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Xu Z, Chen M, Ng SC. Metabolic Regulation of Microbiota and Tissue Response. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2024; 53:399-412. [PMID: 39068002 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The microbiota in our gut regulates the sophisticated metabolic system that the human body has, essentially converting food into energy and the building blocks for various bodily functions. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted impact of the microbiota on host nutritional status by producing short-chain fatty acids, influencing gut hormones and mediating bile acid metabolism, and the key role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and immune homeostasis. Understanding and leveraging the power of the gut microbiome holds tremendous potential for enhancing human health and preventing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilu Xu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Manman Chen
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siew Chien Ng
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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2
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Cui H, Jin Y, Wang N, Liu H, Shu R, Wang J, Wang X, Jia B, Wang Y, Bian Y, Wen W. Mechanic evaluation of Wu-Mei-Pill on colitis-associated colorectal cancer: An integrated transcriptomics, metabolomics, and experimental validation study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155509. [PMID: 38452403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases play a crucial role in the onset of colorectal cancer (CRC). Effectively impeding the progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) can be instrumental in hindering CRC development. Wu-Mei-Pill (WMP), a formulation comprising various herbal extracts, is clinically employed for CAC treatment, yet the underlying mechanism of WMP's efficacy in CAC remains unclear. Our study firstly demonstrated the effects and mechanisms of WMP on transcriptional and metabolic levels based on integrated transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics and relative experimental validations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CAC mouse model was established through a single injection of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by intermittent dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) intervention, with subsequent WMP administration. Initially, the therapeutic impact of WMP on the CAC model was assessed by observing survival rate, body weight change, colon length, tumor number, tumor load, and pathological changes in the colon tissue of CAC mice post-WMP intervention. Subsequently, differential genes and metabolites in the colorectal tissue of CAC mice following WMP intervention were identified through transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics. Finally, the influence of WMP on the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, Wnt pathway, and CC motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3)/ CC motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) axis in CAC mice was verified through western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA based on the results of transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics. RESULTS WMP intervention enhanced survival, alleviated body weight loss, shortened colon length, tumor occurrence, and pathological changes in the colorectal tissue of CAC mice, such as glandular damage, tumourigenesis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic results revealed that WMP intervention up-regulated the expression of key regulatory mechanisms of fatty acid oxidation PPAR pathway-related genes (Pparg, Ppara, Cpt1a, and Acadm) and metabolites (L-carnitine and L-palmitoylcarnitine). Additionally, it down-regulated Wnt pathway-related genes (Wnt3, Axin2, Tcf7, Mmp7, Lgr5, Wnt5a, Fzd6, Wnt7b, Lef1, and Fzd10 etc.) and pro-inflammatory related genes (Il1b, Il6, Il17a, Ccl3, and Ccr1 etc.). Experimental validation demonstrated that WMP up-regulated PPAR pathway-related proteins [PPARγ, PPARα, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain (ACADM)] in the colorectal tissue of CAC mice. It also down-regulated Wnt pathway-related proteins [β-catenin, T-cell factor (TCF), lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF), and matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7)], inhibited the nuclear translocation of the key transcription factor β-catenin in the Wnt pathway, and suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation induced by the Wnt pathway (up-regulated E-cadherin and down-regulated Vimentin). Furthermore, WMP intervention reduced pro-inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-17A] and decreased CCL3/CCR1 axis factors, including CCL3 protein levels and diminished F4/80+CCR1+ positive expressed cells. CONCLUSION WMP significantly inhibits CAC tumorigenesis by up-regulating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation, inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway-mediated EMT, and suppressing CCL3/CCR1-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yutong Jin
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ning Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Haizhao Liu
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rongli Shu
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jida Wang
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiangling Wang
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Beitian Jia
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- College of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Weibo Wen
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
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Fu SC, Qu JY, Li LX, Yang XX, Li YQ, Zuo XL. Excessive Mitochondrial Fission Suppresses Mucosal Repair by Impairing Butyrate Metabolism in Colonocytes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:114-124. [PMID: 37454276 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal healing is one of the principal therapeutic targets for ulcerative colitis (UC). Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo constant fusion and fission; however, the process that is most conducive to mucosal healing remains unclear. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial fission in mucosal healing in UC patients. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunostaining were used to detect mitochondrial fission in UC patients and a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model. Colonic organoids were used to investigate the role of mitochondrial fission in butyrate metabolism. Enzyme activity assays were performed to identify the key proteins involved in this mechanism. RESULTS It was found that inhibition of mitochondrial fission promoted mucosal healing in mice and that there was an increase in mitochondrial fission in colonic epithelial cells of UC patients. Excessive fission inhibits stem cell proliferation by impairing butyrate metabolism in colonic organoids. The mitochondrial fission antagonist P110 failed to promote mucosal healing in antibiotic-treated mice, and the addition of exogenous butyrate reversed this effect. Increased butyrate exposure in the colonic stem cell niche has also been observed in UC patients. Mechanistically, enzyme activity assays on colonic organoids revealed that excessive fission inhibits mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase activity via reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that excessive mitochondrial fission suppresses mucosal repair by inhibiting butyrate metabolism and provides a potential target for mucosal healing in patients with ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chen Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Yan Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li-Xiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Yadav H, Jaldhi, Bhardwaj R, Anamika, Bakshi A, Gupta S, Maurya SK. Unveiling the role of gut-brain axis in regulating neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2023; 330:122022. [PMID: 37579835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence have shown the importance of gut microbiota in regulating brain functions. The diverse molecular mechanisms involved in cross-talk between gut and brain provide insight into importance of this communication in maintenance of brain homeostasis. It has also been observed that disturbed gut microbiota contributes to neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging. Recently, gut microbiome-derived exosomes have also been reported to play an essential role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could thereby act as a therapeutic target. Further, pharmacological interventions including antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics can influence gut microbiome-mediated management of neurological diseases. However, extensive research is warranted to better comprehend this interconnection in maintenance of brain homeostasis and its implication in neurological diseases. Thus, the present review is aimed to provide a detailed understanding of gut-brain axis followed by possibilities to target the gut microbiome for improving neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jaldhi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rati Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technical University, Delhi, India
| | - Anamika
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Bakshi
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Li C, Tian Y, Pei J, Zhang Y, Hao D, Han T, Wang X, Song S, Huang L, Wang Z. Sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate polysaccharides attenuate OVA-induced food allergy in BALB/c mice associated with gut microbiota metabolism and Treg cell differentiation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7375-7386. [PMID: 37477050 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research studies have shown that sulfated polysaccharides can inhibit food allergy, but the detailed mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, RBL-2H3 cells were used to compare the anti-allergic activities of four sulfated polysaccharides, and an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic mouse experiment was used to explore their desensitization effect, with regard to the alteration in gut microbiota and immune cell differentiation. Compared with the shark, bovine and porcine chondroitin sulfate, sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate (SCCS) significantly inhibited the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. SCCS reduced allergic symptoms and protected the jejunum from injury in mice. Furthermore, SCCS increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, decreased the relative proportion of Prevotellaceae NK3B31, and up-regulated the secretion of short chain fatty acids such as butyric acid in the feces, resulting in an increase in the mucin 2 (MUC2) secretion by goblet cells HT-29. Meanwhile, SCCS induced the differentiation of regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice. This study provides a deeper understanding of the functioning mechanism of SCCS in alleviating food allergy and may guide the development and production of anti-allergy active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yang Tian
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Jiahuan Pei
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Daokuan Hao
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Tianjiao Han
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Shuang Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Jati S, Mahata S, Das S, Chatterjee S, Mahata SK. Catestatin: Antimicrobial Functions and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1550. [PMID: 37242791 PMCID: PMC10220906 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant infections poses a serious challenge to antimicrobial therapies, and has created a global health crisis. Since antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have escaped bacterial resistance throughout evolution, AMPs are a category of potential alternatives for antibiotic-resistant "superbugs". The Chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide Catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372; bCgA344-364) was initially identified in 1997 as an acute nicotinic-cholinergic antagonist. Subsequently, CST was established as a pleiotropic hormone. In 2005, it was reported that N-terminal 15 amino acids of bovine CST (bCST1-15 aka cateslytin) exert antibacterial, antifungal, and antiyeast effects without showing any hemolytic effects. In 2017, D-bCST1-15 (where L-amino acids were changed to D-amino acids) was shown to exert very effective antimicrobial effects against various bacterial strains. Beyond antimicrobial effects, D-bCST1-15 potentiated (additive/synergistic) antibacterial effects of cefotaxime, amoxicillin, and methicillin. Furthermore, D-bCST1-15 neither triggered bacterial resistance nor elicited cytokine release. The present review will highlight the antimicrobial effects of CST, bCST1-15 (aka cateslytin), D-bCST1-15, and human variants of CST (Gly364Ser-CST and Pro370Leu-CST); evolutionary conservation of CST in mammals; and their potential as a therapy for antibiotic-resistant "superbugs".
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Affiliation(s)
- Suborno Jati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Sumana Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Panah FM, Nielsen KD, Simpson GL, Schönherz A, Schramm A, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Højberg O, Fredborg M, Purup S, Canibe N. A westernized diet changed the colonic bacterial composition and metabolite concentration in a dextran sulfate sodium pig model for ulcerative colitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1018242. [PMID: 37138607 PMCID: PMC10150118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1018242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the colonic epithelium and has a blurred etiology. A western diet and microbial dysbiosis in the colon were reported to play a role in UC development. In this study, we investigated the effect of a westernized diet, i.e., increasing fat and protein content by including ground beef, on the colonic bacterial composition in a dextran sulfate sodium (DexSS) challenged pig study. Methods The experiment was carried out in three complete blocks following a 2×2 factorial design including 24 six-week old pigs, fed either a standard diet (CT) or the standard diet substituted with 15% ground beef to simulate a typical westernized diet (WD). Colitis was induced in half of the pigs on each dietary treatment by oral administration of DexSS (DSS and WD+DSS, respectively). Samples from proximal and distal colon and feces were collected. Results and discussion Bacterial alpha diversity was unaffected by experimental block, and sample type. In proximal colon, WD group had similar alpha diversity to CT group and the WD+DSS group showed the lowest alpha diversity compared to the other treatment groups. There was a significant interaction between western diet and DexSS for beta diversity, based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarly. The westernized diet and DexSS resulted in three and seven differentially abundant phyla, 21 and 65 species, respectively, mainly associated with the Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla followed by Spirochaetota, Desulfobacterota, and Proteobacteria. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was lowest in the distal colon. Treatment had a slight effect on the estimates for microbial metabolites that might have valuable biological relevance for future studies. The concentration of putrescine in the colon and feces and that of total biogenic amines was highest in the WD+DSS group. We conclude that a westernized diet could be a potential risk factor and an exacerbating agent for UC by reducing the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, increasing the abundance of pathogens such as Helicobacter trogontum, and by increasing the concentration of microbial proteolytic-derived metabolites in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad M. Panah
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Farhad M. Panah,
| | - Katrine D. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Gavin L. Simpson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anna Schönherz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tina S. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ole Højberg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Marlene Fredborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Nuria Canibe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Multifaceted role of synbiotics as nutraceuticals, therapeutics and carrier for drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Luo C, Wei X, Song J, Xu X, Huang H, Fan S, Zhang D, Han L, Lin J. Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Polyphenols: New Insights into the Treatment of Fatigue. Molecules 2022; 27:7377. [PMID: 36364203 PMCID: PMC9653952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue seriously affects people's work efficiency and quality of life and has become a common health problem in modern societies around the world. The pathophysiology of fatigue is complex and not fully clear. To some degree, interactions between gut microbiota and host may be the cause of fatigue progression. Polyphenols such as tannin, tea polyphenols, curcumin, and soybean isoflavones relieve fatigue significantly. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota is able to convert these active compounds into more active metabolites through intestinal fermentation. However, the mechanism of anti-fatigue polyphenols is currently mainly analyzed from the perspective of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and changes in gut microbiota are rarely considered. This review focuses on gut microecology and systematically summarizes the latest theoretical and research findings on the interaction of gut microbiota, fatigue, and polyphenols. First, we outline the relationship between gut microbiota and fatigue, including changes in the gut microbiota during fatigue and how they interact with the host. Next, we describe the interactions between the gut microbiota and polyphenols in fatigue treatment (regulation of the gut microbiota by polyphenols and metabolism of polyphenols by the gut microbiota), and how the importance of potential active metabolites (such as urolithin) produced by the decomposition of polyphenols by gut microbiota is emerging. Based on the new perspective of gut microbiota, this review provides interesting insights into the mechanism of polyphenols in fatigue treatment and clarifies the potential of polyphenols as targets for anti-fatigue product development, aiming to provide a useful basis for further research and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xichuan Wei
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaorong Xu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haozhou Huang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Sanhu Fan
- Sichuan Huamei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanajon Pharmaceutical Group, Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
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González-Dávila P, Schwalbe M, Danewalia A, Wardenaar R, Dalile B, Verbeke K, Mahata SK, El Aidy S. Gut microbiota transplantation drives the adoptive transfer of colonic genotype-phenotype characteristics between mice lacking catestatin and their wild type counterparts. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2081476. [PMID: 35634716 PMCID: PMC9154784 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2081476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is in continuous interaction with the intestinal mucosa via metabolic, neuro-immunological, and neuroendocrine pathways. Disruption in levels of antimicrobial peptides produced by the enteroendocrine cells, such as catestatin, has been associated with changes in the gut microbiota and imbalance in intestinal homeostasis. However, whether the changes in the gut microbiota have a causational role in intestinal dyshomeostasis has remained elusive. To this end, we performed reciprocal fecal microbial transplantation in wild-type mice and mice with a knockout in the catestatin coding region of the chromogranin-A gene (CST-KO mice). Combined microbiota phylogenetic profiling, RNA sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy were employed. Fecal microbiota transplantation from mice deficient in catestatin (CST-KO) to microbiota-depleted wild-type mice induced transcriptional and physiological features characteristic of a distorted colon in the recipient animals, including impairment in tight junctions, as well as an increased collagen area fraction indicating colonic fibrosis. In contrast, fecal microbiota transplantation from wild-type mice to microbiota-depleted CST-KO mice reduced collagen fibrotic area, restored disrupted tight junction morphology, and altered fatty acid metabolism in recipient CST-KO mice. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the murine metabolic- and immune-related cellular pathways and processes that are co-mediated by the fecal microbiota transplantation and supports a prominent role for the gut microbiota in the colonic distortion associated with the lack of catestatin in mice. Overall, the data show that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of features of intestinal inflammation and metabolic disorders, known to be associated with altered levels of catestatin and may, thus, provide a tractable target in the treatment and prevention of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela González-Dávila
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen Host-Microbe, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Schwalbe
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen Host-Microbe, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arpit Danewalia
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Boushra Dalile
- Department of chronic diseases and metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Department of chronic diseases and metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Host-Microbe Metabolic Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen Host-Microbe, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Sultan S, El-Mowafy M, Elgaml A, Ahmed TAE, Hassan H, Mottawea W. Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715506. [PMID: 34646151 PMCID: PMC8502967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Sultan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed El-Mowafy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Tamer A E Ahmed
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hebatoallah Hassan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Mottawea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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12
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Li Y, Li J, Xu F, Liu G, Pang B, Liao N, Li H, Shi J. Gut microbiota as a potential target for developing anti-fatigue foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34592876 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1983768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue has many negative effects on human health. As such, it is desirable to develop anti-fatigue foods and understand the mechanisms of their action. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, this article discusses the important roles of gut microbiota in fatigue and anti-fatigue. Studies have shown that an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria co-exist when fatigue is present in both rodents and humans, whereas changes in gut microbiota were reported after intervention with anti-fatigue foods. The roles of gut microbiota in the activities of anti-fatigue foods can also be explained in the causes and the effects of fatigue. Among the causes of fatigue, the accumulation of lactic acid, decrease of energy, and reduction of central nervous system function were related to gut microbiota metabolism. Among the harmful effects of fatigue, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction were related to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, gut microbiota, together with anti-fatigue foods, can inhibit pathogen growth, convert foods into highly anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory products, produce short-chain fatty acids, maintain intestinal barrier integrity, inhibit intestinal inflammation, and stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that regulate the central nervous system. Therefore, it is believed that gut microbiota play important roles in the activities of anti-fatigue foods and may provide new insights on the development of anti-fatigue foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanwen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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13
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Velázquez-Hernández ME, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Defensin γ-thionin from Capsicum chinense improves butyrate cytotoxicity on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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14
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Gasaly N, Hermoso MA, Gotteland M. Butyrate and the Fine-Tuning of Colonic Homeostasis: Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063061. [PMID: 33802759 PMCID: PMC8002420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes current evidence supporting butyrate impact in the homeostatic regulation of the digestive ecosystem in health and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Butyrate is mainly produced by bacteria from the Firmicutes phylum. It stimulates mature colonocytes and inhibits undifferentiated malignant and stem cells. Butyrate oxidation in mature colonocytes (1) produces 70–80% of their energetic requirements, (2) prevents stem cell inhibition by limiting butyrate access to crypts, and (3) consumes oxygen, generating hypoxia and maintaining luminal anaerobiosis favorable to the microbiota. Butyrate stimulates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the GPR41 and GPR109A receptors, and inhibits HDAC in different cell types, thus stabilizing the gut barrier function and decreasing inflammatory processes. However, some studies indicate contrary effects according to butyrate concentrations. IBD patients exhibit a lower abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate content. Additionally, colonocyte butyrate oxidation is depressed in these subjects, lowering luminal anaerobiosis and facilitating the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae that contribute to inflammation. Accordingly, gut dysbiosis and decreased barrier function in IBD seems to be secondary to the impaired mitochondrial disturbance in colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naschla Gasaly
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Marcela A. Hermoso
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Martín Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-989-059-222
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15
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Blaak E, Canfora E, Theis S, Frost G, Groen A, Mithieux G, Nauta A, Scott K, Stahl B, van Harsselaar J, van Tol R, Vaughan E, Verbeke K. Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:411-455. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that short chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in the maintenance of gut and metabolic health. The SCFA acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced from the microbial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and appear to be key mediators of the beneficial effects elicited by the gut microbiome. Microbial SCFA production is essential for gut integrity by regulating the luminal pH, mucus production, providing fuel for epithelial cells and effects on mucosal immune function. SCFA also directly modulate host metabolic health through a range of tissue-specific mechanisms related to appetite regulation, energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis and immunomodulation. Therefore, an increased microbial SCFA production can be considered as a health benefit, but data are mainly based on animal studies, whereas well-controlled human studies are limited. In this review an expert group by ILSI Europe’s Prebiotics Task Force discussed the current scientific knowledge on SCFA to consider the relationship between SCFA and gut and metabolic health with a particular focus on human evidence. Overall, the available mechanistic data and limited human data on the metabolic consequences of elevated gut-derived SCFA production strongly suggest that increasing SCFA production could be a valuable strategy in the preventing gastro-intestinal dysfunction, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for well controlled longer term human SCFA intervention studies, including measurement of SCFA fluxes and kinetics, the heterogeneity in response based on metabolic phenotype, the type of dietary fibre and fermentation site in fibre intervention studies and the control for factors that could shape the microbiome like diet, physical activity and use of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E.E. Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Theis
- Südzucker Group – Beneo, Wormser Str. 11, Mannheim, 67283, Germany
| | - G. Frost
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - A.K. Groen
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G. Mithieux
- INSERM U1213, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, University of Lyon, 7-11 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - A. Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, P.O. Box 1551, 3800 BN Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K. Scott
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - B. Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - R. van Tol
- Reckitt Benckiser/Mead Johnson Nutrition, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E.E. Vaughan
- Sensus (Royal Cosun), Borchwerf 3, 4704 RG Roosendaal, the Netherlands
| | - K. Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Ferrer-Picón E, Dotti I, Corraliza AM, Mayorgas A, Esteller M, Perales JC, Ricart E, Masamunt MC, Carrasco A, Tristán E, Esteve M, Salas A. Intestinal Inflammation Modulates the Epithelial Response to Butyrate in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:43-55. [PMID: 31211831 PMCID: PMC6905302 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate-producing gut bacteria are reduced in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), supporting the hypothesis that butyrate supplementation may be beneficial in this setting. Nonetheless, earlier studies suggest that the oxidation of butyrate in IBD patients is altered. We propose that inflammation may decrease epithelial butyrate consumption. METHODS Non-IBD controls and IBD patients were recruited for the study. Stool samples were used for short-chain fatty acid and bacterial butyryl CoA:acetate CoA-transferase quantification. Colonic biopsies and ex vivo differentiated epithelial organoids (d-EpOCs) treated with butyrate and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were used for analyzing the expression of transporters MCT1 and ABCG2, metabolic enzyme ACADS, and butyrate receptor GPR43, and for butyrate metabolism and consumption assays. RESULTS We observed that lower stool content of butyrate-producing bacteria in active IBD patients did not correlate with decreased butyrate concentrations. Indeed, the intestinal epithelial expression of MCT1, ABCG2, ACADS, and GPR43 was altered in active IBD patients. Nonetheless, d-EpOCs derived from IBD patients showed SLC16A1 (gene encoding for MCT1 protein), ABCG2, ACADS, and GPR43 expression levels comparable to controls. Moreover, IBD- and non-IBD-derived d-EpOCs responded similarly to butyrate, as assessed by transcriptional regulation. TNFα significantly altered SLC16A1, ABCG2, and GPR43 transcription in d-EpOCs, mimicking the expression profile observed in biopsies from active IBD patients and resulting in reduced butyrate consumption. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that the response to butyrate is not intrinsically altered in IBD patients. However, TNFα renders the epithelium less responsive to this metabolite, defeating the purpose of butyrate supplementation during active inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrer-Picón
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Corraliza
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Mayorgas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Esteller
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Perales
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Ricart
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria C Masamunt
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Carrasco
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tristán
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Esteve
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain,Address correspondence to: Azucena Salas, Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain ()
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17
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Chen X, Xu J, Su Y, Zhu W. Effects of Intravenous Infusion With Sodium Butyrate on Colonic Microbiota, Intestinal Development- and Mucosal Immune-Related Gene Expression in Normal Growing Pigs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30079060 PMCID: PMC6062594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of intravenous infusion with sodium butyrate (SB) on colonic microbiota, intestinal mucosal immune and intestinal development in normal growing pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) fitted with a medical polyethylene cannula via internal jugular vein were daily infused with 10 ml SB (200 mmol/l) or the same volume of physiological saline for 7 days. Results showed that SB infusion had no effects on the short-chain fatty acids concentrations and the number of total bacteria, but significantly increased the microbial richness estimators (ACE and Chao1), and the abundance of genera related to Clostridiales order in the colonic digesta (P < 0.05). SB infusion significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the colon, while no change was found in the ileum. Only the relative mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 gene was decreased significantly in the ileum by SB infusion. On the contrary, in the colon, SB infusion significantly decreased the gene expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, IL-12p40, and TNF-α (P < 0.05), but significantly increased the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the expression of intestinal development-related gene zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) (P < 0.05). The results suggest that systemic SB can modify colonic microbial composition, regulate the inflammatory cytokine- and intestinal development-related gene expression in pigs under the normal physiological condition. This study may provide an alternative strategy for improving the intestinal health of normal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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18
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May D, Togami JM. Urologic Applications of the Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-018-0461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Bedford A, Gong J. Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:151-159. [PMID: 30140754 PMCID: PMC6104520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate is produced by microbial fermentation in the large intestine of humans and animals. It serves as not only a primary nutrient that provides energy to colonocytes, but also a cellular mediator regulating multiple functions of gut cells and beyond, including gene expression, cell differentiation, gut tissue development, immune modulation, oxidative stress reduction, and diarrhea control. Although there are a large number of studies in human medicine using butyrate to treat intestinal disease, the importance of butyrate in maintaining gut health has also attracted significant research attention to its application for animal production, particularly as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Due to the difficulties of using butyrate in practice (i.e., offensive odor and absorption in the upper gut), different forms of butyrate, such as sodium butyrate and butyrate glycerides, have been developed and examined for their effects on gut health and growth performance across different species. Butyrate and its derivatives generally demonstrate positive effects on animal production, including enhancement of gut development, control of enteric pathogens, reduction of inflammation, improvement of growth performance (including carcass composition), and modulation of gut microbiota. These benefits are more evident in young animals, and variations in the results have been reported. The present article has critically reviewed recent findings in animal research on butyrate and its derivatives in regard to their effects and mechanisms behind and discussed the implications of these findings for improving animal gut health and production. In addition, significant findings of medical research in humans that are relevant to animal production have been cited.
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20
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Chun C, Zheng L, Colgan SP. Tissue metabolism and host-microbial interactions in the intestinal mucosa. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:86-92. [PMID: 27687211 PMCID: PMC5797701 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, studies in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa have taught us a number of important lessons related to tissue oxygenation and metabolism in health and disease. The highly vascularized mucosa lies immediately adjacent to an anaerobic lumen containing trillions of metabolically active microbes (i.e. the microbiome) that results in one of the more austere tissue microenvironments in the body. These studies have also implicated a prominent role for oxygen metabolism and hypoxia in inflammation, so called "inflammatory hypoxia", that results from the activation of multiple oxygen consuming enzymes. Inflammation-associated shifts in the composition of the microbiome and microbial-derived metabolites have revealed a prominent role for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the regulation of key target genes that promote inflammatory resolution. Analyses of these pathways have provided a multitude of opportunities for understanding basic mechanisms of both homeostasis and disease and have defined new targets for intervention. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of metabolic influences on host-microbe interactions in the GI mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene Chun
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Leon Zheng
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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21
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Han A, Bennett N, MacDonald A, Johnstone M, Whelan J, Donohoe DR. Cellular Metabolism and Dose Reveal Carnitine-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Butyrate Oxidation in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1804-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Han
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Natalie Bennett
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Amber MacDonald
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Megan Johnstone
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Dallas R. Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee
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22
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Malago JJ, Sangu CL. Intraperitoneal administration of butyrate prevents the severity of acetic acid colitis in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:224-34. [PMID: 25743124 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrarectal infusion of butyrate improves colorectal disorders including ulcerative colitis (UC). However, it is not established whether systemically administered butyrate benefits such patients. The current study aimed at exploring and comparing the potential of intraperitoneally, intrarectally, and orally administered butyrate against acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats. Intrarectal administration of 2 ml of 50% AA was done after or without prior treatment of rats for 7 consecutive days with 100 mg/kg sodium butyrate (SB) intraperitoneally, intrarectally, or orally. Rats were sacrificed after 48 h of AA-treatment. Subsequently, colon sections were processed routinely for histopathological examination. We clinically observed diarrhea, loose stools, and hemoccult-positive stools, and histologically, epithelial loss and ulceration, crypt damage, goblet cell depletion, hemorrhage, and mucosal infiltration of inflammatory cells. The changes were significantly reduced by intraperitoneal, intrarectal, or oral butyrate, with intraperitoneal butyrate exhibiting the highest potency. It is concluded that intraperitoneal administration of butyrate abrogates the lesions of AA-induced UC and its potency surpasses that of intrarectal or oral butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Malago
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3203, Morogoro, Tanzania; c/o Walter Oseko, P.O. Box 62, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
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23
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Abstract
The human gut microbiome impacts human brain health in numerous ways: (1) Structural bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides provide low-grade tonic stimulation of the innate immune system. Excessive stimulation due to bacterial dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or increased intestinal permeability may produce systemic and/or central nervous system inflammation. (2) Bacterial proteins may cross-react with human antigens to stimulate dysfunctional responses of the adaptive immune system. (3) Bacterial enzymes may produce neurotoxic metabolites such as D-lactic acid and ammonia. Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity. (4) Gut microbes can produce hormones and neurotransmitters that are identical to those produced by humans. Bacterial receptors for these hormones influence microbial growth and virulence. (5) Gut bacteria directly stimulate afferent neurons of the enteric nervous system to send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve. Through these varied mechanisms, gut microbes shape the architecture of sleep and stress reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. They influence memory, mood, and cognition and are clinically and therapeutically relevant to a range of disorders, including alcoholism, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome. Their role in multiple sclerosis and the neurologic manifestations of celiac disease is being studied. Nutritional tools for altering the gut microbiome therapeutically include changes in diet, probiotics, and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Galland
- Foundation for Integrated Medicine , New York, New York, USA
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24
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Rosenfeld CS. Microbiome Disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1557-71. [PMID: 25852213 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are considered a heterogenous set of neurobehavioral diseases, with the rates of diagnosis dramatically increasing in the past few decades. As genetics alone does not explain the underlying cause in many cases, attention has turned to environmental factors as potential etiological agents. Gastrointestinal disorders are a common comorbidity in ASD patients. It was thus hypothesized that a gut-brain link may account for some autistic cases. With the characterization of the human microbiome, this concept has been expanded to include the microbiota-gut-brain axis. There are mounting reports in animal models and human epidemiologic studies linking disruptive alterations in the gut microbiota or dysbiosis and ASD symptomology. In this review, we will explore the current evidence that gut dysbiosis in animal models and ASD patients correlates with disease risk and severity. The studies to date have surveyed how gut microbiome changes may affect these neurobehavioral disorders. However, we harbor other microbiomes in the body that might impact brain function. We will consider microbial colonies residing in the oral cavity, vagina, and the most recently discovered one in the placenta. Based on the premise that gut microbiota alterations may be causative agents in ASD, several therapeutic options have been tested, such as diet modulations, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplantation, and activated charcoal. The potential benefits of these therapies will be considered. Finally, the possible mechanisms by which changes in the gut bacterial communities may result in ASD and related neurobehavioral disorders will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, Genetics Area Program, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Saldanha SN, Kala R, Tollefsbol TO. Molecular mechanisms for inhibition of colon cancer cells by combined epigenetic-modulating epigallocatechin gallate and sodium butyrate. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:40-53. [PMID: 24518414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds are considered safe and have been shown to alter genetic and epigenetic profiles of tumor cells. However, many of these changes have been reported at molecular concentrations higher than physiologically achievable levels. We investigated the role of the combinatorial effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a predominant polyphenol in green tea, and sodium butyrate (NaB), a dietary microbial fermentation product of fiber, in the regulation of survivin, which is an overexpressed anti-apoptotic protein in colon cancer cells. For the first time, our study showed that the combination treatment induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in RKO, HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. This was found to be regulated by the decrease in HDAC1, DNMT1, survivin and HDAC activity in all three cell lines. A G2/M arrest was observed for RKO and HCT-116 cells, and G1 arrest for HT-29 colorectal cancer cells for combinatorial treatment. Further experimentation of the molecular mechanisms in RKO colorectal cancer (CRC) cells revealed a p53-dependent induction of p21 and an increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-p65. An increase in double strand breaks as determined by gamma-H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) protein levels and induction of histone H3 hyperacetylation was also observed with the combination treatment. Further, we observed a decrease in global CpG methylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that at low and physiologically achievable concentrations, combinatorial EGCG and NaB are effective in promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest and DNA-damage in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita N Saldanha
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
| | - Rishabh Kala
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Pathobiology and potential therapeutic value of intestinal short-chain fatty acids in gut inflammation and obesity. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2756-66. [PMID: 23839339 PMCID: PMC4317286 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract contains many substances produced from the breakdown of foodstuffs, from salivary, esophageal, intestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic secretions, and from sloughed cells present in the gastrointestinal lumen. Although these substances were traditionally regarded as waste products, there is increasing realization that many can be biologically active, either as signalling compounds or as nutrients. For example, proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then sensed by nutrient receptors. The gut microbiome, which is at highest abundance in the ileocecum, has powerful metabolic activity, digesting and breaking down unabsorbed carbohydrates, proteins, and other ingested nutrients into phenols, amines, volatile organic compounds, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide into volatile fatty acids, also called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). CONCLUSION These latter substances are the topic of this review. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in the understanding SCFA production, signalling, and absorption, followed by a detailed description and discussion of trials of SCFAs, probiotics, and prebiotics in the treatment of gastrointestinal disease, in particular ulcerative colitis (UC), pouchitis, short bowel syndrome, and obesity.
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Wang HB, Wang PY, Wang X, Wan YL, Liu YC. Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein Claudin-1 transcription. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:3126-35. [PMID: 22684624 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrier function is essential for the maintenance of normal intestinal function. Dysregulation of the intestinal barrier underlies a wide range of disorders. AIM Previously, we found that sodium butyrate (NaB) decreased the molecular permeability of intestinal barrier in vivo model, but the mechanism by which NaB facilitated the tightness of tight junctions (TJs) in small intestinal epithelium needed further studies. METHODS In vitro culture of the cdx2-IEC monolayer was used to mimic barrier function. The TJs were assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran 40,000 (FD-40), Western blot, Q-RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were also done to analyze the Claudin-1 gene. RESULTS NaB decreased FD-40 flux, increased TEER and TJ protein Claudin-1 expression, induced ZO-1 and Occludin redistribution in cellular membrane, and reversed the damage effect after calcium (Ca(2+)) switch assay. Silencing Claudin-1 prevented protective function of NaB from enhancing intestinal barrier integrity. Further studies demonstrated that NaB increased Claudin-1 transcription by facilitating the interaction between transcription factor SP1 and a specific motif within the promoter region of Claudin-1. This SP1 binding motif was located upstream of the coding region (-138 to -76 bp) and indispensable for the transcription of Claudin-1 following NaB treatment. ChIP assay confirmed the association between SP1 and Claudin-1 promoter, and the elimination of the SP1 binding site by point mutation resulted in a significant loss of Claudin-1 transcription after NaB dealing. CONCLUSIONS NaB enhanced intestinal barrier function through increasing Claudin-1 transcription via facilitating the association between SP1 and Claudin-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, 8 Xi ShiKu Street, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Butyrate is physiologically produced by the microbial fermentation of dietary fibers and plays a plurifunctional role in intestinal cells. This review examines the recent findings regarding the role and mechanisms by which butyrate regulates intestinal metabolism and discusses how these findings could improve the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Butyrate is more than a primary nutrient that provides energy to colonocytes and acts as a cellular mediator in those cells through several mechanisms. One remarkable property of butyrate is its ability to inhibit histone deacetylases, which is associated with the direct effects of butyrate and results in gene regulation, immune modulation, cancer suppression, cell differentiation, intestinal barrier regulation, oxidative stress reduction, diarrhea control, visceral sensitivity and intestinal motility modulation. All of these actions make butyrate an important factor for the maintenance of gut health. SUMMARY From studies published over 30 years, there is no doubt of the important role that butyrate plays in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. However, despite these effects, clinical studies are still required to validate the routine use of butyrate in clinical practice and, specifically, in the treatment of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda J Leonel
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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De Preter V, Arijs I, Windey K, Vanhove W, Vermeire S, Schuit F, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K. Impaired butyrate oxidation in ulcerative colitis is due to decreased butyrate uptake and a defect in the oxidation pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1127-36. [PMID: 21987487 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ulcerative colitis (UC) butyrate metabolism is impaired due to a defect in the butyrate oxidation pathway and/or transport. In the present study we correlated butyrate uptake and oxidation to the gene expression of the butyrate transporter SLC16A1 and the enzymes involved in butyrate oxidation (ACSM3, ACADS, ECHS1, HSD17B10, and ACAT2) in UC and controls. METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies were collected during endoscopy of 88 UC patients and 20 controls with normal colonoscopy. Butyrate uptake and oxidation was measured by incubating biopsies with (14) C-labeled Na-butyrate. To assess gene expression, total RNA from biopsies was used for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In 20 UC patients, gene expression was reassessed after treatment with infliximab. RESULTS Butyrate uptake and oxidation were significantly decreased in UC versus controls (P < 0.001 for both). Butyrate oxidation remained significantly reduced in UC after correction for butyrate uptake (P < 0.001), suggesting that the butyrate oxidation pathway itself is also affected. Also, the mucosal gene expression of SLC16A1, ACSM3, ACADS, ECHS1, HSD17B10, and ACAT2 was significantly decreased in UC as compared with controls (P < 0.001 for all). In a subgroup of patients (n = 20), the gene expression was reassessed after infliximab therapy. In responders to therapy, a significant increase in gene expression was observed. Nevertheless, only ACSM3 mRNA levels returned to control values after therapy in the responders groups. CONCLUSIONS The deficiency in the colonic butyrate metabolism in UC is initiated at the gene expression level and is the result of a decreased expression of SLC16A1 and enzymes in the β-oxidation pathway of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky De Preter
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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