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Scoglio AAJ, McFarland G, Marquez CI, Matsumoto A, Lincoln AK. Social Support and Associated Factors Among Men and Women in Pre-COVID Substance Use Treatment. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:672-680. [PMID: 38108980 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of social support are related to negative health outcomes, representing further obstacles to recovery from substance use disorder (SUD). This study examined relationships among stressors, symptoms and social support in 124 women and 102 men engaged in two outpatient public sector substance use treatment programs. Multiple linear regression analyses were utilized to assess relationships between variables of interest and social support. Men reported significantly lower social support than women. Food insecurity was associated with lower social support for men (β= -13.6 [95% CI -26.7, -0.4], p = 0.04). When examining emotional support and tangible aid, victimization history was related to lower support (both types) for women while food insecurity was associated with lower support (both types) for men. Depression was related to lower emotional support among both men and women. Substance use treatment programs should explicitly target social support and related stressors to facilitate recovery for the individuals they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle A J Scoglio
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA, 02452, USA.
- Epidemiology Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gemma McFarland
- Institute for Health Equity & Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille Ianne Marquez
- Epidemiology Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Matsumoto
- Institute for Health Equity & Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alisa K Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity & Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Doherty EE, Green KM. Cohort Profile: The Woodlawn Study. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 9:531-554. [PMID: 38283115 PMCID: PMC10809941 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-023-00236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The Woodlawn Study is an epidemiologically- defined community cohort study of 1242 Black Americans (51% female and 49% male), who were in first grade in 1966-67 in Woodlawn, a neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The study comprises extensive interview data over the life course including self-, mother-, and/or teacher-reported assessments at ages 6, 16, 32, 42, and 62 (in progress), administrative records (i.e., education, crime, and death records), and census data. These data cover a wide range of focal areas across the life course, including family environment, socioeconomic indicators, education, social integration (e.g., marriage, community engagement, religious involvement) and social support, employment, racial discrimination, substance use, crime/victimization, and mental and physical health, including mortality. Over the past 50 years, Woodlawn research has mapped cumulative disadvantage, substance use, and criminal offending and has identified key risk and protective factors of adversity, resilience, and success across the full life course. In turn, these findings have informed life course theory and policy for a population that experiences significant criminal and health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Eggleston Doherty
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kerry M. Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, 1234 School of Public Health Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Doherty EE, Green KM. Offending and the Long-Term Risk of Death: An Examination of Mid-Life Mortality Among an Urban Black American Cohort. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 63:1108-1128. [PMID: 37600929 PMCID: PMC10433506 DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Research on the long-term relationship between offending and mortality is limited, especially among minorities who have higher risk of premature mortality and criminal offending, particularly arrest. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimate the relationship between young adult offending and later mortality (to age 58) among a community cohort of Black Americans (n = 1,182). After controlling for a wide range of covariates, results indicate that violent offenders are at heightened risk of mortality from young adulthood through midlife compared with both non-violent only offenders and non-offenders. Further analysis shows that this result is driven by the frequent, largely non-violent, arrests incurred among violent offenders. Criminal justice reform and collaboration with public health practitioners might be fruitful avenues to reduce mortality disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Eggleston Doherty
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland – College Park, 1234 School of Public Health Building, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland – College Park, 1234 School of Public Health Building, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Lee J, Choi M, Holland MM, Radey M, Tripodi SJ. Childhood Bullying Victimization, Substance Use and Criminal Activity among Adolescents: A Multilevel Growth Model Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:770. [PMID: 36613101 PMCID: PMC9819005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to examine the effects of childhood bullying victimization (CBV) on substance use and criminal activity among adolescents over time. In addition, it identifies the moderating effects of gender and race/ethnicity on the associations of CBV with substance abuse and criminal activity in adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS This study included 8984 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.22 years) assessed biennially at four time points utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. The two-level hierarchical linear modeling was employed to test the effects of CBV on substance use and criminal activity. RESULTS The incidence of substance use increased over time throughout adolescence to young adulthood, while that of criminal activity decreased. CBV increased the risks of cigarette use, marijuana use, and criminal activity. Gender and race/ethnicity significantly moderated the effect of CBV on alcohol use and alcohol binges. The effect of CBV on alcohol use was stronger among females than males. Among Hispanic adolescents, CBV was more strongly related to alcohol use and binges compared to non-Hispanic White. CONCLUSION Findings suggest the need for early intervention for children at high risk of being bullied to reduce later substance abuse and involvement in criminal activities. Considering the moderating effects of gender and ethnicity on the associations, target-specified intervention and prevention programs are also required. Further studies focusing on the lifelong effects of CBV beyond adolescence are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungup Lee
- Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Mijin Choi
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | | | - Melissa Radey
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephen J. Tripodi
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Seid AK, Hesse M, Houborg E, Thylstrup B. Substance Use and Violent Victimization: Evidence from a Cohort of >82,000 Patients Treated for Alcohol and Drug Use Disorder in Denmark. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP12427-NP12452. [PMID: 33719700 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the association between substance use and violence has been well established, knowledge on predictors for violent victimization of individuals treated for alcohol use disorder (AUD) or drug use disorder (DUD) is lacking. Using Goldstein's tripartite conceptual framework, this study examines the relationship between substance use and violent victimization. Data were derived from national registers on persons aged between 15 and 75 years, living in Denmark, and admitted for AUD or DUD treatment during 2006-2016 (n = 82,767). Rates of new incidence of violent victimization were estimated per 10,000 person years for the patient cohort, and for an age- and gender-matched control group of 492,397 people with no history of treatment for drug and alcohol problems. The incidence of victimization for the AUD/DUD sample was 145.6 per 10,000 person years and 5.4 per 10,000 person years for the comparison cohort. Results of multivariate Cox regression on specific types of substance use supported Goldstein's psychopharmacological and economic compulsive models of victimization, but not the systemic model. Gender-stratified results showed that the use of cannabis and methadone was associated with victimization in women treated for AUD and DUD. Patients with a non-Western background were more likely to experience victimization than Danish patients. The study highlights the strong association between substance use disorder and victimization, and the important role that service providers play in addressing the high levels of victimization experienced by patients with AUD or DUD.
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Motley RO, Byansi W, Siddiqi R, Bills KL, Salas-Wright CP. Perceived Racism-based police use of force and cannabis use among Black emerging adults. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100430. [PMID: 35495418 PMCID: PMC9046117 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert O. Motley
- School of Social Work, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
- Corresponding author at: Racism-based Violence Injury & Prevention Lab, Boston College School of Social Work, 140 Commonwealth Ave, McGuinn Hall, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
| | - William Byansi
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rebekah Siddiqi
- School of Social Work, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Kaycee L. Bills
- School of Social Work, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, United States
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Wojciechowski T. Exposure to Violence Variety as a Risk Factor for Cigarette Smoking: Relevance of Sensation-Seeking and Impulsivity as Mediators. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:239-248. [PMID: 34789055 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has indicated that exposure to violence is a risk factor associated with cigarette smoking. However, the relevance of variety of exposure for predicting this outcome has remained underexplored. This is problematic, as increased variety of exposure may represent a measure of severity of trauma exposure with less recall bias than other measures. Further, related constructs of sensation-seeking and impulsivity have yet to be investigated as mediators of this relationship. It is predicted that increased variety of exposure to violence results in dysfunctional variation in these constructs, leading to increased daily cigarette use. METHODS The present study utilizes data from the first three waves of the Pathways to Desistance study to examine these relationships. Generalized structural equation modeling is used to identify direct and indirect effects of interest. A bootstrap resampling process was used to compute normalized standard errors so that indirect effects were not biased. RESULTS Results indicated that lifetime exposure to violence variety prior to baseline predicted increased daily cigarette use at follow-up. Neither sensation-seeking nor impulsivity were significant mediators when both constructs were included in the model, but impulsivity emerged as a significant mediator when separate mediation models were estimated for each construct. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate the potential utility of screening for variety of exposure to violence to determine adolescents who may be at-risk for high frequency cigarette smoking. Programming focused on impulsivity may play a role in addressing cigarette smoking issues stemming from exposure to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wojciechowski
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lee J, Choi MJ, Thornberg R, Hong JS. Exploring Sex Differences in the Association between Bullying Involvement and Alcohol and Marijuana Use among U.S. Adolescents in 6 th to 10 th Grade. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1203-1213. [PMID: 32283986 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1725054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the current study was to examine whether different types of involvement in bullying, together with a set of social-ecological correlates, were associated with alcohol and marijuana use for female and male adolescents. Methods: This study utilized data derived from the U.S. division of the 2005-2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, which include 7,084 U.S. 6th-10th graders (3,353 males and 3,731 females) in public and private schools. Results: The results showed that although some forms of involvement in bullying were associated with alcohol and marijuana use, some of these associations became non-significant when the social-ecological covariates were included in the models. The final logistic regression models revealed that being a traditional bully-victim increased the risk of alcohol use for males while being a traditional bully and cyber victim increased the risk of alcohol use for females. In addition, being a cyberbully increased the risk of marijuana use for males. While parental monitoring decreased the risk, delinquent peers increased the risk of both alcohol and marijuana use for both sexes. Parent/guardian support decreased the risk of alcohol use for females. The likelihood of alcohol use and marijuana use increased with age for both sexes, while being an African American was linked with a lower risk of alcohol and marijuana use among males. Conclusions/Importance: Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining the link between bullying involvement and substance use, together with social-ecological correlates for female and male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungup Lee
- Department of Social Work, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mi Jin Choi
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Robert Thornberg
- Department of Behavioural Science and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abio A, Sezirahiga J, E Davis L, L Wilson M. Substance use and sociodemographic correlates among adolescents in a low-income sub Saharan setting. J Inj Violence Res 2019; 12:21-27. [PMID: 31760392 PMCID: PMC7001609 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v12i1.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated the social and behavioral correlates of substance use, specifically bang or cocaine or similar drugs among a school-based sample of adolescents in a low-income urban setting. METHODS The study utilized data on 2,176 school-attending adolescents aged 11-16 years in Dar es Salaam (DES) to examine social and behavioral correlates for lifetime substance use. The correlates under investigation included, demographic - age and gender; social - poverty, parent-adolescent relationship; behavioral - truancy, aggressive behavior, injury risk; psychological - depression and suicide ideation. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were then carried out on several variables identified from the 2006 Tanzanian Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS) questionnaire. RESULTS Approximately seven percent of school-attending adolescents (n=144) reported having used an illicit substance at least once during their lifetime. After adding significantly associated covariates into a logistic regression model, we found that only truancy [OR= 2.29 (CI=1.07 - 4.90)], suicide ideation [OR=4.36 (2.32 - 8.19)] and parents who had checked their adolescents' homework (OR=0.56 (CI=0.32 - 1.00)] were significantly associated with reported substance use. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that health promotion programs should simultaneously target multiple factors associated with substance use behaviors among school-attending adolescents in Dar es Salaam. They should take into account the range of psychosocial characteristics of school-attending adolescents which may be impacted by or result from substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Abio
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Center, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland.
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de Waal MM, Dekker JJM, Kikkert MJ, Christ C, Chmielewska J, Staats MWM, van den Brink W, Goudriaan AE. Self-wise, Other-wise, Streetwise (SOS) training, an intervention to prevent victimization in dual-diagnosis patients: results from a randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2019; 114:730-740. [PMID: 30461111 PMCID: PMC6590185 DOI: 10.1111/add.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with co-occurring substance use and other mental disorders are vulnerable to crime victimization, yet no evidence-based preventive interventions exist. Our aim was to test the efficacy of a new intervention, Self-wise, Other-wise, Streetwise training (SOS training), to prevent victimization in these dual-diagnosis patients as an add-on to care as usual. DESIGN Multi-site single-blind parallel randomized controlled trial. SETTING Three sites within one psychiatric service in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Adult in-patients and out-patients with dual diagnosis (n = 250), who were predominantly male (70.4%), aged on average 42.1 years, and diagnosed with 3.7 DSM-IV disorders. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR Care as usual, consisting of pharmacotherapy combined with individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy and/or supportive counselling (n = 125) was compared with care as usual plus SOS training: a 6-week, 12-session manualized group training focused on enhancing emotion regulation skills, conflict resolution skills and street skills (n = 125). MEASUREMENTS Victimization was assessed with the Safety Monitor, the Dutch equivalent of the International Crime Victims Survey, in a face-to-face assessment. The primary outcome measure was treatment response (yes/no), with 'yes' defined as reporting at least a 50% reduction in the number of past-year victimization incidents at the 14-month follow-up compared with baseline. Analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. FINDINGS The proportion of participants achieving treatment response for total victimization was 54.0% in the control group and 67.6% in the experimental group, a significant difference [odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-3.11, P = 0.042]. Treatment response for violent victimization was achieved by 68.7% of the control group and 79.3% of the experimental group (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.91-3.34, P = 0.092). With a Bayes factor of 2.26, this result was inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Among dual-diagnosis patients, care as usual plus Self-wise, Other-wise, Streetwise training was more effective in preventing victimization than care as usual alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M. de Waal
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Department of ResearchArkin Mental Health CareAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jack J. M. Dekker
- Department of ResearchArkin Mental Health CareAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Department of Clinical PsychologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Carolien Christ
- Department of ResearchArkin Mental Health CareAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryGGZ inGeest and VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jaga Chmielewska
- Arkin Mental Health CareDivision MentrumAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction ResearchAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Department of ResearchArkin Mental Health CareAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Reboussin BA, Ialongo NS, Green KM, Furr-Holden DM, Johnson RM, Milam AJ. The Impact of the Urban Neighborhood Environment on Marijuana Trajectories During Emerging Adulthood. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 20:270-279. [PMID: 29845401 PMCID: PMC6265122 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although there is little difference in rates of marijuana use between White and Black youth, Blacks have significantly higher rates of marijuana use and disorder in young adulthood. Theory suggests that factors tied to social disadvantage may explain this disparity, and neighborhood setting may be a key exposure. This study sought to identify trajectories of marijuana use in an urban sample during emerging adulthood, neighborhood contexts that predict these trajectories and social role transitions or "turning points" that may redirect them. Data are from a longitudinal cohort study of 378 primarily Black emerging adults who were first sampled in childhood based on their residence in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City and followed up annually. Group-based trajectory modeling identified three groups: No Use (68.8%), Declining Use (19.6%), and Chronic Use (11.7%). Living in close proximity to an alcohol outlet, and living in a neighborhood with more female-headed households and higher rates of violent crime increased the odds of membership in the Chronic Use group relative to No Use. Living in a neighborhood with more positive social activity increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. Not receiving a high school diploma or GED, pregnancy, and parenting also increased the odds of membership in the Declining Use group relative to No Use. These findings provide support that minority youth living in socially toxic and disordered neighborhoods are at increased risk of continuing on a trajectory of marijuana use during emerging adulthood while positive social activity in neighborhoods has the potential to redirect these negative trajectories. Besides taking on the responsibilities of parenting, emerging adults in the marijuana user groups had similar educational and family outcomes, suggesting that early marijuana use may have long-term implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kerry M Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Debra M Furr-Holden
- Public Health Division and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, MI, 48502, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Adam J Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Green KM, Doherty EE, Sifat MS, Ensminger ME. Explaining continuity in substance use: The role of criminal justice system involvement over the life course of an urban African American prospective cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 195:74-81. [PMID: 30593983 PMCID: PMC6657781 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans are disproportionately burdened by substance use consequences and criminal justice system involvement, yet their interrelationship over the life course is not well understood. This study aimed to assess how substance use, crime, and justice system involvement may influence one another from adolescence to midlife. METHODS Data come from a community cohort of urban African Americans first assessed in childhood and followed up into midlife (n = 1242, 606 males, 636 females). We draw on interview data and local, state, and federal criminal records. Participants were assessed at ages 6, 16, 32, and 42, with additional record retrieval at age 52. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we estimate pathways between substance use, criminal behavior, and arrests over time by gender. RESULTS For males, significant paths were found between childhood behavioral problems and adolescent substance use, delinquency, and police interactions. For females, a significant path was found between childhood behavioral problems and only adolescent delinquency. We observed continuity between substance use and between arrest constructs from adolescence through midlife for men only. Direct paths were found between substance use and later arrests for both males and females. Paths were also observed between arrests and later substance use for both genders. CONCLUSIONS Findings of reciprocal relationships highlight the critical need to break the cycle of substance use and crime and point to specific times in the life course when intervention is necessary. Findings introduce the potential role of the criminal justice system as a key intervention agent in redirecting substance use careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Green
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 1234, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Elaine E Doherty
- University of Missouri - St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., 338C Lucas Hall, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
| | - Munjireen S Sifat
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ensminger
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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History of Non-Fatal Physical Assault Is Associated with Premature Mortality for Whites but Not Blacks. J 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/j1010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to trauma increases the long-term risk of mortality, and experiencing non-fatal physical assault is not an exception. To better understand population heterogeneity in this link, the current study explored Black–White differences in the association between history of non-fatal physical assault and risk of all-cause mortality over a 25-year period in the United States. Data came from the Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) study that followed 3617 non-institutionalized respondents for up to 25 years. History of non-fatal physical assault at baseline was the predictor. Outcome was time to death due to all-cause mortality during follow-up from baseline (1986) to follow-up (2011). Confounders included gender, age, and baseline socio-economic status (education and income), health behaviors (smoking and drinking), and health status (chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, and body mass index). Race was the moderator. Cox regressions were used for multi-variable analysis. History of non-fatal physical assault at baseline was associated with an increased risk of mortality, above and beyond baseline socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health status. Race interacted with history of non-fatal physical assault on mortality, suggesting a stronger effect for Whites compared to Blacks. In race-specific models, history of non-fatal physical assault was associated with risk of mortality for Whites but not Blacks. The current study showed that experiencing non-fatal physical assault increases the risk of premature death above and beyond demographics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and health status. Experiencing non-fatal physical assault may have a larger effect on premature mortality among Whites than Blacks. Future research is needed on how Blacks and Whites differ in the health consequences of social adversities.
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14
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Doherty EE, Jaecques B, Green KM, Ensminger ME. Young Adult Victimization and Midlife Consequences: Sensitization or Steeling Effects of Childhood Adversity? VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:239-258. [PMID: 29609674 PMCID: PMC6657776 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interrelationship between victimization, violence, and substance use/abuse has been well established, yet those who experience victimization do not necessarily respond with violence or substance use or escalate to experiencing substance abuse symptoms. Drawing on literature from both the syndemic research from medical anthropology and the resilience research from psychology, this study examines the interaction between early childhood adversity and young adult violent victimization on later substance use/abuse and violent offending to provide insight into conditional effects. Data are derived from the Woodlawn Study, an African American cohort of men and women from a socioeconomically heterogeneous community in the South Side of Chicago, who were followed from first grade through age 42. Results indicate that those with lower levels of childhood adversity are more likely to suffer the negative consequences of violent victimization than those with higher childhood adversity, providing support for a "steeling" effect.
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Goyal N, Aliev F, Latendresse SJ, Kertes DA, Bolland JM, Byck GR, Mustanski B, Salvatore JE, Dick DM. Genes involved in stress response and alcohol use among high-risk African American youth. Subst Abus 2018; 37:450-458. [PMID: 26751645 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2015.1134756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors influence substance use behaviors in youth. One of the known environmental risk factors is exposure to life stressors. The aim of this project is to study the interaction between NR3C1 and CRHBP, genes thought to be involved in stress pathways, exposure to stressful life events, and adolescent alcohol use/misuse. METHODS The sample included 541 African American individuals (ages 13-18) from the Genes, Environment, and Neighborhood Initiative, a subset of the Mobile Youth Survey sample from whom DNA and more extensive phenotypic data were collected. Participants were selected from high-poverty neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama, with potential exposure to a variety of extreme life stressors. RESULTS A measure of stressful life events was significantly predictive of alcohol use/misuse. In addition, this association was significantly dependent upon the number of putative risk variants at rs1715749, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CRHBP (P ≤ .006). There was no significant interaction between NR3C1 and stressful life events with respect to alcohol use/misuse, after taking into account multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CRHBP variants are potentially relevant for adolescent alcohol use/misuse among African American youth populations being reared within the context of stressful life events and warrant replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Goyal
- a Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Fazil Aliev
- b Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Shawn J Latendresse
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Baylor University , Waco , Texas , USA
| | - Darlene A Kertes
- d Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - John M Bolland
- e College of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
| | - Gayle R Byck
- f Department of Medical Social Sciences , Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- f Department of Medical Social Sciences , Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Jessica E Salvatore
- g Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
| | - Danielle M Dick
- a Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA.,b Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA
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16
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Lown EA, Cherpitel CJ, Zemore SE, Borges G, Greenfield TK. Hazardous drinking and exposure to interpersonal and community violence on both sides of the U.S. -Mexico border. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2017; 39:528-545. [PMID: 29276337 DOI: 10.1177/0739986317720911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Different patterns of heavy drinking occur by country and proximity to the U.S. Mexico border. Few studies describe the impact of violence on drinking between countries and along the border. Methods Survey data is from U.S. Mexican origin adults living in Texas and Mexican border and non-border cities, N=4,796. Participants were asked about alcohol consumption, interpersonal physical violence (IPV) and exposure to community violence. Monthly hazardous drinking (5+/4+ for men/women) was the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression model comparisons identified best predictors. Results In the U.S. hazardous drinking was associated with past year IPV (ORadj=2.5; 1.8-3.5) and community violence (ORadj=1.4; 1.1-1.8). In Mexico, IPV (ORadj=3.9; 2.0-7.4) and border proximity (ORadj=0.5; 0.4-0.8) were associated with hazardous drinking but not community violence. Conclusion Hazardous drinking is associated with IPV in both countries, but violence did not explain border hazardous drinking differences where they existed in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lown
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, United States
| | - C J Cherpitel
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - S E Zemore
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - G Borges
- National Institute of Psychiatry & Autonomous Metropolitan University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - T K Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
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17
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Molist G, Brugal MT, Barrio G, Mesías B, Bosque-Prous M, Parés-Badell O, de la Fuente L. Effect of ageing and time since first heroin and cocaine use on mortality from external and natural causes in a Spanish cohort of drug users. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 53:8-16. [PMID: 29268239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess the effect of ageing and time since first heroin/cocaine use on cause-specific mortality risk and age disparities in excess mortality among heroin (HUs) and cocaine users (CUs) in Spain. METHODS A cohort of 15,305 HUs and 11,905 CUs aged 15-49 starting drug treatment during 1997-2007 in Madrid and Barcelona was followed until December 2008. Effects of ageing and time since first heroin/cocaine use were estimated using a competing risk Cox model and the relative and absolute excess mortality compared to the general population through directly age-sex standardized rate ratios (SRRs) and differences (SRDs), respectively. RESULTS Mortality risk from natural causes increased with time since first heroin use, whereas that from overdose declined after having peaked in the first quinquennium. Significant effects of time since first cocaine use were not identified, although fatal overdose risk seemed higher in CUs after five years. Mortality risk from natural causes (HUs and CUs), injuries (HUs), and overdoses (CUs) increased with age, the latter without reaching statistical significance. Crude mortality rates from overdoses and injuries remained very high at age 40-59 among both HUs (595 and 217 deaths/100,000 person-years, respectively) and CUs (191 and 88 deaths/100,000 person-years). SRDs from all and natural causes were much higher at age 40-59 than 15-29 in both HUs (2134 vs. 834 deaths/100,000 person-years) and CUs (927 vs. 221 deaths/100,000 person-years), while the opposite occurred with SRRs. CONCLUSION The high mortality risk among HUs and CUs at all ages from both external and natural causes, and increased SRDs with ageing, suggest that high-level healthcare and harm reduction services should be established early and maintained throughout the lifetime of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Molist
- Área de Recerca i Innovació, Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Brugal
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gregorio Barrio
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Marina Bosque-Prous
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oleguer Parés-Badell
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis de la Fuente
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; National Epidemiology Center, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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Face-to-Face Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Multiple Forms of Substance Use Among School-Age Adolescents in the USA. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-017-9231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Bhavsar V, Ventriglio A. Violence, victimization and mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017; 63:475-479. [PMID: 28805155 DOI: 10.1177/0020764017719919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence and victimization are often viewed in black and white terms by mental health professionals, an approach which is belied by more nuanced perspectives from outside psychiatry. METHODS Given increasing empirical evidence of the pervasive burden of victimization in people with mental illness, authors focused on the available theories and evidences from the literature. RESULTS Authors summarize the theories of victimizations, the possible measures of this phenomenon and underlie the role of research to clarify the link between psychiatry, violence and victimization. CONCLUSION Violence and victimization need more space in the psychiatric research. This could have important implications for the lives of patients, but also for public understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Bhavsar
- 1 Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- 2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.,3 Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura, Ospedali Riuniti Viale Pinto, Foggia, Italy
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20
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Kaplan LM, Greenfield TK, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Examination of associations between early life victimisation and alcohol's harm from others. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 37:365-374. [PMID: 28833744 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Study aims were to examine: (i) how physical and sexual victimisation in early life are associated with alcohol's harm from others; and (ii) whether respondents' current drinking is a mediator of the association between early life victimisation and alcohol's harm from others among men and women. DESIGN AND METHODS Data were from national computer-assisted telephone interviews, using the landline sample (3335 men and 3520 women ages ≥18) from the 2010 US National Alcohol Survey. Harms from someone else's drinking included family/marital problems, financial troubles, assault and vandalism in the past 12 months. Victimisation was measured with severe physical abuse or sexual assault before age 18. RESULTS Severe physical or sexual victimisation before age 18 was reported by 3.4% of men and 8.1% of women. Significantly more men (5.2%) than women (2.4%) reported assault by other drinkers, and significantly more women reported family/marital (5.3%) and financial problems (2.8%) than did men (2.6 and 1% respectively). Severe early life victimisation was robustly associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing past-year harms from other drinkers for both men and women. Men's drinking partially mediated associations between early life victimisation and recent assaults and vandalism by other drinkers. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Early life victimisation may increase risk of harms from someone else's drinking. Health services and interventions that screen for histories of victimisation may help decrease risk of later harms from others' drinking. Reductions in drinking among men with histories of victimisation also could help reduce their exposure to such harms. [Kaplan LM, Greenfield TK, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Examination of associations between early life victimisation and alcohol's harm from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Kaplan
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, USA.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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21
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Bhavsar V, Cook S, Saburova L, Leon DA. Physical assault in the previous year and total and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a case-control study of men aged 25-54 years. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1018-1028. [PMID: 28031312 PMCID: PMC5837239 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Violence has important health effects. The results of exposure to physical violence include, but may not be limited to, death from suicide and homicide. The connection between the experience of assault and risk of death from causes other than homicide and suicide has rarely been examined. Methods: We analysed data from the first Izhevsk Family Study (IFS-1), a population-based case–control study of premature mortality in Russian men. Structural equation models were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for the association between the proxy report of physical attack in the previous year and mortality. Results: The estimate of the all-cause mortality OR for assault, after adjusting for alcohol use and socio-demographic confounders, was 1.96 (95% confidence interval: 1.71, 3.31). Strong cause-specific associations were found for external causes, but associations were also found for deaths from cardiovascular and alcohol-related deaths. Conclusions: We found that, in our population of working-aged Russian men, there was a strong association between physical assault and mortality from a wide range of causes. Other than direct effects of physical assault on mortality, residual confounding is an important possibility. The association between assault and mortality, particularly from cardiovascular and alcohol-related causes requires replication and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Cook
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lyudmila Saburova
- Institute of Philosophy and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural branch), Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - David A Leon
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Arctic University of Norway, UiT, Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Hayashi K, Daly-Grafstein B, Dong H, Wood E, Kerr T, DeBeck K. The relationship between violence and engagement in drug dealing and sex work among street-involved youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2016; 107:e88-e93. [PMID: 27348116 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.107.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Street-involved youth are highly vulnerable to violence. While involvement in income-generating activities within illicit drug scenes is recognized as shaping youths' vulnerability to violence, the relative contributions of different income-generating activities remain understudied. We sought to examine the independent effects of drug dealing and sex work on experiencing violence among street-involved youth. METHODS Data were derived from a prospective cohort of street-involved youth aged 14-26 who used drugs in Vancouver, British Columbia, between September 2005 and May 2014. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were used to examine the impact of involvement in drug dealing and sex work on experiencing violence. RESULTS Among 1,152 participants, including 364 (31.6%) women, 740 (64.2%) reported having experienced violence at some point during the study period. In multivariable analysis, involvement in drug dealing but not sex work remained independently associated with experiencing violence among females (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.90) and males (AOR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.25-1.80), while involvement in sex work only was not associated with violence among females (AOR: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.76-1.74) or males (AOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 0.81-2.48). CONCLUSION Findings indicate that involvement in drug dealing is a major factor associated with experiencing violence among our sample. In addition to conventional interventions, such as addiction treatment, novel approaches are needed to reduce the risk of violence for drug-using youth who are actively engaged in drug dealing. The potential for low-threshold employment and decriminalization of drug use to mitigate violence warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Hayashi
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Ben Daly-Grafstein
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.,Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huiru Dong
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- Research Scientist, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.,School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Reboussin BA, Green KM, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden CDM, Ialongo NS. Neighborhood environment and urban African American marijuana use during high school. J Urban Health 2014; 91:1189-201. [PMID: 25323775 PMCID: PMC4242855 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-014-9909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
African American male high school students have the highest rates of marijuana use among all racial, ethnic, and gender groups, yet there is limited research examining contextual factors salient to the African American community. The purpose of this study was to examine how neighborhood environment measured in 8th grade is related to longitudinal transitions in marijuana use during high school (9th to 12th grades) in a sample of urban African Americans. Four hundred and fifty-two African American children were interviewed annually beginning in 1st grade as part of a longitudinal field study in Baltimore city. Latent transition analysis indicated early in high school posed the greatest risk for initiation and progression of marijuana use. Community violence exposure was associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning from no marijuana use to infrequent use (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 2.40, p < 0.001). Higher perceived neighborhood disorder (AOR = 3.20, p = 0.004), drug activity and sales in the neighborhood (AOR = 2.28, p = 0.028), and community violence exposure (AOR = 4.54, p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of transitioning from no use to frequent/problematic marijuana use. There was evidence for partial mediation of these associations by perceptions of harm and depressed mood. Drug activity and sales was associated with progression from infrequent to frequent and problematic use (AOR = 2.87, p = 0.029). African American youth living in urban environments with exposure to drug activity, violence, and neighborhood disorder are at increased risk for both initiation and progression to more frequent and problematic marijuana use during high school. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions for African American youth that are mindful of the impact of the additional stressors of living in a high-risk urban environment during a critical developmental transition period. Reducing exposure to drug activity and violence in high-risk urban neighborhoods may be the first step to potentially halt increasing rates of marijuana use among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA,
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24
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Frank DA, Kuranz S, Appugliese D, Cabral H, Chen C, Crooks D, Heeren T, Liebschutz J, Richardson M, Rose-Jacobs R. Problematic substance use in urban adolescents: role of intrauterine exposures to cocaine and marijuana and post-natal environment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:181-90. [PMID: 24999059 PMCID: PMC4180288 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkages between intrauterine exposures to cocaine and marijuana and adolescents' problematic substance use have not been fully delineated. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study with assessors unaware of intrauterine exposure history followed 157 urban participants from birth until late adolescence. Level of intrauterine exposures was identified by mother's report and infant's meconium. Problematic substance use, identified by the Voice Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (V-DISC) or the Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) and urine assay, was a composite encompassing DSM-IV indication of tolerance, abuse, and dependence on alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco and any use of cocaine, glue, or opiates. RESULTS Twenty percent (32/157) of the sample experienced problematic substance use by age 18 years, of whom the majority (22/157) acknowledged abuse, tolerance or dependence on marijuana with or without other substances. Structural equation models examining direct and indirect pathways linking a Cox survival model for early substance initiation to a logistic regression models found effects of post-natal factors including childhood exposure to violence and household substance use, early youth substance initiation, and ongoing youth violence exposure contributing to adolescent problematic substance use. CONCLUSION We did not identify direct relationships between intrauterine cocaine or marijuana exposure and problematic substance use, but did find potentially modifiable post-natal risk factors also noted to be associated with problematic substance use in the general population including earlier substance initiation, exposure to violence and to household substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Seth Kuranz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Danielle Appugliese
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Clara Chen
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Denise Crooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Timothy Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Jane Liebschutz
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Mark Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 771 Albany Street, Dowling 7 Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
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McGill TM, Self-Brown SR, Lai BS, Cowart-Osborne M, Tiwari A, Leblanc M, Kelley ML. Effects of Exposure to Community Violence and Family Violence on School Functioning Problems among Urban Youth: The Potential Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Front Public Health 2014; 2:8. [PMID: 24570897 PMCID: PMC3916821 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents who are exposed to violence during childhood are at an increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. The literature suggests that violence exposure might also have negative effects on school functioning, and that PTS might serve as a potential mediator in this association. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend prior research by examining PTS symptoms as a mediator of the relationship between two types of violence exposure and school functioning problems among adolescent youth from an urban setting. Participants included a sample of 121 junior high and high school students (M = 15 years; range = 13–16 years; 60 males, 61 females) within high-crime neighborhoods. Consistent with our hypotheses, community violence and family violence were associated with PTS symptoms and school functioning problems. Our data suggest that community and family violence were indirectly related to school functioning problems through PTS symptoms. Findings from this study demonstrate that PTS symptoms potentially mediate the relationship between violence exposure and school functioning problems across two settings (community and home). Future research should further examine protective factors that can prevent youth violence exposure as well as negative outcomes related to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia M McGill
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | - Betty S Lai
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | - Ashwini Tiwari
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Monique Leblanc
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University , Hammond, LA , USA
| | - Mary Lou Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
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Serious fighting-related injuries produce a significant reduction in intelligence. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:520-5. [PMID: 23890775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fighting-related injuries are common among adolescents within the United States, but how such injuries relate to subsequent cognitive functioning remains unclear. In particular, the long-term effect of fighting-related injuries suffered during important developmental periods, such as adolescence, on subsequent cognitive functioning has been overlooked by previous studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between sustaining serious fighting-related injuries and changes in verbal intelligence (IQ) over a 5- to 6-year time period. METHODS Longitudinal multivariate statistical models were used to analyze data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health collected between 1994 and 2002 and analyzed in 2013. RESULTS Even a single fighting-related injury resulted in a significant reduction in IQ over time even after controlling for age, race, sex, and changes in socioeconomic status (SES) over the study period. Additionally, females experienced a significantly greater reduction in IQ from each fighting-related injury than males. CONCLUSIONS Fighting-related injuries have a significant impact on subsequent cognitive functioning and intelligence. The implications for future policies and research are discussed in more detail.
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