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Schachar R, Crosbie J. Biederman's Contribution to the Understanding of Executive Function in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:895-904. [PMID: 38327019 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231222597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the theoretical and empirical contribution of Joe Biederman and his colleagues to the understanding of executive function (EF) and ADHD. METHOD We searched PubMed for references to EF in Biederman's publications and conducted a narrative review of this literature. RESULTS In 50 or more papers using neuropsychological tests, rating scales and measures of mind wandering, Biederman demonstrated that EF are evident in ADHD and closely linked to its underlying neurobiological and genetic risk. He argued that EF need to be monitoring to ensure comprehensive assessment and treatment, but could not be used as a diagnostic proxy. CONCLUSION Biederman built an innovative and impressive collaboration to address the issue of EF in ADHD. His work shows a commitment to understanding of EF in order to improve patient care. Biederman laid down a roadmap for research in ADHD and EF for the rest of the field to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Schachar
- Neuroscicences and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Neuroscicences and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Custodio RJP, Hengstler JG, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Adult ADHD: it is old and new at the same time - what is it? Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:225-241. [PMID: 37813870 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though the number of studies aiming to improve comprehension of ADHD pathology has increased in recent years, there still is an urgent need for more effective studies, particularly in understanding adult ADHD, both at preclinical and clinical levels, due to the increasing evidence that adult ADHD is highly distinct and a different entity from childhood ADHD. This review paper outlines the symptoms, diagnostics, and neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD, with emphasis on how adult ADHD could be different from childhood-onset. Data show a difference in the environmental, genetic, epigenetic, and brain structural changes, when combined, could greatly impact the behavioral presentations and the severity of ADHD in adults. Furthermore, a crucial aspect in the quest to fully understand this disorder could be through longitudinal analysis. In this way, we will determine if and how the pathology and pharmacology of ADHD change with age. This goal could revolutionize our understanding of the disorder and address the weaknesses in the current clinical classification systems, improving the characterization and validity of ADHD diagnosis, specifically those in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, South Korea
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Experimental Ergonomics, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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Sadr-Salek S, Costa AP, Steffgen G. Psychological Treatments for Hyperactivity and Impulsivity in Children with ADHD: A Narrative Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1613. [PMID: 37892276 PMCID: PMC10605405 DOI: 10.3390/children10101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the ADHD types (hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined) in children has rarely been studied separately, although their prognostic courses differ widely. In addition, data show that improvements in hyperactivity/impulsivity are hard to achieve. Thus, we focused on treatments tailored to hyperactivity/impulsivity. We examined meta-analyses and systematic reviews within the inter- and intra-individual treatments and found that psychoeducation and training for parents, school-based interventions, reinforcement strategies, and neurofeedback consistently showed small to moderate effect sizes in reducing hyperactivity/impulsivity in children. Conversely, emotional self-regulation, social skills, and cognitive trainings showed unsatisfactory results. In summary, we found that the quality of usual care can be surpassed when the designated interventions are purposefully combined into a multimodal treatment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Sadr-Salek
- Service Psychologique, Solidarité Jeunes asbl—Haus 13, 48, rue Victor Hugo, L-4140 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Andreia P. Costa
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, MSH, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Georges Steffgen
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, MSH, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
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Marinopoulou M, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Bornehag CG, Billstedt E. Is WISC-IV Working Memory Index associated with ADHD symptoms in 7-8-year-olds? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36780371 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2176232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Working Memory Index (WMI) in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) has been suggested to be associated with ADHD symptoms. The relationship between WMI and ADHD symptoms in the general population is not clear. The study aimed to examine the association between working memory (WM) and behavioral regulation (BR), and hyperactivity/inattention (HI) in a general population sample of 7-8-year-olds, and whether general intellectual functioning is associated with BR and HI. The study also examined if those with low WMI also fulfill elevated ADHD criteria. The study group (N = 865) was assessed with the WISC (Fourth edition), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Five to Fifteen Questionnaire, and divided into three groups based on WM function, and in relation to BR and/or HI problems. The associations between WM and BR, and WM and HI, including intellectual functioning as covariate, were examined. WM deficits were found in 22%, but the majority of those had no BR or HI problems. Four percent in the study group had WM deficits combined with BR and/or HI problems, and in about one third of those inattentive ADHD criteria were fulfilled. WM and prosocial behavior were associated with BR and HI. WM deficits measured with WISC WMI in 7-8-year-olds do not always signal BR and/or HI problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinopoulou
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Habilitation, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Maria Unenge Hallerbäck
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Galloway-Long H, Huang-Pollock C, Neely K. Ahead of the (ROC) Curve: A Statistical Approach to Utilizing Ex-Gaussian Parameters of Reaction Time in Diagnosing ADHD Across Three Developmental Periods. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:821-834. [PMID: 34488917 PMCID: PMC9521363 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Performance on executive function (EF) tasks is only modestly predictive of a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), despite the common assumption that EF deficits are ubiquitous to the disorder. The current study sought to determine whether ex-Gaussian parameters of simple reaction time are better able to discriminate between children and adults with and without ADHD, compared with traditional measures of inhibitory control. METHODS Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to examine the ability of performance on two commonly used tasks of inhibitory control (i.e. stop signal reaction time (SSRT) and go-no-go tasks) to predict ADHD status in preschool (N = 108), middle childhood (N = 309), and young adulthood (N = 133). RESULTS Across all samples, SSRT, go-no-go percentage of failed inhibits, and standard deviation of reaction (SDRT) time to "go" trials, all successfully discriminated between individuals with and without ADHD. Ex-Gaussian decomposition of the RT distribution indicated that both larger tau and larger sigma drove findings for SDRT. Contrary to predictions, traditional measures of inhibitory control were equal if not better predictors of ADHD status than ex-Gaussian parameters. CONCLUSIONS Findings support ongoing work to quantify the separate contributions of cognitive subprocesses that drive task performance, which in turn is critical to developing and improving process-based approaches in clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Galloway-Long
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, American Lake Division, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Huang-Pollock
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Neely
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Dissociating Executive Function and ADHD Influences on Reading Ability in Children with Dyslexia. Cortex 2022; 153:126-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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González-Barriga F, Orduña V. Spontaneously hypertensive rats show higher impulsive action, but equal impulsive choice with both positive and aversive consequences. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113858. [PMID: 35339564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Both positive and aversive delayed consequences play an important role in decision making. However, most of research has studied the temporal discounting of the positive consequences, while the study of the aversives is scarce in general and null in some areas. This is the case of research on impulsivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of ADHD. To evaluate SHRs' sensitivity to aversive delayed consequences, we employed a choice procedure in which subjects chose between a smaller-amount alternative and a larger-amount alternative plus a shock; when preference for the smaller-amount alternative stabilized, five different delays to the shock were presented with the objective of analyzing the recovery of preference for the larger-amount alternative, which is related to the sensitivity to the delayed aversive consequence. To analyze the sensitivity to delayed positive consequences we employed a procedure that evaluated the preference between a smaller-amount alternative and a larger-amount alternative as a function of the delay to the later. Finally, to evaluate impulsive action we employed a DRL 10s schedule. In all tasks, Wistar rats were evaluated as control strain. The results indicated that choice impulsivity was equivalent between strains, both for positive and for aversive consequences. In contrast, we found a higher level of impulsive action in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Orduña
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México.
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Mellahn OJ, Knott R, Tiego J, Kallady K, Williams K, Bellgrove MA, Johnson BP. Understanding the Diversity of Pharmacotherapeutic Management of ADHD With Co-occurring Autism: An Australian Cross-Sectional Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:914668. [PMID: 35832595 PMCID: PMC9271966 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental diagnoses, such as autism spectrum disorder (autism), which can make clinical decision making around symptom management challenging for clinicians. There is a paucity of research examining pharmacotherapeutic management of children who have ADHD with co-occurring diagnoses. We aimed to report on the co-occurring diagnoses and symptom profile of children, and report on medication use, stratified by ADHD, autism and ADHD + autism diagnoses. METHODS AND MATERIALS Caregivers of 505 children (2-18 years) with ADHD (n = 239), autism (n = 117), and co-occurring ADHD + autism (n = 149) completed a questionnaire on current medication use and clinical rating scales about their child's symptoms, as part of a broader project investigating diagnosis and management of symptoms in children with ADHD or autism. RESULTS The parents of the ADHD group reported a higher proportion of their children had learning disorders (17.15%) and speech and language disorders (4.60%) compared to the parents of the autism and ADHD + autism groups. Parents of the ADHD + autism group reported higher proportions of intellectual disability (5.37%), oppositional defiant disorder (20.13%), anxiety (38.93%), depression (6.71%) and genetic conditions (3.36%) in their children, in comparison to the parents of the ADHD and autism groups. Children with ADHD were reported to be taking a higher proportion of psychotropic medication (90%), followed by ADHD + autism (86%) and autism (39%). The parents of children with ADHD + autism reported a higher proportion of non-stimulant ADHD medication (25.5%), antipsychotic (18.79%), antidepressant (22.15%) and melatonin (31.54%) use by their children, compared to the parents of the ADHD and autism groups. CONCLUSIONS A similar proportion of children with ADHD + autism and ADHD were reported to be taking medication. However, the types of medication taken were different, as expected with reported co-occurring diagnoses. The complexity of symptoms and diagnoses in ADHD + autism warrants targeted research to optimize management and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Mellahn
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael Knott
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn Kallady
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina Williams
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatrics Education & Research, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Acosta-López JE, Suárez I, Pineda DA, Cervantes-Henríquez ML, Martínez-Banfi ML, Lozano-Gutiérrez SG, Ahmad M, Pineda-Alhucema W, Noguera-Machacón LM, Hoz MDL, Mejía-Segura E, Jiménez-Figueroa G, Sánchez-Rojas M, Mastronardi CA, Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI, Puentes-Rozo PJ. Impulsive and Omission Errors: Potential Temporal Processing Endophenotypes in ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1218. [PMID: 34573239 PMCID: PMC8467181 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal processing (TP) is associated with functions such as perception, verbal skills, temporal perspective, and future planning, and is intercorrelated with working memory, attention, and inhibitory control, which are highly impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we evaluate TP measures as potential endophenotypes in Caribbean families ascertained from probands affected by ADHD. A total of 232 individuals were recruited and clinically evaluated using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks and reaction time (RT)-based task paradigms. Further, the heritability (genetic variance underpinning phenotype) was estimated as a measure of the genetics apportionment. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in neuropsychological tasks assessing mental control, visual-verbal memory, verbal fluency, verbal, and semantic fluency. In addition, TP measures such as RT, errors, and variability were also affected in individuals with ADHD. Moreover, we determined that only omission and commission errors had significant heritability. In conclusion, we have disentangled omission and commission errors as possible TP endophenotypes in ADHD, which can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD. A predictive model using these endophenotypes led to remarkable sensitivity, specificity, precision and classification rate for ADHD diagnosis, and may be a useful tool for patients' diagnosis, follow-up, and longitudinal assessment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan E. Acosta-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Isabel Suárez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - David A. Pineda
- Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Martha L. Martínez-Banfi
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Semiramis G. Lozano-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Luz M. Noguera-Machacón
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Moisés De La Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Elsy Mejía-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
| | | | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | | | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (M.L.C.-H.); (M.L.M.-B.); (S.G.L.-G.); (M.A.); (W.P.-A.); (L.M.N.-M.); (M.D.L.H.); (E.M.-S.); (G.J.-F.); (M.S.-R.); (P.J.P.-R.)
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
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Cervantes-Henriquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Ahmad M, Sánchez-Rojas M, Jiménez-Figueroa G, Pineda-Alhucema W, Martinez-Banfi ML, Noguera-Machacón LM, Mejía-Segura E, De La Hoz M, Arcos-Holzinger M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ, Arcos-Burgos M, Vélez JI. ADGRL3, FGF1 and DRD4: Linkage and Association with Working Memory and Perceptual Organization Candidate Endophenotypes in ADHD. Brain Sci 2021; 11:854. [PMID: 34206913 PMCID: PMC8301925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurobehavioral disorder that affects children worldwide, with detrimental long-term consequences in affected individuals. ADHD-affected patients display visual-motor and visuospatial abilities and skills that depart from those exhibited by non-affected individuals and struggle with perceptual organization, which might partially explain impulsive responses. Endophenotypes (quantifiable or dimensional constructs that are closely related to the root cause of the disease) might provide a more powerful and objective framework for dissecting the underlying neurobiology of ADHD than that of categories offered by the syndromic classification. In here, we explore the potential presence of the linkage and association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), harbored in genes implicated in the etiology of ADHD (ADGRL3, DRD4, and FGF1), with cognitive endophenotypes related to working memory and perceptual organization in 113 nuclear families. These families were ascertained from a geographical area of the Caribbean coast, in the north of Colombia, where the community is characterized by its ethnic diversity and differential gene pool. We found a significant association and linkage of markers ADGRL3-rs1565902, DRD4-rs916457 and FGF1-rs2282794 to neuropsychological tasks outlining working memory and perceptual organization such as performance in the digits forward and backward, arithmetic, similarities, the completion of figures and the assembly of objects. Our results provide strong support to understand ADHD as a combination of working memory and perceptual organization deficits and highlight the importance of the genetic background shaping the neurobiology, clinical complexity, and physiopathology of ADHD. Further, this study supplements new information regarding an ethnically diverse community with a vast African American contribution, where ADHD studies are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Cervantes-Henriquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Johan E. Acosta-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mostapha Ahmad
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Martha L. Martinez-Banfi
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Luz M. Noguera-Machacón
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Elsy Mejía-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Moisés De La Hoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; (J.E.A.-L.); (M.A.); (M.S.-R.); (G.J.-F.); (W.P.-A.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.M.N.-M.); (E.M.-S.); (M.D.L.H.)
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Holzinger
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
| | - David A. Pineda
- Grupo de Neuropsicología y Conducta, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia;
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Instituto de Investigaciones Mxdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (M.A.-H.); (M.A.-B.)
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11
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Cervantes-Henríquez ML, Acosta-López JE, Martínez-Banfi ML, Vélez JI, Mejía-Segura E, Lozano-Gutiérrez SG, Sánchez-Rojas M, Zurbarán MA, Zurek EE, Arcos-Burgos M, Pineda DA, Puentes-Rozo PJ. ADHD Endophenotypes in Caribbean Families. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:2100-2114. [PMID: 29589797 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718763741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to contrast the genetics of neuropsychological tasks in individuals from nuclear families clustering ADHD in a Caribbean community. Method: We recruited and clinically characterized 408 individuals using an extensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. The genetic variance underpinning these tasks was estimated by heritability. A predictive framework for ADHD diagnosis was derived using these tasks. Results: We found that individuals with ADHD differed from controls in tasks of mental control, visuospatial ability, visuoverbal memory, phonological and verbal fluency, verbal and semantic fluency, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive ability. Among them, tasks of mental control, visuoverbal memory, phonological fluency, semantic verbal fluency, and intelligence had a significant heritability. A predictive model of ADHD diagnosis using these endophenotypes yields remarkable classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, and precision values (above 80%). Conclusion: We have dissected new cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD that can be suitable to assess the neurobiological and genetic basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cervantes-Henríquez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J E Acosta-López
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M L Martínez-Banfi
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J I Vélez
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - E Mejía-Segura
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - S G Lozano-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Sánchez-Rojas
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - E E Zurek
- Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M Arcos-Burgos
- Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Center For Research in Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D A Pineda
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P J Puentes-Rozo
- Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
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12
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Siqueiros Sanchez M, Falck‐Ytter T, Kennedy DP, Bölte S, Lichtenstein P, D'Onofrio BM, Pettersson E. Volitional eye movement control and ADHD traits: a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1309-1316. [PMID: 32020616 PMCID: PMC7754462 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Top-down volitional command of eye movements may serve as a candidate endophenotype of ADHD, an important function underlying goal-directed action in everyday life. In this twin study, we examined the relation between performance on a response inhibition eye-tracking paradigm and parent-rated ADHD traits in a population-based twin sample. We hypothesized that altered eye movement control is associated with the severity of ADHD traits and that this association is attributable to genetic factors. METHODS A total of 640 twins (320 pairs, 50% monozygotic) aged 9-14 years) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) participated. Twins performed the antisaccade task indexing inhibitory alterations as either direction errors (following exogenous cues rather than instructions) or premature anticipatory eye movements (failure to wait for cues). We calculated the associations of eye movement control and ADHD traits using linear regression mixed-effects models and genetic and environmental influences with multivariate twin models. RESULTS Premature anticipatory eye movements were positively associated with inattentive traits (β = .17; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.31), while controlling for hyperactive behaviors and other covariates. Both premature anticipatory eye movements and inattention were heritable (h2 = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.56; h2 = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.65; respectively), and their genetic correlation was small but statistically significant (r = .19, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.36). However, the genetic correlation did not remain significant after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, hyperactivity traits, IQ). No link was found between direction errors and ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that there is a specific, genetically influenced, relation between top-down eye movement control and the inattentive traits typical of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Siqueiros Sanchez
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Terje Falck‐Ytter
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of PsychologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS)UppsalaSweden
| | - Daniel P. Kennedy
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Sven Bölte
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Child and Adolescent PsychiatryStockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden,Curtin Autism Research GroupSchool of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech PathologyCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Brian M. D'Onofrio
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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13
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Lau-Zhu A, Tye C, Rijsdijk F, McLoughlin G. No evidence of associations between ADHD and event-related brain potentials from a continuous performance task in a population-based sample of adolescent twins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223460. [PMID: 31584981 PMCID: PMC6777760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated key event-related brain potential markers (ERPs) derived from a flanked continuous performance task (CPT) and whether these would show phenotypic associations with ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) in a population-based sample. We further explored whether there was preliminary evidence that such ERPs could also index genetic risk for ADHD (depending on finding phenotypic associations). Sixty-seven male-only twin pairs (N = 134; aged 12–15) from a subsample of the Twins’ Early Development Study, concordant and discordant for ADHD symptoms, performed the flanked CPT (or CPT-OX) while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. ERPs were obtained for cue (P3, CNV or contingency negative variation), go (P3, N2) and nogo trials (P3, N2). We found no phenotypic associations between CPT-derived ERPs and ADHD—the sizes of the estimated phenotypic correlations were nonsignificant and very small (r’s = -.11 to .04). Twin-model fitting analyses using structural equation modelling provided preliminary evidence that some of the ERPs were heritable (with the most robust effect for go-P3 latency), but there was limited evidence of any genetic associations between ERPs and ADHD, although with the caveat that our sample was small and hence had limited power. Overall, unlike in previous research, there was no evidence of phenotypic (nor preliminary evidence for genetic) associations between ADHD and CPT-derived ERPs in this study. Hence, it may be currently premature for genetic analyses of ADHD to be guided by CPT-derived ERP parameters (unlike alternative cognitive-neurophysiological approaches which may be more promising). Further research with better-powered, population-based, genetically-informative and cross-disorder samples are required, which could be facilitated by emerging mobile EEG technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lau-Zhu
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Psychiatry, Brain Sciences Division, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte Tye
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Frühling Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne McLoughlin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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14
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An integrated developmental psychopathology and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 90:65-72. [PMID: 30743139 PMCID: PMC6913174 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by heterogeneous behaviors and symptoms, developmental trajectories, and treatment response. Isolating intermediate phenotypes that are superior to current DSM-based nosology in order to explain such heterogeneity is integral to enhancing etiological theory, improving clinical assessment, predicting treatment response, and developing tailored treatments. To this end, this review provides an integrated developmental psychopathology and National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to ADHD. In particular, associations between ADHD and RDoC domains of cognition (specifically working memory) and positive valence (reward anticipation/delay/receipt) are discussed. These domains are examined across behavioral and neurocircuitry levels of analysis and placed within a developmental context via examining associations among RDoC domains, relevant features of ADHD, and environmental correlates implicated across development. Limitations of the existing literature and proposed future directions are explored. Importantly, future work should focus on novel approaches that account for developmental shifts in functioning of relevant RDoC domains over time, as well as further examination of the interaction across RDoC domains and levels of analysis.
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15
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Barkley RA. Neuropsychological Testing is Not Useful in the Diagnosis of ADHD: Stop It (or Prove It)! ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/adhd.2019.27.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell A. Barkley
- Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center and the Virginia Treatment Center for Children. He is triple board certified in Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN), Clinical Psychology (ABPP), and Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (ABC-CAP). His e-mail address is:
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16
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Paz Y, Friedwald K, Levkovitz Y, Zangen A, Alyagon U, Nitzan U, Segev A, Maoz H, Koubi M, Bloch Y. Randomised sham-controlled study of high-frequency bilateral deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to treat adult attention hyperactive disorder (ADHD): Negative results. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:561-566. [PMID: 28090806 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1282170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies support the possible effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and possible efficacy of bilateral prefrontal deep rTMS for the treatment of adult ADHD. METHODS Twenty-six adult ADHD patients were randomised blindly to sham or actual deep TMS (dTMS). Twenty daily sessions were conducted using the bilateral H5 dTMS coil (Brainsway, IL) in order to stimulate the prefrontal cortex at 120% of the motor threshold at high frequency. For assessment, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale questionnaire and a computerised continuous performance test, Test of Variables of Attention, were used. RESULTS No differences in clinical outcomes were detected between the actual dTMS and sham groups. CONCLUSIONS The presented evidence does not support the utility of bilateral prefrontal stimulation to treat adult ADHD. Due to the small sample size, caution must be exercised in interpreting our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Paz
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Keren Friedwald
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Yeheal Levkovitz
- c Beer-Yaakov Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv University , Beer-Yaakov , Israel
| | - Abraham Zangen
- d Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Uri Alyagon
- d Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Uri Nitzan
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Aviv Segev
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Hagai Maoz
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - May Koubi
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Yuval Bloch
- a Shalvata Mental Health Care Center , Hod-Hasharon , Israel.,b Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv , Tel Aviv , Israel
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17
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Atalayer D. Dürtüsellik ve Aşırı Yeme Arasındaki İlişki: Psikolojik ve Nörobiyolojik Yaklaşımlar. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR 2018. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.358090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Tan A, Delgaty L, Steward K, Bunner M. Performance-based measures and behavioral ratings of executive function in diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:309-316. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Nigg JT, Gustafsson HC, Karalunas SL, Ryabinin P, McWeeney SK, Faraone SV, Mooney MA, Fair DA, Wilmot B. Working Memory and Vigilance as Multivariate Endophenotypes Related to Common Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:175-182. [PMID: 29496126 PMCID: PMC6547382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the role of endophenotypes is essential for process models of psychopathology. This study examined which candidate cognitive endophenotypes statistically mediate common variant genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A case-control design using community-recruited volunteer children 7 to 11 years of age (n = 656, n = 435 ADHD), of whom 514 were of homogenous European ancestry for the primary models (n = 337 ADHD, 177 non-ADHD). Children were assessed with a multi-informant, best-estimate diagnostic procedure and laboratory measures of working memory, response inhibition, executive functioning, arousal/attention, temporal information processing, and processing speed. Latent variables were created for the candidate cognitive measures and for parent- and teacher-rated ADHD dimensions. Polygenic risk scores (PGS) were computed using a discovery sample of 20,183 individuals with ADHD and 35,191 controls from the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium. Cognitive measures that survived multiple testing correction for association with the PGS were evaluated for mediation with ADHD using structural equation models. RESULTS Results were essentially identical in the homogeneous European ancestry subgroup (n = 514) and in the full sample (N = 656). For the European population, the PGS was associated with ADHD diagnosis (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.045; β = 0.233, SE = 0.053, p = .000011) and multi-indicator dimensional ADHD latent variables by parent report (β = 0.185, SE = 0.043) and teacher report (β = 0.165, SE = 0.042). The PGS effect was statistically mediated by working memory (indirect effect, β = 0.101, SE = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.16, p = .00049, 43% of genetic effect accounted for) and arousal/alertness (indirect effect β = 0.115, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.20, SE = 0.041, p = .005, 49% of genetic effect accounted for). CONCLUSION This is the first clear demonstration from molecular genetic data that working memory and arousal regulation are promising cognitive endophenotypes for ADHD with regard to mediating genetic risk from common genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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20
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Shook D, Brouwer R, de Zeeuw P, Oranje B, Durston S. XKR4 Gene Effects on Cerebellar Development Are Not Specific to ADHD. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:396. [PMID: 29311829 PMCID: PMC5732973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the XKR4 gene has been linked to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This gene is preferentially expressed in cerebellum, a brain structure implicated in this disorder. This study investigated the effects of this SNP on cerebellar development in children with and without ADHD. We collected 279 longitudinal T1-weighted structural images and DNA from 58 children with ADHD and 64 typically developing (TD) children matched for age, IQ, and gender. Groups were divided by the XKR4 rs2939678 SNP into A-allele carriers versus subjects homozygous for the G-allele. Cerebellar lobular volumes were segmented into 35 regions of interest using MAGeTBrain, an automated multi-atlas segmentation pipeline for anatomical MRI, and statistically analyzed using linear mixed models. We found decreased gray matter (GM) volumes in ADHD compared to TD children in bilateral lobules VIIIA, left VIIIB, right VIIB, and vermis VI. Furthermore, we found a linear age by gene interaction in left lobule VIIB where subjects homozygous for the G-allele showed a decrease in volume over time compared to A-allele carriers. We further found quadratic age × gene and age × diagnosis interactions in left lobule IV. Subjects homozygous for the G-allele (the genotype overtransmitted in ADHD) showed more suppressed, almost flat quadratic growth curves compared to A-allele carriers, similar to individuals with ADHD compared to controls. However, there was no interaction between genotype and diagnosis, suggesting that any effects of this SNP on cerebellar development are not specific to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Shook
- NICHE Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rachel Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick de Zeeuw
- NICHE Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bob Oranje
- NICHE Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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21
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Yerys BE, Nissley-Tsiopinis J, de Marchena A, Watkins MW, Antezana L, Power TJ, Schultz RT. Evaluation of the ADHD Rating Scale in Youth with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:90-100. [PMID: 27738853 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scientists and clinicians regularly use clinical screening tools for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to assess comorbidity without empirical evidence that these measures are valid in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined the prevalence of youth meeting ADHD criteria on the ADHD rating scale fourth edition (ADHD-RS-IV), the relationship of ADHD-RS-IV ratings with participant characteristics and behaviors, and its underlying factor structure in 386, 7-17 year olds with ASD without intellectual disability. Expected parent prevalence rates, relationships with age and externalizing behaviors were observed, but confirmatory factor analyses revealed unsatisfactory fits for one-, two-, three-factor models. Exploratory analyses revealed several items cross-loading on multiple factors. Implications of screening ADHD in youth with ASD using current diagnostic criteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Ashley de Marchena
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marley W Watkins
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J Power
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for the Management of ADHD, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Klein M, Onnink M, van Donkelaar M, Wolfers T, Harich B, Shi Y, Dammers J, Arias-Vásquez A, Hoogman M, Franke B. Brain imaging genetics in ADHD and beyond - Mapping pathways from gene to disorder at different levels of complexity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:115-155. [PMID: 28159610 PMCID: PMC6947924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and often persistent neurodevelopmental disorder. Beyond gene-finding, neurobiological parameters, such as brain structure, connectivity, and function, have been used to link genetic variation to ADHD symptomatology. We performed a systematic review of brain imaging genetics studies involving 62 ADHD candidate genes in childhood and adult ADHD cohorts. Fifty-one eligible research articles described studies of 13 ADHD candidate genes. Almost exclusively, single genetic variants were studied, mostly focussing on dopamine-related genes. While promising results have been reported, imaging genetics studies are thus far hampered by methodological differences in study design and analysis methodology, as well as limited sample sizes. Beyond reviewing imaging genetics studies, we also discuss the need for complementary approaches at multiple levels of biological complexity and emphasize the importance of combining and integrating findings across levels for a better understanding of biological pathways from gene to disease. These may include multi-modal imaging genetics studies, bioinformatic analyses, and functional analyses of cell and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Harich
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Kim E, Song DH, Kim NW, Sohn IJ, Cheon KA. The Relationship between the SNAP-25 Polymorphism and Omission Errors in Korean Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:222-228. [PMID: 28783930 PMCID: PMC5565073 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between the synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) genotype and performance on the continuous performance test (CPT) in Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Eighty-seven children with ADHD (mean age, 9.23±1.99 years) participated in this study. Omission errors, commission errors, reaction time, and reaction time variability on the CPT were analyzed. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3746544 (1065 T>G) of SNAP-25 was genotyped to examine the association with CPT performance. Results We found significantly more omission errors on the CPT among children with the TT genotype of SNAP-25 (t=2.56, p=0.012) after correcting for multiple testing. Conclusion Our results suggest the possible involvement of the SNAP-25 1065 T>G polymorphism in the inattention phenotype in children with ADHD. Further studies with more refined neuropsychological measures and much larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Song
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Wook Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jung Sohn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Ah Cheon
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Karalunas SL, Gustafsson HC, Dieckmann NF, Tipsord J, Mitchell SH, Nigg JT. Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:774-792. [PMID: 28782975 PMCID: PMC5657320 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of cognitive mechanisms in the clinical course of neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is emblematic in that numerous alterations in cognitive development are apparent, yet how they relate to changes in symptom expression with age is unclear. To resolve the role of cognitive mechanisms in ADHD, a developmental perspective that takes into account expected within-group heterogeneity is needed. METHOD The current study uses an accelerated longitudinal design and latent trajectory growth mixture models in a sample of children ages 7-13 years carefully characterized as with (n = 437) and without (n = 297) ADHD to (a) identify heterogeneous developmental trajectories for response inhibition, visual spatial working memory maintenance, and delayed reward discounting and (b) to assess the relationships between these cognitive trajectories and ADHD symptom change. RESULTS Best-fitting models indicated multiple trajectory classes in both the ADHD and typically developing samples, as well as distinct relationships between each cognitive process and ADHD symptom change. Developmental change in response inhibition and delayed reward discounting were unrelated to ADHD symptom change, while individual differences in the rate of visual spatial working memory maintenance improvement predicted symptom remission in ADHD. CONCLUSION Characterizing heterogeneity in cognitive development will be crucial for clarifying mechanisms of symptom persistence and recovery. Results here suggest working memory maintenance may be uniquely related to ADHD symptom improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Karalunas
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
| | | | | | - Jessica Tipsord
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Science
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Psychiatry
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Department of Beahvioral Neuroscience
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25
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Liu L, Zhang L, Li HM, Wang ZR, Xie XF, Mei JP, Jin JL, Shi J, Sun L, Li SC, Tan YL, Yang L, Wang J, Yang HM, Qian QJ, Wang YF. The SNP-set based association study identifies ITGA1 as a susceptibility gene of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Han Chinese. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1201. [PMID: 28809852 PMCID: PMC5611725 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies, which detect the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease susceptibility, have been extensively applied to study attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but genome-wide significant associations have not been found yet. Genetic heterogeneity and insufficient genomic coverage may account for the missing heritability. We performed a two-stage association study for ADHD in the Han Chinese population. In the discovery stage, 1033 ADHD patients and 950 healthy controls were genotyped using both the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip. The genotyped SNPs were combined to generate a powerful SNP set with better genomic coverage especially for the nonsynonymous variants. In addition to the association of single SNPs, we collected adjacent SNPs as SNP sets, which were determined by either genes or successive sliding windows, to evaluate their synergetic effect. The candidate susceptibility SNPs were further replicated in an independent cohort of 1441 ADHD patients and 1447 healthy controls. No genome-wide significant SNPs or gene-based SNP sets were found to be associated with ADHD. However, two continuous sliding windows located in ITGA1 (P-value=8.33E-7 and P-value=8.43E-7) were genome-wide significant. The quantitative trait analyses also demonstrated their association with ADHD core symptoms and executive functions. The association was further validated by follow-up replications for four selected SNPs: rs1979398 (P-value=2.64E-6), rs16880453 (P-value=3.58E-4), rs1531545 (P-value=7.62E-4) and rs4074793 (P-value=2.03E-4). Our results suggest that genetic variants in ITGA1 may be involved in the etiology of ADHD and the SNP-set based analysis is a promising strategy for the detection of underlying genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - L Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H M Li
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Z R Wang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X F Xie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - J P Mei
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - J L Jin
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - J Shi
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Sun
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - S C Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y L Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - J Wang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - H M Yang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q J Qian
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China,Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No. 51, Hua Yuan Bei Lu, Haidian Disrtrict, Beijing 100191, China. E-mail: or
| | - Y F Wang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China,Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, No. 51, Hua Yuan Bei Lu, Haidian Disrtrict, Beijing 100191, China. E-mail: or
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26
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Van Eylen L, Boets B, Cosemans N, Peeters H, Steyaert J, Wagemans J, Noens I. Executive functioning and local-global visual processing: candidate endophenotypes for autism spectrum disorder? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:258-269. [PMID: 27804132 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) hampers insight in the etiology and stimulates the search for endophenotypes. Endophenotypes should meet several criteria, the most important being the association with ASD and the higher occurrence rate in unaffected ASD relatives than in the general population. We evaluated these criteria for executive functioning (EF) and local-global (L-G) visual processing. METHODS By administering an extensive cognitive battery which increases the validity of the measures, we examined which of the cognitive anomalies shown by ASD probands also occur in their unaffected relatives (n = 113) compared to typically developing (TD) controls (n = 100). Microarrays were performed, so we could exclude relatives from probands with a de novo mutation in a known ASD susceptibility copy number variant, thus increasing the probability that genetic risk variants are shared by the ASD relatives. An overview of studies investigating EF and L-G processing in ASD relatives was also provided. RESULTS For EF, ASD relatives - like ASD probands - showed impairments in response inhibition, cognitive flexibility and generativity (specifically, ideational fluency), and EF impairments in daily life. For L-G visual processing, the ASD relatives showed no anomalies on the tasks, but they reported more attention to detail in daily life. Group differences were similar for siblings and for parents of ASD probands, and yielded larger effect sizes in a multiplex subsample. The group effect sizes for the comparison between ASD probands and TD individuals were generally larger than those of the ASD relatives compared to TD individuals. CONCLUSIONS Impaired cognitive flexibility, ideational fluency and response inhibition are strong candidate endophenotypes for ASD. They could help to delineate etiologically more homogeneous subgroups, which is clinically important to allow assigning ASD probands to different, more targeted, interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Van Eylen
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Boets
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UPC-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Cosemans
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Steyaert
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UPC-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Noens
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Iglesias-Sarmiento V, Deaño M, Alfonso S, Conde Á. Mathematical learning disabilities and attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder: A study of the cognitive processes involved in arithmetic problem solving. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 61:44-54. [PMID: 28042975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of cognitive functioning to arithmetic problem solving and to explore the cognitive profiles of children with attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD). METHODS The sample was made up of a total of 90 students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade organized in three: ADHD (n=30), MLD (n=30) and typically achieving control (TA; n=30) group. Assessment was conducted in two sessions in which the PASS processes and arithmetic problem solving were evaluated. RESULTS The ADHD group's performance in planning and attention was worse than that of the control group. Children with MLD obtained poorer results than the control group in planning and simultaneous and successive processing. Executive processes predicted arithmetic problem solving in the ADHD group whereas simultaneous processing was the unique predictor in the MLD sample. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD and with MLD showed characteristic cognitive profiles. Groups' problem-solving performance can be predicted from their cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Deaño
- Department of Evolutionary Psychology, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sonia Alfonso
- Department of Evolutionary Psychology, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Ángeles Conde
- Department of Evolutionary Psychology, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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28
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Maier S, Perlov E, Graf E, Dieter E, Sobanski E, Rump M, Warnke A, Ebert D, Berger M, Matthies S, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L. Discrete Global but No Focal Gray Matter Volume Reductions in Unmedicated Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:905-915. [PMID: 26115789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray matter reduction mainly in the anterior cingulate cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum has been reported in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Yet, respective data remain contradictory and inconclusive. To clarify if structural alteration in these brain areas can be verified in a large cohort of adult patients and if a history of stimulant medication has an effect on brain structure, magnetic resonance imaging was performed in the context of a clinical trial on the efficacy of group psychotherapy, clinical management, methylphenidate, and placebo (Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study Trial). METHODS Between January 2007 and August 2010, 1480 patients from seven study centers across Germany, aged 18 to 58, were prescreened; 518 were assessed for eligibility; 433 were randomized; and 187 were eligible for neuroimaging. The control group included 121 healthy volunteers. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data sets were acquired. Following strict quality control, 131 patient and 95 control data sets could be analyzed. All patients were unmedicated for at least 6 months. The established method of voxel-based morphometry (VBM8 segmentation and diffeomorphic anatomical registration through exponentiated lie normalization) was used to assess global and regional brain volumes. RESULTS Patients displayed subtle global cerebral volume reductions. There was no evidence of regional gray matter volume abnormalities. The inattentive ADHD subtype was linked to smaller volumes in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A history of previous medication did not modulate brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adulthood is associated with global rather than regional volumetric abnormalities. Previous use of stimulant medication does not seem to modify subsequent brain volumes in a significant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Perlov
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika Graf
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Dieter
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marthe Rump
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Warnke
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Berger
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, Germany.; Freiburg Brain Imaging, Freiburg, Germany..
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29
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Tuvblad C, May M, Jackson N, Raine A, Baker LA. Heritability and Longitudinal Stability of Planning and Behavioral Disinhibition Based on the Porteus Maze Test. Behav Genet 2016; 47:164-174. [PMID: 27888366 PMCID: PMC5306271 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Porteus Maze Test (PMT) provides measures of planning and behavioral disinhibition. The PMT was administered to 941 twins during Wave 1 (9–10 years) and 320 twins during Wave 2 (11–13 years). Participants were drawn from the University of Southern California Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Study (RFAB). Heritability of behavioral disinhibition, determined by PMT Q-Score, were 33% at Wave 1 and 52% at Wave 2. For planning, determined by Test Age, heritability was 53% at Wave 1; at Wave 2, the non-shared environment was important in boys, whereas genetic influences were important in girls. Both indices were modestly stable (r = 0.52; r = 0.37). A common genetic factor influenced both indices, respectively, at the two time points, with no ‘new’ genetic variance at Wave 2; the non-shared environment was time-specific. Thus, both genetic and non-shared environmental influences are important for behavioral disinhibition (Q-Score) and planning (Test Age).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 USA
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marcella May
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 USA
| | - Nicholas Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 USA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Laura A. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 USA
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30
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Ruf BM, Bessette KL, Pearlson GD, Stevens MC. Effect of trait anxiety on cognitive test performance in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:434-448. [PMID: 27690740 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1232373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety are frequently comorbid disorders associated with different types of abnormal performance on neuropsychological tests. Although some studies have shown that comorbid anxiety alters ADHD test performance, results inconsistently show both improvements and worsening of different abilities, with failures to replicate across different anxiety disorders. Alternatively, trait anxiety may reflect a more stable influence on ADHD test performance than various diagnosable anxiety disorders. METHOD To better understand the possible enhancing or deleterious effects of anxiety on ADHD cognitive impairments, this study examined the effect of individual differences in trait anxiety measured by the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) on a battery of computerized, rapid-performance tests measuring attention and impulsivity-related performance in 98 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) Combined-Subtype ADHD adolescents and 123 healthy controls. It was hypothesized that trait anxiety would attenuate response inhibition and attention deficits in ADHD. RESULTS ADHD-diagnosed adolescents with higher trait anxiety performed better on indices of sustained attention, reaction time, and motor variability, and had altered overall test-performance strategy, while response inhibition was affected in both ADHD and non-ADHD. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that pathological levels of anxiety are not needed to see differences in ADHD neuropsychological test performance. Instead, mildly elevated trait anxiety confers a protective influence by reducing the degree of impairment seen in ADHD. These findings suggest that better performing ADHD adolescents might have optimized levels of cortical arousal, and raise new questions about how best to identify the neurobiological substrates responsible for the beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Ruf
- a Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living is the Institution , Hartford , CT , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Brown Alpert Medical School , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Katie L Bessette
- a Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living is the Institution , Hartford , CT , USA.,c Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- a Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living is the Institution , Hartford , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , Hartford , CT , USA
| | - Michael C Stevens
- a Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living is the Institution , Hartford , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , Hartford , CT , USA.,e The Institute of Living , Hartford , CT , USA
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ERP Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Treatment-Naïve Adult ADHD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159833. [PMID: 27448275 PMCID: PMC4957760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether treatment naïve adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; n = 33; 19 female) differed from healthy controls (n = 31; 17 female) in behavioral performance, event-related potential (ERP) indices of preparatory attention (CueP3 and late CNV), and reactive response control (Go P3, NoGo N2, and NoGo P3) derived from a visual cued Go/NoGo task. On several critical measures, Cue P3, late CNV, and NoGo N2, there were no significant differences between the groups. This indicated normal preparatory processes and conflict monitoring in ADHD patients. However, the patients had attenuated Go P3 and NoGoP3 amplitudes relative to controls, suggesting reduced allocation of attentional resources to processes involved in response control. The patients also had a higher rate of Go signal omission errors, but no other performance decrements compared with controls. Reduced Go P3 and NoGo P3 amplitudes were associated with poorer task performance, particularly in the ADHD group. Notably, the ERPs were not associated with self-reported mood or anxiety. The results provide electrophysiological evidence for reduced effortful engagement of attentional resources to both Go and NoGo signals when reactive response control is needed. The absence of group differences in ERP components indexing proactive control points to impairments in specific aspects of cognitive processes in an untreated adult ADHD cohort. The associations between ERPs and task performance provided additional support for the altered electrophysiological responses.
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Klenberg L, Hokkanen L, Lahti-Nuuttila P, Närhi V. Teacher Ratings of Executive Function Difficulties in Finnish Children with Combined and Predominantly Inattentive Symptoms of ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 6:305-314. [PMID: 27176884 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1177531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
School-age children with difficulties in executive functions (EFs) are at risk for substantial academic impairment and poorer developmental outcome. Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is generally associated with weaknesses in EFs, a relatively minimal amount is known about school-related EF difficulties and differences between ADHD subtypes. The present study examined teacher ratings of EF behaviors in 7- to 15-year-old Finnish children with combined symptoms of ADHD (ADHD-C; n = 189), predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I; n = 25), and no ADHD (n = 691). The teacher ratings showed that both ADHD groups had more EF difficulties than controls. Ratings also indicated specific EF profiles for the ADHD subtypes, students with ADHD-I having more wide-ranging EF difficulties in attention as well as initiation, planning, and execution of actions than children with ADHD-C. According to the present findings, the school-related EF difficulties of children with ADHD-I need to be specifically acknowledged. Teacher ratings seem to be sensitive indicators of EF difficulties and distinguish between different kinds of EF profiles. In clinical practice, rating scales with reliable psychometric properties and normative data relevant to the specific cultural environment should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Klenberg
- a Institute of Behavioural Sciences/Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Laura Hokkanen
- a Institute of Behavioural Sciences/Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila
- a Institute of Behavioural Sciences/Psychology , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Vesa Närhi
- b School of Educational Sciences and Psychology , University of Eastern Finland , Joensuu , Finland
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Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex 2016; 86:186-204. [PMID: 27251123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 844] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are high-level cognitive processes, often associated with the frontal lobes, that control lower level processes in the service of goal-directed behavior. They include abilities such as response inhibition, interference control, working memory updating, and set shifting. EFs show a general pattern of shared but distinct functions, a pattern described as "unity and diversity". We review studies of EF unity and diversity at the behavioral and genetic levels, focusing on studies of normal individual differences and what they reveal about the functional organization of these cognitive abilities. In particular, we review evidence that across multiple ages and populations, commonly studied EFs (a) are robustly correlated but separable when measured with latent variables; (b) are not the same as general intelligence or g; (c) are highly heritable at the latent level and seemingly also highly polygenic; and (d) activate both common and specific neural areas and can be linked to individual differences in neural activation, volume, and connectivity. We highlight how considering individual differences at the behavioral and neural levels can add considerable insight to the investigation of the functional organization of the brain, and conclude with some key points about individual differences to consider when interpreting neuropsychological patterns of dissociation.
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Akutagava-Martins GC, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. Genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:145-56. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1130626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mattfeld AT, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Biederman J, Spencer T, Brown A, Fried R, Gabrieli JDE. Dissociation of working memory impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the brain. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:274-82. [PMID: 26900567 PMCID: PMC4723732 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevailing neuropsychological models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) propose that ADHD arises from deficits in executive functions such as working memory, but accumulating clinical evidence suggests a dissociation between ADHD and executive dysfunctions. This study examined whether ADHD and working memory capacity are behaviorally and neurobiologically separable using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants diagnosed with ADHD in childhood who subsequently remitted or persisted in their diagnosis as adults were characterized at follow-up in adulthood as either impaired or unimpaired in spatial working memory relative to controls who never had ADHD. ADHD participants with impaired spatial working memory performed worse than controls and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory during an n-back working memory task while being scanned. Both controls and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory exhibited significant linearly increasing activation in the inferior frontal junction, precuneus, lingual gyrus, and cerebellum as a function of working-memory load, and these activations did not differ significantly between these groups. ADHD participants with impaired working memory exhibited significant hypoactivation in the same regions, which was significantly different than both control participants and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory. These findings support both a behavioral and neurobiological dissociation between ADHD and working memory capacity. ADHD and working memory deficits were behaviorally and neurally dissociable. Working memory performance was unrelated to the current ADHD diagnosis. Impaired working memory was associated with reduced brain activations. Working memory status was stable, while ADHD diagnostic status was more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Mattfeld
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, FL 33199, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ariel Brown
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ronna Fried
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
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Moderators of neuropsychological mechanism in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:271-81. [PMID: 25037459 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological measures have been proposed as both a way to tap mechanisms and as endophenotypes for child ADHD. However, substantial evidence supporting heterogeneity in neuropsychological performance among youth with ADHD as well as apparent effect differences by sex, age, and comorbidity have slowed progress. To address this, it is important to understand sibling effects in relation to these moderators. 461 youth ages 6-17 years (54.8 % male, including 251 youth with ADHD, 107 of their unaffected biological siblings, and 103 non-ADHD controls) completed diagnostic interviews and a theoretically informed battery of neuropsychological functioning. A structural equation model was used to consolidate neuropsychological domains. Group differences between unaffected siblings of youth with ADHD and controls across each domain were first examined as the primary endophenotype test for ADHD. Moderation of these effects was evaluated via investigation of interactions between diagnostic group and both proband and individual level characteristics, including sex, age, and comorbidity status. Unaffected siblings performed worse than control youth in the domains of inhibition, response time variability, and temporal information processing. Individual age moderated these effects, such that differences between controls and unaffected siblings were pronounced among younger children (ages 6-10 years) but absent among older youth (ages 11-17 years). Evidence for moderation of effects by proband sex and comorbidity status produced more variable and smaller effects. Results support the utility of inhibition, response time variability, and temporal processing as useful endophenotypes for ADHD in future genetic associations studies of the disorder, but suggest this value will vary by age among unaffected family members.
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Antonini TN, Becker SP, Tamm L, Epstein JN. Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:584-95. [PMID: 26416095 PMCID: PMC4589250 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychological deficits in both "hot" and "cool" executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between "hot" and "cool" EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7-12 years of age. "Cool" EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. "Hot" EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on "cool" EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with "cool" EF scores. The three groups did not differ on "hot" EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to "hot" EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with "cool" EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, "hot" EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,Ohio
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Garon N, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Smith IM, Brian J, Roncadin C, Vaillancourt T, Armstrong V, Sacrey LAR, Roberts W. Temperament and its Association with Autism Symptoms in a High-risk Population. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:757-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Peskin VA, Ordóñez A, Mackin RS, Delucchi K, Monge S, McGough JJ, Chavira DA, Berrocal M, Cheung E, Fournier E, Badner JA, Herrera LD, Mathews CA. Neuropsychological and dimensional behavioral trait profiles in Costa Rican ADHD sib pairs: Potential intermediate phenotypes for genetic studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168B:247-57. [PMID: 25832558 PMCID: PMC4437811 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with substantial functional impairment in children and in adults. Many individuals with ADHD have clear neurocognitive deficits, including problems with visual attention, processing speed, and set shifting. ADHD is etiologically complex, and although genetic factors play a role in its development, much of the genetic contribution to ADHD remains unidentified. We conducted clinical and neuropsychological assessments of 294 individuals (269 with ADHD) from 163 families (48 multigenerational families created using genealogical reconstruction, 78 affected sib pair families, and 37 trios) from the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). We used principal components analysis (PCA) to group neurocognitive and behavioral variables using the subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and 15 neuropsychological measures, and created quantitative traits for heritability analyses. We identified seven cognitive and two behavioral domains. Individuals with ADHD were significantly more impaired than their unaffected siblings on most behavioral and cognitive domains. The verbal IQ domain had the highest heritability (92%), followed by auditory attention (87%), visual processing speed and problem solving (85%), and externalizing symptoms (81%). The quantitative traits identified here have high heritabilities, similar to the reported heritability of ADHD (70-90%), and may represent appropriate alternative phenotypes for genetic studies. The use of multigenerational families from a genetically isolated population may facilitate the identification of ADHD risk genes in the face of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana A. Peskin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anna Ordóñez
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. Scott Mackin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Silvia Monge
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - James J. McGough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Monica Berrocal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erika Cheung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Judith A. Badner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Mayer K, Wyckoff SN, Fallgatter AJ, Ehlis AC, Strehl U. Neurofeedback as a nonpharmacological treatment for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:174. [PMID: 25928870 PMCID: PMC4433028 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofeedback has been applied effectively in various areas, especially in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study protocol is designed to investigate the effect of slow cortical potential (SCP) feedback and a new form of neurofeedback using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on symptomatology and neurophysiological parameters in an adult ADHD population. A comparison of SCP and NIRS feedback therapy methods has not been previously conducted and may yield valuable findings about alternative treatments for adult ADHD. METHODS/DESIGN The outcome of both neurofeedback techniques will be assessed over 30 treatment sessions and after a 6-month follow-up period, and then will be compared to a nonspecific biofeedback treatment. Furthermore, to investigate if treatment effects in this proof-of-principle study can be predicted by specific neurophysiological baseline parameters, regression models will be applied. Finally, a comparison with healthy controls will be conducted to evaluate deviant pretraining neurophysiological parameters, stability of assessment measures, and treatment outcome. DISCUSSION To date, an investigation and comparison of SCP and NIRS feedback training to an active control has not been conducted; therefore, we hope to gain valuable insights in effects and differences of these types of treatment for ADHD in adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with the German Registry of Clinical Trials: DRKS00006767 , date of registration: 8 October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Nicole Wyckoff
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Sense Labs, Mesa, AZ, 1918 N. Higley Rd, 85205, Mesa, AZ, USA.
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Osianderstr. 24, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
- CIN Excellence Cluster, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Osianderstr. 24, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ute Strehl
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Shang CY, Chiang HL, Gau SSF. A haplotype of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) is associated with visual memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 58:89-96. [PMID: 25554436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common heritable childhood-onset psychiatric disorder with impaired visual memory. Based on the evidence from treatment effect of atomoxetine, which interacts directly with the norepinephrine transporter, on visual memory in children with ADHD, this study examined the linkage disequilibrium structure of the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) and the association between SLC6A2 and ADHD and visual memory, a promising endophenotype for ADHD. This family-based association sample consisted of 382 probands with DSM-IV ADHD and their family members (n=1298 in total) of Han Chinese in Taiwan. Visual memory was assessed by the Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) and Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) tasks of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). We screened 21 polymorphisms across SLC6A2 and used the Family-Based Association Test (FBAT) to test the associations of SLC6A2 polymorphisms with ADHD and the PRM and SRM measures. In haplotype analyses, a haplotype rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) was significantly associated with ADHD (minimal p=0.045) after adjustment for multiple testing. In quantitative analyses, this TG haplotype also demonstrated significant associations with visual memory measures, including mean latency of correct responses in PRM (minimal p=0.019), total correct responses in PRM (minimal p=0.018), and total correct responses in SRM (minimal p=0.015). Our novel finding of the haplotype rs36011 (T)/rs1566652 (G) as a novel genetic marker involved in both ADHD disease susceptibility and visual memory suggests that allelic variations in SLC6A2 could provide insight into the pathways leading from genotype to phenotype of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Petersen IT, Bates JE, Staples AD. The role of language ability and self-regulation in the development of inattentive-hyperactive behavior problems. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:221-37. [PMID: 25025234 PMCID: PMC4294999 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has found associations but not established mechanisms of developmental linkage between language ability and inattentive-hyperactive (I-H) behavior problems. The present study examined whether self-regulation mediates the effect of language ability on later I-H behavior problems among young children (N = 120) assessed at 30, 36, and 42 months of age. Cross-lagged panel models tested the direction of effect between language ability and self-regulation and longitudinal effects of language ability on later I-H problems mediated by self-regulation. Language ability was measured by children's scores on the receptive and expressive language subtests of the Differential Ability Scales. Self-regulation was measured by three behavioral tasks requiring inhibitory control. I-H problems were reported by parents and secondary caregivers. Language ability predicted later self-regulation as measured by all three tasks. There was no association, however, between self-regulation and later language ability, suggesting that the direction of effect was stronger from language ability to later self-regulation. Moreover, the effect of language ability on later I-H behavior problems was mediated by children's self-regulation in one of the tasks (for secondary caregivers' but not parents' ratings). Findings suggest that language deficits may explain later I-H behavior problems via their prediction of poorer self-regulatory skills.
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Coghill D. The foundations of next generation attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder neuropsychology: building on progress during the last 30 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:e1-5. [PMID: 25399637 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this short overview we have illustrated 30 years of progress in the field of ADHD neuropsychology through a selective presentation of studies published in the JCPP. Clearly this is not an exhaustive list of papers (we had to leave many excellent studies out) and obviously many studies published in other journals have had an equally significant impact on the field. Nevertheless, it is clear that the JCPP has contributed in important ways to providing the empirical and intellectual foundations of the next generation of ADHD neuropsychological models in terms of insight regarding context dependence, complexity and heterogeneity, and diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, articles have highlighted the importance of a developmental perspective on neuropsychological deficits in ADHD as well as the possibility that they could be targeted with new and novel treatments. Our hope is that we will continue to witness similar growth in understanding over the next 30 years, and that the JCPP will continue to be at the forefront of this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Psychology, Institute for Disorders of Impulse & Attention, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Frazier-Wood AC, Carnell S, Pena O, Hughes SO, O’Connor TM, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Cognitive performance and BMI in childhood: Shared genetic influences between reaction time but not response inhibition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2312-8. [PMID: 25376398 PMCID: PMC4313367 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to understand whether shared genetic influences can explain the association between obesity and cognitive performance, including slower and more variable reaction times (RTs) and worse response inhibition. METHODS RT on a four-choice RT task and the go/no-go task, and commission errors on the go/no-go task for 1,312 twins ages 7-10 years were measured. BMI was measured at 9-12 years. Biometric twin models were run to give an estimate of the genetic correlation (rG ) between body mass index (BMI) and three cognitive measures: mean RT (MRT), RT variability (RTV; the standard deviation of RTs), and commission errors (a measure of response inhibition). RESULTS Genetic correlations indicated that 20%-30% of the genes underlying BMI were shared with both RT measures. However, only small phenotypic correlations between MRT and RTV with later BMI (rPh = ∼0.1) were observed. Commission errors were unassociated with later BMI (rPh = -0.03, ns). CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first to demonstrate significant shared genetic effects between RT performance and BMI. Our findings add biological support to the notion that obesity is associated with slower and more variable RTs. However, our results also emphasize the small nature of the association, which may explain previous negative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Frazier-Wood
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Pena
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sheryl O. Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresia M. O’Connor
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Asherson
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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Effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:603-15. [PMID: 24231201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of neuropsychological impairments. The relationship between these neuropsychological deficits and the defining symptoms of ADHD seems more complex than originally thought. Methylphenidate (MPH) is an effective treatment for ADHD symptoms, but its impact on cognition is less clearly understood. METHODS With a common systematic search strategy and a rigorous coding and data extraction strategy across domains, we searched electronic databases to identify published placebo controlled trials that compared MPH and placebo on executive and nonexecutive memory, reaction time, reaction time variability and response inhibition in children and adolescents (5-18 years) with a formal diagnosis of ADHD. RESULTS Sixty studies were included in the review, of which 36 contained sufficient data for meta-analysis. Methylphenidate was superior to placebo in all five meta-analyses: executive memory, standardized mean difference (SMD) .26, 95% confidence interval (CI): -.39 to -.13; non-executive memory, SMD .60, 95% CI: -.79 to -.41; reaction time, SMD .24, 95% CI: -.33 to -.15; reaction time variability, SMD .62, 95% CI: -.90 to -.34; response inhibition, SMD .41, 95% CI: -.55 to -.27. CONCLUSIONS These data support the potentially important effects of MPH on various aspects of cognition known to be associated with ADHD. Consideration should be given to adding cognitive outcomes to the assessment of treatment outcome in ADHD, considering the complexity of the relationship between ADHD symptoms and cognition.
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Wade M, Hoffmann TJ, Jenkins JM. Association between the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) gene and preschoolers’ executive functioning. Brain Cogn 2014; 90:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pauli-Pott U, Roller A, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Mingebach T, Dalir S, Becker K. Inhibitory control and delay aversion in unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:1117-24. [PMID: 24673598 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From current theories on the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it can be inferred that delay aversion (DA) and deficits in inhibitory control (IC) constitute basic deficits or endophenotypes of the disorder that already occur in the preschool period. This implies an occurrence of the characteristics in unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of ADHD. Thus, it is hypothesized that preschoolers who are not affected by ADHD but who have first-degree relatives who suffer, or have suffered, from ADHD show deficits in IC and heightened DA in comparison to preschoolers from the general population. METHODS Thirty unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of ADHD were compared with 30 control children matched with respect to age in months, gender, intelligence, and maternal education level. The groups also did not differ in terms of maternal depressive symptoms and the number of psychosocial family risks. A set of age-appropriate neuropsychological tasks on executive IC (e.g. Puppet Says, Day-Night, relying on Go-NoGo and interference paradigms) and DA (e.g. Snack Delay, Gift Wrap, relying on delay of gratification paradigm) was conducted. RESULTS Unaffected preschoolers showed significantly higher DA than control children (t(29) = -2.57, p < .008). The result did not change when subclinical ADHD symptoms and symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder were controlled for (F(1,29) = 5.21, p < .031). Differences in IC did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION The results are compatible with the assumption that DA constitutes a familial vulnerability marker that can be validly assessed in the preschool period. As this is the first study to address this issue in preschoolers, more research is needed to confirm and further analyze the significance of DA assessments specifically at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Karalunas SL, Fair D, Musser ED, Aykes K, Iyer SP, Nigg JT. Subtyping attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using temperament dimensions: toward biologically based nosologic criteria. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1015-24. [PMID: 25006969 PMCID: PMC4278404 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Psychiatric nosology is limited by behavioral and biological heterogeneity within existing disorder categories. The imprecise nature of current nosologic distinctions limits both mechanistic understanding and clinical prediction. We demonstrate an approach consistent with the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria initiative to identify superior, neurobiologically valid subgroups with better predictive capacity than existing psychiatric categories for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). OBJECTIVE To refine subtyping of childhood ADHD by using biologically based behavioral dimensions (i.e., temperament), novel classification algorithms, and multiple external validators. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 437 clinically well-characterized, community-recruited children, with and without ADHD, participated in an ongoing longitudinal study. Baseline data were used to classify children into subgroups based on temperament dimensions and examine external validators including physiological and magnetic resonance imaging measures. One-year longitudinal follow-up data are reported for a subgroup of the ADHD sample to address stability and clinical prediction. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Parent/guardian ratings of children on a measure of temperament were used as input features in novel community detection analyses to identify subgroups within the sample. Groups were validated using 3 widely accepted external validators: peripheral physiological characteristics (cardiac measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and pre-ejection period), central nervous system functioning (via resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging), and clinical outcomes (at 1-year longitudinal follow-up). RESULTS The community detection algorithm suggested 3 novel types of ADHD, labeled as mild (normative emotion regulation), surgent (extreme levels of positive approach-motivation), and irritable (extreme levels of negative emotionality, anger, and poor soothability). Types were independent of existing clinical demarcations including DSM-5 presentations or symptom severity. These types showed stability over time and were distinguished by unique patterns of cardiac physiological response, resting-state functional brain connectivity, and clinical outcomes 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results suggest that a biologically informed temperament-based typology, developed with a discovery-based community detection algorithm, provides a superior description of heterogeneity in the ADHD population than does any current clinical nosologic criteria. This demonstration sets the stage for more aggressive attempts at a tractable, biologically based nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Karalunas
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Portland, OR
| | - Damien Fair
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Portland, OR
- Oregon Health& Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR
- Oregon Health & Science University, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland OR
| | - Erica D. Musser
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Science, Miami, FL
| | - Kamari Aykes
- Oregon Health& Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR
| | - Swathi P. Iyer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Functional Neuroimaging Lab, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Portland, OR
- Oregon Health& Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, OR
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Park S, Gooding DC. WORKING MEMORY IMPAIRMENT AS AN ENDOPHENOTYPIC MARKER OF A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIATHESIS. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2014; 1:127-136. [PMID: 25414816 PMCID: PMC4234058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the viability of working memory impairment as an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis. It begins with an introduction of the construct of working memory. It follows with a review of the operational criteria for defining an endophenotype. Research findings regarding the working memory performance of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, are reviewed in terms of the criteria for being considered an endophenotypic marker. Special attention is paid to specific components of the working memory deficit (namely, encoding, maintenance, and manipulation), in terms of which aspects are likely to be the best candidates for endophenotypes. We consider the extant literature regarding working memory performance in bipolar disorder and major depression in order to address the issue of relative specificity to schizophrenia. Despite some unresolved issues, it appears that working memory impairment is a very promising candidate for an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis but not for mood disorders. Throughout this chapter, we identify future directions for research in this exciting and dynamic area of research and evaluate the contribution of working memory research to our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 111, 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Diane C. Gooding
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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GAO Q, LIU L, QIAN Q, WANG Y. Advances in molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 26:194-206. [PMID: 25317006 PMCID: PMC4194002 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric condition in children worldwide that typically includes a combination of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Genetic factors are believed to be important in the development and course of ADHD so many candidate genes studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in search of the genetic mechanisms that cause or influence the condition. This review provides an overview of gene association and pharmacogenetic studies of ADHD from mainland China and elsewhere that use Han Chinese samples. To date, studies from China and elsewhere remain inconclusive so future studies need to consider alternative analytic techniques and test new biological hypotheses about the relationship of neurotransmission and neurodevelopment to the onset and course of this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian GAO
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu LIU
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin QIAN
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng WANG
- Peking University Sixth Hospital Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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