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Abdelfattah F, Schulz H, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Sahana J, Kraus A, Krüger M, González-Torres LF, Cortés-Sánchez JL, Wise PM, Mushunuri A, Hemmersbach R, Liemersdorf C, Infanger M, Grimm D. Omics Studies of Specialized Cells and Stem Cells under Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10014. [PMID: 39337501 PMCID: PMC11431953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of omics in space with focus on the human organism is to characterize and quantify biological factors that alter structure, morphology, function, and dynamics of human cells exposed to microgravity. This review discusses exciting data regarding genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, and proteomics of human cells and individuals in space, as well as cells cultured under simulated microgravity. The NASA Twins Study significantly heightened interest in applying omics technologies and bioinformatics in space and terrestrial environments. Here, we present the available publications in this field with a focus on specialized cells and stem cells exposed to real and simulated microgravity conditions. We summarize current knowledge of the following topics: (i) omics studies on stem cells, (ii) omics studies on benign specialized different cell types of the human organism, (iii) discussing the advantages of this knowledge for space commercialization and exploration, and (iv) summarizing the emerging opportunities for translational regenerative medicine for space travelers and human patients on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Abdelfattah
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Armin Kraus
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luis Fernando González-Torres
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - José Luis Cortés-Sánchez
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ashwini Mushunuri
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Department of Applied Aerospace Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Christian Liemersdorf
- Department of Applied Aerospace Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (F.A.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (L.F.G.-T.); (J.L.C.-S.); (P.M.W.); (A.M.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
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Wang S, Ma S, Li H, Dao M, Li X, Karniadakis GE. Two-component macrophage model for active phagocytosis with pseudopod formation. Biophys J 2024; 123:1069-1084. [PMID: 38532625 PMCID: PMC11079866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis is critical for the immune response, homeostasis regulation, and tissue repair. This intricate process involves complex changes in cell morphology, cytoskeletal reorganization, and various receptor-ligand interactions controlled by mechanical constraints. However, there is a lack of comprehensive theoretical and computational models that investigate the mechanical process of phagocytosis in the context of cytoskeletal rearrangement. To address this issue, we propose a novel coarse-grained mesoscopic model that integrates a fluid-like cell membrane and a cytoskeletal network to study the dynamic phagocytosis process. The growth of actin filaments results in the formation of long and thin pseudopods, and the initial cytoskeleton can be disassembled upon target entry and reconstructed after phagocytosis. Through dynamic changes in the cytoskeleton, our macrophage model achieves active phagocytosis by forming a phagocytic cup utilizing pseudopods in two distinct ways. We have developed a new algorithm for modifying membrane area to prevent membrane rupture and ensure sufficient surface area during phagocytosis. In addition, the bending modulus, shear stiffness, and cortical tension of the macrophage model are investigated through computation of the axial force for the tubular structure and micropipette aspiration. With this model, we simulate active phagocytosis at the cytoskeletal level and investigate the mechanical process during the dynamic interplay between macrophage and target particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Li
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Pandey M, Sarkar S, Ghosh SK. Ancestral TALE homeobox protein transcription factor regulates actin dynamics and cellular activities of protozoan parasite Entamoeba invadens. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38654540 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes invasive amoebiasis, an important neglected tropical disease with a significant global health impact. The pathogenicity and survival of E. histolytica and its reptilian equivalent, Entamoeba invadens, relies on its ability to exhibit efficient motility, evade host immune responses, and exploit host resources, all of which are governed by the actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Our study demonstrates the early origin and the regulatory role of TALE homeobox protein EiHbox1 in actin-related cellular processes. Several genes involved in different biological pathways, including actin dynamics are differentially expressed in EiHbox1 silenced cells. EiHbox1 silenced parasites showed disrupted F-actin organization and loss of cellular polarity. EiHbox1's presence in the anterior region of migrating cells further suggests its involvement in maintaining cellular polarity. Loss of polarized morphology of EiHbox1 silenced parasites leads to altered motility from fast, directionally persistent, and highly chemotactic to slow, random, and less chemotactic, which subsequently leads to defective aggregation during encystation. EiHbox1 knockdown also resulted in a significant reduction in phagocytic capacity and poor capping response. These findings highlight the importance of EiHbox1 of E. invadens in governing cellular processes crucial for their survival, pathogenicity, and evasion of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Pandey
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Shilpa Sarkar
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip K Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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4
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:39-64. [PMID: 38888769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process, named phagocytosis, for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this, he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate immune response. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In this chapter, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis performed mainly by professional phagocytes through antibody and complement receptors and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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5
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Lieffrig SA, Gyimesi G, Mao Y, Finnemann SC. Clearance phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelial during photoreceptor outer segment renewal: Molecular mechanisms and relation to retinal inflammation. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:81-99. [PMID: 37555340 PMCID: PMC10615845 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian photoreceptor outer segment renewal is a highly coordinated process that hinges on timed cell signaling between photoreceptor neurons and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelial (RPE). It is a strictly rhythmic, synchronized process that underlies in part circadian regulation. We highlight findings from recently developed methods that quantify distinct phases of outer segment renewal in retinal tissue. At light onset, outer segments expose the conserved "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine exclusively at their distal, most aged tip. A coordinated two-receptor efferocytosis process follows, in which ligands bridge outer segment phosphatidylserine with the RPE receptors αvβ5 integrin, inducing cytosolic signaling toward Rac1 and focal adhesion kinase/MERTK, and with MERTK directly, additionally inhibiting RhoA/ROCK and thus enabling F-actin dynamics favoring outer segment fragment engulfment. Photoreceptors and RPE persist for life with each RPE cell in the eye servicing dozens of overlying photoreceptors. Thus, RPE cells phagocytose more often and process more material than any other cell type. Mutant mice with impaired outer segment renewal largely retain functional photoreceptors and retinal integrity. However, when anti-inflammatory signaling in the RPE via MERTK or the related TYRO3 is lacking, catastrophic inflammation leads to immune cell infiltration that swiftly destroys the retina causing blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Lieffrig
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Gavin Gyimesi
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Silvia C. Finnemann
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
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6
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Naish E, Wood AJT, Stewart AP, Routledge M, Morris AC, Chilvers ER, Lodge KM. The formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:158-180. [PMID: 36440666 PMCID: PMC10952784 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte and are crucial to the initial innate immune response to infection. One of their key pathogen-eliminating mechanisms is phagocytosis, the process of particle engulfment into a vacuole-like structure called the phagosome. The antimicrobial activity of the phagocytic process results from a collaboration of multiple systems and mechanisms within this organelle, where a complex interplay of ion fluxes, pH, reactive oxygen species, and antimicrobial proteins creates a dynamic antimicrobial environment. This complexity, combined with the difficulties of studying neutrophils ex vivo, has led to gaps in our knowledge of how the neutrophil phagosome optimizes pathogen killing. In particular, controversy has arisen regarding the relative contribution and integration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived antimicrobial agents and granule-delivered antimicrobial proteins. Clinical syndromes arising from dysfunction in these systems in humans allow useful insight into these mechanisms, but their redundancy and synergy add to the complexity. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome, examine new insights into the phagosomal environment that have been permitted by technological advances in recent years, and discuss aspects of the phagocytic process that are still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Naish
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexander JT Wood
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
- Department of Critical CareUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Matthew Routledge
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
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7
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Boero E, Gorham RD, Francis EA, Brand J, Teng LH, Doorduijn DJ, Ruyken M, Muts RM, Lehmann C, Verschoor A, van Kessel KPM, Heinrich V, Rooijakkers SHM. Purified complement C3b triggers phagocytosis and activation of human neutrophils via complement receptor 1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:274. [PMID: 36609665 PMCID: PMC9822988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system provides vital immune protection against infectious agents by labeling them with complement fragments that enhance phagocytosis by immune cells. Many details of complement-mediated phagocytosis remain elusive, partly because it is difficult to study the role of individual complement proteins on target surfaces. Here, we employ serum-free methods to couple purified complement C3b onto E. coli bacteria and beads and then expose human neutrophils to these C3b-coated targets. We examine the neutrophil response using a combination of flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, luminometry, single-live-cell/single-target manipulation, and dynamic analysis of neutrophil spreading on opsonin-coated surfaces. We show that purified C3b can potently trigger phagocytosis and killing of bacterial cells via Complement receptor 1. Comparison of neutrophil phagocytosis of C3b- versus antibody-coated beads with single-bead/single-target analysis exposes a similar cell morphology during engulfment. However, bulk phagocytosis assays of C3b-beads combined with DNA-based quenching reveal that these are poorly internalized compared to their IgG1 counterparts. Similarly, neutrophils spread slower on C3b-coated compared to IgG-coated surfaces. These observations support the requirement of multiple stimulations for efficient C3b-mediated uptake. Together, our results establish the existence of a direct pathway of phagocytic uptake of C3b-coated targets and present methodologies to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.425088.3GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ronald D. Gorham
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XSanofi, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
| | - Emmet A. Francis
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jonathan Brand
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lay Heng Teng
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Dennis J. Doorduijn
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remy M. Muts
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Lehmann
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Admar Verschoor
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität München and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Volkmar Heinrich
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Kanoksinwuttipong N, Jaree P, Somboonwiwat K. Shrimp pmo-miR-750 regulates the expression of sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein facilitating virus infection in Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:74-84. [PMID: 36007832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and play crucial roles in antiviral responses. Penaeus monodon miR-750 (pmo-miR-750) was found to be strongly up-regulated in the late phase of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, but its function remains uncharacterized. Herein, the targets that were translationally down-regulated in the shrimp stomach following a pmo-miR-750 mimic injection were identified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (Scp) and actin1 (Act1) were revealed to be down-regulated protein spots. The genuine binding of pmo-miR-750 mimic to Scp but not Act1 mRNA was validated in vitro. In addition, a negative correlation between the Scp transcript and pmo-miR-750 expression level in WSSV-infected P. monodon stomach implies that pmo-miR-750 regulates Scp expression in vivo. When injected into WSSV-infected shrimp, the pmo-miR-750 mimic suppressed Scp expression but significantly increased the WSSV copy number. Consistent with the miRNA mimic-mediated Scp suppression, the loss of function assay of Scp in WSSV-challenged shrimp by RNA interference revealed a decreased survival rate with a dramatic increase in viral copy number. Besides that, apoptosis was activated in the hemocytes of the Scp knockdown shrimp upon WSSV infection. Collectively, our findings reveal that up-regulated pmo-miR-750 suppresses Scp expression at both the transcript and protein levels in the late stage of WSSV infection, which contributes to modulating apoptosis and eventually enabling viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaphat Kanoksinwuttipong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Applied Shrimp Research and Innovation, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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9
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Krendel M, Gauthier NC. Building the phagocytic cup on an actin scaffold. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102112. [PMID: 35820329 PMCID: PMC10078615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells ingest large particles, such as bacteria, viruses, or apoptotic cells, via the process of phagocytosis, which involves formation of an actin-rich structure known as the phagocytic cup. Phagocytic cup assembly and closure results from a concerted action of phagocytic receptors, regulators of actin polymerization, and myosin motors. Recent studies using advanced imaging approaches and biophysical techniques have revealed new information regarding phagocytic cup architecture, regulation of actin assembly, and the distribution, direction, and magnitude of the forces produced by the cytoskeletal elements that form the cup. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms leading to the assembly, expansion, and closure of phagocytic cups. The new data show that engulfment and internalization of phagocytic targets rely on several distinct yet complementary mechanisms that support the robust uptake of foreign objects and may be precisely tailored to the demands of specific phagocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
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10
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Kolloli A, Kumar R, Singh P, Narang A, Kaplan G, Sigal A, Subbian S. Aggregation state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts host immunity and augments pulmonary disease pathology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1256. [PMID: 34732811 PMCID: PMC8566596 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aggregates (Mtb-AG), rather than similar numbers of single bacilli (Mtb-SC), induces host macrophage death and favors bacterial growth. Here, we examined whether aggregation contributes to enhanced Mtb pathogenicity in vivo in rabbit lungs. Rabbits were exposed to infectious aerosols containing mainly Mtb-AG or Mtb-SC. The lung bacterial load, systemic immune response, histology, and immune cell composition were investigated over time. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis, cellular and tissue-level assays, and immunofluorescent imaging were performed on lung tissue to define and compare immune activation and pathogenesis between Mtb-AG and Mtb-SC infection. Lung bacillary loads, disease scores, lesion size, and structure were significantly higher in Mtb-AG than Mtb-SC infected animals. Differences in immune cell distribution and activation were noted in the lungs of the two groups of infected animals. Consistently larger lung granulomas with large aggregates of Mtb, extensive necrotic foci, and elevated matrix metalloproteases expression were observed in Mtb-AG infected rabbits. Our findings suggest that bacillary aggregation increases Mtb fitness for improved growth and accelerates lung inflammation and infected host cell death, thereby exacerbating disease pathology in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Pooja Singh
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
| | - Anshika Narang
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4013, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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11
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Charpentier JC, King PD. Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis in T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:92. [PMID: 34503523 PMCID: PMC8427877 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought of primarily as a means to neutralize pathogens or to facilitate feeding, endocytosis is now known to regulate a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes. Among these are regulation of signal transduction, mitosis, lipid homeostasis, and directed migration, among others. Less well-appreciated are the roles various forms of endocytosis plays in regulating αβ and, especially, γδ T cell functions, such as T cell receptor signaling, antigen discovery by trogocytosis, and activated cell growth. Herein we examine the contribution of both clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent mechanisms of endocytosis to T cell biology. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Charpentier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Med Sci II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5620, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Med Sci II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5620, USA.
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12
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Ludtka C, Silberman J, Moore E, Allen JB. Macrophages in microgravity: the impact of space on immune cells. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33790288 PMCID: PMC8012370 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a microgravity environment on the myriad types of immune cells present within the human body have been assessed both by bench-scale simulation and suborbital methods, as well as in true spaceflight. Macrophages have garnered increased research interest in this context in recent years. Their functionality in both immune response and tissue remodeling makes them a unique cell to investigate in regards to gravisensitive effects as well as parameters of interest that could impact astronaut health. Here, we review and summarize the literature investigating the effects of microgravity on macrophages and monocytes regarding the microgravity environment simulation/generation methods, cell sources, experiment durations, and parameters of interest utilized within the field. We discuss reported findings on the impacts of microgravity on macrophage/monocyte structure, adhesion and migration, proliferation, genetic expression, cytokine secretion, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as polarization. Based on this body of data, we make recommendations to the field for careful consideration of experimental design to complement existing reports, as the multitude of disparate study methods previously published can make drawing direct comparisons difficult. However, the breadth of different testing methodologies can also lend itself to attempting to identify the most robust and consistent responses to microgravity across various testing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ludtka
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Justin Silberman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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13
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Zhong H, Lin H, Pang Q, Zhuang J, Liu X, Li X, Liu J, Tang J. Macrophage ICAM-1 functions as a regulator of phagocytosis in LPS induced endotoxemia. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:193-203. [PMID: 33474594 PMCID: PMC7817350 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a critical role in mediating cell-cell interaction and outside-in cell signaling during the immune response. ICAM-1 is expressed on the cell surface of several cell types including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leucocytes, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Despite ICAM-1 has been detected on macrophage, little is known about the function and mechanism of macrophage ICAM-1. METHODS To investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ICAM-1 regulation, both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 were measured. The phagocytosis of macrophage was evaluated by flow cytometry and Confocal microscopy. Small interfering RNA and neutralizing antibody of ICAM-1 were used to assess the effect of ICAM-1 on macrophage phagocytosis. TLR4 gene knockout mouse and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS scavenger were used for the regulation of ICAM-1 expression. ROS was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In this study, we reported that macrophage can be stimulated to increase both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 by LPS. Macrophage ICAM-1 expression was correlated with enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. We found that using ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody or ICAM-1 silencing to attenuate the function or expression of ICAM-1 could decrease LPS-induced macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, we found that knocking out of TLR4 led to inhibited cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn, attenuated ICAM-1 expression at both the protein and cell surface levels. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the mechanism of ICAM-1-mediated macrophage phagocytosis is depending on TLR4-mediated ROS production and provides significant light on macrophage ICAM-1 in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Lin
- Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongni Pang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Zhuang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Walbaum S, Ambrosy B, Schütz P, Bachg AC, Horsthemke M, Leusen JHW, Mócsai A, Hanley PJ. Complement receptor 3 mediates both sinking phagocytosis and phagocytic cup formation via distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100256. [PMID: 33839682 PMCID: PMC7948798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing hypothesis is that complement receptors (CRs), especially CR3, mediate sinking phagocytosis, but evidence is lacking. Alternatively, CRs have been reported to induce membrane ruffles or phagocytic cups, akin to those induced by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), but the details of these events are unclear. Here we used real-time 3D imaging and KO mouse models to clarify how particles (human red blood cells) are internalized by resident peritoneal F4/80+ cells (macrophages) via CRs and/or FcγRs. We first show that FcγRs mediate highly efficient, rapid (2-3 min) phagocytic cup formation, which is completely abolished by deletion or mutation of the FcR γ chain or conditional deletion of the signal transducer Syk. FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups robustly arise from any point of cell-particle contact, including filopodia. In the absence of CR3, FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups exhibit delayed closure and become aberrantly elongated. Independent of FcγRs, CR3 mediates sporadic ingestion of complement-opsonized particles by rapid phagocytic cup-like structures, typically emanating from membrane ruffles and largely prevented by deletion of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) adaptors FcR γ chain and DAP12 or Syk. Deletion of ITAM adaptors or Syk clearly revealed that there is a slow (10-25 min) sinking mode of phagocytosis via a restricted orifice. In summary, we show that (1) CR3 indeed mediates a slow sinking mode of phagocytosis, which is accentuated by deletion of ITAM adaptors or Syk, (2) CR3 induces phagocytic cup-like structures, driven by ITAM adaptors and Syk, and (3) CR3 is involved in forming and closing FcγR-mediated phagocytic cups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Walbaum
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ambrosy
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paula Schütz
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne C Bachg
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Horsthemke
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Hanley
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhems-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology and ZBAF (Centre for Biomedical Education and Research), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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16
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Frautschy SA. CR3 ruffles FcγR's claim over phagocytic cups. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100801. [PMID: 34019878 PMCID: PMC8191298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis plays diverse roles in biology, but our understanding of the purpose, interplay, and cell signaling mechanisms associated with different modes of phagocytosis is limited, without being able to capture and visualize each step in this rapid process from the beginning to end. A new study by Walbaum et al. uses stunning time-lapse 3D imaging of the engulfment of erythrocytes by macrophages via sinking, ruffling, and cup formation, unequivocally confirming a visionary 44-year-old theory derived from still electron microscopy photos that phagocytosis mediated by complement receptor CR3 occurs via a sinking mechanism and antibody-mediated phagocytosis occurs via phagocytic cup formation. The article also challenges the dogma, showing that phagocytic cup formation is not unique to antibody receptor phagocytosis, rather CR3 plays a complex role in different modes of phagocytosis. For example, inhibition of antibody-mediated phagocytosis leads to a compensatory upregulation of CR3-mediated sinking phagocytosis. These findings animate, in vivid colors, processes previously only captured as stills, exposing interactions between different phagocytic mechanisms and altering our basic understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Frautschy
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Greater Los Angeles HealthCare System, Los Angeles, California, USA; Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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17
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Taefehshokr N, Yin C, Heit B. Rab GTPases in the differential processing of phagocytosed pathogens versus efferocytosed apoptotic cells. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:123-135. [PMID: 32990320 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important feature of innate immunity in which invading microorganisms are engulfed, killed and degraded - and in some immune cells, their antigens presented to adaptive immune system. A closely related process, efferocytosis, removes apoptotic cells, and is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. Both phagocytosis and efferocytosis are tightly regulated processes that involve target recognition and uptake through specific receptors, followed by endolysosomal trafficking and processing of the internalized target. Central to the uptake and trafficking of these targets are the Rab family of small GTPases, which coordinate the engulfment and trafficking of both phagocytosed and efferocytosed materials through the endolysosomal system. Because of this regulatory function, Rab GTPases are often targeted by pathogens to escape phagocytosis. In this review, we will discuss the shared and differential roles of Rab GTPases in phagocytosis and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Associate Scientist, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Phillips NA, Lillico DM, Qin R, McAllister M, El-Din MG, Belosevic M, Stafford JL. Inorganic fraction of oil sands process-affected water induces mammalian macrophage stress gene expression and acutely modulates immune cell functional markers at both the gene and protein levels. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Patel VI, Booth JL, Dozmorov M, Brown BR, Metcalf JP. Anthrax Edema and Lethal Toxins Differentially Target Human Lung and Blood Phagocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070464. [PMID: 32698436 PMCID: PMC7405021 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of inhalation anthrax, is a serious concern as a bioterrorism weapon. The vegetative form produces two exotoxins: Lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). We recently characterized and compared six human airway and alveolar-resident phagocyte (AARP) subsets at the transcriptional and functional levels. In this study, we examined the effects of LT and ET on these subsets and human leukocytes. AARPs and leukocytes do not express high levels of the toxin receptors, tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2). Less than 20% expressed surface TEM8, while less than 15% expressed CMG2. All cell types bound or internalized protective antigen, the common component of the two toxins, in a dose-dependent manner. Most protective antigen was likely internalized via macropinocytosis. Cells were not sensitive to LT-induced apoptosis or necrosis at concentrations up to 1000 ng/mL. However, toxin exposure inhibited B. anthracis spore internalization. This inhibition was driven primarily by ET in AARPs and LT in leukocytes. These results support a model of inhalation anthrax in which spores germinate and produce toxins. ET inhibits pathogen phagocytosis by AARPs, allowing alveolar escape. In late-stage disease, LT inhibits phagocytosis by leukocytes, allowing bacterial replication in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet I. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - J. Leland Booth
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Brent R. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Vorselen D, Labitigan RLD, Theriot JA. A mechanical perspective on phagocytic cup formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:112-122. [PMID: 32698097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a widespread and evolutionarily conserved process with diverse biological functions, ranging from engulfment of invading microbes during infection to clearance of apoptotic debris in tissue homeostasis. Along with differences in biochemical composition, phagocytic targets greatly differ in physical attributes, such as size, shape, and rigidity, which are now recognized as important regulators of this process. Force exertion at the cell-target interface and cellular mechanical changes during phagocytosis are emerging as crucial factors underlying sensing of such target properties. With technological developments, mechanical aspects of phagocytosis are increasingly accessible experimentally, revealing remarkable organizational complexity of force exertion. An increasingly high-resolution picture is emerging of how target physical cues and cellular mechanical properties jointly govern important steps throughout phagocytic engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo D Labitigan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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21
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Richards DM. Receptor Models of Phagocytosis: The Effect of Target Shape. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:55-70. [PMID: 32399825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a remarkably complex process, requiring simultaneous organisation of the cell membrane, the cytoskeleton, receptors and various signalling molecules. As can often be the case, mathematical modelling is able to penetrate some of this complexity, identifying the key biophysical components and generating understanding that would take far longer with a purely experimental approach. This chapter will review a particularly important class of phagocytosis model, championed in recent years, that primarily focuses on the role of receptors during the engulfment process. These models are pertinent to a host of unsolved questions in the subject, including the rate of cup growth during uptake, the role of both intra- and extracellular noise, and the precise differences between phagocytosis and other forms of endocytosis. In particular, this chapter will focus on the effect of target shape and orientation, including how these influence the rate and final outcome of phagocytic engulfment.
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22
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Jaumouillé V, Waterman CM. Physical Constraints and Forces Involved in Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1097. [PMID: 32595635 PMCID: PMC7304309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Buckley CM, Pots H, Gueho A, Vines JH, Munn CJ, Phillips BA, Gilsbach B, Traynor D, Nikolaev A, Soldati T, Parnell AJ, Kortholt A, King JS. Coordinated Ras and Rac Activity Shapes Macropinocytic Cups and Enables Phagocytosis of Geometrically Diverse Bacteria. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2912-2926.e5. [PMID: 32531280 PMCID: PMC7416115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Engulfment of extracellular material by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis depends on the ability of cells to generate specialized cup-shaped protrusions. To effectively capture and internalize their targets, these cups are organized into a ring or ruffle of actin-driven protrusion encircling a non-protrusive interior domain. These functional domains depend on the combined activities of multiple Ras and Rho family small GTPases, but how their activities are integrated and differentially regulated over space and time is unknown. Here, we show that the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum coordinates Ras and Rac activity using the multidomain protein RGBARG (RCC1, RhoGEF, BAR, and RasGAP-containing protein). We find RGBARG uses a tripartite mechanism of Ras, Rac, and phospholipid interactions to localize at the protruding edge and interface with the interior of both macropinocytic and phagocytic cups. There, we propose RGBARG shapes the protrusion by expanding Rac activation at the rim while suppressing expansion of the active Ras interior domain. Consequently, cells lacking RGBARG form enlarged, flat interior domains unable to generate large macropinosomes. During phagocytosis, we find that disruption of RGBARG causes a geometry-specific defect in engulfing rod-shaped bacteria and ellipsoidal beads. This demonstrates the importance of coordinating small GTPase activities during engulfment of more complex shapes and thus the full physiological range of microbes, and how this is achieved in a model professional phagocyte. We identify a new regulator that shapes macropinocytic and phagocytic cups Shaping protrusions into cups requires differential regulation of Ras and Rac Cups are organized by integrating interactions with phospholipids and multiple GTPases Defective cup formation causes a target shape-specific defect in phagocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Aurelie Gueho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - James H Vines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J Munn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Bernd Gilsbach
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - David Traynor
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anton Nikolaev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Jason S King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK.
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Agarwal M, Biswas P, Bhattacharya A, Sinha DK. Reactive oxygen species-mediated cytoplasmic stiffening impairs the phagocytic ability of the macrophage. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.236471. [PMID: 32005700 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic ability of macrophages empowers them to enforce innate immunity. RAW264.7, THP-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages display considerable variability with regards to their phagocytic ability. We identify the underlying causes that attenuate the phagocytic abilities of a macrophage. Deformability of the cytoplasm and cortex influences the macrophage's phagocytic ability, and macrophages use the large cell-to-cell variability of their cytoplasmic stiffness to modulate their phagocytic ability. We find that the more-deformable macrophages have a higher phagocytic ability than those that are less deformable. Further, the subcellular spatial variability of cortex stiffness gives rise to more-deformable subdomains on the membrane for pathogen ingestion. We report a previously unknown negative-feedback loop that is triggered by the phagocytic oxidative burst. Macrophages utilize the excess reactive oxygen species to stiffen the cytoplasm, reducing their phagocytic propensity. In organisms, ageing or pathological conditions impair the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Our findings identify the targets that could potentially be utilized for restoring the phagocytic ability of the defunct macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Agarwal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Parijat Biswas
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sinha
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 32, India
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25
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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26
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Freeman SA, Grinstein S. Phagocytosis: Mechanosensing, Traction Forces, and a Molecular Clutch. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R24-R26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Ca 2+ Flux: Searching for a Role in Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122047. [PMID: 31766552 PMCID: PMC6947386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, macrophages in the arterial wall ingest plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids and become lipid-filled foam cells with a limited lifespan. Thus, efficient removal of apoptotic foam cells by efferocytic macrophages is vital to preventing the dying foam cells from forming a large necrotic lipid core, which, otherwise, would render the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture and would cause clinical complications. Ca2+ plays a role in macrophage migration, survival, and foam cell generation. Importantly, in efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ induces actin polymerization, thereby promoting the formation of a phagocytic cup necessary for efferocytosis. Moreover, in the efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various Ca2+ antagonists have been seminal for the demonstration of the role of Ca2+ in the multiple steps of efferocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical investigations have revealed the capability of Ca2+ antagonists in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques by interfering with the deposition of lipids in macrophages and by reducing plaque calcification. However, the regulation of cellular Ca2+ fluxes in the processes of efferocytic clearance of apoptotic foam cells and in the extracellular calcification in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, we attempted to unravel the molecular links between Ca2+ and efferocytosis in atherosclerosis and to evaluate cellular Ca2+ fluxes as potential treatment targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +98-51-1800-2288; Fax: +98-51-1800-2287
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Coupling of β 2 integrins to actin by a mechanosensitive molecular clutch drives complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1357-1369. [PMID: 31659275 PMCID: PMC6858589 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
αMβ2 integrin (complement receptor 3) is a major receptor for phagocytosis in macrophages. In other contexts, integrins’ activities and functions are mechanically linked to actin dynamics through focal adhesions (FAs). We asked whether mechanical coupling of αMβ2 integrin to the actin cytoskeleton mediates phagocytosis. We found that particle internalization was driven by formation of Arp2/3 and formin-dependent actin protrusions that wrapped around the particle. Focal complex-like adhesions formed in the phagocytic cup that contained β2 integrins, FA proteins and tyrosine kinases. Perturbation of talin and Syk demonstrated that a talin-dependent link between integrin and actin and Syk-mediated recruitment of vinculin enable force transmission to target particles and promote phagocytosis. Altering target mechanical properties demonstrated more efficient phagocytosis of stiffer targets. Thus, macrophages use tyrosine kinase signaling to build a mechanosensitive, talin- and vinculin-mediated, FA-like molecular clutch, which couples integrins to cytoskeletal forces to drive particle engulfment.
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29
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Hasan S, Rahman WU, Sebo P, Osicka R. Distinct Spatiotemporal Distribution of Bacterial Toxin-Produced Cellular cAMP Differentially Inhibits Opsonophagocytic Signaling. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060362. [PMID: 31226835 PMCID: PMC6628411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid phagocytes have evolved to rapidly recognize invading pathogens and clear them through opsonophagocytic killing. The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis and the edema toxin (ET) of Bacillus anthracis are both calmodulin-activated toxins with adenylyl cyclase activity that invade host cells and massively increase the cellular concentrations of a key second messenger molecule, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). However, the two toxins differ in the kinetics and mode of cell entry and generate different cAMP concentration gradients within the cell. While CyaA rapidly penetrates cells directly across their plasma membrane, the cellular entry of ET depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis and translocation of the enzymatic subunit across the endosomal membrane. We show that CyaA-generated membrane-proximal cAMP gradient strongly inhibits the activation and phosphorylation of Syk, Vav, and Pyk2, thus inhibiting opsonophagocytosis. By contrast, at similar overall cellular cAMP levels, the ET-generated perinuclear cAMP gradient poorly inhibits the activation and phosphorylation of these signaling proteins. Hence, differences in spatiotemporal distribution of cAMP produced by the two adenylyl cyclase toxins differentially affect the opsonophagocytic signaling in myeloid phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Hasan
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Waheed Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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30
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Naik U, Nguyen QPH, Harrison RE. Binding and uptake of single and dual-opsonized targets by macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:183-199. [PMID: 31172552 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of phagocytosis is largely derived from studies of individual receptor-ligand interactions and their downstream signaling pathways. Because phagocytes are exposed to a variety of ligands on heterogeneous target particles in vivo, it is important to observe the engagement of multiple receptors simultaneously and the triggered involvement of downstream signaling pathways. Potential crosstalk between the two well-characterized opsonic receptors, FcγR and CR3, was briefly explored in the early 1970s, where macrophages were challenged with dual-opsonized targets. However, subsequent studies on receptor crosstalk were primarily restricted to using single opsonins on different targets, typically at saturating opsonin conditions. Beyond validating these initial explorations on receptor crosstalk, we identify the early signaling mechanisms that underlie the binding and phagocytosis during the simultaneous activation of both opsonic receptors, through the presence of a dual-opsonized target (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and C3bi), compared with single receptor activation. For this purpose, we used signaling protein inhibitor studies as well as live cell brightfield and fluorescent imaging to fully understand the role of tyrosine kinases, F-actin dynamics and internalization kinetics for FcγR and CR3. Importantly, opsonic receptors were studied together and in isolation, in the context of sparsely opsonized targets. We observed enhanced particle binding and a synergistic effect on particle internalization during the simultaneous activation of FcγR and CR3 engaged with sparsely opsonized targets. Inhibition of early signaling and cytoskeletal molecules revealed a differential involvement of Src kinase for FcγR- vs CR3- and dual receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Src activity recruits Syk kinase and we observed intermediate levels of Syk phosphorylation in dual-opsonized particles compared with those opsonized with IgG or C3bi alone. These results likely explain the intermediate levels of F-actin that is recruited to sites of dual-opsonized particle uptake and the notoriously delayed internalization of C3bi-opsonized targets by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Naik
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quynh Phuong Hai Nguyen
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Barger SR, Reilly NS, Shutova MS, Li Q, Maiuri P, Heddleston JM, Mooseker MS, Flavell RA, Svitkina T, Oakes PW, Krendel M, Gauthier NC. Membrane-cytoskeletal crosstalk mediated by myosin-I regulates adhesion turnover during phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1249. [PMID: 30890704 PMCID: PMC6425032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of invading pathogens or cellular debris requires a dramatic change in cell shape driven by actin polymerization. For antibody-covered targets, phagocytosis is thought to proceed through the sequential engagement of Fc-receptors on the phagocyte with antibodies on the target surface, leading to the extension and closure of the phagocytic cup around the target. We find that two actin-dependent molecular motors, class 1 myosins myosin 1e and myosin 1f, are specifically localized to Fc-receptor adhesions and required for efficient phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. Using primary macrophages lacking both myosin 1e and myosin 1f, we find that without the actin-membrane linkage mediated by these myosins, the organization of individual adhesions is compromised, leading to excessive actin polymerization, slower adhesion turnover, and deficient phagocytic internalization. This work identifies a role for class 1 myosins in coordinated adhesion turnover during phagocytosis and supports a mechanism involving membrane-cytoskeletal crosstalk for phagocytic cup closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas S Reilly
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
| | - Maria S Shutova
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, 20147, VA, USA
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06519, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06519, CT, USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
| | - Mira Krendel
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA.
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy.
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32
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Horsthemke M, Wilden J, Bachg AC, Hanley PJ. Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394377 DOI: 10.3791/57566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis plays a key role in host defense, as well as in tissue development and maintenance, and involves rapid, receptor-mediated rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton to capture, envelop and engulf large particles. Although phagocytic receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and effectors, such as Rho GTPases, have been identified, the dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling of specific receptor-mediated phagocytic events remain unclear. Four decades ago, two distinct mechanisms of phagocytosis, exemplified by Fcγ receptor (FcγR)- and complement receptor (CR)-mediated phagocytosis, were identified using scanning electron microscopy. Binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized particles to FcγRs triggers the protrusion of thin membrane extensions, which initially form a so-called phagocytic cup around the particle before it becomes completely enclosed and retracted into the cell. In contrast, complement opsonized particles appear to sink into the phagocyte following binding to complement receptors. These two modes of phagocytosis, phagocytic cup formation and sinking in, have become well established in the literature. However, the distinctions between the two modes have become blurred by reports that complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis may induce various membrane protrusions. With the availability of high resolution imaging techniques, phagocytosis assays are required that allow real-time 3D (three dimensional) visualization of how specific phagocytic receptors mediate the uptake of individual particles. More commonly used approaches for the study of phagocytosis, such as end-point assays, miss the opportunity to understand what is happening at the interface of particles and phagocytes. Here we describe phagocytic assays, using time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, that allow 3D imaging of single phagocytic events. In addition, we describe assays to unambiguously image Fcγ receptor- or complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
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33
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Stafford JL. Selective Regulation of Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Filopodia Formation by Teleost Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptors Differentially Contributes to Target Capture During the Phagocytic Process. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1144. [PMID: 30002653 PMCID: PMC6032007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis evolved from a fundamental nutrient acquisition mechanism in primitive unicellular amoeboids, into a dynamic and complex component of innate immunity in multicellular organisms. To better understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to phagocytic processes across vertebrates, our research has focused on characterizing the involvement of innate immune proteins originally identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) called leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs). These unique teleost proteins share basic structural as well as distant phylogenetic relationships with several immunoregulatory proteins within the mammalian immunoglobulin superfamily. In the present study, we use a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy to further examine the classical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent phagocytic pathway mediated by the chimeric construct IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L and the functionally diverse immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing receptor IpLITR 1.1b. Results demonstrate that IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells can uniquely generate actin-dense filopodia-like protrusions during the early stages of extracellular target interactions. In addition, we observed that these structures retract after contacting extracellular targets to secure captured microspheres on the cell surface. This activity was often followed by the generation of robust secondary waves of actin polymerization leading to the formation of stabilized phagocytic cups. At depressed temperatures of 27°C, IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L-mediated phagocytosis was completely blocked, whereas IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells continued to generate dynamic actin-dense filopodia at this lower temperature. Overall, these results provide new support for the hypothesis that IpLITR 1.1b, but not IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L, directly triggers filopodia formation when expressed in representative myeloid cells. This also offers new information regarding the directed ability of immunoregulatory receptor-types to initiate dynamic membrane structures and provides insights into an alternative ITAM-independent target capture pathway that is functionally distinct from the classical phagocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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34
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Rangaraju S, Raza SA, Li NX, Betarbet R, Dammer EB, Duong D, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI. Differential Phagocytic Properties of CD45 low Microglia and CD45 high Brain Mononuclear Phagocytes-Activation and Age-Related Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:405. [PMID: 29552013 PMCID: PMC5840283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are innate immune mononuclear phagocytes (CNS MPs) that can phagocytose infectious particles, apoptotic cells, neurons, and pathological protein aggregates, such as Aβ in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While CD11b+CD45low microglia account for the majority of CNS MPs, a small population of CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs is also recognized in AD that surround Aβ plaques. These transcriptionally and pathologically unique CD45high cells have unclear origin and undefined phagocytic characteristics. We have comprehensively validated rapid flow cytometric assays of bulk-phase and amyloid β fibril (fAβ) phagocytosis and applied these to study acutely isolated CNS MPs. Using these methods, we provide novel insights into differential abilities of CD11b+ CD45low and CD45high CNS MPs to phagocytose macroparticles and fAβ under normal, acute, and chronic neuroinflammatory states. CD45high CNS MPs also highly upregulate TREM2, CD11c, and several disease-associated microglia signature genes and have a higher phagocytic capacity for Aβ as compared to CD45low microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD that becomes more apparent with aging. Our data suggest an overall pro-phagocytic and protective role for CD11b+CD45high CNS MPs in neurodegeneration, which if promoted, could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Noel Xiang'An Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Duc Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Pushkarsky I, Tseng P, Black D, France B, Warfe L, Koziol-White CJ, Jester WF, Trinh RK, Lin J, Scumpia PO, Morrison SL, Panettieri RA, Damoiseaux R, Di Carlo D. Elastomeric sensor surfaces for high-throughput single-cell force cytometry. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:124-137. [PMID: 31015629 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As cells with aberrant force-generating phenotypes can directly lead to disease, cellular force-generation mechanisms are high-value targets for new therapies. Here, we show that single-cell force sensors embedded in elastomers enable single-cell force measurements with ~100-fold improvement in throughput than was previously possible. The microtechnology is scalable and seamlessly integrates with the multi-well plate format, enabling highly parallelized time-course studies. In this regard, we show that airway smooth muscle cells isolated from fatally asthmatic patients have innately greater and faster force-generation capacity in response to stimulation than healthy control cells. By simultaneously tracing agonist-induced calcium flux and contractility in the same cell, we show that the calcium level is ultimately a poor quantitative predictor of cellular force generation. Finally, by quantifying phagocytic forces in thousands of individual human macrophages, we show that force initiation is a digital response (rather than a proportional one) to the proper immunogen. By combining mechanobiology at the single-cell level with high-throughput capabilities, this microtechnology can support drug-discovery efforts for clinical conditions associated with aberrant cellular force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pushkarsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tseng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bryan France
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lyndon Warfe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - William F Jester
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan K Trinh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medicinal Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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36
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Richards DM, Endres RG. How cells engulf: a review of theoretical approaches to phagocytosis. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:126601. [PMID: 28824015 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa8730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fascinating process whereby a cell surrounds and engulfs particles such as bacteria and dead cells. This is crucial both for single-cell organisms (as a way of acquiring nutrients) and as part of the immune system (to destroy foreign invaders). This whole process is hugely complex and involves multiple coordinated events such as membrane remodelling, receptor motion, cytoskeleton reorganisation and intracellular signalling. Because of this, phagocytosis is an excellent system for theoretical study, benefiting from biophysical approaches combined with mathematical modelling. Here, we review these theoretical approaches and discuss the recent mathematical and computational models, including models based on receptors, models focusing on the forces involved, and models employing energetic considerations. Along the way, we highlight a beautiful connection to the physics of phase transitions, consider the role of stochasticity, and examine links between phagocytosis and other types of endocytosis. We cover the recently discovered multistage nature of phagocytosis, showing that the size of the phagocytic cup grows in distinct stages, with an initial slow stage followed by a much quicker second stage starting around half engulfment. We also address the issue of target shape dependence, which is relevant to both pathogen infection and drug delivery, covering both one-dimensional and two-dimensional results. Throughout, we pay particular attention to recent experimental techniques that continue to inform the theoretical studies and provide a means to test model predictions. Finally, we discuss population models, connections to other biological processes, and how physics and modelling will continue to play a key role in future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Richards
- Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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37
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Hemocytes and hemocytic responses in the mole crab Emerita emeritus (Linnaeus 1767). J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:129-137. [PMID: 28668255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mole crab, Emerita emeritus, collected from the sandy shores of a Chennai beach, was investigated for cellular immune responses based on the morphology and defensive reactions of the circulating haemocytes. Three haemocyte morphotypes were identified using light and electron microscopy, and separated in a discontinuous percoll gradient. A phagocytosis study using human B erythrocyte as a target cell under phase-contrast optics showed that granular and semi-granular haemocytes were phagocytic, and this response was enhanced by using serum (opsonin)-coated human B erythrocyte in unfractionated and fractionated haemocytes. Observation of TEM image of phagocytosis revealed that the initial recognition and binding of the target cell was restricted to granular and semigranular haemocytes, which were lacking with hyaline cells. However, the encapsulation of DEAE Sepharose CL 6B beads, either untreated or coated with serum (opsonin), was restricted to hyaline cells. This suggests the occurrence of two cell lines in haemocytes, based on the differences observed in the response of haemocytes to bind target cells for phagocytosis or encapsulation. The present study also differentiated the activation of PO in the plasma, serum, and haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS).
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Sanchez L, Yi Y, Yu Y. Effect of partial PEGylation on particle uptake by macrophages. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:288-297. [PMID: 27909711 PMCID: PMC6397647 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the internalization of synthetic particles by immune cells remains a grand challenge for developing successful drug carrier systems. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is frequently used as a protective coating on particles to evade immune clearance, but it also hinders the interactions of particles with their intended target cells. In this study, we investigate a spatial decoupling strategy, in which PEGs are coated on only one hemisphere of particles, so that the other hemisphere is available for functionalization of cell-targeting ligands without the hindrance effect from the PEGs. The partial coating of PEGs is realized by creating two-faced Janus particles with different surface chemistries on opposite sides. We show that a half-coating of PEGs reduces the macrophage uptake of particles as effectively as a complete coating. Owing to the surface asymmetry, Janus particles that are internalized enter macrophage cells via a combination of ligand-guided phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. By spatially segregating PEGs and ligands for targeting T cells on Janus particles, we demonstrate that the Janus particles bind T cells uni-directionally from the ligand-coated side, bypassing the hindrance from the PEGs on the other hemisphere. The results reveal a new mechanistic understanding on how a spatial coating of PEGs on particles changes the phagocytosis of particles. This study also suggests a new design principle for therapeutic particles - the spatial decoupling of PEGs and cell-targeting moieties reduces the interference between the two functions while attaining the protective effect of PEGs for macrophage evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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A novel real time imaging platform to quantify macrophage phagocytosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:107-19. [PMID: 27475716 PMCID: PMC5012892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of pathogens, apoptotic cells and debris is a key feature of macrophage function in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Quantification of macrophage phagocytosis in vitro has traditionally been technically challenging. Here we report the optimization and validation of the IncuCyte ZOOM® real time imaging platform for macrophage phagocytosis based on pHrodo® pathogen bioparticles, which only fluoresce when localized in the acidic environment of the phagolysosome. Image analysis and fluorescence quantification were performed with the automated IncuCyte™ Basic Software. Titration of the bioparticle number showed that the system is more sensitive than a spectrofluorometer, as it can detect phagocytosis when using 20× less E. coli bioparticles. We exemplified the power of this real time imaging platform by studying phagocytosis of murine alveolar, bone marrow and peritoneal macrophages. We further demonstrate the ability of this platform to study modulation of the phagocytic process, as pharmacological inhibitors of phagocytosis suppressed bioparticle uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas opsonins augmented phagocytosis. We also investigated the effects of macrophage polarization on E. coli phagocytosis. Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) priming with M2 stimuli, such as IL-4 and IL-10 resulted in higher engulfment of bioparticles in comparison with M1 polarization. Moreover, we demonstrated that tolerization of BMDMs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in impaired E. coli bioparticle phagocytosis. This novel real time assay will enable researchers to quantify macrophage phagocytosis with a higher degree of accuracy and sensitivity and will allow investigation of limited populations of primary phagocytes in vitro.
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Salinas RP, Ortiz Flores RM, Distel JS, Aguilera MO, Colombo MI, Berón W. Coxiella burnetii Phagocytosis Is Regulated by GTPases of the Rho Family and the RhoA Effectors mDia1 and ROCK. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145211. [PMID: 26674774 PMCID: PMC4682630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The GTPases belonging to the Rho family control the actin cytoskeleton rearrangements needed for particle internalization during phagocytosis. ROCK and mDia1 are downstream effectors of RhoA, a GTPase involved in that process. Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is internalized by the host´s cells in an actin-dependent manner. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism involved in this process has been poorly characterized. This work analyzes the role of different GTPases of the Rho family and some downstream effectors in the internalization of C. burnetii by phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. The internalization of C. burnetii into HeLa and RAW cells was significantly inhibited when the cells were treated with Clostridium difficile Toxin B which irreversibly inactivates members of the Rho family. In addition, the internalization was reduced in HeLa cells that overexpressed the dominant negative mutants of RhoA, Rac1 or Cdc42 or that were knocked down for the Rho GTPases. The pharmacological inhibition or the knocking down of ROCK diminished bacterium internalization. Moreover, C. burnetii was less efficiently internalized in HeLa cells overexpressing mDia1-N1, a dominant negative mutant of mDia1, while the overexpression of the constitutively active mutant mDia1-ΔN3 increased bacteria uptake. Interestingly, when HeLa and RAW cells were infected, RhoA, Rac1 and mDia1 were recruited to membrane cell fractions. Our results suggest that the GTPases of the Rho family play an important role in C. burnetii phagocytosis in both HeLa and RAW cells. Additionally, we present evidence that ROCK and mDia1, which are downstream effectors of RhoA, are involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P. Salinas
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo M. Ortiz Flores
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Jesús S. Distel
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Milton O. Aguilera
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - María I. Colombo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Walter Berón
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo—CONICET, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Lillico DME, Zwozdesky MA, Pemberton JG, Deutscher JM, Jones LO, Chang JP, Stafford JL. Teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors activate distinct phagocytic modes for target acquisition and engulfment. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:235-48. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0215-039rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is defined as a cellular uptake pathway for particles of greater than 0.5 μm in diameter. Particle clearance by phagocytosis is of critical importance for tissue health and homeostasis. The ultimate goal of anti-pathogen phagocytosis is to destroy engulfed bacteria or fungi and to stimulate cell-cell signaling that mount an efficient immune defense. In contrast, clearance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell debris is anti-inflammatory. High capacity clearance phagocytosis pathways are available to professional phagocytes of the immune system and the retina. Additionally, a low capacity, so-called bystander phagocytic pathway is available to most other cell types. Different phagocytic pathways are stimulated by particle ligation of distinct surface receptors but all forms of phagocytosis require F-actin recruitment beneath tethered particles and F-actin re-arrangement promoting engulfment, which are controlled by Rho family GTPases. The specificity of Rho GTPase activity during the different forms of phagocytosis by mammalian cells is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Mao
- a Department of Biological Sciences; Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases, and Gene Regulation; Fordham University ; Bronx , NY , USA
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Biradar V, Narwade S, Paingankar M, Deobagkar D. White Spot Syndrome Virus infection in Penaeus monodon is facilitated by housekeeping molecules. J Biosci 2014; 38:917-24. [PMID: 24296895 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a major pathogen in shrimp aquaculture, and its rampant spread has resulted in great economic loss. Identification of host cellular proteins interacting with WSSV will help in unravelling the repertoire of host proteins involved in WSSV infection. In this study, we have employed one-dimensional and two-dimension virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify the host proteins of Penaeus monodon that could interact with WSSV. The VOPBA results suggest that WSSV interacted with housekeeping proteins such as heat shock protein 70, ATP synthase subunit beta, phosphopyruvate hydratase, allergen Pen m 2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, actin and 14-3-3-like protein. Our findings suggest that WSSV exploits an array of housekeeping proteins for its transmission and propagation in P. monodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Biradar
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advance Studies, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, India
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Rougerie P, Miskolci V, Cox D. Generation of membrane structures during phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages: role and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:222-39. [PMID: 24117824 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are best known for their protective search and destroy functions against invading microorganisms. These processes are commonly known as chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Both of these processes require actin cytoskeletal remodeling to produce distinct F-actin-rich membrane structures called lamellipodia and phagocytic cups. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate actin polymerization through initial receptor signaling and subsequent Arp2/3 activation by nucleation-promoting factors like the WASP/WAVE family, followed by remodeling of actin networks to produce these very distinct structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rougerie
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
Endocytosis is an essential process of eukaryotic cells that facilitates numerous cellular and organismal functions. The formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane serves the internalization of ligands and receptors and leads to their degradation or recycling. A number of distinct mechanisms have been described over the years, several of which are only partially characterized in terms of mechanism and function. These are often referred to as novel endocytic pathways. The pathways differ in their mode of uptake and in their intracellular destination. Here, an overview of the set of cellular proteins that facilitate the different pathways is provided. Further, the approaches to distinguish between the pathways by different modes of perturbation are critically discussed, emphasizing the use of genetic tools such as dominant negative mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kühling
- Emmy Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, Gaziano R, Moroni N, Moroni G, Zonfrillo M, Pierimarchi P, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Garaci E. Thymosin α1 activates complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:72-88. [PMID: 23797159 DOI: 10.1159/000351587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring thymic peptide used worldwide in clinical trials for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. The immunomodulatory activity of Tα1 on innate immunity effector cells has been extensively described, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. We report that Tα1-exposed human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) assume the typical activated morphology also exhibited by lipopolysaccharide-activated MDMs, but show a comparatively higher ability of internalizing fluorescent beads and zymosan particles. Tα1 exposure also promptly and dramatically stimulates MDM phagocytosis and killing of Aspergillus niger conidia starting as soon as 30 min after challenge. The effect is dose dependent and early coupled to low transcription of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 and unmodified Toll-like receptor expression. The Tα1-stimulated phagocytosis is strictly dependent on the integrity of the microtubule network and protein kinase C activity and occurs by a variation in the classic zipper model, with recruitment of vinculin and actin at the phagosome exhibiting a punctate distribution. These findings indicate that, in human mature MDMs, Tα1 implements pathogen internalization and killing via the stimulation of the complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Our observations document that Tα1 is an early and potent activator of innate immunity and reinforce the concept of its pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Serafino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The perspective of the cytoskeleton as a feature unique to eukaryotic organisms was overturned when homologs of the eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements were identified in prokaryotes and implicated in major cell functions, including growth, morphogenesis, cell division, DNA partitioning, and cell motility. FtsZ and MreB were the first identified homologs of tubulin and actin, respectively, followed by the discovery of crescentin as an intermediate filament-like protein. In addition, new elements were identified which have no apparent eukaryotic counterparts, such as the deviant Walker A-type ATPases, bactofilins, and several novel elements recently identified in streptomycetes, highlighting the unsuspected complexity of cytostructural components in bacteria. In vivo multidimensional fluorescence microscopy has demonstrated the dynamics of the bacterial intracellular world, and yet we are only starting to understand the role of cytoskeletal elements. Elucidating structure-function relationships remains challenging, because core cytoskeletal protein motifs show remarkable plasticity, with one element often performing various functions and one function being performed by several types of elements. Structural imaging techniques, such as cryo-electron tomography in combination with advanced light microscopy, are providing the missing links and enabling scientists to answer many outstanding questions regarding prokaryotic cellular architecture. Here we review the recent advances made toward understanding the different roles of cytoskeletal proteins in bacteria, with particular emphasis on modern imaging approaches.
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Feriotti C, Loures FV, Frank de Araújo E, da Costa TA, Calich VLG. Mannosyl-recognizing receptors induce an M1-like phenotype in macrophages of susceptible mice but an M2-like phenotype in mice resistant to a fungal infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54845. [PMID: 23382985 PMCID: PMC3559829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to alpha1,3 glucan, mannan and mannan-linked proteins are expressed in the outer layer of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. The recognition of mannosyl residues by multiple pathogen recognition receptors, such as the mannose receptor (MR), complement receptor 3 (CR3) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophage membranes can influence macrophage activation and the mechanisms of innate immunity against fungal pathogens. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of these receptors in the interaction between P. brasiliensis and macrophages from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. Therefore, the phagocytic, fungicidal and secretory abilities of macrophages were evaluated in the presence of mannan and antibodies against MR, CR3 and TLR4. We verified that mannan increased and anti-MR antibody decreased the killing ability and nitric oxide production of macrophages. The specific blockade of MR, CR3 and TLR4 by monoclonal antibodies impaired fungal recognition and modulated the production of cytokines. Mannan or P. brasiliensis induced decreased expression of MR and TLR2 on A/J macrophages, whereas CR3, TLR4 and TLR2 were reduced on B10.A cells. Importantly, both mannan and P. brasiliensis induced the production of IL-12 by B10.A macrophages, whereas TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6 were produced by A/J cells. In addition, B10.A macrophages exhibited a prevalent expression of inducible NO-synthase and SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-3), indicating a pro-inflammatory, "M1-like" differentiation. In contrast, the elevated expression of arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone-1 (FIZZ1), YM1 (CHI313, chitinase-like lectin), and SOCS1, typical markers of alternatively activated macrophages, indicates a prevalent "M2-like" differentiation of A/J macrophages. In conclusion, our data reveal that several mannosyl-recognizing receptors coordinate the apparently paradoxical innate response to paracoccidioidomycosis, in which resistance is initially mediated by alternatively activated phagocytes and tolerance to fungal growth, whereas susceptibility is linked to classically activated macrophages and the efficient control of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Alves da Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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