1
|
Cossarini F, Shang J, Krek A, Al-Taie Z, Hou R, Canales-Herrerias P, Tokuyama M, Tankelevich M, Tillowiz A, Jha D, Livanos AE, Leyre L, Uzzan M, Martinez-Delgado G, Tylor M, Sharma K, Bourgonje AR, Cruz M, Ioannou G, Dawson T, D'Souza D, Kim-Schulze S, Akm A, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Gnjatic S, Polydorides AD, Cerutti A, Argmann C, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Suarez-Farinas M, Petralia F, Faith JJ, Mehandru S. HIV-1 infection is associated with depletion of germinal center B cells and a decrease in IgA + plasma cells in the GI tract. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.590425. [PMID: 38826293 PMCID: PMC11142040 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.590425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) B cells and plasma cells (PCs), critical to mucosal homeostasis, play an important role in the host response to HIV-1 infection. Here, high resolution mapping of human B cells and PCs from colon and ileum during both viremic and suppressed HIV-1 infection identified a significant reduction in germinal center (GC) B cells and Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs) during HIV-1 viremia. Further, IgA + PCs, the major cellular output of intestinal GCs were significantly reduced during viremic HIV-1 infection. PC-associated transcriptional perturbations, including type I interferon signaling persisted in antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated individuals, suggesting ongoing disruption of the intestinal immune milieu during ART. GI humoral immune perturbations associated with changes in intestinal microbiome composition and systemic inflammation. Herein, we highlight a key immune defect in the GI mucosa due to HIV-1 viremia, with major implications. One Sentence Summary Major perturbations in intestinal GC dynamics in viremic HIV-1 infection relate to reduced IgA + plasma cells, systemic inflammation and microbiota changes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Höft MA, Burgers WA, Riou C. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:184-196. [PMID: 37821620 PMCID: PMC10806256 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the intersection of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. People with HIV (PWH) are a heterogeneous group that differ in their degree of immune suppression, immune reconstitution, and viral control. While COVID-19 in those with well-controlled HIV infection poses no greater risk than that for HIV-uninfected individuals, people with advanced HIV disease are more vulnerable to poor COVID-19 outcomes. COVID-19 vaccines are effective and well tolerated in the majority of PWH, though reduced vaccine efficacy, breakthrough infections and faster waning of vaccine effectiveness have been demonstrated in PWH. This is likely a result of suboptimal humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination. People with advanced HIV may also experience prolonged infection that may give rise to new epidemiologically significant variants, but initiation or resumption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively clear persistent infection. COVID-19 vaccine guidelines reflect these increased risks and recommend prioritization for vaccination and additional booster doses for PWH who are moderately to severely immunocompromised. We recommend continued research and monitoring of PWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in areas with a high HIV burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A Höft
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alexandre YO, Mueller SN. Splenic stromal niches in homeostasis and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:705-719. [PMID: 36973361 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is a gatekeeper of systemic immunity where immune responses against blood-borne pathogens are initiated and sustained. Non-haematopoietic stromal cells construct microanatomical niches in the spleen that make diverse contributions to physiological spleen functions and regulate the homeostasis of immune cells. Additional signals from spleen autonomic nerves also modify immune responses. Recent insight into the diversity of the splenic fibroblastic stromal cells has revised our understanding of how these cells help to orchestrate splenic responses to infection and contribute to immune responses. In this Review, we examine our current understanding of how stromal niches and neuroimmune circuits direct the immunological functions of the spleen, with a focus on T cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao T, Liu L, To KK, Lim C, Zhou R, Ming Y, Kwan K, Yu S, Chan C, Zhou B, Huang H, Mo Y, Du Z, Gong R, Yat L, Hung IF, Tam AR, To W, Leung W, Chik TS, Tsang OT, Lin X, Song Y, Yuen K, Chen Z. Mitochondrial regulation of acute extrafollicular B-cell responses to COVID-19 severity. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1025. [PMID: 36103567 PMCID: PMC9473490 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with COVID-19 display a broad spectrum of manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease with dysregulated immune responses. Mechanisms underlying the detrimental immune responses and disease severity remain elusive. METHODS We investigated a total of 137 APs infected with SARS-CoV-2. Patients were divided into mild and severe patient groups based on their requirement of oxygen supplementation. All blood samples from APs were collected within three weeks after symptom onset. Freshly isolated PBMCs were investigated for B cell subsets, their homing potential, activation state, mitochondrial functionality and proliferative response. Plasma samples were tested for cytokine concentration, and titer of Nabs, RBD-, S1-, SSA/Ro- and dsDNA-specific IgG. RESULTS While critically ill patients displayed predominantly extrafollicular B cell activation with elevated inflammation, mild patients counteracted the disease through the timely induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in B cells within the first week post symptom onset. Rapidly increased mitochondrial dysfunction, which was caused by infection-induced excessive intracellular calcium accumulation, suppressed excessive extrafollicular responses, leading to increased neutralizing potency index and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Patients who received prior COVID-19 vaccines before infection displayed significantly decreased extrafollicular B cell responses and mild disease. CONCLUSION Our results reveal an immune mechanism that controls SARS-CoV-2-induced detrimental B cell responses and COVID-19 severity, which may have implications for viral pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Cao
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
- Department of DermatologyTangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai‐Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yu Lim
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ming
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ka‐Yi Kwan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haode Huang
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ruomei Gong
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Luk‐Tsz Yat
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Fan‐Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Department of MedicineQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wing‐Kin To
- Department of PathologyPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wai‐Shing Leung
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Shiu‐Hong Chik
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Owen Tak‐Yin Tsang
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - You‐qiang Song
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Noto A, Suffiotti M, Joo V, Mancarella A, Procopio FA, Cavet G, Leung Y, Corpataux JM, Cavassini M, Riva A, Stamatatos L, Gottardo R, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Fenwick C, Perreau M, Pantaleo G. The deficiency in Th2-like Tfh cells affects the maturation and quality of HIV-specific B cell response in viremic infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960120. [PMID: 36091040 PMCID: PMC9450063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal T follicular helper (Tfh) cells function is important to promote the development of germinal centers and maturation of high affinity antigen-specific B cells. We have found that the expression of CXCR3 defines distinct Tfh subsets: CXCR3+ Th1-like Tfh cells mainly producing single IFN-γ and dual IL-21/IFN-γ and CXCR3- Th2-like Tfh cells mainly producing single IL-4 and dual IL-21/IL-4 cytokines. CXCR3- Th2-like Tfhs are significantly reduced during ongoing HIV replication. While the percentage of Th2-like Tfh cells correlates with that of total and cycling HIV-specific B cells, the percentage of CXCR3+ Th1-like Tfhs correlates with HIV-specific B cells expressing T-bet and CXCR3. Of note, only IL-4 and IL-21 cytokines boosted efficient maturation of HIV-specific B cells while IFN-γ induced expression of T-bet and CXCR3 in B cells. Interestingly, total and HIV-specific CXCR3+ B cells showed lower rate of somatic hypermutation, as compared to CXCR3- B cells. Therefore, the imbalance in Th2/Th1-like Tfhs affects B cell responses in viremic HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Noto
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine Suffiotti
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Joo
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mancarella
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco A. Procopio
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guy Cavet
- Atreca, Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Jean-Marc Corpataux
- Service of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Riva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Department of Global Health, Seattle University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Giuseppe Pantaleo,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Svanberg C, Nyström S, Govender M, Bhattacharya P, Che KF, Ellegård R, Shankar EM, Larsson M. HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790276. [PMID: 36032117 PMCID: PMC9399885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection gives rise to a multi-layered immune impairment in most infected individuals. The chronic presence of HIV-1 during the priming and activation of T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) promotes the expansion of suppressive T cells in a contact-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the T cell side of this HIV-induced impairment is well studied, whereas little is known about the reverse effects exerted on the DCs. Herein we assessed the phenotype and transcriptome profile of mature DCs that have been in contact with suppressive T cells. The HIV exposed DCs from cocultures between DCs and T cells resulted in a more tolerogenic phenotype with increased expression of e.g., PDL1, Gal-9, HVEM, and B7H3, mediated by interaction with T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of the DCs separated from the DC-T cell coculture revealed a type I IFN response profile as well as an activation of pathways involved in T cell exhaustion. Taken together, our data indicate that the prolonged and strong type I IFN signaling in DCs, induced by the presence of HIV during DC-T cell cross talk, could play an important role in the induction of tolerogenic DCs and suppressed immune responses seen in HIV-1 infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F. Che
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rosen EP, Deleage C, White N, Sykes C, Brands C, Adamson L, Luciw P, Estes JD, Kashuba ADM. Antiretroviral drug exposure in lymph nodes is heterogeneous and drug dependent. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25:e25895. [PMID: 35441468 PMCID: PMC9018350 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV reservoirs and infected cells may persist in tissues with low concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs). Traditional pharmacology methods cannot assess variability in ARV concentrations within morphologically complex tissues, such as lymph nodes (LNs). We evaluated the distribution of six ARVs into LNs and the proximity of these ARVs to CD4+ T cells and cell‐associated RT‐SHIV viral RNA. Methods Between December 2014 and April 2017, RT‐SHIV infected (SHIV+; N = 6) and healthy (SHIV–; N = 6) male rhesus macaques received two selected four‐drug combinations of six ARVs over 10 days to attain steady‐state conditions. Serial cryosections of axillary LN were analysed by a multimodal imaging approach that combined mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for ARV disposition, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA) and immunohistochemistry for CD4+ T cell and collagen expression. Spatial relationships across these four imaging domains were investigated by nearest neighbour search on co‐registered images using MATLAB. Results Through MSI, ARV‐dependent, heterogeneous concentrations were observed in different morphological LN regions, such as the follicles and medullary sinuses. After 5–6 weeks of infection, more limited ARV penetration into LN tissue relative to the blood marker heme was found in SHIV+ animals (SHIV+: 0.7 [0.2–1.4] mm; SHIV–: 1.3 [0.5–1.7] mm), suggesting alterations in the microcirculation. However, we found no detectable increase in collagen deposition. Regimen‐wide maps of composite ARV distribution indicated that up to 27% of SHIV+ LN tissue area was not exposed to detectable ARVs. Regions associated with B cell follicles had median 1.15 [0.94–2.69] ‐fold reduction in areas with measurable drug, though differences were only statistically significant for tenofovir (p = 0.03). Median co‐localization of drug with CD4+ target cells and vRNA varied widely by ARV (5.1–100%), but nearest neighbour analysis indicated that up to 10% of target cells and cell‐associated vRNA were not directly contiguous to at least one drug at concentrations greater than the IC50 value. Conclusions Our investigation of the spatial distributions of drug, virus and target cells underscores the influence of location and microenvironment within LN, where a small population of T cells may remain vulnerable to infection and low‐level viral replication during suppressive ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias P Rosen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole White
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine Brands
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Paul Luciw
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Clercq J, Rutsaert S, De Scheerder MA, Verhofstede C, Callens S, Vandekerckhove L. Benefits of antiretroviral therapy initiation during acute HIV infection. Acta Clin Belg 2022; 77:168-176. [PMID: 32468932 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2020.1770413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: In the last decade, there has been increasing scientific and legislative focus on antiretroviral treatment (ART) for all people living with HIV. Especially early ART initiation, preferably during acute HIV infection, has been named as a promising strategy, both for the individual and for the society. This article will review the benefits and possible future applications of immediate ART initiation during acute HIV infection and explore the remaining hurdles towards this strategy.Results: On an individual level, initiation of ART during acute HIV infection limits the viral reservoir, preserves immune function, and decreases systemic inflammation. In addition, obtaining viral suppression soon after infection can be beneficial for the society by decreasing the chance of onward HIV transmission. Reducing the transmission will reduce HIV incidence and can curtail HIV-related health expenditure. Furthermore, the favorable immunological and virological profile obtained by treating during acute HIV infection will form an ideal starting point for several HIV cure strategies.Conclusions: Initiation of ART during acute HIV infection has shown distinct benefits for the individual, for the society, and for future research on HIV cure. In order to implement this strategy, equal focus should be placed on early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien De Clercq
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Verhofstede
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Callens
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jeger-Madiot R, Vaineau R, Heredia M, Tchitchek N, Bertrand L, Pereira M, Konza O, Gouritin B, Hoareau-Coudert B, Corneau A, Blanc C, Savier E, Buffet P, Six A, Klatzmann D, Moris A, Graff-Dubois S. Naive and memory CD4 + T cell subsets can contribute to the generation of human Tfh cells. iScience 2022; 25:103566. [PMID: 34984326 PMCID: PMC8693005 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper cells (Tfh) promote B cell maturation and antibody production in secondary lymphoid organs. By using an innovative culture system based on splenocyte stimulation, we studied the dynamics of naive and memory CD4+ T cells during the generation of a Tfh cell response. We found that both naive and memory CD4+ T cells can acquire phenotypic and functional features of Tfh cells. Moreover, we show here that the transition of memory as well as naive CD4+ T cells into the Tfh cell profile is supported by the expression of pro-Tfh genes, including transcription factors known to orchestrate Tfh cell development. Using this culture system, we provide pieces of evidence that HIV infection differentially alters these newly identified pathways of Tfh cell generation. Such diversity in pathways of Tfh cell generation offers a new framework for the understanding of Tfh cell responses in physiological and pathological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Jeger-Madiot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France
| | - Romain Vaineau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Maud Heredia
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Lisa Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Pereira
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Océane Konza
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gouritin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélien Corneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - Eric Savier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, St Antoine Research Center CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMRS 1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Graff-Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMS037 PASS, Cytometry facility (CyPS), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Zhao J, Naini SM, Sabiu G, Tullius SG, Shin SR, Bromberg JS, Fiorina P, Tsokos GC, Abdi R, Kasinath V. Kidney-Draining Lymph Node Fibrosis Following Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768412. [PMID: 35024041 PMCID: PMC8744208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary organ has been the subject of intense investigation in the field of organ fibrosis over the past several decades, the presence of lymph node fibrosis due to persistent activation of the immune response in its partner organ remains largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that activation of the immune response following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) in the kidney was associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) of the kidney-draining lymph node (KLN). Here, we sought to determine whether FRCs in the KLN become similarly fibrogenic following unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of the kidney. We subjected 6-8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to UUO for 2, 7, and 14 days. We examined the microarchitecture of the kidney and KLN by immunofluorescence staining at each timepoint, and we quantified immune cell populations in the KLN by flow cytometry. The contralateral kidney unaffected by UUO and its partner KLN were used as controls. We found through immunofluorescence staining that FRCs increased production of ECM fibers and remodeled the microarchitecture of the UUO KLN, contributing to fibrosis that mirrored the changes in the kidney. We also observed by flow cytometry that the populations of CD11b+ antigen-presenting cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the UUO KLN than the KLN draining the unaffected contralateral kidney. Expression of the TGFβ/TGFβR signaling pathway was upregulated and colocalized with FRCs in the UUO KLNs, suggesting a possible mechanism behind the fibrosis. Both release of ureteral ligation at 2 days following UUO and depletion of FRCs at the time of injury onset halted the progression of fibrosis in both the kidney and the KLN. These findings for the first time highlight the association between fibrosis both in the kidney and the KLN during UUO, and they lay the groundwork for future studies that will investigate more deeply the mechanisms behind the connection between FRCs and KLN fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Said Movahedi Naini
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wong CS, Buckner CM, Lage SL, Pei L, Assis FL, Dahlstrom EW, Anzick SL, Virtaneva K, Rupert A, Davis JL, Zhou T, Laidlaw E, Manion M, Galindo F, Anderson M, Seamon CA, Sneller MC, Lisco A, Deleage C, Pittaluga S, Moir S, Sereti I. Rapid Emergence of T Follicular Helper and Germinal Center B Cells Following Antiretroviral Therapy in Advanced HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752782. [PMID: 34938286 PMCID: PMC8686113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low nadir CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+ patients are associated with high morbidity and mortality and lasting immune dysfunction, even after antiretroviral therapy (ART). The early events of immune recovery of T cells and B cells in severely lymphopenic HIV+ patients have not been fully characterized. In a cohort of lymphopenic (CD4 T-cell count < 100/µL) HIV+ patients, we studied mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN) pre-ART (n = 40) and 6-8 weeks post-ART (n = 30) with evaluation of cellular immunophenotypes; histology on LN sections; functionality of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells; transcriptional and B-cell receptor profile on unfractionated LN and PB samples; and plasma biomarker measurements. A group of 19 healthy controls (HC, n = 19) was used as a comparator. T-cell and B-cell lymphopenia was present in PB pre-ART in HIV+ patients. CD4:CD8 and CD4 T- and B-cell PB subsets partly normalized compared to HC post-ART as viral load decreased. Strikingly in LN, ART led to a rapid decrease in interferon signaling pathways and an increase in Tfh, germinal center and IgD-CD27- B cells, consistent with histological findings of post-ART follicular hyperplasia. However, there was evidence of cTfh cells with decreased helper capacity and of limited B-cell receptor diversification post-ART. In conclusion, we found early signs of immune reconstitution, evidenced by a surge in LN germinal center cells, albeit limited in functionality, in HIV+ patients who initiate ART late in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Wong
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Lucena Lage
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe L. Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric W. Dahlstrom
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frances Galindo
- Intramural Clinical Management and Operations Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan Anderson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael C. Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rascle P, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Planchais C, Lazzerini M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M. NK-B cell cross talk induces CXCR5 expression on natural killer cells. iScience 2021; 24:103109. [PMID: 34622162 PMCID: PMC8479784 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles (BCFs) in lymph nodes (LNs) are generally exempt of CD8+ T and NK cells. African green monkeys (AGMs), a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), display NK cell-mediated viral control in BCF. NK cell migration into BCF in chronically SIVagm-infected AGM is associated with CXCR5+ NK cells. We aimed to identify the mechanism leading to CXCR5 expression on NK cells. We show that CXCR5+ NK cells in LN were induced following SIVagm infection. CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated preferentially in BCF with proliferating B cells. Autologous NK-B cell co-cultures in transwell chambers induced CXCR5+ NK cells. Transcriptome analysis of CXCR5+ NK cells revealed expression of bcl6 and IL6R. IL-6 induced CXCR5 on AGM and human NK cells. IL6 mRNA was detected in LN at higher levels during SIVagm than SIVmac infection and often produced by plasma cells. Our study reveals a mechanism of B cell-dependent NK cell regulation. IL-6 can induce CXCR5 on NK cells CXCR5+ NK cells expressed high levels of bcl6 and IL6R More IL-6+ plasmablast/plasma cells in lymph nodes in SIVagm than SIVmac infection B cells participate in the regulation of NK cell migration into BCF
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lazzerini
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Acton SE, Onder L, Novkovic M, Martinez VG, Ludewig B. Communication, construction, and fluid control: lymphoid organ fibroblastic reticular cell and conduit networks. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:782-794. [PMID: 34362676 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are a crucial part of the stromal cell infrastructure of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Lymphoid organ fibroblasts form specialized niches for immune cell interactions and thereby govern lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Moreover, FRCs produce and ensheath a network of extracellular matrix (ECM) microfibers called the conduit system. FRC-generated conduits contribute to fluid and immune cell control by funneling fluids containing antigens and inflammatory mediators through the SLOs. We review recent progress in FRC biology that has advanced our understanding of immune cell functions and interactions. We discuss the intricate relationships between the cellular FRC and the fibrillar conduit networks, which together form the basis for efficient communication between immune cells and the tissues they survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mario Novkovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Victor G Martinez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The persistence of HIV-1-infected cells, despite the introduction of the combinatorial antiretroviral therapy, is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Understanding the nature of HIV reservoir will lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the functional cure or eradication of the virus. In this review, we will update the recent development in imaging applications toward HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viral reservoirs research and highlight some of their limitations. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T cells are the primary target of HIV-1/SIV and the predominant site for productive and latent reservoirs. This viral reservoir preferentially resides in lymphoid compartments that are difficult to access, which renders sampling and measurements problematical and a hurdle for understanding HIV-1 pathogenicity. Novel noninvasive technologies are needed to circumvent this and urgently help to find a cure for HIV-1. Recent technological advancements have had a significant impact on the development of imaging methodologies allowing the visualization of relevant biomarkers with high resolution and analytical capacity. Such methodologies have provided insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular interactions in health and disease. SUMMARY Imaging of the HIV-1 reservoir can provide significant insights for the nature (cell types), spatial distribution, and the role of the tissue microenvironment for its in vivo dynamics and potentially lead to novel targets for the virus elimination.
Collapse
|
17
|
Weber MG, Walters-Laird CJ, Kol A, Santos Rocha C, Hirao LA, Mende A, Balan B, Arredondo J, Elizaldi SR, Iyer SS, Tarantal AF, Dandekar S. Gut germinal center regeneration and enhanced antiviral immunity by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in SIV infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149033. [PMID: 34014838 PMCID: PMC8262475 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV replication, it does not eliminate viral reservoirs or restore damaged lymphoid tissue, posing obstacles to HIV eradication. Using the SIV model of AIDS, we investigated the effect of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) infusions on gut mucosal recovery, antiviral immunity, and viral suppression and determined associated molecular/metabolic signatures. MSC administration to SIV-infected macaques resulted in viral reduction and heightened virus-specific responses. Marked clearance of SIV-positive cells from gut mucosal effector sites was correlated with robust regeneration of germinal centers, restoration of follicular B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and enhanced antigen presentation by viral trapping within the follicular DC network. Gut transcriptomic analyses showed increased antiviral response mediated by pathways of type I/II IFN signaling, viral restriction factors, innate immunity, and B cell proliferation and provided the molecular signature underlying enhanced host immunity. Metabolic analysis revealed strong correlations between B and Tfh cell activation, anti-SIV antibodies, and IL-7 expression with enriched retinol metabolism, which facilitates gut homing of antigen-activated lymphocytes. We identified potentially new MSC functions in modulating antiviral immunity for enhanced viral clearance predominantly through type I/II IFN signaling and B cell signature, providing a road map for multipronged HIV eradication strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Abigail Mende
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Bipin Balan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari Forestali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Smita S Iyer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases.,California National Primate Research Center, and
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, and.,Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,California National Primate Research Center, and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moysi E, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Koup RA, Petrovas C. In Situ Characterization of Human Lymphoid Tissue Immune Cells by Multispectral Confocal Imaging and Quantitative Image Analysis; Implications for HIV Reservoir Characterization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683396. [PMID: 34177929 PMCID: PMC8221112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are key mediators of adaptive immune responses during infection and vaccination. Within secondary lymphoid organs, helper CD4 T cells, particularly those residing in germinal centers known as follicular helper T cells (Tfh), provide critical help to B-cells to promote their survival, isotype switching and selection of high affinity memory B-cells. On the other hand, the important role of Tfh cells for the maintenance of HIV reservoir is well documented. Thus, interrogating and better understanding the tissue specific micro-environment and immune subsets that contribute to optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function is important for designing successful prevention and cure strategies. Here, we describe the development and optimization of eight multispectral confocal microscopy immunofluorescence panels designed for in depth characterization and immune-profiling of relevant immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human lymphoid tissue samples. We provide a comprehensive library of antibodies to use for the characterization of CD4+ T-cells -including Tfh and regulatory T-cells- as well as CD8 T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and discuss how the resulting multispectral confocal datasets can be quantitatively dissected using the HistoCytometry pipeline to collect information about relative frequencies and immune cell spatial distributions. Cells harboring actively transcribed virus are analyzed using an in-situ hybridization assay for the characterization of HIV mRNA positive cells in combination with additional protein markers (multispectral RNAscope). The application of this methodology to lymphoid tissues offers a means to interrogate multiple relevant immune cell targets simultaneously at increased resolution in a reproducible manner to guide CD4 T-cell studies in infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.,Comisión Coordinadora de Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2021; 53:1136-1150. [PMID: 33326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scholz EMB, Kashuba ADM. The Lymph Node Reservoir: Physiology, HIV Infection, and Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:918-927. [PMID: 33529355 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, finding a cure for HIV remains a top priority. Chronic HIV infection is associated with increased risk of comorbidities, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, people living with HIV must remain adherent to daily antiretroviral therapy, because lapses in medication adherence can lead to viral rebound and disease progression. Viral recrudescence occurs from cellular reservoirs in lymphoid tissues. In particular, lymph nodes are central to the pathology of HIV due to their unique architecture and compartmentalization of immune cells. Understanding how antiretrovirals (ARVs) penetrate lymph nodes may explain why these tissues are maintained as HIV reservoirs, and how they contribute to viral rebound upon treatment interruption. In this report, we review (i) the physiology of the lymph nodes and their function as part of the immune and lymphatic systems, (ii) the pathogenesis and outcomes of HIV infection in lymph nodes, and (iii) ARV concentrations and distribution in lymph nodes, and the relationship between ARVs and HIV in this important reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M B Scholz
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun Z, Burdick J. Senescence of fibroblastic reticular cells in draining lymph nodes: immunoregulation following transplantation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3965-3967. [PMID: 32597831 DOI: 10.1172/jci139153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is an intriguing site not only for inducing protective effector immunity but also for inducing tolerance against peripherally encountered antigens such as tissue-specific self-antigens that are regionally drained and through draining lymph nodes (DLNs). The dual functions of DLNs in immunity are attributable at least in part to fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), which are a major population of the nonhematopoietic compartment in the LN. In this issue of the JCI, Li, Zhao, and colleagues investigated DLNs in the transplantation setting. The authors demonstrated that, following skin transplantation, the donor mast cell-mediated senescence in FRCs was associated with collagen 1 deposition in DLNs. Systemic administration to mice of FRCs that were expanded ex vivo decreased DLN fibrosis and strengthened the effect of anti-CD40L in prolonging heart allograft survival. These data implicate the DLN as a target for immunomodulatory therapy of transplant rejection.
Collapse
|
22
|
The importance of advanced cytometry in defining new immune cell types and functions relevant for the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:2169-2185. [PMID: 32910071 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
: In the last years, novel, exciting immunological findings of interest for HIV research and treatment were identified thanks to different cytometric approaches. The analysis of the phenotypes and functionality of cells belonging to the immune system could clarify their role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, and to elaborate key concepts, relevant in the treatment of this disease. Important discoveries have been made concerning cells that are important for protective immunity like lymphocytes that display polyfunctionality, resident memory T cells, innate lymphoid cells, to mention a few. The complex phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells has been investigated, and relevant changes have been reported during chronic and primary HIV infection, in correlation with changes in CD4 T-cell number, T-cell activation, and with advanced disease stage. The search for markers of HIV persistence present in latently infected cells, namely those molecules that are important for a functional or sterilizing cure, evidenced the role of follicular helper T cells, and opened a discussion on the meaning and use of different surface molecules not only in identifying such cells, but also in designing new strategies. Finally, advanced technologies based upon the simultaneous detection of HIV-RNA and proteins at the single cell level, as well as those based upon spectral cytometry or mass cytometry are now finding new actors and depicting a new scenario in the immunopathogenesis of the infection, that will allow to better design innovative therapies based upon novel drugs and vaccines.
Collapse
|
23
|
Starke CE, Vinton CL, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Ortiz AM, Mudd JC, Flynn JK, Lai SH, Wu F, Hirsch VM, Darko S, Douek DC, Price DA, Brenchley JM. SIV-specific CD8+ T cells are clonotypically distinct across lymphoid and mucosal tissues. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:789-798. [PMID: 31661461 DOI: 10.1172/jci129161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses are necessary for immune control of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the key parameters that dictate antiviral potency remain elusive, conceivably because most studies to date have been restricted to analyses of circulating CD8+ T cells. We conducted a detailed clonotypic, functional, and phenotypic survey of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells across multiple anatomical sites in chronically infected rhesus macaques with high (>10,000 copies/mL plasma) or low burdens of viral RNA (<10,000 copies/mL plasma). No significant differences in response magnitude were identified across anatomical compartments. Rhesus macaques with low viral loads (VLs) harbored higher frequencies of polyfunctional CXCR5+ SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in various lymphoid tissues and higher proportions of unique Gag-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes in the mesenteric lymph nodes relative to rhesus macaques with high VLs. In addition, public Gag-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes were more commonly shared across distinct anatomical sites than the corresponding private clonotypes, which tended to form tissue-specific repertoires, especially in the peripheral blood and the gastrointestinal tract. Collectively, these data suggest that functionality and tissue localization are important determinants of CD8+ T cell-mediated efficacy against SIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Starke
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen H Lai
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Palgen JL, Stahl-Hennig C, Le Grand R, Beignon AS, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Non-human Primate Determinants of Natural Killer Cells in Tissues at Steady-State and During Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2134. [PMID: 33013901 PMCID: PMC7511519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play essential roles in immunity to viruses and tumors. Their function is genetically determined but also modulated by environmental factors. The distribution and functional regulation of these cells vary depending on the tissue. NK cell behavior in lymphoid tissues is so far understudied. Non-human primate (NHP) models are essential for the development of therapies and vaccines against human diseases, and access to NHP tissues allows insights into spatial regulations of NK cells. Here, we investigated tissue-specific parameters of NK cells from NHP species, i.e., cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), African green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and baboon (Papio anubis). By comprehensive multi-dimensional analysis of NK cells from secondary lymphoid organs, intestinal mucosa, liver, and blood, we identified tissue- and species-specific patterns of NK cell frequencies, phenotypes, and potential activity. Also, we defined the tissue-specific characteristics of NK cells during infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus. Altogether, our results provide a comprehensive anatomic analysis of NK cells in different tissues of primates at steady-state and during a viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Louis Palgen
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- CEA-Université Paris Saclay-Inserm, U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases, IMVA-HB/IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Zhao J, Kasinath V, Uehara M, Jiang L, Banouni N, McGrath MM, Ichimura T, Fiorina P, Lemos DR, Shin SR, Ware CF, Bromberg JS, Abdi R. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells deposit fibrosis-associated collagen following organ transplantation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4182-4194. [PMID: 32597832 PMCID: PMC7410068 DOI: 10.1172/jci136618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the immune response within draining lymph nodes (DLNs) has been studied for decades, how their stromal compartment contributes to this process remains to be fully explored. Here, we show that donor mast cells were prominent activators of collagen I deposition by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) in DLNs shortly following transplantation. Serial analysis of the DLN indicated that the LN stroma did not return to its baseline microarchitecture following organ rejection and that the DLN contained significant fibrosis following repetitive organ transplants. Using several FRC conditional-knockout mice, we show that induction of senescence in the FRCs of the DLN resulted in massive production of collagen I and a proinflammatory milieu within the DLN. Stimulation of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) on FRCs by its ligand LIGHT contributed chiefly to the induction of senescence in FRCs and overproduction of collagen I. Systemic administration of ex vivo-expanded FRCs to mice decreased DLN fibrosis and strengthened the effect of anti-CD40L in prolonging heart allograft survival. These data demonstrate that the transformation of FRCs into proinflammatory myofibroblasts is critically important for the maintenance of a proinflammatory milieu within a fibrotic DLN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martina M. McGrath
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dario R. Lemos
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hillmann A, Crane M, Ruskin HJ. Assessing the impact of HIV treatment interruptions using stochastic cellular Automata. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110376. [PMID: 32574568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes a progressive decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis resulting, after some time, in eventual break down of immune functions. Recent clinical research has shed light on a significant contribution of the lymphatic tissues, where HIV causes accumulation of collagen, (fibrosis). Specifically, where tissue is populated by certain types of functional stromal cells designated Fibroblastic Reticular Cells (FRCs), these have been found to play a crucial role in balancing out apoptosis and regeneration of naïve T-cells through 2-way cellular signaling. Tissue fibrosis not only impedes this signaling, effectively reducing T-cell levels through increased apoptosis of cells of both T- and FRC type but has been found to be irreversible by current HIV standard treatment (cART). While the therapy aims to block the viral lifecycle, cART-associated increase of T-cell levels in blood appears to conceal existing FRC impairment through fibrosis. This hidden impairment can lead to adverse consequences if treatment is interrupted, e.g. due to poor adherence (missing doses) or through periods recovering from drug toxicities. Formal clinical studies on treatment interruption have indicated possible adverse effects, but quantification of those effects in relation to interruption protocol and patient predisposition remains unclear. Accordingly, the impact of treatment interruption on lymphatic tissue structure and T-cell levels is explored here by means of computer simulation. A novel Stochastic Cellular Automata model is proposed, which utilizes all sources of clinical detail available to us (though sparse in part) for model parametrization. Sources are explicitly referenced and conflicting evidence from previous studies explored. The main focus is on (i) spatial aspects of collagen build up, together with (ii) collagen increase after repeated treatment interruptions to explore the dynamics of HIV-induced fibrosis and T-cell loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hillmann
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Martin Crane
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Heather J Ruskin
- Advanced Research Computing Centre for Complex Systems Modelling, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Germinal centers B-cell reaction and T follicular helper cells in response to HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 14:246-252. [PMID: 30994502 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the recent findings on germinal center B-cell reaction and Tfh cells in HIV-1 infection, with particular emphasis on the spatial organization of the germinal center, follicular cell regulation, and cellular alterations resulting from HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-specific bNAbs are generated by iterative cycles of B-cell maturation supported by GC environment. Recent observations underline that germinal center structural alterations at the earliest stages of HIV infection could impact Tfh cell and germinal center B-cell homeostasis, thus preventing the rise of efficient humoral immunity. Moreover, despite ART treatment, HIV-derived antigens persist, particularly in follicular CD4+ T cells. Antigenic persistence and variability lead to unregulated chronic stimulation. In this context, regulation of the germinal center appears of special interest. In addition to follicular T-regulatory cells (Tfr), new potent regulators of germinal center reaction, such as follicular CD8 T and NK cells have been recently identified. SUMMARY Altogether these new data provide a better understanding on how HIV infection severely impacts germinal center reaction. Here we propose several therapeutic approaches to promote the bNAb development in HIV-infected patients by improving the preservation of germinal center architecture and its regulation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fu K, March K, Alexaki A, Fabozzi G, Moysi E, Petrovas C. Immunogenicity of Protein Therapeutics: A Lymph Node Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32477334 PMCID: PMC7240201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of molecular biology and protein engineering technologies enables the expansion of the breadth and complexity of protein therapeutics for in vivo administration. However, the immunogenicity and associated in vivo development of antibodies against therapeutics are a major restriction factor for their usage. The B cell follicular and particularly germinal center areas in secondary lymphoid organs are the anatomical sites where the development of antibody responses against pathogens and immunogens takes place. A growing body of data has revealed the importance of the orchestrated function of highly differentiated adaptive immunity cells, including follicular helper CD4 T cells and germinal center B cells, for the optimal generation of these antibody responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the antibody responses against therapeutics could lead to novel strategies to reduce their immunogenicity and increase their efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Fu
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kylie March
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aikaterini Alexaki
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morgado FN, da Silva AVA, Porrozzi R. Infectious Diseases and the Lymphoid Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: A Focus on Conduit System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030725. [PMID: 32187985 PMCID: PMC7140664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conduit system was described in lymphoid organs as a tubular and reticular set of structures compounded by collagen, laminin, perlecan, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan wrapped by reticular fibroblasts. This tubular system is capable of rapidly transport small molecules such as viruses, antigens, chemokines, cytokines, and immunoglobulins through lymphoid organs. This structure plays an important role in guiding the cells to their particular niches, therefore participating in cell cooperation, antigen presentation, and cellular activation. The remodeling of conduits has been described in chronic inflammation and infectious diseases to improve the transport of antigens to specific T and B cells in lymphoid tissue. However, malnutrition and infectious agents may induce extracellular matrix remodeling directly or indirectly, leading to the microarchitecture disorganization of secondary lymphoid organs and their conduit system. In this process, the fibers and cells that compound the conduit system may also be altered, which affects the development of a specific immune response. This review aims to discuss the extracellular matrix remodeling during infectious diseases with an emphasis on the alterations of molecules from the conduit system, which damages the cellular and molecular transit in secondary lymphoid organs compromising the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N. Morgado
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Raehtz KD, Barrenäs F, Xu C, Busman-Sahay K, Valentine A, Law L, Ma D, Policicchio BB, Wijewardana V, Brocca-Cofano E, Trichel A, Gale M, Keele BF, Estes JD, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. African green monkeys avoid SIV disease progression by preventing intestinal dysfunction and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008333. [PMID: 32119719 PMCID: PMC7077871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike HIV infection, SIV infection is generally nonpathogenic in natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), despite life-long high viral replication. Lack of disease progression was reportedly based on the ability of SIV-infected AGMs to prevent gut dysfunction, avoiding microbial translocation and the associated systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation. Yet, the maintenance of gut integrity has never been documented, and the mechanism(s) by which gut integrity is preserved are unknown. We sought to investigate the early events of SIV infection in AGMs, specifically examining the impact of SIVsab infection on the gut mucosa. Twenty-nine adult male AGMs were intrarectally infected with SIVsab92018 and serially sacrificed at well-defined stages of SIV infection, preramp-up (1-3 days post-infection (dpi)), ramp-up (4-6 dpi), peak viremia (9-12 dpi), and early chronic SIV infection (46-55 dpi), to assess the levels of immune activation, apoptosis, epithelial damage and microbial translocation in the GI tract and peripheral lymph nodes. Tissue viral loads, plasma cytokines and plasma markers of gut dysfunction were also measured throughout the course of early infection. While a strong, but transient, interferon-based inflammatory response was observed, the levels of plasma markers linked to enteropathy did not increase. Accordingly, no significant increases in apoptosis of either mucosal enterocytes or lymphocytes, and no damage to the mucosal epithelium were documented during early SIVsab infection of AGMs. These findings were supported by RNAseq of the gut tissue, which found no significant alterations in gene expression that would indicate microbial translocation. Thus, for the first time, we confirmed that gut epithelial integrity is preserved, with no evidence of microbial translocation, in AGMs throughout early SIVsab infection. This might protect AGMs from developing intestinal dysfunction and the subsequent chronic inflammation that drives both HIV disease progression and HIV-associated comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Audrey Valentine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Trichel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Diseases, University of Washington, Washington, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bowler S, Siriwardhana C, Mitchell BI, D'Antoni ML, Ogata-Arakaki D, Souza S, Yee R, Gangcuangco LMA, Chow DC, Ndhlovu LC, Shikuma C. Cenicriviroc, a dual CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist leads to a reduction in plasma fibrotic biomarkers in persons living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. HIV Res Clin Pract 2020; 20:123-129. [PMID: 32013805 DOI: 10.1080/25787489.2020.1719319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Chronic HIV is associated with increased inflammation and tissue fibrosis despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Monocytes and macrophages have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, facilitated by chemokine receptor interactions.Methods: We assessed systemic fibrotic biomarkers (transforming growth factor beta-1 [TGF-β1], thrombospondin-1 [TSP-1], C-terminal pro-peptide of collagen type I [CICP], and IL-11) in banked plasma from a previously published 24-week open-label trial of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist, among persons living with HIV (PLWH) on stable ART with undetectable plasma HIV RNA (<50 copies/mL). Fibrotic markers were assessed by ELISA and Luminex. Untreated HIV-seronegative individuals (n = 6) of similar age and demographics served as a comparator group.Results: Median age of PLWH was 55 years. At baseline, PLWH had higher median TGF-β1 (2.11 vs 1.62 ng/mL, p = 0.01), TSP-1 (236.74 vs 83.29 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), and CICP (200.46 vs 111.28 ng/mL, p = 0.01), but lower IL-11 (36.00 vs 53.74 pg/mL, p = 0.01) compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Over 24 weeks, median TGF-β1 (-0.74 ng/mL, p = 0.006), TSP-1 (-52.12 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), and CICP (-28.12 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) decreased and IL-11 (28.98 pg/mL, p < 0.0001) increased in PLWH. At week 24, TGF-β1, CICP, and IL-11 were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05), while TSP-1 remained elevated in PLWH (p = 0.009) compared to controls.Conclusions: PLWH had higher levels of the plasma fibrotic markers TGF-β1, TSP-1, and CICP. After 24 weeks of CVC, fibrotic markers generally returned to levels comparable to HIV-uninfected controls. Dual CCR2 and CCR5 blockade may ameliorate the detrimental fibrotic events that persist in treated HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bowler
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - C Siriwardhana
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - B I Mitchell
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - M L D'Antoni
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - D Ogata-Arakaki
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - S Souza
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - R Yee
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - L M A Gangcuangco
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - D C Chow
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - L C Ndhlovu
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - C Shikuma
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
YAP/TAZ direct commitment and maturation of lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:519. [PMID: 31980640 PMCID: PMC6981200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are immunologically specialized myofibroblasts of lymphoid organ, and FRC maturation is essential for structural and functional properties of lymph nodes (LNs). Here we show that YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ), the final effectors of Hippo signaling, regulate FRC commitment and maturation. Selective depletion of YAP/TAZ in FRCs impairs FRC growth and differentiation and compromises the structural organization of LNs, whereas hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ enhances myofibroblastic characteristics of FRCs and aggravates LN fibrosis. Mechanistically, the interaction between YAP/TAZ and p52 promotes chemokine expression that is required for commitment of FRC lineage prior to lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) engagement, whereas LTβR activation suppresses YAP/TAZ activity for FRC maturation. Our findings thus present YAP/TAZ as critical regulators of commitment and maturation of FRCs, and hold promise for better understanding of FRC-mediated pathophysiologic processes. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are important for lymph node (LN) structure and function. Here the authors show that the YAP/TAZ complex downstream of Hippo signalling regulates FRC commitment and maturation, with YAP/TAZ deficiency impairing FRC differentiation, while hyperactivation of YAZ/TAZ inducing myofibroblastic FRCs and LN fibrosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang X, Su B, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang T. Incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy: Challenges of immunological non-responders. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:597-612. [PMID: 31965635 PMCID: PMC7187275 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1019-189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, which induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-cell counts. However, ∼10-40% of HIV-1-infected individuals fail to achieve normalization of CD4+ T-cell counts despite persistent virological suppression. These patients are referred to as "inadequate immunological responders," "immunodiscordant responders," or "immunological non-responders (INRs)" who show severe immunological dysfunction. Indeed, INRs are at an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events and present higher rates of mortality than HIV-1-infected individuals with adequate immune reconstitution. To date, the underlying mechanism of incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients has not been fully elucidated. In light of this limitation, it is of substantial practical significance to deeply understand the mechanism of immune reconstitution and design effective individualized treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we aim to highlight the mechanism and risk factors of incomplete immune reconstitution and strategies to intervene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Groom JR. Regulators of T-cell fate: Integration of cell migration, differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:101-114. [PMID: 30977199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in immunology is how cells decide between distinct T helper, effector or memory differentiation fates. These decisions are paramount to overcome infection and establish long-lasting protection. The impact of cell location for the determination of T-cell fate decisions is an emerging field. This review will discuss our current understanding of the migration path that T cells follow, within draining lymph nodes, to steer differentiation down distinct paths of either effector or memory fates. In particular, the regulation of migration and cellular encounters mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands will be discussed. The combination of increased antigen density and unique cellular partners play a central role in facilitating the site-specific differentiation of effector T cells, within the interfollicular regions of draining lymph nodes. Recent advances have applied this knowledge to optimize vaccine design to target antigen to lymph nodes. Increased understanding of the regulation of CXCR3 ligands and how T cells integrate multiple chemokine cues will help further progress in this field and allow additional applications to direct cell differentiation outside the lymph node, to enhance memory residency in peripheral tissues and effector anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 PMCID: PMC6935411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Furler RL, Newcombe KL, Del Rio Estrada PM, Reyes-Terán G, Uittenbogaart CH, Nixon DF. Histoarchitectural Deterioration of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV-1 Infection and in Aging. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1148-1159. [PMID: 31474115 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired immunity is a common symptom of aging and advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. In both diseases, a decline in lymphocytic function and cellularity leads to ineffective adaptive immune responses to opportunistic infections and vaccinations. Furthermore, despite sustained myeloid cellularity there is a background of chronic immune activation and a decrease in innate immune function in aging. In HIV-1 disease, myeloid cellularity is often more skewed than in normal aging, but similar chronic activation and innate immune dysfunction typically arise. Similarities between aging and HIV-1 infection have led to several investigations into HIV-1-mediated aging of the immune system. In this article, we review various studies that report alterations of leukocyte number and function during aging, and compare those alterations with those observed during progressive HIV-1 disease. We pay particular attention to changes within lymphoid tissue microenvironments and how histoarchitectural changes seen in these two diseases affect immunity. As we review various immune compartments including peripheral blood as well as primary and secondary lymphoid organs, common themes arise that help explain the decline of immunity in the elderly and in HIV-1-infected individuals with advanced disease. In both conditions, lymphoid tissues often show signs of histoarchitectural deterioration through fat accumulation and/or fibrosis. These structural changes can be attributed to a loss of communication between leukocytes and the surrounding stromal cells that produce the extracellular matrix components and growth factors necessary for cell migration, cell proliferation, and lymphoid tissue function. Despite the common general impairment of immunity in aging and HIV-1 progression, deterioration of immunity is caused by distinct mechanisms at the cellular and tissue levels in these two diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Furler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kevin L. Newcombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine-Pediatrics, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schleimann MH, Kobberø ML, Vibholm LK, Kjær K, Giron LB, Busman-Sahay K, Chan CN, Nekorchuk M, Schmidt M, Wittig B, Damsgaard TE, Ahlburg P, Hellfritzsch MB, Zuwala K, Rothemejer FH, Olesen R, Schommers P, Klein F, Dweep H, Kossenkov A, Nyengaard JR, Estes JD, Abdel-Mohsen M, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS, Denton PW. TLR9 agonist MGN1703 enhances B cell differentiation and function in lymph nodes. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:328-340. [PMID: 31300344 PMCID: PMC6642412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TLR9 agonists are being developed as immunotherapy against malignancies and infections. TLR9 is primarily expressed in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). TLR9 signalling may be critically important for B cell activity in lymph nodes but little is known about the in vivo impact of TLR9 agonism on human lymph node B cells. As a pre-defined sub-study within our clinical trial investigating TLR9 agonist MGN1703 (lefitolimod) treatment in the context of developing HIV cure strategies (NCT02443935), we assessed TLR9 agonist-mediated effects in lymph nodes. Methods Participants received MGN1703 for 24 weeks concurrent with antiretroviral therapy. Seven participants completed the sub-study including lymph node resection at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. A variety of tissue-based immunologic and virologic parameters were assessed. Findings MGN1703 dosing increased B cell differentiation; activated pDCs, NK cells, and T cells; and induced a robust interferon response in lymph nodes. Expression of Activation-Induced cytidine Deaminase, an essential regulator of B cell diversification and somatic hypermutation, was highly elevated. During MGN1703 treatment IgG production increased and antibody glycosylation patterns were changed. Interpretation Our data present novel evidence that the TLR9 agonist MGN1703 modulates human lymph node B cells in vivo. These findings warrant further considerations in the development of TLR9 agonists as immunotherapy against cancers and infectious diseases. Fund This work was supported by Aarhus University Research Foundation, the Danish Council for Independent Research and the NovoNordisk Foundation. Mologen AG provided study drug free of charge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane H Schleimann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | | | - Line K Vibholm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kjær
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Leila B Giron
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Burghardt Wittig
- Mologen AG, Berlin, Germany; MolBio2Math - Molecular Biology & Integral Biomathics, a non-profit Foundation Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tine E Damsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Peter Ahlburg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Michel B Hellfritzsch
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Phillipp Schommers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Harsh Dweep
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar V, Torben W, Mansfield J, Alvarez X, Vande Stouwe C, Li J, Byrareddy SN, Didier PJ, Pahar B, Molina PE, Mohan M. Cannabinoid Attenuation of Intestinal Inflammation in Chronic SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques Involves T Cell Modulation and Differential Expression of Micro-RNAs and Pro-inflammatory Genes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:914. [PMID: 31114576 PMCID: PMC6503054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is frequent in HIV-infected individuals for its appetite stimulation and anti-inflammatory effects. To identify the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these effects, we simultaneously profiled micro-RNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression in the colon of chronically simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques administered either vehicle (VEH/SIV; n = 9) or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC; THC/SIV; n = 8). Pro-inflammatory miR-130a, miR-222, and miR-29b, lipopolysaccharide-responsive miR-146b-5p and SIV-induced miR-190b were significantly upregulated in VEH/SIV rhesus macaques. Compared to VEH/SIV rhesus macaques, 10 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in THC/SIV rhesus macaques, among which miR-204 was confirmed to directly target MMP8, an extracellular matrix-degrading collagenase that was significantly downregulated in THC/SIV rhesus macaques. Moreover, THC/SIV rhesus macaques failed to upregulate pro-inflammatory miR-21, miR-141 and miR-222, and alpha/beta-defensins, suggesting attenuated intestinal inflammation. Further, THC/SIV rhesus macaques showed higher expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-3), anti-inflammatory MUC13, keratin-8 (stress protection), PROM1 (epithelial proliferation), and anti-HIV CCL5. Gomori one-step trichrome staining detected significant collagen deposition (fibrosis) in the paracortex and B cell follicular zones of axillary lymph nodes from all VEH/SIV but not in THC/SIV rhesus macaques, thus demonstrating the ability of Δ9-THC to prevent lymph node fibrosis, a serious irreversible consequence of HIV induced chronic inflammation. Furthermore, using flow cytometry, we showed that Δ9-THC suppressed intestinal T cell proliferation/activation (Ki67/HLA-DR) and PD-1 expression and increased the percentages of anti-inflammatory CD163+ macrophages. Finally, while Δ9-THC did not affect the levels of CD4+ T cells, it significantly reduced absolute CD8+ T cell numbers in peripheral blood at 14 and 150 days post-SIV infection. These translational findings strongly support a role for differential miRNA/gene induction and T cell activation in Δ9-THC-mediated suppression of intestinal inflammation in HIV/SIV and potentially other chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Nektar Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, LSU, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Joshua Mansfield
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | | | - Jian Li
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peter J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA, United States.,LSUHSC Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Buggert M, Nguyen S, Salgado-Montes de Oca G, Bengsch B, Darko S, Ransier A, Roberts ER, Del Alcazar D, Brody IB, Vella LA, Beura L, Wijeyesinghe S, Herati RS, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Kuri-Cervantes L, Sada Japp A, Manne S, Vartanian S, Huffman A, Sandberg JK, Gostick E, Nadolski G, Silvestri G, Canaday DH, Price DA, Petrovas C, Su LF, Vahedi G, Dori Y, Frank I, Itkin MG, Wherry EJ, Deeks SG, Naji A, Reyes-Terán G, Masopust D, Douek DC, Betts MR. Identification and characterization of HIV-specific resident memory CD8 + T cells in human lymphoid tissue. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/24/eaar4526. [PMID: 29858286 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current paradigms of CD8+ T cell-mediated protection in HIV infection center almost exclusively on studies of peripheral blood, which is thought to provide a window into immune activity at the predominant sites of viral replication in lymphoid tissues (LTs). Through extensive comparison of blood, thoracic duct lymph (TDL), and LTs in different species, we show that many LT memory CD8+ T cells bear phenotypic, transcriptional, and epigenetic signatures of resident memory T cells (TRMs). Unlike their circulating counterparts in blood or TDL, most of the total and follicular HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in LTs also resemble TRMs Moreover, high frequencies of HIV-specific CD8+ TRMs with skewed clonotypic profiles relative to matched blood samples are present in LTs of individuals who spontaneously control HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (elite controllers). Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that HIV-specific TRMs are enriched for effector-related immune genes and signatures compared with HIV-specific non-TRMs in elite controllers. Together, these data indicate that previous studies in blood have largely failed to capture the major component of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses resident within LTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gonzalo Salgado-Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- Genome Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily R Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Del Alcazar
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Bukh Brody
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lalit Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shant Vartanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Austin Huffman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Gregory Nadolski
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoav Dori
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maxim G Itkin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lymph node conduits transport virions for rapid T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:602-612. [PMID: 30886418 PMCID: PMC6474694 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in antiviral T cell priming, the routes of virion movement in lymph nodes (LNs) are imperfectly understood. Current models fail to explain how virus-infected cells rapidly appear within the LN interior after viral infection. To better understand virion trafficking in the LN, we determined virion and infected-cell locations after vaccinia and Zika virus administration. Notably, many rapidly infected cells in the LN interior were adjacent to LN conduits. Using confocal and electron microscopy, we clearly visualized virions within conduits. Functionally, CD8+ T cells rapidly and preferentially associated with vaccinia virus-infected cells deeper in the LN, leading to T cell activation in the LN interior. These results reveal that it is possible for even large virions to flow through LN conduits and infect dendritic cells within the T cell zone to prime CD8+ T cells. Virions can access lymph node conduits.
Collapse
|
42
|
Milagres L, Silva G, Pereira-Manfro W, Frota AC, Hofer C, Ferreira B, Barreto D, Figueredo M, Coelho B, Villela L, Petrovas C, Koup R. Baseline Circulating Activated TFH and Tissue-Like Exhausted B Cells Negatively Correlate With Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine Induced Antibodies in HIV-Infected Individuals. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2500. [PMID: 30420858 PMCID: PMC6215828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate (MCC) vaccines have been supplied by the Brazilian government for HIV-infected children under 13 years old. For measuring protection against MenC, the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay is the method of choice. The characterization of T follicular helper cells (TFH) cells has been an area of intensive study because of their significance in multiple human diseases and in vaccinology. The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype of peripheral TFH cells and B cells and how they associated with each other and with SBA levels induced by vaccination as well as with serum cytokine levels of HIV-infected and non-infected children and adolescents. We found that CD27−IgD−CD21−CD38+ (exhausted B cells) as well as short-lived plasmablasts (CD27+IgD−CD21−CD38+) are increased in cART treated HIV patients and negatively associated with MCC vaccine induced SBA levels. Baseline frequency of activated peripheral TFH cells was a negative correlate for SBA response to MCC vaccine but positively correlated with circulating plasmablast frequency. Baseline IL4-levels positively associated with SBA response but showed a negative correlation with activated peripheral TFH cells frequency. The increased frequency of activated peripheral TFH cells found in non-responders to the vaccine implies that higher activation/differentiation of CD4 T cells within the lymph node is not necessarily associated with induction of vaccine responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucimar Milagres
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Giselle Silva
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wânia Pereira-Manfro
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Frota
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Hofer
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Barreto
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Figueredo
- Department of Periodontics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Coelho
- Department of Periodontics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Villela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Richard Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Poultsidi A, Dimopoulos Y, He TF, Chavakis T, Saloustros E, Lee PP, Petrovas C. Lymph Node Cellular Dynamics in Cancer and HIV: What Can We Learn for the Follicular CD4 (Tfh) Cells? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2233. [PMID: 30319664 PMCID: PMC6170630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are central in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells, a highly differentiated CD4 population, provide critical help for the development of antigen-specific B cell responses within the germinal center. Throughout the past decade, numerous studies have revealed the important role of Tfh cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis as well as in the development of neutralizing antibodies post-infection and post-vaccination. It has also been established that tumors influence various immune cell subsets not only in their proximity, but also in draining lymph nodes. The role of local or tumor associated lymph node Tfh cells in disease progression is emerging. Comparative studies of Tfh cells in chronic infections and cancer could therefore provide novel information with regards to their differentiation plasticity and to the mechanisms regulating their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Poultsidi
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moysi E, Pallikkuth S, De Armas LR, Gonzalez LE, Ambrozak D, George V, Huddleston D, Pahwa R, Koup RA, Petrovas C, Pahwa S. Altered immune cell follicular dynamics in HIV infection following influenza vaccination. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3171-3185. [PMID: 29911996 PMCID: PMC6025971 DOI: 10.1172/jci99884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection changes the lymph node (LN) tissue architecture, potentially impairing the immunologic response to antigenic challenge. The tissue-resident immune cell dynamics in virologically suppressed HIV+ patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are not clear. We obtained LN biopsies before and 10 to 14 days after trivalent seasonal influenza immunization from healthy controls (HCs) and HIV+ volunteers on cART to investigate CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cell dynamics by flow cytometry and quantitative imaging analysis. Prior to vaccination, compared with those in HCs, HIV+ LNs exhibited an altered follicular architecture, but harbored higher numbers of Tfh cells and increased IgG+ follicular memory B cells. Moreover, Tfh cell numbers were dependent upon preservation of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network and were predictive of the magnitude of the vaccine-induced IgG responses. Interestingly, postvaccination LN samples in HIV+ participants had significantly (P = 0.0179) reduced Tfh cell numbers compared with prevaccination samples, without evidence for peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cell reduction. We conclude that influenza vaccination alters the cellularity of draining LNs of HIV+ persons in conjunction with development of antigen-specific humoral responses. The underlying mechanism of Tfh cell decline warrants further investigation, as it could bear implications for the rational design of HIV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lesley R. De Armas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Louis E. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Varghese George
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Huddleston
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aid M, Dupuy FP, Moysi E, Moir S, Haddad EK, Estes JD, Sekaly RP, Petrovas C, Ribeiro SP. Follicular CD4 T Helper Cells As a Major HIV Reservoir Compartment: A Molecular Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:895. [PMID: 29967602 PMCID: PMC6015877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prevented the progression to AIDS and reduced HIV-related morbidities and mortality for the majority of infected individuals. However, a lifelong administration of ART is necessary, placing an inordinate burden on individuals and public health systems. Therefore, discovering therapeutic regimens able to eradicate or functionally cure HIV infection is of great importance. ART interruption leads to viral rebound highlighting the establishment and maintenance of a latent viral reservoir compartment even under long-term treatment. Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH) have been reported as a major cell compartment contributing to viral persistence, consequent to their susceptibility to infection and ability to release replication-competent new virions. Here, we discuss the molecular profiles and potential mechanisms that support the role of TFH cells as one of the major HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frank P Dupuy
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, United States
| | - Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Rafick Pierre Sekaly
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Huang L, Deng J, Xu W, Wang H, Shi L, Wu F, Wu D, Nei W, Zhao M, Mao P, Zhou X. CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression cause lymph node fibrosis following HIV infection. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:77-86. [PMID: 29749506 PMCID: PMC6059705 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) fibrosis resulting in cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ T cell reduction following human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an important step in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The mechanisms mediating LN fibrosis following HIV infection have not been completely elucidated. In order to investigate the mechanism of LN fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1 was determined in the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence‑based flow cytometry. The effect of stimulated CD8+ T cells on collagen secretion by fibroblasts was detected using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals exhibited a significantly increased proportion of CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression. These CD8+ T cells demonstrated increased CD38 and programmed cell death protein 1 expression and decreased CD127 expression compared with the controls. CD8+ T cells from the LNs of non‑HIV infected individuals expressed a high TGF‑β1 level following stimulation with phorbol‑12‑myristate 13‑acetate. These CD8+T cells subsequently induced the secretion of a large amount of type I collagen in human lymphatic fibroblasts. The results of the present study indicated that CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression served an important role in LN fibrosis following HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jianning Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- The Second Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Nei
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Research Clinical Center for Translational Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhi Zhou
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huot N, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Reeves RK, Müller-Trutwin M. Lymph Node Cellular and Viral Dynamics in Natural Hosts and Impact for HIV Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29725327 PMCID: PMC5916971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) efficiently control HIV replication leading to undetectable viremia and drastic increases in lifespan of people living with HIV. However, cART does not cure HIV infection as virus persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, from which the virus generally rebounds soon after cART cessation. One major anatomical reservoir are lymph node (LN) follicles, where HIV persists through replication in follicular helper T cells and is also trapped by follicular dendritic cells. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, generally do not progress to disease although displaying persistently high viremia. Strikingly, these hosts mount a strong control of viral replication in LN follicles shortly after peak viremia that lasts throughout infection. Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts. We furthermore detail the differences that exist between non-pathogenic SIV infection in natural hosts and pathogenic HIV/SIV infection in humans and macaques regarding virus target cells and replication dynamics in LNs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in the strong control of viral replication in natural host's LNs, such as NK cell-mediated control, that will be reviewed here, together with lessons and limitations of in vivo cell depletion studies that have been performed in natural hosts. Finally, we discuss the impact that these insights on viral dynamics and host responses in LNs of natural hosts have for the development of strategies toward HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ferrando-Martinez S, Moysi E, Pegu A, Andrews S, Nganou Makamdop K, Ambrozak D, McDermott AB, Palesch D, Paiardini M, Pavlakis GN, Brenchley JM, Douek D, Mascola JR, Petrovas C, Koup RA. Accumulation of follicular CD8+ T cells in pathogenic SIV infection. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2089-2103. [PMID: 29664020 DOI: 10.1172/jci96207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LN follicles constitute major reservoir sites for HIV/SIV persistence. Cure strategies could benefit from the characterization of CD8+ T cells able to access and eliminate HIV-infected cells from these areas. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, frequency, localization, and functionality of follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8+) in SIV-infected nonhuman primates. Although disorganization of follicles was a major factor, significant accumulation of fCD8+ cells during chronic SIV infection was also observed in intact follicles, but only in pathogenic SIV infection. In line with this, tissue inflammatory mediators were strongly associated with the accumulation of fCD8+ cells, pointing to tissue inflammation as a major factor in this process. These fCD8+ cells have cytolytic potential and can be redirected to target and kill HIV-infected cells using bispecific antibodies. Altogether, our data support the use of SIV infection to better understand the dynamics of fCD8+ cells and to develop bispecific antibodies as a strategy for virus eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David Palesch
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Buggert M, Nguyen S, McLane LM, Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Paquin-Proulx D, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Noyan K, Reuter MA, Demers K, Sandberg JK, Eller MA, Streeck H, Jansson M, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Canaday DH, Naji A, Wherry EJ, Robb ML, Deeks SG, Reyes-Teran G, Sykulev Y, Karlsson AC, Betts MR. Limited immune surveillance in lymphoid tissue by cytolytic CD4+ T cells during health and HIV disease. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006973. [PMID: 29652923 PMCID: PMC5919077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells subsets have a wide range of important helper and regulatory functions in the immune system. Several studies have specifically suggested that circulating effector CD4+ T cells may play a direct role in control of HIV replication through cytolytic activity or autocrine β-chemokine production. However, it remains unclear whether effector CD4+ T cells expressing cytolytic molecules and β-chemokines are present within lymph nodes (LNs), a major site of HIV replication. Here, we report that expression of β-chemokines and cytolytic molecules are enriched within a CD4+ T cell population with high levels of the T-box transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). This effector population is predominately found in peripheral blood and is limited in LNs regardless of HIV infection or treatment status. As a result, CD4+ T cells generally lack effector functions in LNs, including cytolytic capacity and IFNγ and β-chemokine expression, even in HIV elite controllers and during acute/early HIV infection. While we do find the presence of degranulating CD4+ T cells in LNs, these cells do not bear functional or transcriptional effector T cell properties and are inherently poor to form stable immunological synapses compared to their peripheral blood counterparts. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cell cytolytic function, phenotype, and programming in the peripheral blood is dissociated from those characteristics found in lymphoid tissues. Together, these data challenge our current models based on blood and suggest spatially and temporally dissociated mechanisms of viral control in lymphoid tissues. CD4+ T cells have classically been divided into different subsets based on their different abilities to help and regulate specific parts of the immune system. Recent work in the HIV field has demonstrated that HIV-specific CD4+ T cells with unique effector functions, such as cytolytic activity and β-chemokine production, can play a direct role in control of HIV replication. However, HIV infection is generally considered to be a disease centered in lymphoid tissues, where unique CD4+ T helper cell subsets are present to orchestrate the maturation and priming of adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify that two specific transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, mark cytolytic and β-chemokine producing CD4+ T cells. While this effector CD4+ T cell population is part of immunosurveillance mechanisms in blood, we find that lymph nodes largely lack this effector population–independent of HIV infection or disease progression status. These results indicate that current effector CD4+ T cell mediated correlates of HIV control are limited to blood and not representative of potential correlates of control in lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura M. McLane
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kajsa Noyan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Korey Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
| |
Collapse
|