1
|
Vleminckx J, Hogan JA, Metz MR, Comita LS, Queenborough SA, Wright SJ, Valencia R, Zambrano M, Garwood NC. Flower production decreases with warmer and more humid atmospheric conditions in a western Amazonian forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1035-1046. [PMID: 37984822 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict that everwet western Amazonian forests will face warmer and wetter atmospheric conditions, and increased cloud cover. It remains unclear how these changes will impact plant reproductive performance, such as flowering, which plays a central role in sustaining food webs and forest regeneration. Warmer and wetter nights may cause reduced flower production, via increased dark respiration rates or alteration in the reliability of flowering cue-based processes. Additionally, more persistent cloud cover should reduce the amounts of solar irradiance, which could limit flower production. We tested whether interannual variation in flower production has changed in response to fluctuations in irradiance, rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity over 18 yrs in an everwet forest in Ecuador. Analyses of 184 plant species showed that flower production declined as nighttime temperature and relative humidity increased, suggesting that warmer nights and greater atmospheric water saturation negatively impacted reproduction. Species varied in their flowering responses to climatic variables but this variation was not explained by life form or phylogeny. Our results shed light on how plant communities will respond to climatic changes in this everwet region, in which the impacts of these changes have been poorly studied compared with more seasonal Neotropical areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vleminckx
- Department of Biology of Organisms, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - J Aaron Hogan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Margaret R Metz
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, 97219, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Renato Valencia
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 170143, Ecuador
| | - Milton Zambrano
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, 170143, Ecuador
| | - Nancy C Garwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rundel PW, Harmon TC, Fernandez-Bou AS, Allen MF. Collaborative Use of Sensor Networks and Cyberinfrastructure to Understand Complex Ecosystem Interactions in a Tropical Rainforest: Challenges and Lessons Learned. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9081. [PMID: 38005470 PMCID: PMC10674975 DOI: 10.3390/s23229081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Collaborations between ecosystem ecologists and engineers have led to impressive progress in developing complex models of biogeochemical fluxes in response to global climate change. Ecology and engineering iteratively inform and transform each other in these efforts. Nested data streams from local sources, adjacent networks, and remote sensing sources together magnify the capacity of ecosystem ecologists to observe systems in near real-time and address questions at temporal and spatial scales that were previously unobtainable. We describe our research experiences working in a Costa Rican rainforest ecosystem with the challenges presented by constant high humidity, 4300 mm of annual rainfall, flooding, small invertebrates entering the tiniest openings, stinging insects, and venomous snakes. Over the past two decades, we faced multiple challenges and learned from our mistakes to develop a broad program of ecosystem research at multiple levels of integration. This program involved integrated networks of diverse sensors on a series of canopy towers linked to multiple belowground soil sensor arrays that could transport sensor data streams from the forest directly to an off-site location via a fiber optic cable. In our commentary, we highlight three components of our work: (1) the eddy flux measurements using canopy towers; (2) the soil sensor arrays for measuring the spatial and temporal patterns of CO2 and O2 fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface; and (3) focused investigations of the ecosystem impact of leaf-cutter ants as "ecosystem engineers" on carbon fluxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rundel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas C. Harmon
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (T.C.H.); (A.S.F.-B.)
| | - Angel S. Fernandez-Bou
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (T.C.H.); (A.S.F.-B.)
- Climate & Energy Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, 500 12th St., Suite 340, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
| | - Michael F. Allen
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmiege SC, Heskel M, Fan Y, Way DA. It's only natural: Plant respiration in unmanaged systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:710-727. [PMID: 36943293 PMCID: PMC10231469 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiration plays a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle and is a fundamental metabolic process in all plant tissues and cells. We review respiration from the perspective of plants that grow in their natural habitat and how it is influenced by wide-ranging elements at different scales, from metabolic substrate availability to shifts in climate. Decades of field-based measurements have honed our understanding of the biological and environmental controls on leaf, root, stem, and whole-organism respiration. Despite this effort, there remain gaps in our knowledge within and across species and ecosystems, especially in more challenging-to-measure tissues like roots. Recent databases of respiration rates and associated leaf traits from species representing diverse biomes, plant functional types, and regional climates have allowed for a wider-lens view at modeling this important CO2 flux. We also re-analyze published data sets to show that maximum leaf respiration rates (Rmax) in species from around the globe are related both to leaf economic traits and environmental variables (precipitation and air temperature), but that root respiration does not follow the same latitudinal trends previously published for leaf data. We encourage the ecophysiological community to continue to expand their study of plant respiration in tissues that are difficult to measure and at the whole plant and ecosystem levels to address outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Schmiege
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA 55105
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vinod N, Slot M, McGregor IR, Ordway EM, Smith MN, Taylor TC, Sack L, Buckley TN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:22-47. [PMID: 36239086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed-canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy Tleaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging Tleaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high Tleaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest-climate feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vinod
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carter KR, Wood TE, Reed SC, Butts KM, Cavaleri MA. Experimental warming across a tropical forest canopy height gradient reveals minimal photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2879-2897. [PMID: 34169547 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest canopies cycle vast amounts of carbon, yet we still have a limited understanding of how these critical ecosystems will respond to climate warming. We implemented in situ leaf-level + 3°C experimental warming from the understory to the upper canopy of two Puerto Rican tropical tree species, Guarea guidonia and Ocotea sintenisii. After approximately 1 month of continuous warming, we assessed adjustments in photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, leaf traits and foliar respiration. Warming did not alter net photosynthetic temperature response for either species; however, the optimum temperature of Ocotea understory leaf photosynthetic electron transport shifted upward. There was no Ocotea respiratory treatment effect, while Guarea respiratory temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) was down-regulated in heated leaves. The optimum temperatures for photosynthesis (Topt ) decreased 3-5°C from understory to the highest canopy position, perhaps due to upper canopy stomatal conductance limitations. Guarea upper canopy Topt was similar to the mean daytime temperatures, while Ocotea canopy leaves often operated above Topt . With minimal acclimation to warmer temperatures in the upper canopy, further warming could put these forests at risk of reduced CO2 uptake, which could weaken the overall carbon sink strength of this tropical forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Carter
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tana E Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardin Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, USA
| | - Kaylie M Butts
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Massmann A, Cavaleri MA, Oberbauer SF, Olivas PC, Porder S. Foliar Stoichiometry is Marginally Sensitive to Soil Phosphorus Across a Lowland Tropical Rainforest. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Mujawamariya M, Wittemann M, Manishimwe A, Ntirugulirwa B, Zibera E, Nsabimana D, Wallin G, Uddling J, Dusenge ME. Complete or overcompensatory thermal acclimation of leaf dark respiration in African tropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2548-2561. [PMID: 33113226 PMCID: PMC7898918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tropical climates are getting warmer, with pronounced dry periods in large areas. The productivity and climate feedbacks of future tropical forests depend on the ability of trees to acclimate their physiological processes, such as leaf dark respiration (Rd ), to these new conditions. However, knowledge on this is currently limited due to data scarcity. We studied the impact of growth temperature on Rd and its dependency on net photosynthesis (An ), leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in 16 early-successional (ES) and late-successional (LS) tropical tree species in multispecies plantations along an elevation gradient (Rwanda TREE project). Moreover, we explored the effect of drought on Rd in one ES and one LS species. Leaf Rd at 20°C decreased at warmer sites, regardless if it was expressed per unit leaf area, mass, N or P. This acclimation resulted in an 8% and a 28% decrease in Rd at prevailing nighttime temperatures in trees at the intermediate and warmest sites, respectively. Moreover, drought reduced Rd , particularly in the ES species and at the coolest site. Thermal acclimation of Rd is complete or overcompensatory and independent of changes in leaf nutrients or LMA in African tropical trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mujawamariya
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Maria Wittemann
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Aloysie Manishimwe
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Development BoardPO Box 5016KigaliRwanda
| | - Etienne Zibera
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
| | - Donat Nsabimana
- School of Forestry and Biodiversity and Biological SciencesUniversity of RwandaBusogoRwanda
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fortunel C, Stahl C, Heuret P, Nicolini E, Baraloto C. Disentangling the effects of environment and ontogeny on tree functional dimensions for congeneric species in tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:385-395. [PMID: 31872884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil water and nutrient availability are key drivers of tree species distribution and forest ecosystem functioning, with strong species differences in water and nutrient use. Despite growing evidence for intraspecific trait differences, it remains unclear under which circumstances the effects of environmental gradients trump those of ontogeny and taxonomy on important functional dimensions related to resource use, particularly in tropical forests. Here, we explore how physiological, chemical, and morphological traits related to resource use vary between life stages in four species within the genus Micropholis that is widespread in lowland Amazonia. Specifically, we evaluate how environment, developmental stage, and taxonomy contribute to single-trait variation and multidimensional functional strategies. We find that environment, developmental stage, and taxonomy differentially contribute to functional dimensions. Habitats and seasons shape physiological and chemical traits related to water and nutrient use, whereas developmental stage and taxonomic identity impact morphological traits -especially those related to the leaf economics spectrum. Our findings suggest that combining environment, ontogeny, and taxonomy allows for a better understanding of important functional dimensions in tropical trees and highlights the need for integrating tree physiological and chemical traits with classically used morphological traits to improve predictions of tropical forests' responses to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fortunel
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG (Ecology of Guiana Forests), INRA, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, 97379, Kourou, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Nicolini
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- UMR EcoFoG (Ecology of Guiana Forests), INRA, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, 97379, Kourou, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33133, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
di Porcia e Brugnera M, Meunier F, Longo M, Krishna Moorthy SM, De Deurwaerder H, Schnitzer SA, Bonal D, Faybishenko B, Verbeeck H. Modeling the impact of liana infestation on the demography and carbon cycle of tropical forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3767-3780. [PMID: 31310429 PMCID: PMC6856694 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting empirical evidence that lianas affect the carbon cycle of tropical forests. However, no single vegetation model takes into account this growth form, although such efforts could greatly improve the predictions of carbon dynamics in tropical forests. In this study, we incorporated a novel mechanistic representation of lianas in a dynamic global vegetation model (the Ecosystem Demography Model). We developed a liana-specific plant functional type and mechanisms representing liana-tree interactions (such as light competition, liana-specific allometries, and attachment to host trees) and parameterized them according to a comprehensive literature meta-analysis. We tested the model for an old-growth forest (Paracou, French Guiana) and a secondary forest (Gigante Peninsula, Panama). The resulting model simulations captured many features of the two forests characterized by different levels of liana infestation as revealed by a systematic comparison of the model outputs with empirical data, including local census data from forest inventories, eddy flux tower data, and terrestrial laser scanner-derived forest vertical structure. The inclusion of lianas in the simulations reduced the secondary forest net productivity by up to 0.46 tC ha-1 year-1 , which corresponds to a limited relative reduction of 2.6% in comparison with a reference simulation without lianas. However, this resulted in significantly reduced accumulated above-ground biomass after 70 years of regrowth by up to 20 tC /ha (19% of the reference simulation). Ultimately, the simulated negative impact of lianas on the total biomass was almost completely cancelled out when the forest reached an old-growth successional stage. Our findings suggest that lianas negatively influence the forest potential carbon sink strength, especially for young, disturbed, liana-rich sites. In light of the critical role that lianas play in the profound changes currently experienced by tropical forests, this new model provides a robust numerical tool to forecast the impact of lianas on tropical forest carbon sinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Félicien Meunier
- CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation EcologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Ecological Forecasting LabDepartment of Earth and EnvironmentBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Embrapa Agricultural InformaticsCampinasSPBrazil
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboaAnconPanama
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Damien Bonal
- UMR SilvaUniversité de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRANancyFrance
| | - Boris Faybishenko
- Earth and Environmental Science AreaLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab – Computational and Applied Vegetation EcologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katayama A, Kume T, Ichihashi R, Nakagawa M. Vertical variation in wood CO2 efflux is not uniformly related to height: measurement across various species and sizes of Bornean tropical rainforest trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1000-1008. [PMID: 30976804 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited knowledge about vertical variation in wood CO2 efflux (Rwood) is still a cause of uncertainty in Rwood estimates at individual and ecosystem scales. Although previous studies found higher Rwood in the canopy, they examined several tree species of similar size. In contrast, in the present study, we measured vertical variation in Rwood for 18 trees including 13 species, using a canopy crane for a more precise determination of the vertical variation in Rwood, for various species and sizes of trees in order to examine the factors affecting vertical variation in Rwood and thus, to better understand the effect of taking into account the vertical and inter-individual variation on estimates of Rwood at the individual scale. We did not find any clear pattern of vertical variation; Rwood increased significantly with measurement height for only one tree, while it decreased for two more trees, and was not significantly related with measurement height in 15 other trees. Canopy to breast height Rwood ratio was not related to diameter at breast height or crown ratio, which supposedly are factors affecting vertical variation in Rwood. On average, Rwood estimates at individual scale, considering inter-individual variation but ignoring vertical variation, were only 6% higher than estimates considering both forms of variation. However, estimates considering vertical variation, while ignoring inter-individual variation, were 13% higher than estimates considering both forms of variation. These results suggest that individual measurements at breast height are more important for estimating Rwood at the individual scale, and that any error in Rwood estimation at this scale, due to the absence of any more measurements along tree height, is really quite negligible. This study measured various species and sizes of trees, which may be attributed to no clear vertical variation because factors causing vertical variation can differ among species and sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Katayama
- Shiiba Research Forest, Kyushu University, Shiiba, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kume
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryuji Ichihashi
- Shiiba Research Forest, Kyushu University, Shiiba, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cushman KC, Kellner JR. Prediction of forest aboveground net primary production from high-resolution vertical leaf-area profiles. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:538-546. [PMID: 30632240 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and precipitation explain about half the variation in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) among tropical forest sites, but determinants of remaining variation are poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the amount of leaf area, and its vertical arrangement, predicts ANPP when other variables are held constant. Using measurements from airborne lidar in a lowland Neotropical rain forest, we quantify vertical leaf-area profiles and develop models of ANPP driven by leaf area and other measurements of forest structure. Vertical leaf-area profiles predict 38% of the variation among plots. This number is 4.5 times greater than models using total leaf area (disregarding vertical arrangement) and 2.1 times greater than models using canopy height alone. Furthermore, ANPP predictions from vertical leaf-area profiles were less biased than alternate metrics. Variation in ANPP not attributable to temperature or precipitation can be predicted by the vertical distribution of leaf area in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cushman
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - James R Kellner
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gvozdevaite A, Oliveras I, Domingues TF, Peprah T, Boakye M, Afriyie L, da Silva Peixoto K, de Farias J, Almeida de Oliveira E, Almeida Farias CC, Dos Santos Prestes NCC, Neyret M, Moore S, Schwantes Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Adu-Bredu S, Malhi Y. Leaf-level photosynthetic capacity dynamics in relation to soil and foliar nutrients along forest-savanna boundaries in Ghana and Brazil. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1912-1925. [PMID: 30388271 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forest-savanna boundaries extend across large parts of the tropics but the variability of photosynthetic capacity in relation to soil and foliar nutrients across these transition zones is poorly understood. For this reason, we compared photosynthetic capacity (maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco at 25 C° (Vcmax25), leaf mass, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) per unit leaf area (LMA, Narea, Parea and Karea, respectively), in relation to respective soil nutrients from 89 species at seven sites along forest-savanna ecotones in Ghana and Brazil. Contrary to our expectations, edaphic conditions were not reflected in foliar nutrient concentrations but LMA was slightly higher in lower fertility soils. Overall, each vegetation type within the ecotones demonstrated idiosyncratic and generally weak relationships between Vcmax25 and Narea, Parea and Karea. Species varied significantly in their Vcmax25 ↔ Narea relationship due to reduced investment of total Narea in photosynthetic machinery with increasing LMA. We suggest that studied species in the forest-savanna ecotones do not maximize Vcmax25 per given total Narea due to adaptation to intermittent water availability. Our findings have implications for global modeling of Vcmax25 and forest-savanna ecotone productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agne Gvozdevaite
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Ferreira Domingues
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Theresa Peprah
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Mickey Boakye
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Lydia Afriyie
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Karine da Silva Peixoto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Josenilton de Farias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | - Margot Neyret
- Centre IRD France Nord - iEES Paris, 32, av. Henri Varagnat BONDY cedex, France
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, KNUST, Ghana
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ryan MG, Oren R, Waring RH. Fruiting and sink competition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1261-1266. [PMID: 30285254 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard H Waring
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng X, Uriarte M, González G, Reed S, Thompson J, Zimmerman JK, Murphy L. Improving predictions of tropical forest response to climate change through integration of field studies and ecosystem modeling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e213-e232. [PMID: 28804989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests play a critical role in carbon and water cycles at a global scale. Rapid climate change is anticipated in tropical regions over the coming decades and, under a warmer and drier climate, tropical forests are likely to be net sources of carbon rather than sinks. However, our understanding of tropical forest response and feedback to climate change is very limited. Efforts to model climate change impacts on carbon fluxes in tropical forests have not reached a consensus. Here, we use the Ecosystem Demography model (ED2) to predict carbon fluxes of a Puerto Rican tropical forest under realistic climate change scenarios. We parameterized ED2 with species-specific tree physiological data using the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer workflow and projected the fate of this ecosystem under five future climate scenarios. The model successfully captured interannual variability in the dynamics of this tropical forest. Model predictions closely followed observed values across a wide range of metrics including aboveground biomass, tree diameter growth, tree size class distributions, and leaf area index. Under a future warming and drying climate scenario, the model predicted reductions in carbon storage and tree growth, together with large shifts in forest community composition and structure. Such rapid changes in climate led the forest to transition from a sink to a source of carbon. Growth respiration and root allocation parameters were responsible for the highest fraction of predictive uncertainty in modeled biomass, highlighting the need to target these processes in future data collection. Our study is the first effort to rely on Bayesian model calibration and synthesis to elucidate the key physiological parameters that drive uncertainty in tropical forests responses to climatic change. We propose a new path forward for model-data synthesis that can substantially reduce uncertainty in our ability to model tropical forest responses to future climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Feng
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grizelle González
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | - Sasha Reed
- Southwest Biological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lora Murphy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Coble AP, Cavaleri MA. Vertical leaf mass per area gradient of mature sugar maple reflects both height-driven increases in vascular tissue and light-driven increases in palisade layer thickness. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1337-1351. [PMID: 28338906 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key trait used in canopy and ecosystem function modeling, leaf mass per area (LMA), is influenced by changes in both leaf thickness and leaf density (LMA = Thickness × Density). In tall trees, LMA is understood to increase with height through two primary mechanisms: (i) increasing palisade layer thickness (and thus leaf thickness) in response to light and/or (ii) reduced cell expansion and intercellular air space in response to hydrostatic constraints, leading to increased leaf density. Our objective was to investigate within-canopy gradients in leaf anatomical traits in order to understand environmental factors that influence leaf morphology in a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall) forest canopy. We teased apart the effects of light and height on anatomical traits by sampling at exposed and closed canopies that had different light conditions at similar heights. As expected, palisade layer thickness responded strongly to cumulative light exposure. Mesophyll porosity, however, was weakly and negatively correlated with light and height (i.e., hydrostatic gradients). Reduced mesophyll porosity was not likely caused by limitations on cell expansion; in fact, epidermal cell width increased with height. Palisade layer thickness was better related to LMA, leaf density and leaf thickness than was mesophyll porosity. Vein diameter and fraction of vascular tissue also increased with height and LMA, density and thickness, revealing that greater investment in vascular and support tissue may be a third mechanism for increased LMA with height. Overall, decreasing mesophyll porosity with height was likely due to palisade cells expanding into the available air space and also greater investments in vascular and support tissue, rather than a reduction of cell expansion due to hydrostatic constraints. Our results provide evidence that light influences both palisade layer thickness and mesophyll porosity and indicate that hydrostatic gradients influence leaf vascular and support tissues in mature Acer saccharum trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, James Hall, Room 114, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cavaleri MA, Coble AP, Ryan MG, Bauerle WL, Loescher HW, Oberbauer SF. Tropical rainforest carbon sink declines during El Niño as a result of reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration rates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:136-149. [PMID: 28805245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in tropical forest carbon sink strength during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can indicate future behavior under climate change. Previous studies revealed ˜6 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 lower net ecosystem production (NEP) during ENSO year 1998 compared with non-ENSO year 2000 in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest. We explored environmental drivers of this change and examined the contributions of ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross primary production (GPP) to this weakened carbon sink. For 1998-2000, we estimated RE using chamber-based respiration measurements, and we estimated GPP in two ways: using (1) the canopy process model MAESTRA, and (2) combined eddy covariance and chamber respiration data. MAESTRA-estimated GPP did not statistically differ from GPP estimated using approach 2, but was ˜ 28% greater than published GPP estimates for the same site and years using eddy covariance data only. A 7% increase in RE (primarily increased soil respiration) and a 10% reduction in GPP contributed equally to the difference in NEP between ENSO year 1998 and non-ENSO year 2000. A warming and drying climate for tropical forests may yield a weakened carbon sink from both decreased GPP and increased RE. Understanding physiological acclimation will be critical for the large carbon stores in these ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Adam P Coble
- School of Forest Resources & Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Rd, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - William L Bauerle
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Henry W Loescher
- Battelle-National Ecological Observatory Network, 1685 38th Street, Suite 100, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (InstAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Steven F Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 11935 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Araki MG, Gyokusen K, Kajimoto T. Vertical and seasonal variations in temperature responses of leaf respiration in a Chamaecyparis obtusa canopy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1269-1284. [PMID: 28338803 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf respiration (R) is a major component of carbon balance in forest ecosystems. Clarifying the variability of leaf R within a canopy is essential for predicting the impact of global warming on forest productivity and the potential future function of the forest ecosystem as a carbon sink. We examined vertical and seasonal variations in short-term temperature responses of leaf R as well as environmental factors (light and mean air temperature) and physiological factors [leaf nitrogen (N), leaf mass per area (LMA), and shoot growth] in the canopy of a 10-year-old stand of hinoki cypress [Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.] in Kyushu, Japan. Leaf respiration rate adjusted to 20 °C (R20) exhibited evident vertical gradients in each season and was correlated with light, LMA and leaf N. In contrast, the temperature sensitivity of leaf R (Q10) did not vary vertically throughout the seasons. Seasonally, Q10 was higher in winter than in summer and was strongly negatively correlated to mean air temperature. A negative correlation of R20 with mean air temperature was also observed for each of the three canopy layers. These results clearly indicate that leaf R was able to adjust to seasonal changes in ambient temperature under field conditions and down-regulate during warmer periods. We also found that the degree of thermal acclimation did not vary with canopy position. Overall, our results suggest that vertical and seasonal variations in temperature responses of leaf R within a hinoki cypress canopy could be predicted by relatively simple parameters (light and temperature). There was an exception of extremely high R20 values in April that may have been due to the onset of shoot growth in spring. Understanding thermal acclimation and variations in leaf R within forest canopies will improve global terrestrial carbon cycle models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatake G Araki
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Koichiro Gyokusen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581 , Japan
| | - Takuya Kajimoto
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maréchaux I, Chave J. An individual-based forest model to jointly simulate carbon and tree diversity in Amazonia: description and applications. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maréchaux
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
- AgroParisTech-ENGREF; 19 avenue du Maine F-75015 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rowland L, Zaragoza‐Castells J, Bloomfield KJ, Turnbull MH, Bonal D, Burban B, Salinas N, Cosio E, Metcalfe DJ, Ford A, Phillips OL, Atkin OK, Meir P. Scaling leaf respiration with nitrogen and phosphorus in tropical forests across two continents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1064-1077. [PMID: 27159833 PMCID: PMC5412872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dark respiration (Rdark ) represents an important component controlling the carbon balance in tropical forests. Here, we test how nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect Rdark and its relationship with photosynthesis using three widely separated tropical forests which differ in soil fertility. Rdark was measured on 431 rainforest canopy trees, from 182 species, in French Guiana, Peru and Australia. The variation in Rdark was examined in relation to leaf N and P content, leaf structure and maximum photosynthetic rates at ambient and saturating atmospheric CO2 concentration. We found that the site with the lowest fertility (French Guiana) exhibited greater rates of Rdark per unit leaf N, P and photosynthesis. The data from Australia, for which there were no phylogenetic overlaps with the samples from the South American sites, yielded the most distinct relationships of Rdark with the measured leaf traits. Our data indicate that no single universal scaling relationship accounts for variation in Rdark across this large biogeographical space. Variability between sites in the absolute rates of Rdark and the Rdark : photosynthesis ratio were driven by variations in N- and P-use efficiency, which were related to both taxonomic and environmental variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Joana Zaragoza‐Castells
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Keith J. Bloomfield
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
| | - Matthew H. Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative EcologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag4800ChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAUMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie ForestieresChampenoux54280France
| | - Benoit Burban
- INRA UMR‐ECOFOGCampus agronomique ‐ BP 31697379KourouFrench GuianaFrance
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Eric Cosio
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del PeruSeccion QuimicaAv Universitaria 1801, San MiguelLimaPeru
| | - Daniel J. Metcalfe
- CSIROLand and WaterTropical Forest Research CentreAthertonQLD4883Australia
| | - Andrew Ford
- CSIROLand and WaterTropical Forest Research CentreAthertonQLD4883Australia
| | | | - Owen K. Atkin
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyDivision of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
| | - Patrick Meir
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nagy RC, Rastetter EB, Neill C, Porder S. Nutrient limitation in tropical secondary forests following different management practices. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:734-755. [PMID: 27930831 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forests now make up more than one-half of all tropical forests, and constraints on their biomass accumulation will influence the strength of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink in the coming decades. However the variance in secondary tropical forest biomass for a given stand age and climate is high and our understanding of why is limited. We constructed a model of terrestrial C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling to examine the influence of disturbance and management practices on nutrient limitation and biomass recovery in secondary tropical forests. The model predicted that N limited the rate of forest recovery in the first few decades following harvest, but that this limitation switched to P approximately 30-40 yr after abandonment, consistent with field data on N and P cycling from secondary tropical forest chronosequences. Simulated biomass recovery agreed well with field data of biomass accumulation following harvest (R2 = 0.80). Model results showed that if all biomass remained on site following a severe disturbance such as blowdown, regrowth approached pre-disturbance biomass in 80-90 yr, and recovery was faster following smaller disturbances such as selective logging. Field data from regrowth on abandoned pastures were consistent with simulated losses of nutrients in soil organic matter, particularly P. Following any forest disturbance that involved the removal of nutrients (i.e., except blowdown), forest regrowth produced reduced biomass relative to the initial state as a result of nutrient loss through harvest, leaching and/or sequestration by secondary minerals. Differences in nutrient availability accounted for 49-94% of the variance in secondary forest biomass C at a given stand age. Management lessons from this study are the importance of strategies that help retain nutrients on site, recognizing the role of coarse woody debris in immobilization and subsequent release of nutrients, and the potential for nutrient additions to enhance biomass growth and recovery in secondary tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chelsea Nagy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Edward B Rastetter
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Christopher Neill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
- Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Stephen Porder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu X, Medvigy D, Powers JS, Becknell JM, Guan K. Diversity in plant hydraulic traits explains seasonal and inter-annual variations of vegetation dynamics in seasonally dry tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:80-95. [PMID: 27189787 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether diversity in plant hydraulic traits can explain the observed diversity in plant responses to water stress in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs). The Ecosystem Demography model 2 (ED2) was updated with a trait-driven mechanistic plant hydraulic module, as well as novel drought-phenology and plant water stress schemes. Four plant functional types were parameterized on the basis of meta-analysis of plant hydraulic traits. Simulations from both the original and the updated ED2 were evaluated against 5 yr of field data from a Costa Rican SDTF site and remote-sensing data over Central America. The updated model generated realistic plant hydraulic dynamics, such as leaf water potential and stem sap flow. Compared with the original ED2, predictions from our novel trait-driven model matched better with observed growth, phenology and their variations among functional groups. Most notably, the original ED2 produced unrealistically small leaf area index (LAI) and underestimated cumulative leaf litter. Both of these biases were corrected by the updated model. The updated model was also better able to simulate spatial patterns of LAI dynamics in Central America. Plant hydraulic traits are intercorrelated in SDTFs. Mechanistic incorporation of plant hydraulic traits is necessary for the simulation of spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation dynamics in SDTFs in vegetation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Justin M Becknell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma RY, Zhang JL, Cavaleri MA, Sterck F, Strijk JS, Cao KF. Convergent Evolution towards High Net Carbon Gain Efficiency Contributes to the Shade Tolerance of Palms (Arecaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140384. [PMID: 26461108 PMCID: PMC4604201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most palm species occur in the shaded lower strata of tropical rain forests, but how their traits relate to shade adaptation is poorly understood. We hypothesized that palms are adapted to the shade of their native habitats by convergent evolution towards high net carbon gain efficiency (CGEn), which is given by the maximum photosynthetic rate to dark respiration rate ratio. Leaf mass per area, maximum photosynthetic rate, dark respiration and N and P concentrations were measured in 80 palm species grown in a common garden, and combined with data of 30 palm species growing in their native habitats. Compared to other species from the global leaf economics data, dicotyledonous broad-leaved trees in tropical rainforest or other monocots in the global leaf economics data, palms possessed consistently higher CGEn, achieved by lowered dark respiration and fairly high foliar P concentration. Combined phylogenetic analyses of evolutionary signal and trait evolution revealed convergent evolution towards high CGEn in palms. We conclude that high CGEn is an evolutionary strategy that enables palms to better adapt to shady environments than coexisting dicot tree species, and may convey advantages in competing with them in the tropical forest understory. These findings provide important insights for understanding the evolution and ecology of palms, and for understanding plant shade adaptations of lower rainforest strata. Moreover, given the dominant role of palms in tropical forests, these findings are important for modelling carbon and nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joeri S. Strijk
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Asao S, Ryan MG. Carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration from branch girdling in four species of wet tropical rain forest trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:608-620. [PMID: 25870320 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
How trees sense source-sink carbon balance remains unclear. One potential mechanism is a feedback from non-structural carbohydrates regulating photosynthesis and removing excess as waste respiration when the balance of photosynthesis against growth and metabolic activity changes. We tested this carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration using branch girdling in four tree species in a wet tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Because girdling severs phloem to stop carbohydrate export while leaving xylem intact to allow photosynthesis, we expected carbohydrates to accumulate in leaves to simulate a carbon imbalance. We varied girdling intensity by removing phloem in increments of one-quarter of the circumference (zero, one--quarter, half, three-quarters, full) and surrounded a target branch with fully girdled ones to create a gradient in leaf carbohydrate content. Light saturated photosynthesis rate was measured in situ, and foliar respiration rate and leaf carbohydrate content were measured after destructive harvest at the end of the treatment. Girdling intensity created no consistent or strong responses in leaf carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose slightly increased in all species by 3.4% per one-quarter girdle, total carbon content and leaf mass per area increased only in one species by 5.4 and 5.5% per one-quarter girdle, and starch did not change. Only full girdling lowered photosynthesis in three of four species by 59-69%, but the decrease in photosynthesis was unrelated to the increase in glucose and fructose content. Girdling did not affect respiration. The results suggest that leaf carbohydrate content remains relatively constant under carbon imbalance, and any changes are unlikely to regulate photosynthesis or respiration. Because girdling also stops the export of hormones and reactive oxygen species, girdling may induce physiological changes unrelated to carbohydrate accumulation and may not be an effective method to study carbohydrate feedback in leaves. In three species, removal of three-quarters of phloem area did not cause leaf carbohydrates to accumulate nor did it change photosynthesis or respiration, suggesting that phloem transport is flexible and transport rate per unit phloem can rapidly increase under an increase in carbohydrate supply relative to phloem area. Leaf carbohydrate content thus may be decoupled from whole plant carbon balance by phloem transport in some species, and carbohydrate regulation of photosynthesis and respiration may not be as common in trees as previous girdling studies suggest. Further studies in carbohydrate regulation should avoid using girdling as girdling can decrease photosynthesis through unintended means without the tested mechanisms of accumulating leaf carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asao
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Street, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Asao S, Bedoya-Arrieta R, Ryan MG. Variation in foliar respiration and wood CO2 efflux rates among species and canopy layers in a wet tropical forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:148-159. [PMID: 25597756 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As tropical forests respond to environmental change, autotrophic respiration may consume a greater proportion of carbon fixed in photosynthesis at the expense of growth, potentially turning the forests into a carbon source. Predicting such a response requires that we measure and place autotrophic respiration in a complete carbon budget, but extrapolating measurements of autotrophic respiration from chambers to ecosystem remains a challenge. High plant species diversity and complex canopy structure may cause respiration rates to vary and measurements that do not account for this complexity may introduce bias in extrapolation more detrimental than uncertainty. Using experimental plantations of four native tree species with two canopy layers, we examined whether species and canopy layers vary in foliar respiration and wood CO2 efflux and whether the variation relates to commonly used scalars of mass, nitrogen (N), photosynthetic capacity and wood size. Foliar respiration rate varied threefold between canopy layers, ∼0.74 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in the overstory and ∼0.25 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in the understory, but little among species. Leaf mass per area, N and photosynthetic capacity explained some of the variation, but height explained more. Chamber measurements of foliar respiration thus can be extrapolated to the canopy with rates and leaf area specific to each canopy layer or height class. If area-based rates are sampled across canopy layers, the area-based rate may be regressed against leaf mass per area to derive the slope (per mass rate) to extrapolate to the canopy using the total leaf mass. Wood CO2 efflux varied 1.0-1.6 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for overstory trees and 0.6-0.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for understory species. The variation in wood CO2 efflux rate was mostly related to wood size, and little to species, canopy layer or height. Mean wood CO2 efflux rate per surface area, derived by regressing CO2 efflux per mass against the ratio of surface area to mass, can be extrapolated to the stand using total wood surface area. The temperature response of foliar respiration was similar for three of the four species, and wood CO2 efflux was similar between wet and dry seasons. For these species and this forest, vertical sampling may yield more accurate estimates than would temporal sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asao
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA
| | - Ricardo Bedoya-Arrieta
- La Selva Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Street, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Speckman HN, Frank JM, Bradford JB, Miles BL, Massman WJ, Parton WJ, Ryan MG. Forest ecosystem respiration estimated from eddy covariance and chamber measurements under high turbulence and substantial tree mortality from bark beetles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:708-721. [PMID: 25205425 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eddy covariance nighttime fluxes are uncertain due to potential measurement biases. Many studies report eddy covariance nighttime flux lower than flux from extrapolated chamber measurements, despite corrections for low turbulence. We compared eddy covariance and chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration at the GLEES Ameriflux site over seven growing seasons under high turbulence [summer night mean friction velocity (u*) = 0.7 m s(-1)], during which bark beetles killed or infested 85% of the aboveground respiring biomass. Chamber-based estimates of ecosystem respiration during the growth season, developed from foliage, wood, and soil CO2 efflux measurements, declined 35% after 85% of the forest basal area had been killed or impaired by bark beetles (from 7.1 ± 0.22 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in 2005 to 4.6 ± 0.16 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in 2011). Soil efflux remained at ~3.3 μmol m(-2) s(-1) throughout the mortality, while the loss of live wood and foliage and their respiration drove the decline of the chamber estimate. Eddy covariance estimates of fluxes at night remained constant over the same period, ~3.0 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for both 2005 (intact forest) and 2011 (85% basal area killed or impaired). Eddy covariance fluxes were lower than chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (60% lower in 2005, and 32% in 2011), but the mean night estimates from the two techniques were correlated within a year (r(2) from 0.18 to 0.60). The difference between the two techniques was not the result of inadequate turbulence, because the results were robust to a u* filter of >0.7 m s(-1). The decline in the average seasonal difference between the two techniques was strongly correlated with overstory leaf area (r(2) = 0.92). The discrepancy between methods of respiration estimation should be resolved to have confidence in ecosystem carbon flux estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Speckman
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kenzo T, Inoue Y, Yoshimura M, Yamashita M, Tanaka-Oda A, Ichie T. Height-related changes in leaf photosynthetic traits in diverse Bornean tropical rain forest trees. Oecologia 2014; 177:191-202. [PMID: 25362582 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of variations in morphophysiological leaf traits with forest height is essential for quantifying carbon and water fluxes from forest ecosystems. Here, we examined changes in leaf traits with forest height in diverse tree species and their role in environmental acclimation in a tropical rain forest in Borneo that does not experience dry spells. Height-related changes in leaf physiological and morphological traits [e.g., maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), dark respiration rate (Rd), carbon isotope ratio (δ(13)C), nitrogen (N) content, and leaf mass per area (LMA)] from understory to emergent trees were investigated in 104 species in 29 families. We found that many leaf area-based physiological traits (e.g., A(max-area), Rd, gs), N, δ(13)C, and LMA increased linearly with tree height, while leaf mass-based physiological traits (e.g., A(max-mass)) only increased slightly. These patterns differed from other biomes such as temperate and tropical dry forests, where trees usually show decreased photosynthetic capacity (e.g., A(max-area), A(max-mass)) with height. Increases in photosynthetic capacity, LMA, and δ(13)C are favored under bright and dry upper canopy conditions with higher photosynthetic productivity and drought tolerance, whereas lower R d and LMA may improve shade tolerance in lower canopy trees. Rapid recovery of leaf midday water potential to theoretical gravity potential during the night supports the idea that the majority of trees do not suffer from strong drought stress. Overall, leaf area-based photosynthetic traits were associated with tree height and the degree of leaf drought stress, even in diverse tropical rain forest trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaka Kenzo
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Niinemets U. Improving modeling of the 'dark part' of canopy carbon gain. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:557-563. [PMID: 24812041 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Slot M, Rey-Sánchez C, Winter K, Kitajima K. Trait-based scaling of temperature-dependent foliar respiration in a species-rich tropical forest canopy. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Camilo Rey-Sánchez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang Y, Zhao M, Xu X, Sun Z, Yin G, Piao S. Diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii trees, northern China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89294. [PMID: 24586668 PMCID: PMC3935864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem respiration is a critical and uncertain component of ecosystem carbon cycle. Few studies reported diurnal change in stem respiration as well as its linkage with climate. In this study, we investigated the diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration and its linkage with environmental factors, in larch plantations of northern China from 2010 to 2012. The stem respiration per unit surface area (RS) showed clear diurnal cycles, ranging from 1.65±0.10 to 2.69±0.15 µmol m(-2) s(-1), increased after 6∶00, peaked at 15∶00 and then decreased. Both stem temperature and air temperature show similar diurnal pattern, while the diurnal pattern of air relative humidity is just the opposite to Rs. Similar to the diurnal cycles, seasonal change in RS followed the pattern of stem temperature. RS increased from May (1.28±0.07 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) when the stem temperature was relatively low and peaked in July (3.02±0.10 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) when the stem temperature was also the highest. Further regression analyses show that RS exponentially increases with increasing temperature, and the Q10 of Rs at mid daytime (1.97±0.17 at 12∶00 and 1.96±0.10 at 15∶00) is significantly lower than that of mid nighttime (2.60±0.14 at 00∶00 and 2.71±0.25 at 03∶00) Q10. This result not only implies that Rs is more sensitive to night than day warming, but also highlights that temperature responses of Rs estimated by only daytime measurement can lead to underestimated stem respiration increase under global warming, especially considering that temperature increase is faster during nighttime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhong Sun
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Yin
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wyka TP, Oleksyn J, Karolewski P, Schnitzer SA. Phenotypic correlates of the lianescent growth form: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1667-81. [PMID: 24169592 PMCID: PMC3838560 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As proposed by Darwin, climbers have been assumed to allocate a smaller fraction of biomass to support organs in comparison with self-supporting plants. They have also been hypothesized to possess a set of traits associated with fast growth, resource uptake and high productivity. SCOPE In this review, these hypotheses are evaluated by assembling and synthesizing published and unpublished data sets from across the globe concerning resource allocation, growth rates and traits of leaves, stems and roots of climbers and self-supporting species. CONCLUSIONS The majority of studies offer little support for the smaller allocation of biomass to stems or greater relative growth rates in climbers; however, these results are based on small sized (<1 kg) plants. Simulations based on allometric biomass equations demonstrate, however, that larger lianas allocate a greater fraction of above-ground biomass to leaves (and therefore less biomass to stems) compared with similar sized trees. A survey of leaf traits of lianas revealed their lower average leaf mass per area (LMA), higher N and P concentration and a slightly higher mass-based photosynthetic rate, as well as a lower concentration of phenolic-based compounds than in woody self-supporting species, consistent with the specialization of lianas towards the fast metabolism/rapid turnover end of the global trait spectra. Liana stems have an efficient hydraulic design and unique mechanical features, while roots appear to penetrate deeper soil levels than in trees and are often able to generate hydraulic pressure. Much remains to be learned, however, about these and other functional specializations of their axial organs and the associated trade-offs. Developmental switches between self-supporting, searcher and climbing shoots within the same individual are a promising field of comparative studies on trait association in lianas. Finally, some of the vast trait variability within lianas may be reduced when species with different climbing mechanisms are considered separately, and when phylogenetic conservatism is accounted for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P. Wyka
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of General Botany, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
- University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Piotr Karolewski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Biological Sciences, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
van der Heijden GM, Schnitzer SA, Powers JS, Phillips OL. Liana Impacts on Carbon Cycling, Storage and Sequestration in Tropical Forests. Biotropica 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geertje M. van der Heijden
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; P.O Box 413 Milwaukee WI 53201 U.S.A
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Panama
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; P.O Box 413 Milwaukee WI 53201 U.S.A
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Panama
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cernusak LA, Winter K, Dalling JW, Holtum JAM, Jaramillo C, K Rner C, Leakey ADB, Norby RJ, Poulter B, Turner BL, Wright SJ. Tropical forest responses to increasing atmospheric CO 2: current knowledge and opportunities for future research. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:531-551. [PMID: 32481129 DOI: 10.1071/fp12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ca) will undoubtedly affect the metabolism of tropical forests worldwide; however, critical aspects of how tropical forests will respond remain largely unknown. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about physiological and ecological responses, with the aim of providing a framework that can help to guide future experimental research. Modelling studies have indicated that elevated ca can potentially stimulate photosynthesis more in the tropics than at higher latitudes, because suppression of photorespiration by elevated ca increases with temperature. However, canopy leaves in tropical forests could also potentially reach a high temperature threshold under elevated ca that will moderate the rise in photosynthesis. Belowground responses, including fine root production, nutrient foraging and soil organic matter processing, will be especially important to the integrated ecosystem response to elevated ca. Water use efficiency will increase as ca rises, potentially impacting upon soil moisture status and nutrient availability. Recruitment may be differentially altered for some functional groups, potentially decreasing ecosystem carbon storage. Whole-forest CO2 enrichment experiments are urgently needed to test predictions of tropical forest functioning under elevated ca. Smaller scale experiments in the understorey and in gaps would also be informative, and could provide stepping stones towards stand-scale manipulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld 4878, Australia
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - James W Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph A M Holtum
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Christian K Rner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Atomic Energy Commission and the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, 91191, France
| | - Benjamin L Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Slot M, Wright SJ, Kitajima K. Foliar respiration and its temperature sensitivity in trees and lianas: in situ measurements in the upper canopy of a tropical forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:505-15. [PMID: 23592296 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dark respiration (R) and its temperature sensitivity are essential for efforts to model carbon fluxes in tropical forests under current and future temperature regimes, but insufficient data exist to generalize patterns of R in species-rich tropical forests. Here, we tested the hypothesis that R and its temperature sensitivity (expressed as Q10, the proportional increase in R with a 10 °C rise in temperature) vary in relation to leaf functional traits, and among plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted in situ measurements of R of 461 leaves of 26 species of tree and liana in the upper canopy of a tropical forest in Panama. A construction crane allowed repeated non-destructive access to measure leaves kept in the dark since the previous night and equilibrated to the ambient temperature of 23-31 °C in the morning. R at 25 °C (R25) varied among species (mean 1.11 μmol m(-2) s(-1); range 0.72-1.79 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) but did not differ significantly among PFTs. R25 correlated positively with photosynthetic capacity, leaf mass per unit area, concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and negatively with leaf lifespan. Q10 estimated for each species was on average higher than the 2.0 often assumed in coupled climate-vegetation models (mean 2.19; range 1.24-3.66). Early-successional tree species had higher Q10 values than other functional types, but interspecific variation in Q10 values was not correlated with other leaf traits. Similarity in respiration characteristics across PFTs, and relatively strong correlations of R with other leaf functional traits offer potential for trait-based vegetation modeling in species-rich tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheesman AW, Winter K. Elevated night-time temperatures increase growth in seedlings of two tropical pioneer tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1185-1192. [PMID: 23278464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased night-time temperatures, through their influence on dark respiration, have been implicated as a reason behind decreasing growth rates in tropical trees in the face of contemporary climate change. Seedlings of two neo-tropical tree species (Ficus insipida and Ochroma pyramidale) were grown in controlled-environment chambers at a constant daytime temperature (33°C) and a range of increasing night-time temperatures (22, 25, 28, 31°C) for between 39 d and 54 d. Temperature regimes were selected to represent a realistic baseline condition for lowland Panama, and a rise in night-time temperatures far in excess of those predicted for Central America in the coming decades. Experiments were complemented by an outdoor open-top chamber study in which night-time temperatures were elevated by 2.4°C above ambient. Increasing night-time temperatures resulted in > 2-fold increase in biomass accumulation in growth-chamber studies despite an increase in leaf-level dark respiration. Similar trends were seen in open-top chambers, in which elevated night-time temperatures resulted in stimulation of growth. These findings challenge simplistic considerations of photosynthesis-directed growth, highlighting the role of temperature-dependent night-time processes, including respiration and leaf development as drivers of plant performance in the tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Cheesman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stahl C, Burban B, Wagner F, Goret JY, Bompy F, Bonal D. Influence of Seasonal Variations in Soil Water Availability on Gas Exchange of Tropical Canopy Trees. Biotropica 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Stahl
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Benoit Burban
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Fabien Wagner
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Jean-Yves Goret
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Félix Bompy
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wood TE, Cavaleri MA, Reed SC. Tropical forest carbon balance in a warmer world: a critical review spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:912-27. [PMID: 22607308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forests play a major role in regulating global carbon (C) fluxes and stocks, and even small changes to C cycling in this productive biome could dramatically affect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) concentrations. Temperature is expected to increase over all land surfaces in the future, yet we have a surprisingly poor understanding of how tropical forests will respond to this significant climatic change. Here we present a contemporary synthesis of the existing data and what they suggest about how tropical forests will respond to increasing temperatures. Our goals were to: (i) determine whether there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that increased temperature will affect tropical forest C balance; (ii) if there is sufficient evidence, determine what direction this effect will take; and, (iii) establish what steps should to be taken to resolve the uncertainties surrounding tropical forest responses to increasing temperatures. We approach these questions from a mass-balance perspective and therefore focus primarily on the effects of temperature on inputs and outputs of C, spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale responses. We found that, while there is the strong potential for temperature to affect processes related to C cycling and storage in tropical forests, a notable lack of data combined with the physical, biological and chemical diversity of the forests themselves make it difficult to resolve this issue with certainty. We suggest a variety of experimental approaches that could help elucidate how tropical forests will respond to warming, including large-scale in situ manipulation experiments, longer term field experiments, the incorporation of a range of scales in the investigation of warming effects (both spatial and temporal), as well as the inclusion of a diversity of tropical forest sites. Finally, we highlight areas of tropical forest research where notably few data are available, including temperature effects on: nutrient cycling, heterotrophic versus autotrophic respiration, thermal acclimation versus substrate limitation of plant and microbial communities, below-ground C allocation, species composition (plant and microbial), and the hydraulic architecture of roots. Whether or not tropical forests will become a source or a sink of C in a warmer world remains highly uncertain. Given the importance of these ecosystems to the global C budget, resolving this uncertainty is a primary research priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tana E Wood
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Jardín Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, PR, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Crous KY, Zaragoza-Castells J, Ellsworth DS, Duursma RA, Löw M, Tissue DT, Atkin OK. Light inhibition of leaf respiration in field-grown Eucalyptus saligna in whole-tree chambers under elevated atmospheric CO2 and summer drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:966-81. [PMID: 22091780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the degree of light inhibition of leaf respiration (R) differs among large Eucalyptus saligna grown in whole-tree chambers and exposed to present and future atmospheric [CO(2) ] and summer drought. Associated with month-to-month changes in temperature were concomitant changes in R in the light (R(light) ) and darkness (R(dark) ), with both processes being more temperature dependent in well-watered trees than under drought. Overall rates of R(light) and R(dark) were not significantly affected by [CO(2) ]. By contrast, overall rates of R(dark) (averaged across both [CO(2) ]) were ca. 25% lower under drought than in well-watered trees. During summer, the degree of light inhibition of leaf R was greater in droughted (ca. 80% inhibition) than well-watered trees (ca. 50% inhibition). Notwithstanding these treatment differences, an overall positive relationship was observed between R(light) and R(dark) when data from all months/treatments were combined (R(2) = 0.8). Variations in R(light) were also positively correlated with rates of Rubisco activity and nitrogen concentration. Light inhibition resulted in a marked decrease in the proportion of light-saturated photosynthesis respired (i.e. reduced R/A(sat) ). Collectively, these results highlight the need to account for light inhibition when assessing impacts of global change drivers on the carbon economy of tree canopies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Crous
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Photosynthetic parameters, dark respiration and leaf traits in the canopy of a Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest. Oecologia 2011; 168:23-34. [PMID: 21833645 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available describing the photosynthetic parameters of the leaves of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF). Here, we present a study of photosynthetic leaf traits (V(cmax) and J(max)), foliar dark respiration (R(d)), foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and leaf mass per area (LMA) throughout the canopy for five different TMCF species at 3025 m a.s.l. in Andean Peru. All leaf traits showed a significant relationship with canopy height when expressed on an area basis, and V(cmax-area) and J(max-area) almost halved when descending through the TMCF canopy. When corrected to a common temperature, average V(cmax) and J(max) on a leaf area basis were similar to lowland tropical values, but lower when expressed on a mass basis, because of the higher TMCF LMA values. By contrast, R(d) on an area basis was higher than found in tropical lowland forests at a common temperature, and similar to lowland forests on a mass basis. The TMCF J(max)-V(cmax) relationship was steeper than in other tropical biomes, and we propose that this can be explained by either the light conditions or the relatively low VPD in the studied TMCF. Furthermore, V(cmax) had a significant-though relatively weak and shallow-relationship with N on an area basis, but not with P, which is consistent with the general hypothesis that TMCFs are N rather than P limited. Finally, the observed V(cmax)-N relationship (i.e., maximum photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency) was distinctly different from those in tropical and temperate regions, probably because the TMCF leaves compensate for reduced Rubisco activity in cool environments.
Collapse
|
39
|
O'Grady AP, Eyles A, Worledge D, Battaglia M. Seasonal patterns of foliage respiration in dominant and suppressed Eucalyptus globulus canopies. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:957-968. [PMID: 20601436 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined spatial and temporal dynamics of foliage respiration in canopies of dominant and suppressed Eucalyptus globulus trees to better understand processes regulating foliage respiration in a young fast-growing stand. Temperature response functions and seasonal measures of respiration (measured at a reference temperature of 15 °C, R₁₅) were studied for approximately 1 year to (i) examine controls on respiration as a function of canopy position, foliar nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations and (ii) assess the capacity for thermal acclimation within E. globulus canopies. The short-term temperature response of respiration varied both with canopy position and seasonally. Area-based R(15) measurements declined with increasing canopy depth and were strongly related to foliar N concentrations, especially in upper-canopy positions. R₁₅ was negatively correlated with the average temperature of the preceding 14 days, a pattern consistent with thermal acclimation. In suppressed canopies, R₁₅ was higher than that at similar canopy heights in dominant trees. Similarly, foliar concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were also relatively higher in suppressed canopies than dominant canopies, providing support for a substrate-based model of leaf respiration. Our data highlight the dynamic nature of foliar respiration within E. globulus canopies, which contrasts with the generally simplistic representation of respiration within most process-based models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P O'Grady
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cavaleri MA, Oberbauer SF, Clark DB, Clark DA, Ryan MG. Height is more important than light in determining leaf morphology in a tropical forest. Ecology 2010; 91:1730-9. [PMID: 20583714 DOI: 10.1890/09-1326.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both within and between species, leaf physiological parameters are strongly related to leaf dry mass per area (LMA, g/m2), which has been found to increase from forest floor to canopy top in every forest where it has been measured. Although vertical LMA gradients in forests have historically been attributed to a direct phenotypic response to light, an increasing number of recent studies have provided evidence that water limitation in the upper canopy can constrain foliar morphological adaptations to higher light levels. We measured height, light, and LMA of all species encountered along 45 vertical canopy transects across a Costa Rican tropical rain forest. LMA was correlated with light levels in the lower canopy until approximately 18 m sample height and 22% diffuse transmittance. Height showed a remarkably linear relationship with LMA throughout the entire vertical canopy profile for all species pooled and for each functional group individually (except epiphytes), possibly through the influence of gravity on leaf water potential and turgor pressure. Models of forest function may be greatly simplified by estimating LMA-correlated leaf physiological parameters solely from foliage height profiles, which in turn can be assessed with satellite- and aircraft-based remote sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tan Z, Zhang Y, Yu G, Sha L, Tang J, Deng X, Song Q. Carbon balance of a primary tropical seasonal rain forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Republic of Panama.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Metcalfe DB, Lobo-do-Vale R, Chaves MM, Maroco JP, C Aragão LEO, Malhi Y, Da Costa AL, Braga AP, Gonçalves PL, De Athaydes J, Da Costa M, Almeida SS, Campbell C, Hurry V, Williams M, Meir P. Impacts of experimentally imposed drought on leaf respiration and morphology in an Amazon rain forest. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
44
|
Ryan MG, Cavaleri MA, Almeida AC, Penchel R, Senock RS, Luiz Stape J. Wood CO(2) efflux and foliar respiration for Eucalyptus in Hawaii and Brazil. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1213-1222. [PMID: 19675074 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We measured CO(2) efflux from wood for Eucalyptus in Hawaii for 7 years and compared these measurements with those on three- and four-and-a-half-year-old Eucalyptus in Brazil. In Hawaii, CO(2) efflux from wood per unit biomass declined approximately 10x from age two to age five, twice as much as the decline in tree growth. The CO(2) efflux from wood in Brazil was 8-10x lower than that for comparable Hawaii trees with similar growth rates. Growth and maintenance respiration coefficients calculated from Hawaii wood CO(2) efflux declined with tree age and size (the growth coefficient declined from 0.4 mol C efflux mol C(-1) wood growth at age one to 0.1 mol C efflux mol C(-1) wood growth at age six; the maintenance coefficient from 0.006 to 0.001 micromol C (mol C biomass)(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C over the same time period). These results suggest interference with CO(2) efflux through bark that decouples CO(2) efflux from respiration. We also compared the biomass fractions and wood CO(2) efflux for the aboveground woody parts for 3- and 7-year-old trees in Hawaii to estimate how focusing measurements near the ground might bias the stand-level estimates of wood CO(2) efflux. Three-year-old Eucalyptus in Hawaii had a higher proportion of branches < 0.5 cm in diameter and a lower proportion of stem biomass than did 7-year-old trees. Biomass-specific CO(2) efflux measured at 1.4 m extrapolated to the tree could bias tree level estimates by approximately 50%, assuming no refixation from bark photosynthesis. However, the bias did not differ for the two tree sizes. Foliar respiration was identical per unit nitrogen for comparable treatments in Brazil and Hawaii (4.2 micromol C mol N(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aubrey DP, Teskey RO. Root-derived CO(2) efflux via xylem stream rivals soil CO(2) efflux. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:35-40. [PMID: 19674328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Respiration consumes a large portion of annual gross primary productivity in forest ecosystems and is dominated by belowground metabolism. Here, we present evidence of a previously unaccounted for internal CO(2) flux of large magnitude from tree roots through stems. If this pattern is shown to persist over time and in other forests, it suggests that belowground respiration has been grossly underestimated. Using an experimental Populus deltoides plantation as a model system, we tested the hypothesis that a substantial portion of the CO(2) released from belowground autotrophic respiration remains within tree root systems and is transported aboveground through the xylem stream rather than diffusing into the soil atmosphere. On a daily basis, the amount of CO(2) that moved upward from the root system into the stem via the xylem stream (0.26 mol CO(2) m(-2) d(-1)) rivalled that which diffused from the soil surface to the atmosphere (0.27 mol CO(2) m(-2) d(-1)). We estimated that twice the amount of CO(2) derived from belowground autotrophic respiration entered the xylem stream as diffused into the soil environment. Our observations indicate that belowground autotrophic respiration consumes substantially more carbohydrates than previously recognized and challenge the paradigm that all root-respired CO(2) diffuses into the soil atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug P Aubrey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA 30602-2152, USA
| | - Robert O Teskey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA 30602-2152, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Malhi Y, Saatchi S, Girardin C, Aragão LEOC. The production, storage, and flow of carbon in Amazonian forests. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|