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García-Arcos JM, Jha A, Waterman CM, Piel M. Blebology: principles of bleb-based migration. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:838-853. [PMID: 38538441 PMCID: PMC11424778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Bleb-based migration, a conserved cell motility mode, has a crucial role in both physiological and pathological processes. Unlike the well-elucidated mechanisms of lamellipodium-based mesenchymal migration, the dynamics of bleb-based migration remain less understood. In this review, we highlight in a systematic way the establishment of front-rear polarity, bleb formation and extension, and the distinct regimes of bleb dynamics. We emphasize new evidence proposing a regulatory role of plasma membrane-cortex interactions in blebbing behavior and discuss the generation of force and its transmission during migration. Our analysis aims to deepen the understanding of the physical and molecular mechanisms of bleb-based migration, shedding light on its implications and significance for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankita Jha
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, UMR144, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France; Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, Paris, France.
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2
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Jia W, Czabanka M, Broggini T. Cell blebbing novel therapeutic possibilities to counter metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024:10.1007/s10585-024-10308-z. [PMID: 39222238 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cells constantly reshape there plasma membrane and cytoskeleton during physiological and pathological processes (Hagmann et al. in J Cell Biochem 73:488-499, 1999). Cell blebbing, the formation of bulges or protrusions on the cell membrane, is related to mechanical stress, changes in intracellular pressure, chemical signals, or genetic anomalies. These membrane bulges interfere with the force balance of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, the basic components of the cytoskeleton (Charras in J Microsc 231:466-478, 2008). In the past, these blebs with circular structures were considered apoptotic markers (Blaser et al. in Dev Cell 11:613-627, 2006). Cell blebbing activates phagocytes and promotes the rapid removal of intrinsic compartments. However, recent studies have revealed that blebbing is associated with dynamic cell reorganization and alters the movement of cells in-vivo and in-vitro (Charras and Paluch in Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:730-736, 2008). During tumor progression, blebbing promotes invasion of cancer cells into blood, and lymphatic vessels, facilitating tumor progression and metastasis (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Blebbing is a dominant feature of tumor cells generally absent in normal cells. Restricting tumor blebbing reduces anoikis resistance (survival in suspension) (Weems et al. in Nature 615:517-525, 2023). Hence, therapeutic intervention with targeting blebbing could be highly selective for proliferating pro-metastatic tumor cells, providing a novel therapeutic pathway for tumor metastasis with minimal side effects. Here, we review the association between cell blebbing and tumor cells, to uncover new research directions and strategies for metastatic cancer therapy. Finaly, we aim to identify the druggable targets of metastatic cancer in relation to cell blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Broggini
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Feroz W, Park BS, Siripurapu M, Ntim N, Kilroy MK, Sheikh AMA, Mishra R, Garrett JT. Non-Muscle Myosin II A: Friend or Foe in Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9435. [PMID: 39273383 PMCID: PMC11395477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin IIA (NM IIA) is a motor protein that belongs to the myosin II family. The myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene encodes the heavy chain of NM IIA. NM IIA is a hexamer and contains three pairs of peptides, which include the dimer of heavy chains, essential light chains, and regulatory light chains. NM IIA is a part of the actomyosin complex that generates mechanical force and tension to carry out essential cellular functions, including adhesion, cytokinesis, migration, and the maintenance of cell shape and polarity. These functions are regulated via light and heavy chain phosphorylation at different amino acid residues. Apart from physiological functions, NM IIA is also linked to the development of cancer and genetic and neurological disorders. MYH9 gene mutations result in the development of several autosomal dominant disorders, such as May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) and Epstein syndrome (EPS). Multiple studies have reported NM IIA as a tumor suppressor in melanoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; however, studies also indicate that NM IIA is a critical player in promoting tumorigenesis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and stemness. The ROCK-NM IIA pathway regulates cellular movement and shape via the control of cytoskeletal dynamics. In addition, the ROCK-NM IIA pathway is dysregulated in various solid tumors and leukemia. Currently, there are very few compounds targeting NM IIA, and most of these compounds are still being studied in preclinical models. This review provides comprehensive evidence highlighting the dual role of NM IIA in multiple cancer types and summarizes the signaling networks involved in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we also discuss the role of NM IIA as a potential therapeutic target with a focus on the ROCK-NM IIA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Feroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Briley SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Cancer Research Scholars Program, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Meghna Siripurapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nicole Ntim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mary Kate Kilroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Rosalin Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joan T Garrett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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4
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Baumann JM, Yarishkin O, Lakk M, De Ieso ML, Rudzitis CN, Kuhn M, Tseng YT, Stamer WD, Križaj D. TRPV4 and chloride channels mediate volume sensing in trabecular meshwork cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C403-C414. [PMID: 38881423 PMCID: PMC11427009 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00295.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous humor drainage from the anterior eye determines intraocular pressure (IOP) under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Swelling of the trabecular meshwork (TM) alters its flow resistance but the mechanisms that sense and transduce osmotic gradients remain poorly understood. We investigated TM osmotransduction and its role in calcium and chloride homeostasis using molecular analyses, optical imaging, and electrophysiology. Anisosmotic conditions elicited proportional changes in TM cell volume, with swelling, but not shrinking, evoking elevations in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]TM. Hypotonicity-evoked calcium signals were sensitive to HC067047, a selective blocker of TRPV4 channels, whereas the agonist GSK1016790A promoted swelling under isotonic conditions. TRPV4 inhibition partially suppressed hypotonicity-induced volume increases and reduced the magnitude of the swelling-induced membrane current, with a substantial fraction of the swelling-evoked current abrogated by Cl- channel antagonists 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) and niflumic acid. The transcriptome of volume-sensing chloride channel candidates in primary human was dominated by ANO6 transcripts, with moderate expression of ANO3, ANO7, and ANO10 transcripts and low expression of LTTRC genes that encode constituents of the volume-activated anion channel. Imposition of 190 mosM but not 285 mosM hypotonic gradients increased conventional outflow in mouse eyes. TRPV4-mediated cation influx thus works with Cl- efflux to sense and respond to osmotic stress, potentially contributing to pathological swelling, calcium overload, and intracellular signaling that could exacerbate functional disturbances in inflammatory disease and glaucoma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraocular pressure is dynamically regulated by the flow of aqueous humor through paracellular passages within the trabecular meshwork (TM). This study shows hypotonic gradients that expand the TM cell volume and reduce the outflow facility in mouse eyes. The swelling-induced current consists of TRPV4 and chloride components, with TRPV4 as a driver of swelling-induced calcium signaling. TRPV4 inhibition reduced swelling, suggesting a novel treatment for trabeculitis and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M Baumann
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Oleg Yarishkin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Monika Lakk
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Michael L De Ieso
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Megan Kuhn
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yun Ting Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - David Križaj
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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5
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Qian K, Wang Y, Lei Y, Yang Q, Yao C. An experimental and theoretical study on cell swelling for osmotic imbalance induced by electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 157:108637. [PMID: 38215652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The cellular membrane serves as a pivotal barrier in regulating intra- and extracellular matter exchange. Disruption of this barrier through pulsed electric fields (PEFs) induces the transmembrane transport of ions and molecules, creating a concentration gradient that subsequently results in the imbalance of cellular osmolality. In this study, a multiphysics model was developed to simulate the electromechanical response of cells exposed to microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEFs). Within the proposed model, the diffusion coefficient of the cellular membrane for various ions was adjusted based on electropore density. Cellular osmolality was governed and described using Van't Hoff theory, subsequently converted to loop stress to dynamically represent the cell swelling process. Validation of the model was conducted through a hypotonic experiment and simulation at 200 mOsm/kg, revealing a 14.2% increase in the cell's equivalent radius, thereby confirming the feasibility of the cell mechanical model. With the transmembrane transport of ions induced by the applied μsPEF, the hoop stress acting on the cellular membrane reached 179.95 Pa, and the cell equivalent radius increased by 11.0% when the extra-cellular medium was supplied with normal saline. The multiphysics model established in this study accurately predicts the dynamic changes in cell volume resulting from osmotic imbalance induced by PEF action. This model holds theoretical significance, offering valuable references for research on drug delivery and tumor microenvironment modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yizhen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chenguo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, China.
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6
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Dent LG, Curry N, Sparks H, Bousgouni V, Maioli V, Kumar S, Munro I, Butera F, Jones I, Arias-Garcia M, Rowe-Brown L, Dunsby C, Bakal C. Environmentally dependent and independent control of 3D cell shape. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114016. [PMID: 38636520 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
How cancer cells determine their shape in response to three-dimensional (3D) geometric and mechanical cues is unclear. We develop an approach to quantify the 3D cell shape of over 60,000 melanoma cells in collagen hydrogels using high-throughput stage-scanning oblique plane microscopy (ssOPM). We identify stereotypic and environmentally dependent changes in shape and protrusivity depending on whether a cell is proximal to a flat and rigid surface or is embedded in a soft environment. Environmental sensitivity metrics calculated for small molecules and gene knockdowns identify interactions between the environment and cellular factors that are important for morphogenesis. We show that the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) TIAM2 contributes to shape determination in environmentally independent ways but that non-muscle myosin II, microtubules, and the RhoGEF FARP1 regulate shape in ways dependent on the microenvironment. Thus, changes in cancer cell shape in response to 3D geometric and mechanical cues are modulated in both an environmentally dependent and independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Dent
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nathan Curry
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hugh Sparks
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vincent Maioli
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ian Munro
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Francesca Butera
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Mar Arias-Garcia
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Leo Rowe-Brown
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Group, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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7
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Fujii Y, Ikenouchi J. Cytoplasmic zoning in membrane blebs. J Biochem 2024; 175:133-140. [PMID: 37943501 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Blebs are membrane structures formed by the detachment of the plasma membrane from the underlying actin cytoskeleton. It is now clear that a wide variety of cells, including cancer cells, actively form blebs for cell migration and cell survival. The expansion of blebs has been regarded as the passive ballooning of the plasma membrane by an abrupt increase in intracellular pressure. However, recent studies revealed the importance of 'cytoplasmic zoning', i.e. local changes in the hydrodynamic properties and the ionic and protein content of the cytoplasm. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind cytoplasmic zoning and its role in bleb expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Aiyama E, Kato N. Differences in Lipid Order and Dynamics in Plasma Membranes Assessed by Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1680-1688. [PMID: 38347710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
When amphiphilic polar dyes were added to the cells, they intercalated predominantly in the outer leaf of the plasma membrane, making them active for second harmonic generation (SHG). The fluorescence of the dye enabled simultaneous 3D imaging of SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF). Because SHG intensity is sensitive to the alignment of the dyes, which reflects lipid ordering in the plasma membrane, we assessed the difference in lipid ordering by comparing the SHG intensity normalized to the TPF intensity. Together with an enzyme release assay that detects pore formation in the plasma membrane, our SHG assay revealed how polycations affect lipid ordering at low concentrations, where membrane damage has not yet been examined. By scaling the results of the assays with the charge concentration of the two polycations, polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly-l-lysine (PLL), we found that PEI reduced the lipid order more than PLL, and PLL formed more pores than PEI. A comparison of the SHG and TPF images of the wounded cells revealed that one of the lipid dynamics (flip-flop) was significantly enhanced in the bleb membrane. Moreover, the SHG assay indicated that the biocompatible polymer, poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide), did not affect the lipid order. Thus, our technique allows the assessment of the plasma membrane structure at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 215-8571, Japan
| | - Noritaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki 215-8571, Japan
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9
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Dumack K, Lara E, Duckert C, Ermolaeva E, Siemensma F, Singer D, Krashevska V, Lamentowicz M, Mitchell EAD. It's time to consider the Arcellinida shell as a weapon. Eur J Protistol 2024; 92:126051. [PMID: 38194835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The shells of testate amoebae are morphologically diverse and persistent in the environment. Accordingly, the examination of the morphology and composition of shells became a standard tool in ecological, palaeoecological, and evolutionary studies. However, so far the function of the shell remains poorly understood and, although based on limited evidence, the shell was considered as a defense mechanism. Based on recent evidence, we propose that the shell of arcellinid testate amoebae is a crucial component facilitating the amoebae's attack of large prey. Accordingly, the shell is not purely protective, but must be considered also as a weapon. This change in perspective opens up numerous new avenues in protistology and will lead to a substantial change in ecological, palaeoecological, and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Straße 47b, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Enrique Lara
- Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, C. Moyano 1 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clément Duckert
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Ermolaeva
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - David Singer
- Soil Science and Environment Group, Changins, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Functional Environmental Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 10 61-680, Poznan, Poland
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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10
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Glaser KM, Doon-Ralls J, Walters N, Rima XY, Rambold AS, Réategui E, Lämmermann T. Arp2/3 complex and the pentose phosphate pathway regulate late phases of neutrophil swarming. iScience 2024; 27:108656. [PMID: 38205244 PMCID: PMC10777075 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil swarming is an essential process of the neutrophil response to many pathological conditions. Resultant neutrophil accumulations are hallmarks of acute tissue inflammation and infection, but little is known about their dynamic regulation. Technical limitations to spatiotemporally resolve individual cells in dense neutrophil clusters and manipulate these clusters in situ have hampered recent progress. We here adapted an in vitro swarming-on-a-chip platform for the use with confocal laser-scanning microscopy to unravel the complexity of single-cell responses during neutrophil crowding. Confocal sectioning allowed the live visualization of subcellular components, including mitochondria, cell membranes, cortical actin, and phagocytic cups, inside neutrophil clusters. Based on this experimental setup, we identify that chemical inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex causes cell death in crowding neutrophils. By visualizing spatiotemporal patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in developing neutrophil swarms, we further demonstrate a regulatory role of the metabolic pentose phosphate pathway for ROS production and neutrophil cluster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Doon-Ralls
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xilal Y. Rima
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angelika S. Rambold
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Réategui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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de Moraes LS, Galué-Parra AJ, Hage AAP, Moura HA, Garcia MSA, Macêdo CG, Rodrigues APD, Guilhon GMSP, da Silva EO. In Vitro Leishmanicidal Activity of Copaiba Oil and Kojic Acid Combination on the Protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Host Cell. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2925. [PMID: 38138069 PMCID: PMC10745933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Leishmaniasis refers to a group of anthropozoonotic diseases caused by Leishmania. The major chemotherapeutic agent used for its treatment is Glucantime®®, but the search continues for new compounds that are economically viable and act on the protozoan without causing damage to the host cell. As an alternative approach, this study used a combination of copaiba oil (CO) and kojic acid (KA) to determine their in vitro action on host cells, on the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis protozoan and its interaction with macrophages. (2) Methods: In vitro culture, analysis of cytokine release and microscopy assays were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA (GraphPad Prism). (3) Results: The combination did not induce cytotoxic effects on macrophages after treatment but promoted morphological changes in the protozoan, such as nuclear alterations (apoptotic characteristics), alterations in the cellular body and an increase in the number of electrodense structures and acidocalcisomes, observed mainly at the concentrations of CO20KA50 and CO30KA50 μg/mL. We observed reductions in the intracellular amastigote number and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, after treatment with CO30KA at 50 µg/mL. (4) Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that the combination of CO and KA may be a promising approach against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienne Silveira de Moraes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesús Galué-Parra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Amanda Anastácia Pinto Hage
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Hévila Aragão Moura
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Marcus Savio Araujo Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Caroline Gomes Macêdo
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas’s Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém 70723-040, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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12
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Lee SH, Yousafzai MS, Mohler K, Yadav V, Amiri S, Szuszkiewicz J, Levchenko A, Rinehart J, Murrell M. SPAK-dependent cotransporter activity mediates capillary adhesion and pressure during glioblastoma migration in confined spaces. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar122. [PMID: 37672340 PMCID: PMC10846615 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive potential of glioblastoma cells is attributed to large changes in pressure and volume, driven by diverse elements, including the cytoskeleton and ion cotransporters. However, how the cell actuates changes in pressure and volume in confinement, and how these changes contribute to invasive motion is unclear. Here, we inhibited SPAK activity, with known impacts on the cytoskeleton and cotransporter activity and explored its role on the migration of glioblastoma cells in confining microchannels to model invasive spread through brain tissue. First, we found that confinement altered cell shape, inducing a transition in morphology that resembled droplet interactions with a capillary vessel, from "wetting" (more adherent) at low confinement, to "nonwetting" (less adherent) at high confinement. This transition was marked by a change from negative to positive pressure by the cells to the confining walls, and an increase in migration speed. Second, we found that the SPAK pathway impacted the migration speed in different ways dependent upon the extent of wetting. For nonwetting cells, SPAK inhibition increased cell-surface tension and cotransporter activity. By contrast, for wetting cells, it also reduced myosin II and YAP phosphorylation. In both cases, membrane-to-cortex attachment is dramatically reduced. Thus, our results suggest that SPAK inhibition differentially coordinates cotransporter and cytoskeleton-induced forces, to impact glioblastoma migration depending on the extent of confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Muhammad Sulaiman Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Kyle Mohler
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Vikrant Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Sorosh Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joanna Szuszkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Jesse Rinehart
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Michael Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
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13
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Di Vizio D, Schoppet M, Weeraratna A, Witwer KW. Blebs and former blebs: From surface protrusions to extracellular vesicles in cancer signalling, anoikis resistance and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e112. [PMID: 38162121 PMCID: PMC10753850 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Associations between plasma membrane blebbing and metastatic progression have been widely reported. There are also reports of increased extracellular vesicle release from cancer cells. Yet the ties between these closely related phenomena are incompletely understood. In this commentary, we remark on a recent finding on cellular membrane blebs in melanoma signaling. We discuss possible implications for cancer biology and draw parallels to knowns and unknowns in the relationships of extracellular vesicles and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cancer Biology and TherapeuticsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ashani Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's DiseaseJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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14
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Gregory CD. Hijacking homeostasis: Regulation of the tumor microenvironment by apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:100-127. [PMID: 37553811 PMCID: PMC10952466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are genetically driven, rogue tissues which generate dysfunctional, obdurate organs by hijacking normal, homeostatic programs. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved regulated cell death program and a profoundly important homeostatic mechanism that is common (alongside tumor cell proliferation) in actively growing cancers, as well as in tumors responding to cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. Although well known for its cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive qualities, apoptosis harbors pro-oncogenic properties which are deployed through non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and which generally remain poorly defined. Here, the roles of apoptosis in tumor biology are reviewed, with particular focus on the secreted and fragmentation products of apoptotic tumor cells and their effects on tumor-associated macrophages, key supportive cells in the aberrant homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Historical aspects of cell loss in tumor growth kinetics are considered and the impact (and potential impact) on tumor growth of apoptotic-cell clearance (efferocytosis) as well as released soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated factors are discussed from the perspectives of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration programs. An "apoptosis-centric" view is proposed in which dying tumor cells provide an important platform for intricate intercellular communication networks in growing cancers. The perspective has implications for future research and for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
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15
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Stone DJ, Macias-Contreras M, Crist SM, Bucag CFT, Seo G, Zhu L. SNAP-tagging live cells via chelation-assisted copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7419-7436. [PMID: 37665276 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
SNAP-tag is a single-turnover enzyme that has become a powerful tool, hence a popular choice, of targeted cellular protein labeling. Three SNAP-tag substrates that carry the copper-chelating 2-picolyl azide moiety are prepared, one of which has an unconventional 5-pyridylmethyl-substituted guanine structure, rather than the usual benzylguanine that is optimized to be accepted by SNAP-tag. All three substrates are effective in transferring a 2-picolyl azide moiety to SNAP-tag in live cells under conventional labeling conditions (30-minute incubation of cells with labeling reagents at 37 °C under 5% CO2). Live cells that are decorated with chelating azido groups on the extracellular side of membranes undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with an ethynyl-functionalized fluorophore to accomplish membrane protein labeling by a fluorescent dye. The chelation-assisted CuAAC labeling step is rapid (<1 minute) with a relatively low dose of the copper catalyst (20 μM), and consequently exerts no ill effect on the labeled cells. A SNAP-tag substrate that carries a non-chelating azide moiety, on the other hand, fails to produce satisfactory labeling under the same constraints. The rapid, live cell-compatible SNAP-tag/chelation-assisted CuAAC two-step method expands the utility of SNAP-tag in protein labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
| | - Miguel Macias-Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
| | - Shaun M Crist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
| | - Christelle F T Bucag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
| | - Gwimoon Seo
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
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16
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Woodall M, Tarran R, Lee R, Anfishi H, Prins S, Counsell J, Vergani P, Hart S, Baines D. Expression of gain-of-function CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway cells restores epithelial function better than wild-type or codon-optimized CFTR. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:593-605. [PMID: 37701179 PMCID: PMC10494266 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Class Ia/b cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) variants cause severe lung disease in 10% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and are untreatable with small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Genetic replacement of CFTR offers a cure, but its effectiveness is limited in vivo. We hypothesized that enhancing protein levels (using codon optimization) and/or activity (using gain-of-function variants) of CFTR would more effectively restore function to CF bronchial epithelial cells. Three different variants of the CFTR protein were tested: codon optimized (high codon adaptation index [hCAI]), a gain-of-function (GOF) variant (K978C), and a combination of both (hˆK978C). In human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells, initial results showed that hCAI and hˆK978C produced greater than 10-fold more CFTR protein and displayed ∼4-fold greater activity than wild-type (WT) CFTR. However, functionality was profoundly different in CF bronchial epithelial cells. Here, K978C CFTR more potently restored essential epithelial functions (anion transport, airway surface liquid height, and pH) than WT CFTR. hCAI and hˆK978C CFTRs had limited impact because of mislocalization in the cell. These data provide a proof of principle showing that GOF variants may be more effective than codon-optimized forms of CFTR for CF gene therapy. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Woodall
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Rhianna Lee
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Hafssa Anfishi
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Stella Prins
- Neuroscience, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Counsell
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Paola Vergani
- Neuroscience, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen Hart
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Deborah Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
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17
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Gregory CD, Rimmer MP. Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications. J Pathol 2023; 260:592-608. [PMID: 37294158 PMCID: PMC10952477 DOI: 10.1002/path.6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies produced by most, if not all cells. Research over the last two decades has recognised the importance of EVs in intercellular communication and horizontal transfer of biological material. EVs range in diameter from tens of nanometres up to several micrometres and are able to transfer a spectrum of biologically active cargoes - from whole organelles, through macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, to metabolites and small molecules - from their cells of origin to recipient cells, which may consequently become physiologically or pathologically altered. Based on their modes of biogenesis, the most renowned EV classes are (1) microvesicles, (2) exosomes (both produced by healthy cells), and (3) EVs from cells undergoing regulated death by apoptosis (ApoEVs). Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane, while exosomes are derived from endosomal compartments. Current knowledge of the formation and functional properties of ApoEVs lags behind that of microvesicles and exosomes, but burgeoning evidence indicates that ApoEVs carry manifold cargoes, including mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, RNAs, and proteins, and perform diverse functions in health and disease. Here we review this evidence, which demonstrates substantial diversity in the luminal and surface membrane cargoes of ApoEVs, permitted by their very broad size range (from around 50 nm to >5 μm; the larger often termed apoptotic bodies), strongly suggests their origins through both microvesicle- and exosome-like biogenesis pathways, and indicates routes through which they interact with recipient cells. We discuss the capacity of ApoEVs to recycle cargoes and modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programmes in normal physiology and in pathological scenarios such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Finally, we provide a perspective on clinical applications of ApoEVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- Centre for Reproductive HealthInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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18
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Lin M, Liu T, Liu Y, Lin Z, Chen J, Song J, Qiu Y, Zhou B. Three-Dimensional Printing Enabled Droplet Microfluidic Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Single-Cell Viability and Blebbing Activity. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1521. [PMID: 37630057 PMCID: PMC10456440 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics with the characteristics of high throughput, low sample consumption, increasing reaction speed, and homogeneous volume control have been demonstrated as a useful platform for biomedical research and applications. The traditional fabrication methods of droplet microfluidics largely rely on expensive instruments, sophisticated operations, and even the requirement of an ultraclean room. In this manuscript, we present a 3D printing-based droplet microfluidic system with a specifically designed microstructure for droplet generation aimed at developing a more accessible and cost-effective method. The performance of droplet generation and the encapsulation capacity of the setup were examined. The device was further applied to measure the variation in cell viability over time and monitor the cell's blebbing activity to investigate its potential ability and feasibility for single-cell analysis. The result demonstrated that the produced droplets remained stable enough to enable the long-time detection of cell viability. Additionally, cell membrane protrusions featuring the life cycle of bleb initiation, expansion, and retraction can be well-observed. Three-dimensional printing-based droplet microfluidics benefit from the ease of manufacture, which is expected to simplify the fabrication of microfluidics and expand the application of the droplet approach in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiai Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Yeqian Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zequan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jiale Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yiya Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Benqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
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19
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Padilla-Pérez MC, Sánchez-Fernández EM, González-Bakker A, Puerta A, Padrón JM, Martín-Loro F, Arroba AI, García Fernández JM, Mellet CO. Fluoro-labelled sp 2-iminoglycolipids with immunomodulatory properties. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115390. [PMID: 37137247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The unique electronic properties of the fluorine atom make its strategic incorporation into a bioactive compound a very useful tool in the design of drugs with optimized pharmacological properties. In the field of the carbohydrates, its selective installation at C2 position has proven particularly interesting, some 2-deoxy-2-fluorosugar derivatives being currently in the market. We have now transferred this feature into immunoregulatory glycolipid mimetics that contain a sp2-iminosugar moiety, namely sp2-iminoglycolipids (sp2-IGLs). The synthesis of two epimeric series of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-sp2-IGLs, structurally related to nojirimycin and mannonojirimycin, has been accomplished by sequential Selectfluor-mediated fluorination and thioglycosidation of sp2-iminoglycals. Exclusively the α-anomer is obtained regardless of the configurational profile of the sp2-IGL (d-gluco or d-manno), highlighting the overwhelming anomeric effect in these prototypes. Notably, the combination of a fluorine atom at C2 and an α-oriented sulfonyl dodecyl lipid moiety in compound 11 led to remarkable anti-proliferative properties, featuring similar GI50 values than the chemotherapy drug Cisplatin against several tumor cell lines and better selectivity. The biochemical data further evidence a strong reduction of the number of tumor cell colonies and apoptosis induction. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this fluoro-sp2-IGL induces the non-canonical activation mode of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, causing p38α autoactivation under an inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Padilla-Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de la Laguna, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Adrián Puerta
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de la Laguna, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de la Laguna, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Francisco Martín-Loro
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Av/ Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Av/ Ana de Viya 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Immunology Area, University of Cádiz Pl. Falla, 9, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Manuel García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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20
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Zhou FY, Weems A, Gihana GM, Chen B, Chang BJ, Driscoll M, Danuser G. Surface-guided computing to analyze subcellular morphology and membrane-associated signals in 3D. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536640. [PMID: 37131779 PMCID: PMC10153113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction and cell function are governed by the spatiotemporal organization of membrane-associated molecules. Despite significant advances in visualizing molecular distributions by 3D light microscopy, cell biologists still have limited quantitative understanding of the processes implicated in the regulation of molecular signals at the whole cell scale. In particular, complex and transient cell surface morphologies challenge the complete sampling of cell geometry, membrane-associated molecular concentration and activity and the computing of meaningful parameters such as the cofluctuation between morphology and signals. Here, we introduce u-Unwrap3D, a framework to remap arbitrarily complex 3D cell surfaces and membrane-associated signals into equivalent lower dimensional representations. The mappings are bidirectional, allowing the application of image processing operations in the data representation best suited for the task and to subsequently present the results in any of the other representations, including the original 3D cell surface. Leveraging this surface-guided computing paradigm, we track segmented surface motifs in 2D to quantify the recruitment of Septin polymers by blebbing events; we quantify actin enrichment in peripheral ruffles; and we measure the speed of ruffle movement along topographically complex cell surfaces. Thus, u-Unwrap3D provides access to spatiotemporal analyses of cell biological parameters on unconstrained 3D surface geometries and signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Y. Zhou
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Weems
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel M. Gihana
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bingying Chen
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Meghan Driscoll
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for System Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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21
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Nishida HY, Hamada K, Koshita M, Ohta Y, Nishida H. Ascidian gastrulation and blebbing activity of isolated endoderm blastomeres. Dev Biol 2023; 496:24-35. [PMID: 36702215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is the first dynamic cell movement during embryogenesis. Endoderm and mesoderm cells are internalized into embryos during this process. Ascidian embryos provide a simple system for studying gastrulation in chordates. Gastrulation starts in spherical late 64-cell embryos with 10 endoderm blastomeres. The mechanisms of gastrulation in ascidians have been investigated, and a two-step model has been proposed. The first step involves apical constriction of endoderm cells, followed by apicobasal shortening in the second step. In this study, isolated ascidian endoderm progenitor cells displayed dynamic blebbing activity at the gastrula stage, although such a dynamic cell-shape change was not recognized in toto. Blebbing is often observed in migrating animal cells. In ascidians, endoderm cells displayed blebbing activity, while mesoderm and ectoderm cells did not. The timing of blebbing of isolated endoderm cells coincided with that of cell invagination. The constriction rate of apical surfaces correlated with the intensity of blebbing activity in each endoderm-lineage cell. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling was both necessary and sufficient for inducing blebbing activity, independent of cell fate specification. In contrast, the timing of initiation of blebbing and intensity of blebbing response to FGF signaling were controlled by intrinsic cellular factors. It is likely that the difference in intensity of blebbing activity between the anterior A-line and posterior B-line cells could account for the anteroposterior difference in the steepness of the archenteron wall. Inhibition of zygotic transcription, FGF signaling, and Rho kinase, all of which suppressed blebbing activity, resulted in incomplete apical constriction and failure of the eventual formation of cup-shaped gastrulae. Blebbing activity was involved in the progression and maintenance of apical constriction, but not in apicobasal shortening in whole embryos. Apical constriction is mediated by distinct blebbing-dependent and blebbing-independent mechanisms. Surface tension and consequent membrane contraction may not be the sole mechanical force for apical constriction and formation of cup-shaped gastrulae. The present study reveals the hidden cellular potential of endodermal cells during gastrulation and discusses the possible roles of blebbing in the invagination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Y Nishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kaho Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mika Koshita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
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22
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Weems AD, Welf ES, Driscoll MK, Zhou FY, Mazloom-Farsibaf H, Chang BJ, Murali VS, Gihana GM, Weiss BG, Chi J, Rajendran D, Dean KM, Fiolka R, Danuser G. Blebs promote cell survival by assembling oncogenic signalling hubs. Nature 2023; 615:517-525. [PMID: 36859545 PMCID: PMC10881276 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Most human cells require anchorage for survival. Cell-substrate adhesion activates diverse signalling pathways, without which cells undergo anoikis-a form of programmed cell death1. Acquisition of anoikis resistance is a pivotal step in cancer disease progression, as metastasizing cells often lose firm attachment to surrounding tissue2,3. In these poorly attached states, cells adopt rounded morphologies and form small hemispherical plasma membrane protrusions called blebs4-11. Bleb function has been thoroughly investigated in the context of amoeboid migration, but it has been examined far less in other scenarios12. Here we show by three-dimensional imaging and manipulation of cell morphological states that blebbing triggers the formation of plasma membrane-proximal signalling hubs that confer anoikis resistance. Specifically, in melanoma cells, blebbing generates plasma membrane contours that recruit curvature-sensing septin proteins as scaffolds for constitutively active mutant NRAS and effectors. These signalling hubs activate ERK and PI3K-well-established promoters of pro-survival pathways. Inhibition of blebs or septins has little effect on the survival of well-adhered cells, but in detached cells it causes NRAS mislocalization, reduced MAPK and PI3K activity, and ultimately, death. This unveils a morphological requirement for mutant NRAS to operate as an effective oncoprotein. Furthermore, whereas some BRAF-mutated melanoma cells do not rely on this survival pathway in a basal state, inhibition of BRAF and MEK strongly sensitizes them to both bleb and septin inhibition. Moreover, fibroblasts engineered to sustain blebbing acquire the same anoikis resistance as cancer cells even without harbouring oncogenic mutations. Thus, blebs are potent signalling organelles capable of integrating myriad cellular information flows into concerted cellular responses, in this case granting robust anoikis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Weems
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Erik S Welf
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Meghan K Driscoll
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Felix Y Zhou
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Bo-Jui Chang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vasanth S Murali
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel M Gihana
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Byron G Weiss
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Chi
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Divya Rajendran
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reto Fiolka
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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23
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Urban N, Leonhardt M, Schaefer M. Multiplex G Protein-Coupled Receptor Screen Reveals Reliably Acting Agonists and a Gq-Phospholipase C Coupling Mode of GPR30/GPER1. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:48-62. [PMID: 36400433 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the most versatile family of pharmacological target proteins. For some "orphan" GPCRs, no ligand or drug-like modulator is known. In this study, we have established and applied a parallelized assay to coscreen 29 different human GPCRs. Three compounds, chlorhexidine, Lys-05, and 9-aminoacridine, triggered transient Ca2+ signals linked to the expression of GPR30. GPR30, also named G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), was reported to elicit increases in cAMP in response to 17β-estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, or G-1. These findings could, however, not be reproduced by other groups, and the deorphanization of GPR30 is, therefore, intensely disputed. The unbiased screen and following experiments in transiently or stably GPR30-overexpressing HEK293 cells did not show responses to 17β-estradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, or G-1. A thorough analysis of the activated signaling cascade revealed a canonical Gq-coupled pathway, including phospholipase C, protein kinase C and ERK activation, receptor internalization, and sensitivity to the Gq inhibitor YM-254890. When expressed in different cell lines, the localization of a fluorescent GPR30 fusion protein appeared variable. An efficient integration into the plasma membrane and stronger functional responses were found in HEK293 and in MCF-7 cells, whereas GPR30 appeared mostly retained in endomembrane compartments in Cos-7 or HeLa cells. Thus, conflicting findings may result from the use of different cell lines. The newly identified agonists and the finding that GPR30 couples to Gq are expected to serve as a starting point for identifying physiologic responses that are controlled by this GPCR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study has identified and thoroughly characterized novel and reliably acting agonists of the G protein-coupled receptor GPER1/GPR30. Applying these agonists, this study demonstrates that GPR30 couples to the canonical Gq-phospholipase C pathway and is rapidly internalized upon continuous exposure to the agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Urban
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Leonhardt
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Sharma S, Gaur K, Perme T, Singh A. A Curious Case of Morphologically Deceptive Pediatric B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Granular "Blebbed" Blasts and DLBCL-Like Biopsy Findings. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:98-102. [PMID: 35286176 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is known for heterogeneous blast morphology. Cytoplasmic granules and blebs have both been described, but not together, in lymphoblasts. Case presentation: A 7-year-old boy presented with fever, abdominal distension for 3 weeks, with hepatosplenomegaly. Investigations revealed pancytopenia, peripheral smear showing 21% blasts of varying size, displaying cytoplasmic blebbing and granulation. Marrow aspirate was hemodilute, 10% cells showed dim to moderate expression of CD45, CD10, CD19, HLA-DR confirming B-ALL. Megakaryocytic markers (CD41, CD61) were negative. Marrow biopsy showed a focus of large atypical cells displaying increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, vesicular nuclear chromatin and macronucleoli, reminiscent of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, cells strongly expressing PAX5, CD19, CD20, and bcl-2.The child was put on standard induction therapy. No blasts were detected in subsequent peripheral smears. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pediatric B-ALL displaying granular "blebbed" blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Gaur
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tatton Perme
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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25
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Daeden A, Mietke A, Derivery E, Seum C, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Polarized branched Actin modulates cortical mechanics to produce unequal-size daughters during asymmetric division. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:235-245. [PMID: 36747081 PMCID: PMC9928585 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell shape during cytokinesis requires a precise regulation of mechanical properties of the cell cortex. Only few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying the robust production of unequal-sized daughters during asymmetric cell division. Here we report that unequal daughter-cell sizes resulting from asymmetric sensory organ precursor divisions in Drosophila are controlled by the relative amount of cortical branched Actin between the two cell poles. We demonstrate this by mistargeting the machinery for branched Actin dynamics using nanobodies and optogenetics. We can thereby engineer the cell shape with temporal precision and thus the daughter-cell size at different stages of cytokinesis. Most strikingly, inverting cortical Actin asymmetry causes an inversion of daughter-cell sizes. Our findings uncover the physical mechanism by which the sensory organ precursor mother cell controls relative daughter-cell size: polarized cortical Actin modulates the cortical bending rigidity to set the cell surface curvature, stabilize the division and ultimately lead to unequal daughter-cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Daeden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mietke
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Derivery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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26
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Ikenouchi J, Aoki K. A Clockwork Bleb: cytoskeleton, calcium, and cytoplasmic fluidity. FEBS J 2022; 289:7907-7917. [PMID: 34614290 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When the plasma membrane (PM) detaches from the underlying actin cortex, the PM expands according to intracellular pressure and a spherical membrane protrusion called a bleb is formed. This bleb retracts when the actin cortex is reassembled underneath the PM. Whereas this phenomenon seems simple at first glance, there are many interesting, unresolved cell biological questions in each process. For example, what is the membrane source to enlarge the surface area of the PM during rapid bleb expansion? What signals induce actin reassembly for bleb retraction, and how is cytoplasmic fluidity regulated to allow rapid membrane deformation during bleb expansion? Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that cancer cells use blebs for invasion, but little is known about how molecules that are involved in bleb formation, expansion, and retraction are coordinated for directional amoeboid migration. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of blebs, which have been revealed by various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kana Aoki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Chugh M, Munjal A, Megason SG. Hydrostatic pressure as a driver of cell and tissue morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:134-145. [PMID: 35534334 PMCID: PMC9529827 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, the process by which tissues develop into functional shapes, requires coordinated mechanical forces. Most current literature ascribes contractile forces derived from actomyosin networks as the major driver of tissue morphogenesis. Recent works from diverse species have shown that pressure derived from fluids can generate deformations necessary for tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss how hydrostatic pressure is generated at the cellular and tissue level and how the pressure can cause deformations. We highlight and review findings demonstrating the mechanical roles of pressures from fluid-filled lumens and viscous gel-like components of the extracellular matrix. We also emphasise the interactions and mechanochemical feedbacks between extracellular pressures and tissue behaviour in driving tissue remodelling. Lastly, we offer perspectives on the open questions in the field that will further our understanding to uncover new principles of tissue organisation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Chugh
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Akankshi Munjal
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Nanaline Duke Building, 307 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Heterologously secreted MbxA from Moraxella bovis induces a membrane blebbing response of the human host cell. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17825. [PMID: 36280777 PMCID: PMC9592583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many proteins of the Repeats in Toxins (RTX) protein family are toxins of Gram-negative pathogens including hemolysin A (HlyA) of uropathogenic E. coli. RTX proteins are secreted via Type I secretion systems (T1SS) and adopt their native conformation in the Ca2+-rich extracellular environment. Here we employed the E. coli HlyA T1SS as a heterologous surrogate system for the RTX toxin MbxA from the bovine pathogen Moraxella bovis. In E. coli the HlyA system successfully activates the heterologous MbxA substrate by acylation and secretes the precursor proMbxA and active MbxA allowing purification of both species in quantities sufficient for a variety of investigations. The activating E. coli acyltransferase HlyC recognizes the acylation sites in MbxA, but unexpectedly in a different acylation pattern as for its endogenous substrate HlyA. HlyC-activated MbxA shows host species-independent activity including a so-far unknown toxicity against human lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Using live-cell imaging, we show an immediate MbxA-mediated permeabilization and a rapidly developing blebbing of the plasma membrane in epithelial cells, which is associated with immediate cell death.
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29
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Pujhari S, Brustolin M, Heu CC, Smithwick R, Larrosa M, Hafenstein S, Rasgon JL. Characterization of Mayaro virus (strain BeAn343102) biology in vertebrate and invertebrate cellular backgrounds. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001794. [PMID: 36215156 PMCID: PMC10019088 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging New World alphavirus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) that causes acute multiphasic febrile illness, skin rash, polyarthritis and occasional severe clinical phenotypes. The virus lifecycle alternates between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here we characterize the replication features, cell entry, lifecycle and virus-related cell pathology of MAYV using vertebrate and invertebrate in vitro models. Electron-dense clathrin-coated pits in infected cells and reduced viral production in the presence of dynasore, ammonium chloride and bafilomycin indicate that viral entry occurs through pH-dependent endocytosis. Increase in FITC-dextran uptake (an indicator of macropinocytosis) in MAYV-infected cells, and dose-dependent infection inhibition by 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (a macropinocytosis inhibitor), indicated that macropinocytosis is an additional entry mechanism of MAYV in vertebrate cells. Acutely infected vertebrate and invertebrate cells formed cytoplasmic or membrane-associated extracytoplasmic replication complexes. Mosquito cells showed modified hybrid cytoplasmic vesicles that supported virus replication, nucleocapsid production and maturation. Mature virus particles were released from cells by both exocytosis and budding from the cell membrane. MAYV replication was cytopathic and associated with induction of apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway, and later by the extrinsic pathway in infected vertebrate cells. Given that MAYV is expanding its geographical existence as a potential public health problem, this study lays the foundation for biological understanding that will be valuable for therapeutic and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Pujhari
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Marco Brustolin
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chan C. Heu
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- USDA-ARS, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald Smithwick
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mireia Larrosa
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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30
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Vishwakarma V, Le TP, Chung S. Multifunctional role of GPCR signaling in epithelial tube formation. Development 2022; 149:276083. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Epithelial tube formation requires Rho1-dependent actomyosin contractility to generate the cellular forces that drive cell shape changes and rearrangement. Rho1 signaling is activated by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling at the cell surface. During Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) invagination, the GPCR ligand Folded gastrulation (Fog) activates Rho1 signaling to drive apical constriction. The SG receptor that transduces the Fog signal into Rho1-dependent myosin activation has not been identified. Here, we reveal that the Smog GPCR transduces Fog signal to regulate Rho kinase accumulation and myosin activation in the medioapical region of cells to control apical constriction during SG invagination. We also report on unexpected Fog-independent roles for Smog in maintaining epithelial integrity and organizing cortical actin. Our data support a model wherein Smog regulates distinct myosin pools and actin cytoskeleton in a ligand-dependent manner during epithelial tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Vishwakarma
- Louisiana State University Department of Biological Sciences , , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 , USA
| | - Thao Phuong Le
- Louisiana State University Department of Biological Sciences , , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 , USA
| | - SeYeon Chung
- Louisiana State University Department of Biological Sciences , , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 , USA
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31
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A novel Fiji/ImageJ plugin for the rapid analysis of blebbing cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267740. [PMID: 35486637 PMCID: PMC9053814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When confined, cells have recently been shown to undergo a phenotypic switch to what has been termed, fast amoeboid (leader bleb-based) migration. However, as this is a nascent area of research, few tools are available for the rapid analysis of cell behavior. Here, we demonstrate that a novel Fiji/ImageJ-based plugin, Analyze_Blebs, can be used to quickly obtain cell migration parameters and morphometrics from time lapse images. As validation, we show that Analyze_Blebs can detect significant differences in cell migration and morphometrics, such as the largest bleb size, upon introducing different live markers of F-actin, including F-tractin and LifeAct tagged with green and red fluorescent proteins. We also demonstrate, using flow cytometry, that live markers increase total levels of F-actin. Furthermore, that F-tractin increases cell stiffness, which was found to correlate with a decrease in migration, thus reaffirming the importance of cell mechanics as a determinant of Leader Bleb-Based Migration (LBBM).
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32
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Sharma VK, Stark M, Fridman N, Assaraf YG, Gross Z. Doubly Stimulated Corrole for Organelle-Selective Antitumor Cytotoxicity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6100-6115. [PMID: 35434997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Balancing between safety and efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics is achievable by relying on internal and/or external stimuli for selective and on-demand antitumor cytotoxicity. We now introduce the difluorophosphorus(V) corrole PC-Im, a theranostic agent with a pH-sensitive N-methylimidazole moiety. Structure/activity relationships, via comparison with the permanently charged PC-ImM+ and the lipophilic PC, uncovered the exceptional features of PC-Im: nanoparticular and monomeric at neutral and low pH, respectively, 10-fold increased light-induced singlet oxygen production at acidic pH, internalization into malignant cells within minutes, and selective accumulation within lysosomes. Submillimolar PC-Im concentrations are tolerable in the dark, while illumination induces nanomolar cytotoxic effects due to a multiplicity of cellular deleterious events: endoplasmic reticulum fragmentation, lysosome fusion and exocytosis, calcium leakage, mitochondrial fission, and swelling. PC-Im emerges as an antitumor agent, whose potency is triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, assuring its cytotoxicity will occur selectively upon lysosomal accumulation and solely upon light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Sharma
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Michal Stark
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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33
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Varadarajan S, Chumki SA, Stephenson RE, Misterovich ER, Wu JL, Dudley CE, Erofeev IS, Goryachev AB, Miller AL. Mechanosensitive calcium flashes promote sustained RhoA activation during tight junction remodeling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213049. [PMID: 35254388 PMCID: PMC8906493 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell–cell junctions remodel in response to mechanical stimuli to maintain barrier function. Previously, we found that local leaks in tight junctions (TJs) are rapidly repaired by local, transient RhoA activation, termed “Rho flares,” but how Rho flares are regulated is unknown. Here, we discovered that intracellular calcium flashes and junction elongation are early events in the Rho flare pathway. Both laser-induced and naturally occurring TJ breaks lead to local calcium flashes at the site of leaks. Additionally, junction elongation induced by optogenetics increases Rho flare frequency, suggesting that Rho flares are mechanically triggered. Depletion of intracellular calcium or inhibition of mechanosensitive calcium channels (MSCs) reduces the amplitude of calcium flashes and diminishes the sustained activation of Rho flares. MSC-dependent calcium influx is necessary to maintain global barrier function by regulating reinforcement of local TJ proteins via junction contraction. In all, we uncovered a novel role for MSC-dependent calcium flashes in TJ remodeling, allowing epithelial cells to repair local leaks induced by mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahana A Chumki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eileen R Misterovich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jessica L Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Claire E Dudley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ivan S Erofeev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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34
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Bais S, Norwillo A, Ruthel G, Herbert DR, Freedman BD, Greenberg RM. Schistosome TRPML channels play a role in neuromuscular activity and tegumental integrity. Biochimie 2022; 194:108-117. [PMID: 34990770 PMCID: PMC8950431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. Mono-therapeutic treatment of this disease with the drug praziquantel, presents challenges such as inactivity against immature worms and inability to prevent reinfection. Importantly, ion channels are important targets for many current anthelmintics. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are important mediators of sensory signals with marked effects on cellular functions and signaling pathways. TRPML channels are a class of Ca2+-permeable TRP channels expressed on endolysosomal membranes. They regulate lysosomal function and trafficking, among other functions. Schistosoma mansoni is predicted to have a single TRPML gene (SmTRPML) with two splice variants differing by 12 amino acids. This study focuses on exploring the physiological properties of SmTRPML channels to better understand their role in schistosomes. In mammalian cells expressing SmTRPML, TRPML activators elicit a rise in intracellular Ca2+. In these cells, SmTRPML localizes both to lysosomes and the plasma membrane. These same TRPML activators elicit an increase in adult worm motility that is dependent on SmTRPML expression, indicating a role for these channels in parasite neuromuscular activity. Suppression of SmTRPML in adult worms, or exposure of adult worms to TRPML inhibitors, results in tegumental vacuolations, balloon-like surface exudates, and membrane blebbing, similar to that found following TRPML loss in other organisms. Together, these findings indicate that SmTRPML may regulate the function of the schistosome endolysosomal system. Further, the role of SmTRPML in neuromuscular activity and in parasite tegumental integrity establishes this channel as a candidate anti-schistosome drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Bais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Abigail Norwillo
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert M Greenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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35
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Savitskaya MA, Zakharov II, Onishchenko GE. Apoptotic Features in Non-Apoptotic Processes. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:191-206. [PMID: 35526851 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the most thoroughly studied type of regulated cell death. Certain events, such as externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) into the outer leaflet of plasma membrane, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, caspase cascade activation, DNA fragmentation and blebbing, are widely considered to be hallmarks of apoptosis as well as being traditionally viewed as irreversible. This review shows that under particular circumstances these events can also participate in physiological processes not associated with initiation of apoptosis, such as cell differentiation, division, and motility, as well as non-apoptotic types of cell death. Moreover, these events may often be reversible. This review focuses on three processes: phosphatidylserine externalization, blebbing, and activation of apoptotic caspases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and DNA fragmentation are not discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya I Zakharov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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36
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Te Boekhorst V, Jiang L, Mählen M, Meerlo M, Dunkel G, Durst FC, Yang Y, Levine H, Burgering BMT, Friedl P. Calpain-2 regulates hypoxia/HIF-induced plasticity toward amoeboid cancer cell migration and metastasis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:412-427.e8. [PMID: 34883047 PMCID: PMC10439789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, through hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), drives cancer cell invasion and metastatic progression in various cancer types. In epithelial cancer, hypoxia induces the transition to amoeboid cancer cell dissemination, yet the molecular mechanisms, relevance for metastasis, and effective intervention to combat hypoxia-induced amoeboid reprogramming remain unclear. Here, we identify calpain-2 as a key regulator and anti-metastasis target of hypoxia-induced transition from collective to amoeboid dissemination of breast and head and neck (HN) carcinoma cells. Hypoxia-induced amoeboid dissemination occurred through low extracellular matrix (ECM)-adhesive, predominantly bleb-based amoeboid movement, which was maintained by a low-oxidative and -glycolytic energy metabolism ("eco-mode"). Hypoxia induced calpain-2-mediated amoeboid conversion by deactivating β1 integrins through enzymatic cleavage of the focal adhesion adaptor protein talin-1. Consequently, targeted downregulation or pharmacological inhibition of calpain-2 restored talin-1 integrity and β1 integrin engagement and reverted amoeboid to elongated phenotypes under hypoxia. Calpain-2 activity was required for hypoxia-induced amoeboid conversion in the orthotopic mouse dermis and upregulated in invasive HN tumor xenografts in vivo, and attenuation of calpain activity prevented hypoxia-induced metastasis to the lungs. This identifies the calpain-2/talin-1/β1 integrin axis as a druggable mechanosignaling program that conserves energy yet enables metastatic dissemination that can be reverted by interfering with calpain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Liying Jiang
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marius Mählen
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Meerlo
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gina Dunkel
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Franziska C Durst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanjun Yang
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Center, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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37
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Saviana M, Romano G, Le P, Acunzo M, Nana-Sinkam P. Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Cancer Metastasis and Their Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5633. [PMID: 34830787 PMCID: PMC8616161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-encapsulated vesicles secreted by every cell into the extracellular environment. EVs carry bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, and different RNA forms, which can be internalized by recipient cells, thus altering their biological characteristics. Given that EVs are commonly found in most body fluids, they have been widely described as mediators of communication in several physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Moreover, their easy detection in biofluids makes them potentially useful candidates as tumor biomarkers. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge regarding EVs and non-coding RNAs and their role as drivers of the metastatic process in lung cancer. Furthermore, we present the most recent applications for EVs and non-coding RNAs as cancer therapeutics and their relevance as clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Saviana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patricia Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Acunzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Patrick Nana-Sinkam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.); (G.R.); (P.L.); (M.A.)
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38
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Steelman ZA, Coker ZN, Kiester A, Noojin G, Ibey BL, Bixler JN. Quantitative phase microscopy monitors subcellular dynamics in single cells exposed to nanosecond pulsed electric fields. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100125. [PMID: 34291579 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of literature exists to study the dynamics of single cells exposed to short duration (<1 μs), high peak power (~1 MV/m) transient electric fields. Much of this research is limited to traditional fluorescence-based microscopy techniques, which introduce exogenous agents to the culture and are only sensitive to a single molecular target. Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is a coherent imaging modality which uses optical path length as a label-free contrast mechanism, and has proven highly effective for the study of single-cell dynamics. In this work, we introduce QPI as a useful imaging tool for the study of cells undergoing cytoskeletal remodeling after nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) exposure. In particular, we use cell swelling, dry mass and disorder strength measurements derived from QPI phase images to monitor the cellular response to nsPEFs. We hope this demonstration of QPI's utility will lead to a further adoption of the technique for the study of directed energy bioeffects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Steelman
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Zachary N Coker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- SAIC, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Allen Kiester
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Bennett L Ibey
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joel N Bixler
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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39
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Ni H, Papoian GA. Membrane-MEDYAN: Simulating Deformable Vesicles Containing Complex Cytoskeletal Networks. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10710-10719. [PMID: 34461720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane defines the shape of the cell and plays an indispensable role in bridging intra- and extracellular environments. Mechanochemical interactions between plasma membrane and cytoskeleton are vital for cell biomechanics and mechanosensing. A computational model that comprehensively captures the complex, cell-scale cytoskeleton-membrane dynamics is still lacking. In this work, we introduce a triangulated membrane model that accounts for the membrane's elastic properties, as well as for membrane-filament steric interactions. The corresponding force-field was incorporated into the active biological matter simulation platform, MEDYAN ("mechanochemical dynamics of active networks"). Simulations using the new model shed light on how actin filament bundling affects generation of tubular membrane protrusions. In particular, we used membrane-MEDYAN simulations to investigate protrusion initiation and dynamics while varying geometries of filament bundles, membrane rigidities and local G-Actin concentrations. We found that the bundles' protrusion propensities sensitively depend on the synergy between bundle thickness and inclination angle at which the bundle approaches the membrane. The new model paves the way for simulations of biological systems involving intricate membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, such as those occurring at the leading edge and the cortex, eventually helping to uncover the fundamental principles underlying the active matter organization in the vicinity of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ni
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Garegin A Papoian
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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40
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Wang X, Li L, Shao Y, Wei J, Song R, Zheng S, Li Y, Song F. Effects of the Laplace pressure on the cells during cytokinesis. iScience 2021; 24:102945. [PMID: 34458697 PMCID: PMC8377492 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Laplace pressure is one of the most fundamental regulators that determine cell shape and function, and thus has been receiving widespread attention. Here, we systemically investigate the effect of the Laplace pressure on the shape and function of the cells during cytokinesis. We find that the Laplace pressure during cytokinesis can directly control the distribution and size of cell blebbing and adjust the symmetry of cell division by virtue of changing the characteristics of cell blebbing. Further, we demonstrate that the Laplace pressure changes the structural uniformity of cell boundary to regulate the symmetry of cell division. Our findings provide further insights as to the important role of the Laplace pressure in regulating the symmetry of cell division during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiachen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruopu Song
- School of Life Science and Health, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Songjie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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41
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Rilla K. Diverse plasma membrane protrusions act as platforms for extracellular vesicle shedding. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12148. [PMID: 34533887 PMCID: PMC8448080 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane curvature is an important factor in the regulation of cellular phenotype and is critical for various cellular activities including the shedding of extracellular vesicles (EV). One of the most striking morphological features of cells is different plasma membrane-covered extensions supported by actin core such as filopodia and microvilli. Despite the various functions of these extensions are partially unexplained, they are known to facilitate many crucial cellular functions such as migration, adhesion, absorption, and secretion. Due to the rapid increase in the research activity of EVs, there is raising evidence that one of the general features of cellular plasma membrane protrusions is to act as specialized platforms for the budding of EVs. This review will focus on early observations and recent findings supporting this hypothesis, discuss the putative budding and shedding mechanisms of protrusion-derived EVs and their biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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42
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Steelman ZA, Sedelnikova A, Coker ZN, Kiester A, Noojin G, Ibey BL, Bixler JN. Visualizing bleb mass dynamics in single cells using quantitative phase microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:G10-G18. [PMID: 34613190 DOI: 10.1364/ao.426147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding biological responses to directed energy (DE) is critical to ensure the safety of personnel within the Department of Defense. At the Air Force Research Laboratory, we have developed or adapted advanced optical imaging systems that quantify biophysical responses to DE. One notable cellular response to DE exposure is the formation of blebs, or semi-spherical protrusions of the plasma membrane in living cells. In this work, we demonstrate the capacity of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) to both visualize and quantify the formation of membrane blebs following DE exposure. QPI is an interferometric imaging tool that uses optical path length as a label-free contrast mechanism and is sensitive to the non-aqueous mass density, or dry mass, of living cells. Blebs from both CHO-K1 and U937 cells were generated after exposure to a series of 600 ns, 21.2 kV/cm electric pulses. These blebs were visualized in real time, and their dry mass relative to the rest of the cell body was quantified as a function of time. It is our hope that this system will lead to an improved understanding of both DE-induced and apoptotic blebbing.
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43
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Kulma M, Anderluh G. Beyond pore formation: reorganization of the plasma membrane induced by pore-forming proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6229-6249. [PMID: 34387717 PMCID: PMC11073440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are a heterogeneous group of proteins that are expressed and secreted by a wide range of organisms. PFPs are produced as soluble monomers that bind to a receptor molecule in the host cell membrane. They then assemble into oligomers that are incorporated into the lipid membrane to form transmembrane pores. Such pore formation alters the permeability of the plasma membrane and is one of the most common mechanisms used by PFPs to destroy target cells. Interestingly, PFPs can also indirectly manipulate diverse cellular functions. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates that the interaction of PFPs with lipid membranes is not only limited to pore-induced membrane permeabilization but is also strongly associated with extensive plasma membrane reorganization. This includes lateral rearrangement and deformation of the lipid membrane, which can lead to the disruption of target cell function and finally death. Conversely, these modifications also constitute an essential component of the membrane repair system that protects cells from the lethal consequences of pore formation. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the changes in lipid membrane organization caused by PFPs from different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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44
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Helgadottir S, Midtvedt B, Pineda J, Sabirsh A, B. Adiels C, Romeo S, Midtvedt D, Volpe G. Extracting quantitative biological information from bright-field cell images using deep learning. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:031401. [PMID: 38505631 PMCID: PMC10903417 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of cell structures is essential for biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The standard imaging approach relies on fluorescence microscopy, where cell structures of interest are labeled by chemical staining techniques. However, these techniques are often invasive and sometimes even toxic to the cells, in addition to being time consuming, labor intensive, and expensive. Here, we introduce an alternative deep-learning-powered approach based on the analysis of bright-field images by a conditional generative adversarial neural network (cGAN). We show that this is a robust and fast-converging approach to generate virtually stained images from the bright-field images and, in subsequent downstream analyses, to quantify the properties of cell structures. Specifically, we train a cGAN to virtually stain lipid droplets, cytoplasm, and nuclei using bright-field images of human stem-cell-derived fat cells (adipocytes), which are of particular interest for nanomedicine and vaccine development. Subsequently, we use these virtually stained images to extract quantitative measures about these cell structures. Generating virtually stained fluorescence images is less invasive, less expensive, and more reproducible than standard chemical staining; furthermore, it frees up the fluorescence microscopy channels for other analytical probes, thus increasing the amount of information that can be extracted from each cell. To make this deep-learning-powered approach readily available for other users, we provide a Python software package, which can be easily personalized and optimized for specific virtual-staining and cell-profiling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saga Helgadottir
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jesús Pineda
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alan Sabirsh
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Daniel Midtvedt
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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45
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Phng LK, Belting HG. Endothelial cell mechanics and blood flow forces in vascular morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:32-43. [PMID: 34154883 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate cardiovascular system is made up by a hierarchically structured network of highly specialised blood vessels. This network emerges during early embryogenesis and evolves in size and complexity concomitant with embryonic growth and organ formation. Underlying this plasticity are actin-driven endothelial cell behaviours, which allow endothelial cells to change their shape and move within the vascular network. In this review, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in vascular network formation and how these intrinsic mechanisms are influenced by haemodynamic forces provided by pressurized blood flow. While most of this review focusses on in vivo evidence from zebrafish embryos, we also mention complementary findings obtained in other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Phng
- Laboratory for Vascular Morphogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Department of Cell Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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Weber JI, Rigo GV, Rocha DA, Fortes IS, Seixas A, de Andrade SF, Tasca T. Modulation of peptidases by 2,4-diamine-quinazoline derivative induces cell death in the amitochondriate parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111611. [PMID: 34243597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an amitochondriate protozoan and the agent of human trichomoniasis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. In this study we showed that 2,4-diamine-quinazoline derivative compound (PH100) kills T. vaginalis. PH100 showed activity against fresh clinical and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) T. vaginalis isolates with no cytotoxicity against cells (HMVI, 3T3-C1 and VERO) and erythrocytes. In addition, PH100 showed synergistic action with metronidazole, indicating that these compounds act by different mechanisms. When investigating the mechanism of action of PH100 to ATCC 30236, apoptosis-like characteristics were observed, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, membrane alterations, and modulation of gene expression and activity of peptidases related to apoptosis. The apoptosis-like cell death features were not observed for the fresh clinical isolate treated with PH100 revealing distinct profiles. Our data revealed the heterogeneity among T. vaginalis isolates and contribute with the understanding of mechanisms of cell death in pathogenic eukaryotic organisms without mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Inês Weber
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Assumpção Rocha
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Serraglio Fortes
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Synthesis Group (PHARSG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in the Oral Cavity and Its Effect on Lipid Nanocarriers. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051330. [PMID: 34070004 PMCID: PMC8157841 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Topical drug administration to the oral mucosa proves to be a promising treatment alternative for inflammatory diseases. However, disease-related changes in the cell barrier must be considered when developing such delivery systems. This study aimed at investigating the changes in the lining mucosa caused by inflammation and evaluating the consequences on drug delivery systems such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). For this, TR146 cells were treated with inflammatory cytokines and bacterial components. Cell viability and integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin (IL)-8 release were used as endpoints to assess inflammation. Translocation of phosphatidylserine, cytoskeletal arrangement, opening of desmosomes, and cell proliferation were examined. Transport studies with NLC were performed considering active and passive pathways. The results showed that IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor α induced inflammation by increasing IL-8 and ROS production (22-fold and 2-fold). Morphologically, loss of cell–cell connections and formation of stress fibers and hyperplasia were observed. The charge of the cell membrane shifted from neutral to negative, which increased the absorption of NLC due to the repulsive interactions between the hydrophobic negative particles and the cell membrane on the one hand, and interactions with lipophilic membrane proteins such as caveolin on the other.
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Molecular basis of functional exchangeability between ezrin and other actin-membrane associated proteins during cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 403:112600. [PMID: 33862101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism that mediates the interaction between the contractile ring and the plasma membrane during cytokinesis remains elusive. We previously found that ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) proteins, which usually mediate cellular pole contraction, become over-accumulated at the cell equator and support furrow ingression upon the loss of other actin-membrane associated proteins, anillin and supervillin. In this study, we addressed the molecular basis of the exchangeability between ezrin and other actin-membrane associated proteins in mediating cortical contraction during cytokinesis. We found that depletion of anillin and supervillin caused over-accumulation of the membrane-associated FERM domain and actin-binding C-terminal domain (C-term) of ezrin at the cleavage furrow, respectively. This finding suggests that ezrin differentially shares its binding sites with these proteins on the actin cytoskeleton or inner membrane surface. Using chimeric mutants, we found that ezrin C-term, but not the FERM domain, can substitute for the corresponding anillin domains in cytokinesis and cell proliferation. On the other hand, either the membrane-associated or the actin/myosin-binding domains of anillin could not substitute for the corresponding ezrin domains in controlling cortical blebbing at the cell poles. Our results highlight specific designs of actin- or membrane-associated moieties of different actin-membrane associated proteins with limited exchangeability, which enables them to support diverse cortical activities on the shared actin-membrane interface during cytokinesis.
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Banerji R, Karkee A, Kanojiya P, Saroj SD. Pore-forming toxins of foodborne pathogens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2265-2285. [PMID: 33773026 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are water-soluble molecules that have been identified as the most crucial virulence factors during bacterial pathogenesis. PFTs disrupt the host cell membrane to internalize or to deliver other bacterial or virulence factors for establishing infections. Disruption of the host cell membrane by PFTs can lead to uncontrollable exchanges between the extracellular and the intracellular matrix, thereby disturbing the cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular mechanism of PFTs during pathogenesis. Evidence also suggests the activation of several signal transduction pathways in the host cell on recognition of PFTs. Additionally, numerous distinctive host defense mechanisms as well as membrane repair mechanisms have been reported; however, studies reveal that PFTs aid in host immune evasion of the bacteria through numerous pathways. PFTs have been primarily associated with foodborne pathogens. Infection and death from diseases by consuming contaminated food are a constant threat to public health worldwide, affecting socioeconomic development. Moreover, the emergence of new foodborne pathogens has led to the rise of bacterial antimicrobial resistance affecting the population. Hence, this review focuses on the role of PFTs secreted by foodborne pathogens. The review highlights the molecular mechanism of foodborne bacterial PFTs, assisting bacterial survival from the host immune responses and understanding the downstream mechanism in the activation of various signaling pathways in the host upon PFT recognition. PFT research is a remarkable and an important field for exploring novel and broad applications of antimicrobial compounds as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Astha Karkee
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sunil D Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
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Imran Alsous J, Romeo N, Jackson JA, Mason FM, Dunkel J, Martin AC. Dynamics of hydraulic and contractile wave-mediated fluid transport during Drosophila oogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019749118. [PMID: 33658367 PMCID: PMC7958293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019749118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From insects to mice, oocytes develop within cysts alongside nurse-like sister germ cells. Prior to fertilization, the nurse cells' cytoplasmic contents are transported into the oocyte, which grows as its sister cells regress and die. Although critical for fertility, the biological and physical mechanisms underlying this transport process are poorly understood. Here, we combined live imaging of germline cysts, genetic perturbations, and mathematical modeling to investigate the dynamics and mechanisms that enable directional and complete cytoplasmic transport in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. We discovered that during "nurse cell (NC) dumping" most cytoplasm is transported into the oocyte independently of changes in myosin-II contractility, with dynamics instead explained by an effective Young-Laplace law, suggesting hydraulic transport induced by baseline cell-surface tension. A minimal flow-network model inspired by the famous two-balloon experiment and motivated by genetic analysis of a myosin mutant correctly predicts the directionality, intercellular pattern, and time scale of transport. Long thought to trigger transport through "squeezing," changes in actomyosin contractility are required only once NC volume has become comparable to nuclear volume, in the form of surface contractile waves that drive NC dumping to completion. Our work thus demonstrates how biological and physical mechanisms cooperate to enable a critical developmental process that, until now, was thought to be mainly biochemically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Imran Alsous
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nicolas Romeo
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jonathan A Jackson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Frank M Mason
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
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