-1 was decreased in Sonalika under EO irrespective of different levels of N fertilization. Seed N content decreased by 3.9% and 5.6% in HD2967 and Sonalika, respectively, under EO at RN treatment. Antioxidant defense played an important role in protecting the plants against O3 stress which was enhanced under HN treatment. Response of antioxidants varied between the cultivar, growth phase (at the vegetative or reproductive phase) and the N levels (RN or HN). Cultivar HD2967 was characterized by higher biomass, gs and stronger antioxidant protection system, while, Sonalika showed early senescence response (decreased leaf number plant-1, gs) and greater resources allocation towards eco-physiological parameters (increased A and Fv/Fm) at the vegetative phase, resulting in the significant decrease in the yield attributes. Further study warrants the need to screen a large number of cultivars in relation to their response to various levels of N fertilization to minimize the yield losses under highly O3 polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh K Pandey
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li S, Tosens T, Harley PC, Jiang Y, Kanagendran A, Grosberg M, Jaamets K, Niinemets Ü. Glandular trichomes as a barrier against atmospheric oxidative stress: Relationships with ozone uptake, leaf damage, and emission of LOX products across a diverse set of species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1263-1277. [PMID: 29292838 PMCID: PMC5936637 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a spectacular variability in trichome types and densities and trichome metabolites across species, but the functional implications of this variability in protecting from atmospheric oxidative stresses remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective role of glandular and non-glandular trichomes against ozone stress. We investigated the interspecific variation in types and density of trichomes and how these traits were associated with elevated ozone impacts on visible leaf damage, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and emissions of lipoxygenase pathway products in 24 species with widely varying trichome characteristics and taxonomy. Both peltate and capitate glandular trichomes played a critical role in reducing leaf ozone uptake, but no impact of non-glandular trichomes was observed. Across species, the visible ozone damage varied 10.1-fold, reduction in net assimilation rate 3.3-fold, and release of lipoxygenase compounds 14.4-fold, and species with lower glandular trichome density were more sensitive to ozone stress and more vulnerable to ozone damage compared to species with high glandular trichome density. These results demonstrate that leaf surface glandular trichomes constitute a major factor in reducing ozone toxicity and function as a chemical barrier that neutralizes the ozone before it enters the leaf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter C. Harley
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mirjam Grosberg
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristen Jaamets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paoletti E, De Marco A, Anav A, Gasparini P, Pompei E. Five-year volume growth of European beech does not respond to ozone pollution in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8233-8239. [PMID: 28540544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A unique database of stand volume growth, estimated as periodic annual volume increment (in m3 ha-1 per year over the period 2001-2005) from 728 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) sites distributed across Italy, was used to assess the effects of ambient ozone (O3), expressed as annual average (M24), accumulated exposure above a 40 ppb hourly threshold (AOT40), and total stomatal ozone flux (POD0). Growth data were from the National forest inventory of Italy, while climate data and ozone concentrations were computed by the WRF and CHIMERE models, respectively. Results show that the growth increased with increasing solar radiation and air temperature and decreased with increasing number of cold days, while effects of soil water content and O3 were not significant. In contrast, the literature results suggest that European beech is sensitive to both drought and O3. Ozone levels resulted to be very high (48 ppb M24, 51,200 ppb h AOT40, 21.08 mmol m-2 POD0, on average) and thus able to potentially affect European beech growth. We hypothesize that the high-frequency signals of soil water and O3 got lost when averaged over 5 years and recommended finer time-resolution investigations and inclusion of other factors of variability, e.g., thinning, tree age, and size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Pompei
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest Policies, Via XX Settembre 20, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fares S, Conte A, Chabbi A. Ozone flux in plant ecosystems: new opportunities for long-term monitoring networks to deliver ozone-risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8240-8248. [PMID: 28971308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a photochemically formed reactive gas responsible for a decreasing carbon assimilation in plant ecosystems. Present in the atmosphere in trace concentrations (less than 100 ppbv), this molecule is capable of inhibiting carbon assimilation in agricultural and forest ecosystems. Ozone-risk assessments are typically based on manipulative experiments. Present regulations regarding critical ozone levels are mostly based on an estimated accumulated exposure over a given threshold concentration. There is however a scientific consensus over flux estimates being more accurate, because they include plant physiology analyses and different environmental parameters that control the uptake-that is, not just the exposure-of O3. While O3 is a lot more difficult to measure than other non-reactive greenhouse gases, UV-based and chemiluminescence sensors enable precise and fast measurements and are therefore highly desirable for eddy covariance studies. Using micrometeorological techniques in association with latent heat flux measurements in the field allows for the partition of ozone fluxes into the stomatal and non-stomatal sinks along the soil-plant continuum. Long-term eddy covariance measurements represent a key opportunity in estimating carbon assimilation at high-temporal resolutions, in an effort to study the effect of climate change on photosynthetic mechanisms. Our aim in this work is to describe potential of O3 flux measurement at the canopy level for ozone-risk assessment in established long-term monitoring networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- Council of Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100, Arezzo, Italy.
| | - Adriano Conte
- Council of Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Abad Chabbi
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), URP3F, 86600, Lusignan, France
- NRA, Ecosys, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moura BB, Alves ES, Marabesi MA, de Souza SR, Schaub M, Vollenweider P. Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:912-925. [PMID: 28830051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In southern Brazil, the recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations poses an additional threat to the biodiverse but endangered and fragmented remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Given the mostly unknown sensitivity of tropical species to oxidative stress, the principal objective of this study was to determine whether the current O3 levels in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), downwind of São Paulo, affect the native vegetation of forest remnants. Foliar responses to O3 of three tree species typical of the MRC forests were investigated using indoor chamber exposure experiments under controlled conditions and a field survey. Exposure to 70ppb O3 reduced assimilation and leaf conductance but increased respiration in Astronium graveolens while gas exchange in Croton floribundus was little affected. Both A. graveolens and Piptadenia gonoacantha developed characteristic O3-induced injury in the foliage, similar to visible symptoms observed in >30% of trees assessed in the MRC, while C. floribundus remained asymptomatic. The underlying structural symptoms in both O3-exposed and field samples were indicative of oxidative burst, hypersensitive responses, accelerated cell senescence and, primarily in field samples, interaction with photo-oxidative stress. The markers of O3 stress were thus mostly similar to those observed in other regions of the world. Further research is needed, to estimate the proportion of sensitive forest species, the O3 impact on tree growth and stand stability and to detect O3 hot spots where woody species in the Atlantic Forest are mostly affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Anav A, Liu Q, De Marco A, Proietti C, Savi F, Paoletti E, Piao S. The role of plant phenology in stomatal ozone flux modeling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:235-248. [PMID: 28722275 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology plays a pivotal role in the climate system as it regulates the gas exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The uptake of ozone by forest is estimated through several meteorological variables and a specific function describing the beginning and the termination of plant growing season; actually, in many risk assessment studies, this function is based on a simple latitude and topography model. In this study, using two satellite datasets, we apply and compare six methods to estimate the start and the end dates of the growing season across a large region covering all Europe for the year 2011. Results show a large variability between the green-up and dormancy dates estimated using the six different methods, with differences greater than one month. However, interestingly, all the methods display a common spatial pattern in the uptake of ozone by forests with a marked change in the magnitude, up to 1.9 TgO3 /year, and corresponding to a difference of 25% in the amount of ozone that enters the leaves. Our results indicate that improved estimates of ozone fluxes require a better representation of plant phenology in the models used for O3 risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Qiang Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA) - Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Savi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA) - Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cienciala E, Russ R, Šantrůčková H, Altman J, Kopáček J, Hůnová I, Štěpánek P, Oulehle F, Tumajer J, Ståhl G. Discerning environmental factors affecting current tree growth in Central Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:541-554. [PMID: 27575361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of individual environmental factors on the current spruce tree growth assessed from a repeated country-level statistical landscape (incl. forest) survey in the Czech Republic. An extensive set of variables related to tree size, competition, site characteristics including soil texture, chemistry, N deposition and climate was tested within a random-effect model to explain growth in the conditions of dominantly managed forest ecosystems. The current spruce basal area increment was assessed from two consecutive landscape surveys conducted in 2008/2009 and six years later in 2014/2015. Tree size, age and competition within forest stands were found to be the dominant explanatory variables, whereas the expression of site characteristics, environmental and climatic drives was weaker. The significant site variables affecting growth included soil C/N ratio and soil exchangeable acidity (pH KCl; positive response) reflecting soil chemistry, long-term N-deposition (averaged since 1975) in combination with soil texture (clay content) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a drought index expressing moisture conditions. Sensitivity of growth to N-deposition was positive, although weak. SPI was positively related to and significant in explaining tree growth when expressed for the growth season. Except SPI, no significant relation of growth was determined to altitude-related variables (temperature, growth season length). We identified the current spruce growth optimum at elevations about 800ma.s.l. or higher in the conditions of the country. This suggests that at lower elevations, limitation by a more pronounced water deficit dominates, whereas direct temperature limitation may concern the less frequent higher elevations. The mixed linear model of spruce tree growth explained 55 and 65% of the variability with fixed and random effects included, respectively, and provided new insights on the current spruce tree growth and factors affecting it within the environmental gradients of the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Cienciala
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Cs. armády 655, 254 01 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Russ
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Cs. armády 655, 254 01 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šantrůčková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kopáček
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 2050/17, Komořany, 143 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tumajer
- IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Cs. armády 655, 254 01 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical geography and Geoecology, Albertov 6, 12 843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Göran Ståhl
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Department of Forest Resource Management, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Calatayud V, Diéguez JJ, Sicard P, Schaub M, De Marco A. Testing approaches for calculating stomatal ozone fluxes from passive samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:56-67. [PMID: 27494654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Current ozone (O3) levels are high enough to negatively affect vegetation and may become worse in the future. Ozone risk assessments have recently shifted from exposure-based to flux-based metrics. Modeling stomatal O3 fluxes requires hourly O3 and meteorological data, which are not always available. Large datasets of O3 concentrations measured with passive samplers exist worldwide, and usually provide weekly to monthly means. We tested the suitability of using aggregated data instead of hourly data for O3 flux calculations with 3-year time series of O3 data from 24 Spanish air quality stations. Five different approaches and three different parameterizations were tested. Ozone-averaged values in combination with hourly meteorological data provided the most robust estimates of accumulated O3 fluxes (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose with no threshold, POD0), and the median of the absolute percent error (MAPE) due to aggregation came close to 5%. Aggregations from 1week to 1month yielded similar errors, which is important in the cost-efficiency terms of the chosen passive sampler exposure periodicity. One major limitation of these approaches is that they are not suitable for high POD thresholds, and that accuracy of the measurements with passive samplers has to be strictly assured in order to finally obtain acceptable errors. A combination of meteorological data and O3 passive sampler measurements may be used to estimate O3 fluxes at remote forest sites as a valuable risk assessment tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna 46980, Spain.
| | - José Jaime Diéguez
- Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kitao M, Yasuda Y, Kominami Y, Yamanoi K, Komatsu M, Miyama T, Mizoguchi Y, Kitaoka S, Yazaki K, Tobita H, Yoshimura K, Koike T, Izuta T. Increased phytotoxic O3 dose accelerates autumn senescence in an O3-sensitive beech forest even under the present-level O3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32549. [PMID: 27601188 PMCID: PMC5013268 DOI: 10.1038/srep32549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations are expected to increase over the 21st century, especially in East Asia. However, the impact of O3 has not been directly assessed at the forest level in this region. We performed O3 flux-based risk assessments of carbon sequestration capacity in an old cool temperate deciduous forest, consisting of O3-sensitive Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), and in a warm temperate deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by O3-tolerant Konara oak (Quercus serrata) based on long-term CO2 flux observations. On the basis of a practical approach for a continuous estimation of canopy-level stomatal conductance (Gs), higher phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 0 uptake (POD0) with higher Gs was observed in the beech forest than that in the oak forest. Light-saturated gross primary production, as a measure of carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystem, declined earlier in the late growth season with increasing POD0, suggesting an earlier autumn senescence, especially in the O3-sensitive beech forest, but not in the O3-tolerant oak forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yukio Yasuda
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki 92-25, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Katsumi Yamanoi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyama
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizoguchi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Department of Forest Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ghorani-Azam A, Riahi-Zanjani B, Balali-Mood M. Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:65. [PMID: 27904610 PMCID: PMC5122104 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.189646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major concern of new civilized world, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric complications, the eyes irritation, skin diseases, and long-term chronic diseases such as cancer. Several reports have revealed the direct association between exposure to the poor air quality and increasing rate of morbidity and mortality mostly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. In this review article, we aimed to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ghorani-Azam
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sicard P, Serra R, Rossello P. Spatiotemporal trends in ground-level ozone concentrations and metrics in France over the time period 1999-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:122-144. [PMID: 27200478 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hourly ozone (O3) data from 332 background monitoring stations, spread in France, were analyzed over the period 1999-2012 and short-term trends were calculated. In the current climate change context, the calculation of human health- and vegetation-relevant metrics, and of associated trends, provides a consistent method to establish proper and effective policies to reduce the adverse O3 effects. The generation of optimal O3 maps, for risk and exposure assessment, is challenging. To overcome this issue, starting from a set of stations, a hybrid regression-interpolation approach was proposed. Annual surface O3 metrics, O3 human health metrics (number of exceedances of daily maximum 8-h values greater than 60 ppb and SOMO35) and O3 vegetation impact metrics (AOT40 for vegetation and forests) were investigated at individual sites. Citizens are more exposed to high O3 levels in rural areas than people living in the cities. The annual mean concentrations decreased by -0.12ppbyear(-1) at rural stations, and the significant reduction at 67% of stations, particularly during the warm season, in the number of episodic high O3 concentrations (e.g. 98th percentile, -0.19ppbyear(-1)) can be associated with the substantial reductions in NOx and VOCs emissions in the EU-28 countries since the early 1990s Inversely, the O3 background level is rising at 76% of urban sites (+0.14ppbyear(-1)), particularly during the cold period. This rise can be attributed to increases in imported O3 by long-range transport and to a low O3 titration by NO due to the reduction in local NOx emissions. The decrease in health-related and vegetation-relevant O3 metrics, at almost all stations, is driven by decreases in regional photochemical O3 formation and in peak O3 concentrations. The short-term trends highlight that the threat to population and vegetation declined between 1999 and 2012 in France, demonstrating the success of European control strategies over the last 20 years. However, for all exposure metrics, the issue of non-attainment of the target value for O3 persists in comparison with the objectives of air quality directives. The region at highest O3 risk is the South-eastern France. This study contains new information on the i) spatial distribution of surface O3 concentration, ii) exceedances and iii) trends to define more suitable standards for human health and environmental protection in France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Romain Serra
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Proietti C, Anav A, De Marco A, Sicard P, Vitale M. A multi-sites analysis on the ozone effects on Gross Primary Production of European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 556:1-11. [PMID: 26971205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is both a greenhouse gas and a secondary air pollutant causing adverse impacts on forests ecosystems at different scales, from cellular to ecosystem level. Specifically, the phytotoxic nature of O3 can impair CO2 assimilation that, in turn affects forest productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of tropospheric O3 on Gross Primary Production (GPP) at 37 European forest sites during the time period 2000-2010. Due to the lack of carbon assimilation data at O3 monitoring stations (and vice-versa) this study makes a first attempt to combine high resolution MODIS Gross Primary Production (GPP) estimates and O3 measurement data. Partial Correlations, Anomalies Analysis and the Random Forests Analysis (RFA) were used to quantify the effects of tropospheric O3 concentration and its uptake on GPP and to evaluate the most important factors affecting inter-annual GPP changes. Our results showed, along a North-West/South-East European transect, a negative impact of O3 on GPP ranging from 0.4% to 30%, although a key role of meteorological parameters respect to pollutant variables in affecting GPP was found. In particular, meteorological parameters, namely air temperature (T), soil water content (SWC) and relative humidity (RH) are the most important predictors at 81% of test sites. Moreover, it is interesting to highlight a key role of SWC in the Mediterranean areas (Spanish, Italian and French test sites) confirming that, soil moisture and soil water availability affect vegetation growth and photosynthesis especially in arid or semi-arid ecosystems such as the Mediterranean climate regions. Considering the pivotal role of GPP in the global carbon balance and the O3 ability to reduce primary productivity of the forests, this study can help in assessing the O3 impacts on ecosystem services, including wood production and carbon sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Proietti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Anav
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy; University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - A De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - P Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard BP234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis-cedex, France
| | - M Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carriero G, Brunetti C, Fares S, Hayes F, Hoshika Y, Mills G, Tattini M, Paoletti E. BVOC responses to realistic nitrogen fertilization and ozone exposure in silver birch. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:988-995. [PMID: 26809503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emission of BVOC (Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds) from plant leaves in response to ozone exposure (O3) and nitrogen (N) fertilization is poorly understood. For the first time, BVOC emissions were explored in a forest tree species (silver birch, Betula pendula) exposed for two years to realistic levels of O3 (35, 48 and 69 ppb as daylight average) and N (10, 30 and 70 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), applied weekly to the soil as ammonium nitrate). The main BVOCs emitted were: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, ocimene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and hexanal. Ozone exposure increased BVOC emission and reduced total leaf area. The effect on emission was stronger when a short-term O3 metric (concentrations at the time of sampling) rather than a long-term one (AOT40) was used. The effect of O3 on total leaf area was not able to compensate for the stimulation of emission, so that responses to O3 at leaf and whole-plant level were similar. Nitrogen fertilization increased total leaf area, decreased α-pinene and β-pinene emission, and increased ocimene, hexanal and DMNT emission. The increase of leaf area changed the significance of the emission response to N fertilization for most compounds. Nitrogen fertilization mitigated the effects of O3 exposure on total leaf area, while the combined effects of O3 exposure and N fertilization on BVOC emission were additive and not synergistic. In conclusion, O3 exposure and N fertilization have the potential to affect global BVOC via direct effects on plant emission rates and changes in leaf area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Carriero
- IPSP-CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - C Brunetti
- IVALSA-CNR, Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - S Fares
- RPS-CREA, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - F Hayes
- CEH, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW Bangor, UK
| | - Y Hoshika
- IPSP-CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G Mills
- CEH, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW Bangor, UK
| | - M Tattini
- IPSP-CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - E Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anav A, De Marco A, Proietti C, Alessandri A, Dell'Aquila A, Cionni I, Friedlingstein P, Khvorostyanov D, Menut L, Paoletti E, Sicard P, Sitch S, Vitale M. Comparing concentration-based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1608-1627. [PMID: 26492093 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) produces harmful effects to forests and crops, leading to a reduction of land carbon assimilation that, consequently, influences the land sink and the crop yield production. To assess the potential negative O3 impacts to vegetation, the European Union uses the Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). This index has been chosen for its simplicity and flexibility in handling different ecosystems as well as for its linear relationships with yield or biomass loss. However, AOT40 does not give any information on the physiological O3 uptake into the leaves since it does not include any environmental constraints to O3 uptake through stomata. Therefore, an index based on stomatal O3 uptake (i.e. PODY), which describes the amount of O3 entering into the leaves, would be more appropriate. Specifically, the PODY metric considers the effects of multiple climatic factors, vegetation characteristics and local and phenological inputs rather than the only atmospheric O3 concentration. For this reason, the use of PODY in the O3 risk assessment for vegetation is becoming recommended. We compare different potential O3 risk assessments based on two methodologies (i.e. AOT40 and stomatal O3 uptake) using a framework of mesoscale models that produces hourly meteorological and O3 data at high spatial resolution (12 km) over Europe for the time period 2000-2005. Results indicate a remarkable spatial and temporal inconsistency between the two indices, suggesting that a new definition of European legislative standard is needed in the near future. Besides, our risk assessment based on AOT40 shows a good consistency compared to both in-situ data and other model-based datasets. Conversely, risk assessment based on stomatal O3 uptake shows different spatial patterns compared to other model-based datasets. This strong inconsistency can be likely related to a different vegetation cover and its associated parameterizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Alessandri
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dell'Aquila
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Irene Cionni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Dmitry Khvorostyanov
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Laurent Menut
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, 91128, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Italy
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, 06904, France
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Niu J, Zhao P, Sun Z, Zhu L, Ni G, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Zhao P, Gao J, Hu Y, Zeng X, Ouyang L. Stomatal uptake of O3 in a Schima superba plantation in subtropical China derived from sap flow measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:465-475. [PMID: 26760267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Canopy stomatal ozone (O3) flux (Fst,O3) in a plantation of Schima superba, an ecologically and economically important evergreen pioneer tree species in subtropical China, was quantified based on sap flow measurements during a 2-year period. Mean Fst,O3 and accumulated Fst,O3 (AFst0) were significantly higher in wet seasons from April to September (4.62 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 35.37 mmol m(-2), respectively) than in dry seasons from October to March (3.90 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 24.15 mmol m(-1), respectively), yet comparable between the 2 years of the experiment, being 4.23 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 58.23 mmol m(-2) in April 2013-March 2014 and 4.29 nmol m(-2) s(-1) and 60.80 mmol m(-2) in April 2014-March 2015, respectively. At the diurnal scale, Fst,O3 generally peaked in the early to middle afternoon hours (13:00-15:00), while the maximum stomatal conductance (Gst,O3) typically occurred in the middle to late morning hours (09:00-11:00). Monthly integrated AFst0 reached the maximum in July, although accumulated O3 exposure (SUM0) was highest in October. Seasonally or yearly, the accumulated O3 doses, either exposure-based or flux-based, notably exceeded the currently adopted critical thresholds for the protection of forest trees. These results, on the one hand, demonstrated the decoupling between the stomatal uptake of O3 and its environmental exposure level; on the other hand, indicated the potential O3 risk for S. superba in the experimental site. Therefore, the present study endorses the use of sap flow measurements as a feasible tool for estimating Fst,O3, and the transition from the exposure-based toward flux-based metrics for assessing O3 risk for forest trees. Further studies are urgently needed to relate stomatal O3 uptake doses with tree growth reductions for an improved understanding of O3 effects on trees under natural conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Zhenwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Peiqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 523, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fusaro L, Gerosa G, Salvatori E, Marzuoli R, Monga R, Kuzminsky E, Angelaccio C, Quarato D, Fares S. Early and late adjustments of the photosynthetic traits and stomatal density in Quercus ilex L. grown in an ozone-enriched environment. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:13-21. [PMID: 26307426 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quercus ilex L. seedlings were exposed in open-top chambers for one growing season to three levels of ozone (O3 ): charcoal filtered air, non-filtered air supplemented with +30% or +74% ambient air O3 . Key functional parameters related to photosynthetic performance and stomatal density were measured to evaluate the response mechanisms of Q. ilex to chronic O3 exposure, clarifying how ecophysiological traits are modulated during the season in an ozone-enriched environment. Dark respiration showed an early response to O3 exposure, increasing approximately 45% relative to charcoal-filtered air in both O3 enriched treatments. However, at the end of the growing season, maximum rate of assimilation (Amax ) and stomatal conductance (gs ) showed a decline (-13% and -36%, for Amax and gs , respectively) only in plants under higher O3 levels. Photosystem I functionality supported the capacity of Q. ilex to cope with oxidative stress by adjusting the energy flow partitioning inside the photosystems. The response to O3 was also characterised by increased stomatal density in both O3 enriched treatments relative to controls. Our results suggest that in order to improve the reliability of metrics for O3 risk assessment, the seasonal changes in the response of gs and photosynthetic machinery to O3 stress should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Fusaro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Gerosa
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Salvatori
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Monga
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Kuzminsky
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - C Angelaccio
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - D Quarato
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Calfapietra C, Morani A, Sgrigna G, Di Giovanni S, Muzzini V, Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Nowak D, Fares S. Removal of Ozone by Urban and Peri-Urban Forests: Evidence from Laboratory, Field, and Modeling Approaches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:224-233. [PMID: 26828178 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O fluxes and to discuss implications of O flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O removal by urban and peri-urban forests.
Collapse
|
41
|
Carriero G, Emiliani G, Giovannelli A, Hoshika Y, Manning WJ, Traversi ML, Paoletti E. Effects of long-term ambient ozone exposure on biomass and wood traits in poplar treated with ethylenediurea (EDU). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:575-81. [PMID: 26310976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the longest continuous experiment where ethylenediurea (EDU) was used to protect plants from ozone (O3). Effects of long-term ambient O3 exposure (23 ppm h AOT40) on biomass of an O3 sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) were examined after six years from in-ground planting. Trees were irrigated with either water or 450 ppm EDU. Above (-51%) and below-ground biomass (-47%) was reduced by O3 although the effect was significant only for stem and coarse roots. Ambient O3 decreased diameter of the lower stem, and increased moisture content along the stem of not-protected plants (+16%). No other change in the physical wood structure was observed. A comparison with a previous assessment in the same experiment suggested that O3 effects on biomass partitioning to above-ground organs depend on the tree ontogenetic stage. The root/shoot ratios did not change, suggesting that previous short-term observations of reduced allocation to tree roots may be overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Carriero
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Emiliani
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - W J Manning
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9320, USA
| | - M L Traversi
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Feng Z, Paoletti E, Bytnerowicz A, Harmens H. Ozone and plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:215-6. [PMID: 25681054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Madronich S, Shao M, Wilson SR, Solomon KR, Longstreth JD, Tang XY. Changes in air quality and tropospheric composition due to depletion of stratospheric ozone and interactions with changing climate: implications for human and environmental health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:149-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation is an essential driver for the formation of photochemical smog, which includes ground-level ozone and particulate matter (PM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - M. Shao
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Wollongong
- NSW
- Australia
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology and School of Environmental Sciences
- University of Guelph
- ON
- Canada
| | | | - X. Y. Tang
- Peking University
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing 100871
- China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Morani A, Nowak D, Hirabayashi S, Guidolotti G, Medori M, Muzzini V, Fares S, Mugnozza GS, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree modeled ozone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:202-209. [PMID: 25247877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone flux estimates from the i-Tree model were compared with ozone flux measurements using the Eddy Covariance technique in a periurban Mediterranean forest near Rome (Castelporziano). For the first time i-Tree model outputs were compared with field measurements in relation to dry deposition estimates. Results showed generally a good agreement between predicted and measured ozone fluxes (least sum square=5.6 e(-4)) especially when cumulative values over the whole measurement campaign are considered. However at daily and hourly time-step some overestimations were observed in estimated values especially in hot dry periods. The use of different m values in the Ball-Berry formula in the different periods, produced the best fit between predicted and measured ozone fluxes. This suggests that a variable value for the coefficient m accounting for water availability may be appropriate to improve model estimates for Mediterranean and drought prone regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Morani
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - D Nowak
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, USA
| | - S Hirabayashi
- The Davey Institute, The Davey Tree Expert Company, USA
| | - G Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - M Medori
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - V Muzzini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - S Fares
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Scarascia Mugnozza
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
De Marco A, Proietti C, Cionni I, Fischer R, Screpanti A, Vitale M. Future impacts of nitrogen deposition and climate change scenarios on forest crown defoliation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:171-180. [PMID: 25118942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation is an indicator for forest health in response to several stressors including air pollutants, and one of the most important parameters monitored in the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests). The study aims to estimate crown defoliation in 2030, under three climate and one nitrogen deposition scenarios, based on evaluation of the most important factors (meteorological, nitrogen deposition and chemical soil parameters) affecting defoliation of twelve European tree species. The combination of favourable climate and nitrogen fertilization in the more adaptive species induces a generalized decrease of defoliation. On the other hand, severe climate change and drought are main causes of increase in defoliation in Quercus ilex and Fagus sylvatica, especially in Mediterranean area. Our results provide information on regional distribution of future defoliation, an important knowledge for identifying policies to counteract negative impacts of climate change and air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Cionni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Fischer
- World Forestry Institute, The Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Augusto Screpanti
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Paoletti E, Castagna A, Ederli L, Pasqualini S, Ranieri A, Manning WJ. Gene expression in snapbeans exposed to ozone and protected by ethylenediurea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 193:1-5. [PMID: 24975117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediurea (EDU) is the most common chemical used to prevent ozone (O3) injury on vegetation. Despite considerable research, its mode of action remains elusive and gene expression has not been studied. Transcripts of major antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase) were measured for the first time in a model plant (Phaseolus vulgaris cv S156) after short-term O3 exposure (0 or 90 ppb, 5 h/d, 4 days) and a single spray with EDU (0 or 300 ppm). Visible, physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed as indices of O3-induced stress. In O3-exposed EDU-protected plants, levels of transcript, enzyme activity, H2O2 accumulation, gas exchange and foliar visible injury were similar to those in control plants. These results suggest that EDU may halt the O3-induced ROS generation within 24 h from the exposure, and thus the downstream cascade mechanisms leading to increased H2O2 production, impaired gas exchange, and occurrence of leaf lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Castagna
- Department of Agricultural, Ambient and Agro-Food Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Ederli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - S Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Ranieri
- Department of Agricultural, Ambient and Agro-Food Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - W J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vanzo E, Ghirardo A, Merl-Pham J, Lindermayr C, Heller W, Hauck SM, Durner J, Schnitzler JP. S-nitroso-proteome in poplar leaves in response to acute ozone stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106886. [PMID: 25192423 PMCID: PMC4156402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent binding of nitric oxide (NO) to protein cysteine residues, is one of the main mechanisms of NO signaling in plant and animal cells. Using a combination of the biotin switch assay and label-free LC-MS/MS analysis, we revealed the S-nitroso-proteome of the woody model plant Populus x canescens. Under normal conditions, constitutively S-nitrosylated proteins in poplar leaves and calli comprise all aspects of primary and secondary metabolism. Acute ozone fumigation was applied to elicit ROS-mediated changes of the S-nitroso-proteome. This treatment changed the total nitrite and nitrosothiol contents of poplar leaves and affected the homeostasis of 32 S-nitrosylated proteins. Multivariate data analysis revealed that ozone exposure negatively affected the S-nitrosylation status of leaf proteins: 23 proteins were de-nitrosylated and 9 proteins had increased S-nitrosylation content compared to the control. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2 (log2[ozone/control] = −3.6) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (−3.4), key enzymes catalyzing important steps in the phenylpropanoid and subsequent lignin biosynthetic pathways, respectively, were de-nitrosylated upon ozone stress. Measuring the in vivo and in vitro phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity indicated that the increase of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in response to acute ozone is partly regulated by de-nitrosylation, which might favor a higher metabolic flux through the phenylpropanoid pathway within minutes after ozone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|