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Lindberg A, Murrell E, Tong J, Mason NS, Sohn D, Sandell J, Ström P, Stehouwer JS, Lopresti BJ, Viklund J, Svensson S, Mathis CA, Vasdev N. Ligand-based design of [ 18F]OXD-2314 for PET imaging in non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5109. [PMID: 38877019 PMCID: PMC11178805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is helping to map and quantify the in vivo progression of AD pathology. To date, no high-affinity tau-PET radiopharmaceutical has been optimized for imaging non-AD tauopathies. Here we show the properties of analogues of a first-in-class 4R-tau lead, [18F]OXD-2115, using ligand-based design. Over 150 analogues of OXD-2115 were synthesized and screened in post-mortem brain tissue for tau affinity against [3H]OXD-2115, and in silico models were used to predict brain uptake. [18F]OXD-2314 was identified as a selective, high-affinity non-AD tau PET radiotracer with favorable brain uptake, dosimetry, and radiometabolite profiles in rats and non-human primate and is being translated for first-in-human PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily Murrell
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Sohn
- Oxiant Discovery, SE-15136, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Ström
- Novandi Chemistry AB, SE-15136, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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2
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Zhang H, Yin YL, Dai A, Zhang T, Zhang C, Wu C, Hu W, He X, Pan B, Jin S, Yuan Q, Wang MW, Yang D, Xu HE, Jiang Y. Dimerization and antidepressant recognition at noradrenaline transporter. Nature 2024; 630:247-254. [PMID: 38750358 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The noradrenaline transporter has a pivotal role in regulating neurotransmitter balance and is crucial for normal physiology and neurobiology1. Dysfunction of noradrenaline transporter has been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder2. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of noradrenaline transporter in apo and substrate-bound forms, and as complexes with six antidepressants. The structures reveal a noradrenaline transporter dimer interface that is mediated predominantly by cholesterol and lipid molecules. The substrate noradrenaline binds deep in the central binding pocket, and its amine group interacts with a conserved aspartate residue. Our structures also provide insight into antidepressant recognition and monoamine transporter selectivity. Together, these findings advance our understanding of noradrenaline transporter regulation and inhibition, and provide templates for designing improved antidepressants to treat neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Antao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Zhang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Canrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qingning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Advanced Electron Microscope Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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Choi Y, Lee ES, Woo SK, Lee KC, Chung HK, Kang JH. Feasibility Study of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography with Iodine-123 Labeled Metaiodobenzylguanidine for Preclinical Evaluation of Labetalol as a β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2435-2440. [PMID: 38626389 PMCID: PMC11080995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Among clinically used radiopharmaceuticals, iodine-123 labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine ([123I]mIBG) serves for diagnosing neuroendocrine tumors and obtaining images of myocardial sympathetic innervation. mIBG, a structural analogue of norepinephrine (NE), a neurotransmitter acting in peripheral and central nerves, follows a pathway similar to NE, transmitting signals through the NE transporter (NET) located at synaptic terminals. It moves through the body without decomposing, enabling noninvasive image evaluation. In this study, we aimed to quantify [123I]mIBG uptake in the adrenal glands using small animal single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) images post [123I]mIBG administration. We investigated the possibility of assessing the effectiveness of β-adrenergic receptor blockers by quantifying SPECT/CT images and biodistribution results to determine the degree of [123I]mIBG uptake in the adrenal glands treated with labetalol, a known β-adrenergic receptor blocker. Upon intravenous administration of [123I]mIBG to mice, SPECT/CT images were acquired over time to confirm the in vivo distribution pattern, revealing a clear uptake in the adrenal glands. Labetalol inhibited the uptake of [123I]mIBG in cell lines expressing NET. A decrease in [123I]mIBG uptake in the adrenal glands was observed in the labetalol-treated group compared with the normal group through SPECT/CT imaging and biodistribution studies. These results demonstrate that SPECT/CT imaging with [123I]mIBG could be applicable for evaluating the preclinical efficacy of new antihypertensive drug candidates such as labetalol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiseul Choi
- Korea
Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Lee
- Korea
Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Woo
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division
of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological
and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Chung
- Korea
Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Korea
Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Korea
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4
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Brown CR, Foster JD. Palmitoylation regulates norepinephrine transporter trafficking and expression and is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586171. [PMID: 38585862 PMCID: PMC10996475 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an adrenergic signaling disorder characterized by excessive plasma norepinephrine, postural tachycardia, and syncope. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) modulates adrenergic homeostasis via reuptake of extracellular catecholamines and is implicated in the pathogenesis of adrenergic and neurological disorders. Previous research has outlined that NET activity and trafficking is modulated via reversible post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. S-palmitoylation, or the addition of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, is another post-translational modification responsible for numerous biological mechanisms. In this study, we reveal that NET is dynamically palmitoylated and inhibition of this modification with the palmitoyl acyltransferase (DHHC) inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), results in decreased NET palmitoylation within 90 min of treatment. This result was followed closely with a reduction in transport capacity, cell surface, and total cellular NET expression after 120 min of treatment. Increasing 2BP concentrations and treatment time revealed a nearly complete loss of total NET protein. Co-expression with individual DHHCs revealed a single DHHC enzyme, DHHC1, promoted WT hNET palmitoylation and elevated NET protein levels. The POTS associated NET mutant, A457P, exhibits dramatically decreased transport capacity and cell surface levels which we have confirmed in the current study. In an attempt to recover A457P NET expression we co-expressed the A457P variant with DHHC1 to drive expression as seen with the WT protein but instead saw an increase in NET N-terminal immuno-detectable fragments. Further investigation of A457P NET palmitoylation and surface expression is necessary, but our preliminary novel findings reveal palmitoylation as a mechanism of NET regulation and suggest that dysregulation of this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of POTS.
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Stocchero M, Corallo D, Bresolin S, Pantile M, Pirillo P, Bortolozzi R, Menegazzo S, Boso D, Viola G, Baraldi E, Biffi A, Giordano G, Aveic S. A Multi-Omics Approach Reveals Enrichment in Metabolites Involved in the Regulation of the Glutathione Pathway in LIN28B-Dependent Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1602. [PMID: 38338881 PMCID: PMC10855783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein LIN28B, identified as an independent risk factor in high-risk neuroblastoma patients, is implicated in adverse treatment outcomes linked to metastasis and chemoresistance. Despite its clinical significance, the impact of LIN28B on neuroblastoma cell metabolism remains unexplored. This study employs a multi-omics approach, integrating transcriptome and metabolome data, to elucidate the global metabolic program associated with varying LIN28B expression levels over time. Our findings reveal that escalating LIN28B expression induces a significant metabolic rewiring in neuroblastoma cells. Specifically, LIN28B prompts a time-dependent increase in the release rate of metabolites related to the glutathione and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathways, concomitant with a reduction in glucose uptake. These results underscore the pivotal role of LIN28B in governing neuroblastoma cell metabolism and suggest a potential disruption in the redox balance of LIN28B-bearing cells. This study offers valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying LIN28B-associated adverse outcomes in neuroblastoma, paving the way for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Stocchero
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Diana Corallo
- Laboratory of Target Discovery and Biology of Neuroblastoma, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (D.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Marcella Pantile
- Laboratory of Target Discovery and Biology of Neuroblastoma, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (D.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Paola Pirillo
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Bortolozzi
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Menegazzo
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory of Target Discovery and Biology of Neuroblastoma, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (D.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniele Boso
- Laboratory of Target Discovery and Biology of Neuroblastoma, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (D.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Giordano
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.P.); (R.B.); (S.M.); (G.V.); (A.B.); (G.G.)
- Laboratory Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Laboratory of Target Discovery and Biology of Neuroblastoma, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP), Fondazione Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (D.B.); (S.A.)
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Xia Z, Cao Z, Surento W, Zhang L, Qiu L, Xu Q, Zhang L, Li L, Cao Y, Luo Y, Lu G, Qi R. Relationship between SLC6A2 gene polymorphisms and brain volume in Han Chinese adults who lost their sole child. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38166870 PMCID: PMC10763183 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norepinephrine transporter (NET) is encoded by the SLC6A2 gene and is a potential target for studying the pathogenesis of PTSD. To the best of our knowledge, no prior investigations have examined SLC6A2 polymorphism-related neuroimaging abnormalities in PTSD patients. METHODS In 218 Han Chinese adults who had lost their sole child, we investigated the association between the T-182 C SLC6A2 genotype and gray matter volume (GMV). Participants included 57 PTSD sufferers and 161 non-PTSD sufferers, and each group was further separated into three subgroups based on each participant's SLC6A2 genotype (TT, CT, and CC). All participants received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical evaluation. To assess the effects of PTSD diagnosis, genotype, and genotype × diagnosis interaction on GMV, 2 × 3 full factorial designs were used. Pearson's correlations were used to examine the association between GMV and CAPS, HAMD, and HAMA. RESULTS The SLC6A2 genotype showed significant main effects on GMV of the left superior parietal gyrus (SPG) and the bilateral middle cingulate gyrus (MCG). Additionally, impacts of the SLC6A2 genotype-diagnosis interaction were discovered in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG). The CAPS, HAMA, and HAMD scores, as well as the genotype main effect and diagnostic SLC6A2 interaction, did not significantly correlate with each other. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a modulatory effect that the SLC6A2 polymorphism exerts on the SPG and MCG, irrespective of PTSD diagnosis. We found evidence to suggest that the SLC6A2 genotype-diagnosis interaction on SFG may potentially contribute to PTSD pathogenesis in adults who lost their sole child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoman Xia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 75 Tongzhenguan Road, Wuxi, Wuxi, 214200, China
| | - Wesley Surento
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Lianli Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Arts & Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Yifeng Luo
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 75 Tongzhenguan Road, Wuxi, Wuxi, 214200, China.
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
| | - Rongfeng Qi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
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7
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Witt CE, Mena S, Holmes J, Hersey M, Buchanan AM, Parke B, Saylor R, Honan LE, Berger SN, Lumbreras S, Nijhout FH, Reed MC, Best J, Fadel J, Schloss P, Lau T, Hashemi P. Serotonin is a common thread linking different classes of antidepressants. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1557-1570.e6. [PMID: 37992715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Depression pathology remains elusive. The monoamine hypothesis has placed much focus on serotonin, but due to the variable clinical efficacy of monoamine reuptake inhibitors, the community is looking for alternative therapies such as ketamine (neurogenesis theory of antidepressant action). There is evidence that different classes of antidepressants may affect serotonin levels; a notion we test here. We measure hippocampal serotonin in mice with voltammetry and study the effects of acute challenges of escitalopram, fluoxetine, reboxetine, and ketamine. We find that pseudo-equivalent doses of these drugs similarly raise ambient serotonin levels, despite their differing pharmacodynamics because of differences in Uptake 1 and 2, rapid SERT trafficking, and modulation of serotonin by histamine. These antidepressants have different pharmacodynamics but have strikingly similar effects on extracellular serotonin. Our findings suggest that serotonin is a common thread that links clinically effective antidepressants, synergizing different theories of depression (synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and the monoamine hypothesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby E Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sergio Mena
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jordan Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melinda Hersey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brenna Parke
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Saylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lauren E Honan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shane N Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sara Lumbreras
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Biochemical Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael C Reed
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janet Best
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Schloss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Biochemical Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Biochemical Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Neuroanatomy, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Sakai T, Hattori S, Ogata A, Yamada T, Abe J, Ikenuma H, Ichise M, Suzuki M, Ito K, Kato T, Kimura Y. Noradrenaline transporter PET reflects neurotoxin-induced noradrenaline level decrease in the rat hippocampus. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:82. [PMID: 37713137 PMCID: PMC10504202 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathological changes of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) include neurodegenerative loss of noradrenaline neurons in the locus coeruleus with decreasing noradrenaline availability in their projection areas such as the hippocampus. This diminishing noradrenaline availability is thought to play an important role pathophysiologically in the development of cognitive impairment in AD, because noradrenaline is not only essential for maintaining cognitive functions such as memory, learning and attention, but also its anti-inflammatory action, where its lack is known to accelerate the progression of AD in the mouse model. Therefore, the availability of in vivo biomarkers of the integrity of noradrenaline neurons may be beneficial for furthering our understanding of the role played by the noradrenaline system in the progressive cognitive dysfunction seen in AD patients. In this study, we investigated if PET imaging of noradrenaline transporters can predict the level of noradrenaline in the brain. Our hypothesis was PET measured noradrenaline transporter densities could predict the level of noradrenaline concentrations in the rat hippocampus after lesioning of noradrenaline neurons in this region. RESULTS We chemically lesioned the hippocampus of rats (n = 15) by administering a neurotoxin, DSP-4, in order to selectively damage axonal terminals of noradrenergic neurons. These rats then underwent PET imaging of noradrenaline transporters using [11C]MRB ((S,S)-[11C]Methylreboxetine). To validate our hypothesis, postmortem studies of brain homogenates of these rats were performed to measure both noradrenaline transporter and noradrenaline concentrations. [11C]MRB PET showed decreased noradrenaline transporter densities in a DSP-4 dose-dependent manner in the hippocampus of these rats. In turn, these PET measured noradrenaline transporter densities correlated very well with in vitro measured noradrenaline concentrations as well as in vitro transporter densities. CONCLUSIONS [11C]MRB PET may be used as an in vivo biomarker of noradrenaline concentrations in the hippocampus of the neurodegenerating brain. Further studies appear warranted to extend its applicability to AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sakai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Saori Hattori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Aya Ogata
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gifu University of Medical Science (GUMS), Kani, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Junichiro Abe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikenuma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Ichise
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
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9
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Warren CV, Kroll CF, Kopp B. Dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic modulation of endogenous event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105221. [PMID: 37150485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the cortical processing of sensory, motor or cognitive functions invoked by particular events or stimuli. A current theory posits that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) modulate a number of endogenous ERPs during various cognitive processes. This manuscript aims to evaluate a leading neurotransmitter hypothesis with a systematic overview and meta-analysis of pharmacologic DA and NE manipulation of specific ERPs in healthy subjects during executive function. Specifically, the frontally-distributed P3a, N2, and Ne/ERN (or error-related negativity) are supposedly modulated primarily by DA, whereas the parietally-distributed P3b is thought to be modulated by NE. Based on preceding research, we refer to this distinction between frontally-distributed DA-sensitive and parietally-distributed NE-sensitive ERP components as the Extended Neurobiological Polich (ENP) hypothesis. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that this distinction is too simplistic and many factors interact with DA and NE to influence these specific ERPs. These may include genetic factors, the specific cognitive processes engaged, or elements of study design, i.e. session or sequence effects or data-analysis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Warren
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Alte Rabenstraße 32, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; Professorship for Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University/ Bundeswehr University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Charlotte F Kroll
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6. P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, MD, 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Clinic für Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Zhuo P, Ding K, Deng B, Lai K, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yang H. The effect of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on locomotor behaviour and muscle physiology of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114198. [PMID: 36274561 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is the predominant congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and it is also a persistent organic pollutant that with a higher detection rate in samples from environment and animals. To date, there have been few studies of the effects of BDE-47 on locomotion in sea cucumbers. In this study, we investigated the influence of different concentrations of BDE-47 (low: 0.1 μg/L; moderate: 1.0 μg/L; high: 10.0 μg/L) on locomotion of Apostichopus japonicus and evaluated changes in their muscle physiology using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The behavioural studies showed that the average and maximum velocity of movement decreased significantly in both the moderate and high BDE-47 groups after 1 day of exposure. In addition, levels of 55 metabolites were identified and characterized in the longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus exposed to BDE-47. The alteration of taurine and norepinephrine levels indicated that BDE-47 had drastic physiological effects on the longitudinal muscle of A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengji Zhuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; North China Sea Bureau of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, s, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kui Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for Marine Ecology and Environment, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Beini Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, s, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kaiqi Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, s, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuangli Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, s, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, s, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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11
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Wu HF, Yu W, Saito-Diaz K, Huang CW, Carey J, Lefcort F, Hart GW, Liu HX, Zeltner N. Norepinephrine transporter defects lead to sympathetic hyperactivity in Familial Dysautonomia models. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7032. [PMID: 36396637 PMCID: PMC9671909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD), a rare neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder affects the sympathetic and sensory nervous system. Although almost all patients harbor a mutation in ELP1, it remains unresolved exactly how function of sympathetic neurons (symNs) is affected; knowledge critical for understanding debilitating disease hallmarks, including cardiovascular instability or dysautonomic crises, that result from dysregulated sympathetic activity. Here, we employ the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) system to understand symN disease mechanisms and test candidate drugs. FD symNs are intrinsically hyperactive in vitro, in cardiomyocyte co-cultures, and in animal models. We report reduced norepinephrine transporter expression, decreased intracellular norepinephrine (NE), decreased NE re-uptake, and excessive extracellular NE in FD symNs. SymN hyperactivity is not a direct ELP1 mutation result, but may connect to NET via RAB proteins. We found that candidate drugs lowered hyperactivity independent of ELP1 modulation. Our findings may have implications for other symN disorders and may allow future drug testing and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Fu Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wenxin Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenyi Saito-Diaz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Frances Lefcort
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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12
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Functional characterization of dopamine and norepinephrine transport across the apical and basal plasma membranes of the human placental syncytiotrophoblast. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11603. [PMID: 35804076 PMCID: PMC9270497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human placenta represents a unique non-neuronal site of monoamine transporter expression, with pathophysiological relevance during the prenatal period. Monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) are crucial neuromodulators for proper placenta functions and fetal development, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and neuronal migration. Accumulating evidence suggests that even a transient disruption of monoamine balance during gestation may lead to permanent changes in the fetal brain structures and functions, projecting into adulthood. Nonetheless, little is known about the transfer of dopamine and norepinephrine across the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Employing the method of isolated membranes from the human term placenta, here we delineate the transport mechanisms involved in dopamine and norepinephrine passage across the apical microvillous (MVM) and basal membranes. We show that the placental uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine across the mother-facing MVM is mediated via the high-affinity and low-capacity serotonin (SERT/SLC6A4) and norepinephrine (NET/SLC6A2) transporters. In the fetus-facing basal membrane, however, the placental uptake of both monoamines is controlled by the organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3/SLC22A3). Our findings thus provide insights into physiological aspects of dopamine and norepinephrine transport across both the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. As monoamine transporters represent targets for several neuroactive drugs such as antidepressants, our findings are pharmacologically relevant to ensure the safety of drug use during pregnancy.
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13
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Liu J, Shang Y, Xiao J, Fan H, Jiang M, Fan S, Bai G. Phenotype-Based HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Coupled With Zebrafish Behavior Trajectory Analysis System for the Identification of the Antidepressant Components in Methanol Extract of Anshen Buxin Six Pills. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764388. [PMID: 34880758 PMCID: PMC8645982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotype screening has become an important tool for the discovery of active components in traditional Chinese medicine. Anshen Buxin Six Pills (ASBX) are a traditional Mongolian medicine used for the treatment of neurosis in clinical settings. However, its antidepressant components have not been explicitly identified and studied. Here, the antidepressant effect of ASBX was evaluated in adult zebrafish. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was combined with zebrafish behavior trajectory analysis to screen and identify the antidepressant-active extract fraction and active components of ASBX. Finally, the antidepressant effect of the active ingredients were verified by the behavior, pathology, biochemical indices and protein level of adult fish. The novel tank driving test (NTDT) showed that ASBX can effectively improve the depressive effect of reserpine on zebrafish. Petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts of ASBX were screened as antidepressant active extracts. Costunolide (COS) and dehydrocostus lactone (DHE) were screened as the active components of ASBX. COS had been shown to significantly improve the depressive behavior, nerve injury and neurotransmitter levels (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE)) of zebrafish by inhibiting the high expression of serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter induced by reserpine suggesting the antidepressant effect of COS may be related to its effect on 5-HT and NE pathways. This study provided a phenotype based screening method for antidepressant components of traditional Chinese medicines, so as to realize the separation, identification and activity screening of components at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Shang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Juanlan Xiao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huirong Fan
- The Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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14
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Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Tanelian A, Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Variable Response of Norepinephrine Transporter to Traumatic Stress and Relationship to Hyperarousal. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:725091. [PMID: 34650410 PMCID: PMC8507558 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.725091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic systems play a key role in stress triggered disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that traumatic stress will alter expression of norepinephrine transporter (NET) in locus coeruleus (LC) and its target brain regions which could be related to hyperarousal. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) and several weeks later the LC was isolated. NET mRNA levels in LC, determined by RT-PCR, displayed variable response with high and low responsive subgroups. In different cohort, acoustic startle response (ASR) was measured 2 weeks after SPS and levels of NET mRNA and protein in LC determined. The high NET responsive subgroup had greater hyperarousal. Nevertheless, NET protein levels, as determined by western blots, were lower than unstressed controls in LC, ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex and displayed considerable variability. Hypermethylation of specific CpG region in promoter of SLC6A2 gene, encoding NET, was present in the low, but not high, NET mRNA responsive subgroup. Taken together, the results demonstrate variability in stress elicited changes in NET gene expression and involvement of epigenetic changes. This may underlie mechanisms of susceptibility and resilience to traumatic stress triggered neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially hyperarousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Arax Tanelian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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15
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Rodrigues-Amorim D, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Rivera-Baltanás T, Fernández-Palleiro P, Freiría-Martínez L, Rodríguez-Jamardo C, Comís-Tuche M, Vallejo-Curto MDC, Álvarez-Ariza M, López-García M, de las Heras E, García-Caballero A, Olivares JM, Spuch C. The Role of the Second Extracellular Loop of Norepinephrine Transporter, Neurotrophin-3 and Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase C in T Cells: A Peripheral Biomarker in the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168499. [PMID: 34445205 PMCID: PMC8395201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, comprising the dysregulation of several biochemical pathways and molecules. This research proposes a peripheral biomarker for schizophrenia that involves the second extracellular loop of norepinephrine transporter (NEText), the tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), and the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in T cells. The study of NEText, NT-3, and TrkC was performed in T cells and plasma extracted from peripheral blood of 54 patients with schizophrenia and 54 healthy controls. Levels of NT-3, TrkC, and NET were significantly lower in plasma and T cells of patients compared to healthy controls. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IPs) showed protein interactions with Co-IP NEText–NT-3 and Co-IP NEText–TrkC. Computational modelling of protein–peptide docking by CABS-dock provided a medium–high accuracy model for NT-3–NEText (4.6935 Å) and TrkC–NEText (2.1365 Å). In summary, immunocomplexes reached statistical relevance in the T cells of the control group contrary to the results obtained with schizophrenia. The reduced expression of NT-3, TrkC, and NET, and the lack of molecular complexes in T cells of patients with schizophrenia may lead to a peripheral dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways and an abnormal reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) by NET. This peripheral molecular biomarker underlying schizophrenia reinforces the role of neurotrophins, and noradrenergic and immune systems in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Patricia Fernández-Palleiro
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Cynthia Rodríguez-Jamardo
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Comís-Tuche
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - María del Carmen Vallejo-Curto
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - María Álvarez-Ariza
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Marta López-García
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Elena de las Heras
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Alejandro García-Caballero
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.O.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, CIBERSAM, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Bloque Técnico, Planta 2, Sala de Investigación, Estrada Clara Campoamor, 341, 36212 Vigo, Spain; (D.R.-A.); (M.I.-M.-A.); (T.R.-B.); (P.F.-P.); (L.F.-M.); (C.R.-J.); (M.C.-T.); (M.d.C.V.-C.); (M.Á.-A.); (M.L.-G.); (E.d.l.H.); (A.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.O.); (C.S.)
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16
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Obeng S, Hiranita T, León F, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. Novel Approaches, Drug Candidates, and Targets in Pain Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6523-6548. [PMID: 33956427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the problems associated with opioids, drug discovery efforts have been employed to develop opioids with reduced side effects using approaches such as biased opioid agonism, multifunctional opioids, and allosteric modulation of opioid receptors. Receptor targets such as adrenergic, cannabinoid, P2X3 and P2X7, NMDA, serotonin, and sigma, as well as ion channels like the voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 have been targeted to develop novel analgesics. Several enzymes, such as soluble epoxide hydrolase, sepiapterin reductase, and MAGL/FAAH, have also been targeted to develop novel analgesics. In this review, old and recent targets involved in pain signaling and compounds acting at these targets are summarized. In addition, strategies employed to reduce side effects, increase potency, and efficacy of opioids are also elaborated. This review should aid in propelling drug discovery efforts to discover novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Obeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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17
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Cao LL, Marshall JM, Fabritz L, Brain KL. Resting cardiac sympathetic firing frequencies suppress terminal norepinephrine transporter uptake. Auton Neurosci 2021; 232:102794. [PMID: 33714751 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The prejunctional norepinephrine transporter (NET) is responsible for the clearance of released norepinephrine (NE) back into the sympathetic nerve terminal. NET regulation must be tightly controlled as variations could have important implications for neurotransmission. Thus far, the effects of sympathetic neuronal activity on NET function have been unclear. Here, we optically monitor single-terminal cardiac NET activity ex vivo in response to a broad range of sympathetic postganglionic action potential (AP) firing frequencies. Isolated murine left atrial appendages were loaded with a fluorescent NET substrate [Neurotransmitter Transporter Uptake Assay (NTUA)] and imaged with confocal microscopy. Sympathetic APs were induced with electrical field stimulation at 0.2-10 Hz (0.1-0.2 ms pulse width). Exogenous NE was applied during the NTUA uptake- and washout phases to investigate substrate competition and displacement, respectively, on transport. Single-terminal NET reuptake rate was rapidly suppressed in a frequency-dependent manner with an inhibitory EF50 of 0.9 Hz. At 2 Hz, the effect was reversed by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 μM) (p < 0.01) with no further effect imposed by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (1 μM). Additionally, high exogenous NE concentrations abolished NET reuptake (1 μM NE; p < 0.0001) and displaced terminal specific NTUA during washout (1-100 μM NE; p < 0.0001). We have also identified α2-adrenoceptor-induced suppression of NET reuptake rate during resting stimulation frequencies, which could oppose the effect of autoinhibition-mediated suppression of exocytosis and thus amplify the effects of sympathetic drive on cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily L Cao
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Janice M Marshall
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Keith L Brain
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Chiba T, Takaguri A, Maeda T. Norepinephrine transporter expressed on mammary epithelial cells incorporates norepinephrine in milk into the cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:1-7. [PMID: 33529804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells synthesize and secrete norepinephrine (NE) into breast milk to regulate β-casein expression through the adrenergic β2 receptor. We investigated the expression, localization, and roles of NE transporter (NET) in the mammary epithelium during lactation. mRNA and protein levels of NET were determined in primary normal human mammary epithelial cells (pHMECs) and non-malignant human mammary epithelial MCF-12A cells. In nursing CD1 mice, NET localized to the apical membranes of the mammary epithelium. The intracellular NE content of pHMECs incubated with NE increased. Although the β-casein concentration in milk was slightly higher at day 10 than at day 2 of lactation, the NE concentration and lactation-related proteins were only slightly changed on days 2-10. Restraint stress increased the NE concentration in milk from nursing mice and NET protein levels were significantly higher than in non-stressed nursing mice. NET is expressed on the apical membrane of mammary epithelial cells and incorporates NE in milk into cells, potentially regulating the NE concentration in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chiba
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1 Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1 Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan.
| | - Akira Takaguri
- Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1 Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1 Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoji Maeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0862, Japan
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19
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Cao S, Fisher DW, Rodriguez G, Yu T, Dong H. Comparisons of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and degeneration of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in APP/PS1 and aging mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:10. [PMID: 33407625 PMCID: PMC7789762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important, as activation of these cell types likely contributes to both pathological and protective processes associated with all phases of the disease. During early AD pathogenesis, one of the first areas of degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), which provides broad innervation of the central nervous system and facilitates norepinephrine (NE) transmission. Though the LC-NE is likely to influence microglial dynamics, it is unclear how these systems change with AD compared to otherwise healthy aging. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the LC-NE system in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice and aged WT mice using immunofluorescence and ELISA. RESULTS Our results demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord of APP/PS1 compared to WT mice. LC-NE neuron and fiber loss as well as reduced norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression was more evident in APP/PS1 mice, although NE levels were similar between 12-month-old APP/PS1 and WT mice. Notably, the degree of microglial activation, LC-NE nerve fiber loss, and NET reduction in the brain and spinal cord were more severe in 12-month-old APP/PS1 compared to 12- and 24-month-old WT mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice correlate with significant degeneration of the LC-NE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Street, Zunyi, 563002, Guizhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Guadalupe Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Street, Zunyi, 563002, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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20
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Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:202-277. [PMID: 33328244 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Spinal astrocytes in superficial laminae gate brainstem descending control of mechanosensory hypersensitivity. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1376-1387. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Lim GN, Regan SL, Ross AE. Subsecond spontaneous catecholamine release in mesenteric lymph node ex vivo. J Neurochem 2020; 155:417-429. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics University of CincinnatiCollege of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children’s Research Foundation Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
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23
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Chang HA, Fang WH, Tzeng NS, Liu YP, Shyu JF, Wan FJ, Huang SY, Chang TC, Chang CC. Age-dependent association of polymorphisms in the promoter and 5'-untranslated region of the norepinephrine transporter gene with generalized anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 270:124-130. [PMID: 32339102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norepinephrine transporter (NET), which regulates synaptic norepinephrine for noradrenergic signaling, is involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety, while expression of the NET gene differs at different ages. Here, we examine whether genetic variants in the NET gene are associated, in an age-specific manner, with increased risk of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), one of the most disabling anxiety disorders. METHODS Three common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter (rs168924: A/G; rs2242446: T/C) and 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) (rs2397771: G/C) of the NET gene were genotyped in 2,317 Han-Chinese participants (791 GAD patients and 1,526 controls; age: 20-65). Potential confounding factors, such as gender, stress levels and psychiatric comorbidities, were included as covariates. RESULTS An interaction between age and NET genotypes and haplotypes was found for the risk of GAD. In the younger participants, rs168924 minor allele G homozygotes had the lowest incidence of GAD; however, older subjects displayed an inverse pattern, with homozygous G/G carriers presenting the highest prevalence of GAD. Additionally, younger individuals carrying 2 copies of the GGT haplotype composed of rs2397771-rs168924-rs2242446 had the lowest rate of GAD. However, those with 2 copies of the same haplotype exhibited the highest risk of GAD in the older groups. LIMITATIONS Only 3 common SNPs in the promoter and 5'-UTR of the NET gene were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are the first to demonstrate that potentially functional SNPs in the NET promoter and 5'-UTR are associated with an increased risk of GAD, and that such associations are determined in an age-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-An Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jung Wan
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Tieh-Ching Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chia Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Nei-Hu District, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
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24
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Pauwels E, Van Aerde M, Bormans G, Deroose CM. Molecular imaging of norepinephrine transporter-expressing tumors: current status and future prospects. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:234-249. [PMID: 32397701 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) is a transmembrane protein responsible for reuptake of norepinephrine in presynaptic sympathetic nerve terminals and adrenal chromaffin cells. Neural crest tumors, such as neuroblastoma, paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma often show high hNET expression. Molecular imaging of these tumors can be done using radiolabeled norepinephrine analogs that target hNET. Currently, the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for hNET imaging is meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) and this has been the case since its development several decades ago. The γ-emitter, iodine-123 only allows for planar scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography imaging. These modalities typically have a poorer spatial resolution and lower sensitivity than positron emission tomography (PET). Additional practical disadvantages include the fact that a two-day imaging protocol is required and the need for thyroid blockade. Therefore, several PET alternatives for hNET imaging are actively being explored. This review gives an in-depth overview of the current status and recent developments in clinical trials leading to the next generation of clinical PET ligands for imaging of hNET-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Pauwels
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Aerde
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium - .,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Wan N, Travin MI. Cardiac Imaging With 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine and Analogous PET Tracers: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Semin Nucl Med 2020; 50:331-348. [PMID: 32540030 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic innervation plays an important role in proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. Altered cardiac sympathetic function is present in a variety of diseases, and can be assessed with radionuclide imaging using sympathetic neurotransmitter analogues. The most studied adrenergic radiotracer is cardiac 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG). Cardiac 123I-mIBG uptake can be evaluated using both planar and tomographic imaging, thereby providing insight into global and regional sympathetic innervation. Standardly assessed imaging parameters are the heart-to-mediastinum ratio and washout rate, customarily derived from planar images. Focal tracer deficits on tomographic imaging also show prognostic utility, with some data suggesting that the best approach to tomographic image interpretation may differ from conventional methods. Cardiac 123I-mIBG image findings strongly correlate with the severity and prognosis of many cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging in heart failure is FDA approved for prognostic purposes. With the robustly demonstrated ability to predict occurrence of potentially fatal arrhythmias, cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging shows promise for better selecting patients who will benefit from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, but clinical use has been hampered by lack of the randomized trial needed for incorporation into societal guidelines. In patients with ischemic heart disease, cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging aids in assessing the extent of damage and in identifying arrhythmogenic regions. There have also been studies using cardiac 123I-mIBG for other conditions, including patients following heart transplantation, diabetic related cardiac abnormalities and chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicity. Positron emission tomographic adrenergic radiotracers, that improve image quality, have been investigated, especially 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine, and most recently 18F-fluorbenguan. Cadmium-zinc-telluride cameras also improve image quality. With better spatial resolution and quantification, PET tracers and advanced camera technologies promise to expand the clinical utility of cardiac sympathetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Wan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark I Travin
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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26
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Góral I, Łątka K, Bajda M. Structure Modeling of the Norepinephrine Transporter. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E102. [PMID: 31936154 PMCID: PMC7022499 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is one of the monoamine transporters. Its X-ray crystal structure has not been obtained yet. Inhibitors of human NET (hNET) play a major role in the treatment of many central and peripheral nervous system diseases. In this study, we focused on the spatial structure of a NET constructed by homology modeling on Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter templates. We further examined molecular construction of primary binding pocket (S1) together with secondary binding site (S2) and extracellular loop 4 (EL4). The next stage involved docking of transporter inhibitors: Reboxetine, duloxetine, desipramine, and other commonly used drugs. The procedure revealed the molecular orientation of residues and disclosed ones that are the most important for ligand binding: Phenylalanine F72, aspartic acid D75, tyrosine Y152, and phenylalanine F317. Aspartic acid D75 plays a key role in recognition of the basic amino group present in monoamine transporter inhibitors and substrates. The study also presents a comparison of hNET models with other related proteins, which could provide new insights into their interaction with therapeutics and aid future development of novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland; (I.G.); (K.Ł.)
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27
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Targeting uptake transporters for cancer imaging and treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:79-90. [PMID: 31993308 PMCID: PMC6977162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their gene expression to promote growth, survival, proliferation, and invasiveness. The unique expression of certain uptake transporters in cancers and their innate function to concentrate small molecular substrates in cells make them ideal targets for selective delivering imaging and therapeutic agents into cancer cells. In this review, we focus on several solute carrier (SLC) transporters known to be involved in transporting clinically used radiopharmaceutical agents into cancer cells, including the sodium/iodine symporter (NIS), norepinephrine transporter (NET), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). The molecular and functional characteristics of these transporters are reviewed with special emphasis on their specific expressions in cancers and interaction with imaging or theranostic agents [e.g., I-123, I-131, 123I-iobenguane (mIBG), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and 13C pyruvate]. Current clinical applications and research areas of these transporters in cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Finally, we offer our views on emerging opportunities and challenges in targeting transporters for cancer imaging and treatment. By analyzing the few clinically successful examples, we hope much interest can be garnered in cancer research towards uptake transporters and their potential applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Key Words
- CT, computed tomography
- Cancer imaging
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DTC, differentiated thyroid cancer
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administrations
- FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- IAEA, the International Atomic Energy Agency
- LACC, locally advanced cervical cancer
- LAT, large amino acid transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NE, norepinephrine
- NET, norepinephrine transporter
- NIS, sodium/iodine symporter
- Neuroblastoma
- OCT, organic cation transporter
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PHEO, pheochromocytoma
- RA, retinoic acid
- RET, rearranged during transfection
- SLC, solute carrier
- SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography
- SUV, standardized uptake value
- TFB, tetrafluoroborate
- TSH, thyroid stimulating hormones
- Thyroid cancer
- Uptake transporter
- Warburg effect
- mIBG
- mIBG, iobenguane/meta-iodobenzylguanidine
- vHL, von Hippel-Lindau
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Zhang H, Miao J, Li F, Xue W, Tang K, Zhao X, Jing X, Zhang J, Huang C, Hou N, Han J. Norepinephrine transporter promotes the invasion of human colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:824-832. [PMID: 31897198 PMCID: PMC6924147 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggested the use of antidepressants to be associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanism through which this decreased risk occurs remains elusive. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is a target of antidepressants that maintains noradrenergic transmission homeostasis; however, little is known about its function in human CRC cells. The present study, using public datasets and immunohistochemistry approaches, revealed that NET was highly expressed in human CRC tissues with metastasis and in human colon cancer cells. Furthermore, knockdown of NET inhibited the invasive capability of human colon cancer cells. Additionally, epithelial (E)-cadherin expression was increased and Notch1 signaling was inhibited in NET-depleted colon cancer cells. These findings suggest that NET is highly expressed in human colon cancer, which is associated with the invasion of human colon cancer cells by influencing cell-cell adhesion through the Notch1-E-cadherin pathway. Thus, the present study revealed a novel function for NET and its downstream effectors in colon cancer cells, which will be valuable for future studies in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Zhang
- Medical Research and Experimental Center, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiyu Miao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wanjuan Xue
- Medical Research and Experimental Center, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kaijie Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xintao Jing
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical Research and Experimental Center, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ni Hou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Han
- Medical Research and Experimental Center, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
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Larsson A, Majdi S, Borges R, Ewing A. Vesicular Transmitter Content in Chromaffin Cells Can Be Regulated via Extracellular ATP. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4735-4740. [PMID: 31637911 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been implicated for its role in modulation of chemical signaling for some time. Despite this, the precise effects and mechanisms of action of ATP on secretory cells are not well-known. Here, bovine chromaffin cells have been used as a model system to study the effects of extracellular ATP in combination with the catecholamine transmitter norepinephrine (NE). Both transmitter storage and exocytotic release were quantified using complementary amperometric techniques. Although incubation with NE alone did not cause any changes to either transmitter storage or release, coincubation with NE and ATP resulted in a significant increase that was concentration dependent. To probe the potential mechanisms of action, a slowly hydrolyzable version of ATP, ATP-γ-S, was used either alone or together with NE. The result implicates two different behaviors of ATP acting on both the purinergic autoreceptors and as a source of the energy needed to load chromaffin cell vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Soodabeh Majdi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Borges
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Andrew Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Elkhatib SK, Case AJ. Autonomic regulation of T-lymphocytes: Implications in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104293. [PMID: 31176794 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems both serve as essential assessors and regulators of physiological function. Recently, there has been a great interest in how the nervous and immune systems interact to modulate both physiological and pathological states. In particular, the autonomic nervous system has a direct line of communication with immune cells anatomically, and moreover, immune cells possess receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters. This circumstantial evidence is suggestive of a functional interplay between the two systems, and extensive research over the past few decades has demonstrated neurotransmitters such as the catecholamines (i.e. dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) and acetylcholine have potent immunomodulating properties. Furthermore, immune cells, particularly T-lymphocytes, have now been found to express the cellular machinery for both the synthesis and degradation of neurotransmitters, which suggests the ability for both autocrine and paracrine signaling from these cells independent of the nervous system. The details underlying the functional interplay of this complex network of neuroimmune communication are still unclear, but this crosstalk is suggestive of significant implications on the pathogenesis of a number of autonomic-dysregulated and inflammation-mediated diseases. In particular, it is widely accepted that numerous forms of cardiovascular diseases possess imbalanced autonomic tone as well as altered T-lymphocyte function, but a paucity of literature exists discussing the direct role of neurotransmitters in shaping the inflammatory microenvironment during the progression or therapeutic management of these diseases. This review seeks to provide a fundamental framework for this autonomic neuroimmune interaction within T-lymphocytes, as well as the implications this may have in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan K Elkhatib
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Adam J Case
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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31
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Schinke C, Hesse S, Rullmann M, Becker GA, Luthardt J, Zientek F, Patt M, Stoppe M, Schmidt E, Meyer K, Meyer PM, Orthgieß J, Blüher M, Kratzsch J, Ding YS, Then Bergh F, Sabri O. Central noradrenaline transporter availability is linked with HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin in human obesity and non-obese controls. Stress 2019; 22:93-102. [PMID: 30369292 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1511698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The central noradrenaline (NA) stress-response network co-mediates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release. Dysregulation of these systems contributes to stress-related diseases such as human obesity, but their interrelation remains unclear. The study was aimed to test for the first time in vivo whether central noradrenergic activity quantitatively indexed by the availability of the presynaptic NA transporter (NAT) is associated with HPA axis responsiveness as measured with the combined dexamethasone suppression/corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation (dex/CRH) test and copeptin as a surrogate marker of the serum AVP tone in highly obese, otherwise, healthy individuals compared to age- and sex-matched non-obese, healthy controls. In order to assess central NAT availability, positron emission tomography (PET) was applied using the NAT-selective radiotracer S,S-[11C]O-methylreboxetine (MRB) and correlated with curve indicators derived from the dex/CRH test (maximum, MAX, and area under the curve, AUC, for cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) as well as with copeptin. In non-obese controls, positive correlations were found between the NAT distribution volume ratios (DVR) of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the amygdala with the HPA response (OFC: ACTHMAX r = 0.87, p = .001; cortisolMAX r = 0.86, p = .002; amygdala: ACTHMAX r = 0.86, p = .002; cortisolMAX r = 0.79, p = .006), while in obesity, the hypothalamic DVR correlated inversely with the HPA axis response (cortisolMAX, r = -0.66, p = .04) and with copeptin (r = -0.71, p = .02). This association of central NAT availability with HPA axis responsiveness and copeptin suggests a mechanistic interaction between noradrenergic transmission with HPA axis activity and the serum AVP system that differs between non-obese individuals with prefrontal-limbic involvement and obesity with a hypothalamic-centered relationship. Whether the latter finding contributes to obesogenic behavior needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schinke
- a Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
- c Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- a Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Michael Rullmann
- a Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | | | - Julia Luthardt
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Franziska Zientek
- a Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Muriel Stoppe
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
- e Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Elisa Schmidt
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Klara Meyer
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Johannes Orthgieß
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- f Department of Internal Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- g Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Yu-Shin Ding
- h Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Florian Then Bergh
- b Department of Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
- e Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- a Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases , Leipzig University Medical Center , Leipzig , Germany
- d Department of Nuclear Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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32
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Zhu Y, Ma Y, Elefteriou F. Cortical bone is an extraneuronal site of norepinephrine uptake in adult mice. Bone Rep 2018; 9:188-198. [PMID: 30581894 PMCID: PMC6296164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is a major efferent pathway through which the central nervous system controls the function of peripheral organs. Genetic and pharmacologic evidence in mice indicated that stimulation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in osteoblasts promotes bone loss, leading to the paradigm that high sympathetic nervous activity is deleterious to bone mass. However, considerably less data exist to understand the putative impact of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), released by sympathetic nerves, on bone homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the in vivo expression and activity of the norepinephrine transporter (NET), a membrane pump known to actively uptake NE from the extracellular space in presynaptic neurons. Consistent with previously published in vitro data showing NET uptake activity in differentiated osteoblasts, we were able to detect active NET-specific NE uptake in the mouse cortical bone compartment in vivo. This uptake was the highest in young mice and accordingly with an age-related reduction in NET uptake, NE bone content increased whereas Net RNA and protein expression decreased with age. Histologically, NET expression in adult mouse bones was detected in osteocytes via immunofluorescence. Lastly, taking advantage of tissue-specific fluorescent reporter mice, we used CLARITY imaging and light sheet microscopy to visualize the 3D distribution of sympathetic fibers in whole mount preparations of bone tissues. These analyses allowed us to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive sympathetic nerve fibers penetrating the cortical bone, where NET+ osteocytes reside. Together, these in vitro results support the existence of an age-dependent extraneuronal and osteocytic function of NET with potential to buffer the bone catabolic action of endogenous NE released by sympathetic nerves in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantee Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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33
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Liu JJ, Hezghia A, Shaikh SR, Cenido JF, Stark RE, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. Regulation of monoamine transporters and receptors by lipid microdomains: implications for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2165-2179. [PMID: 30022062 PMCID: PMC6135777 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microdomains ("rafts") are dynamic, nanoscale regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, that possess distinctive physicochemical properties including higher order than the surrounding membrane. Lipid microdomain integrity is thought to affect neurotransmitter signaling by regulating membrane-bound protein signaling. Among the proteins potentially affected are monoaminergic receptors and transporters. As dysfunction of monoaminergic neurotransmission is implicated in major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric conditions, interactions with lipid microdomains may be of clinical importance. This systematic review evaluates what is known about the molecular relationships of monoamine transporter and receptor regulation to lipid microdomains. The PubMed/MeSH database was searched for original studies published in English through August 2017 concerning relationships between lipid microdomains and serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine transporters and receptors. Fifty-seven publications were identified and assessed. Strong evidence implicates lipid microdomains in the regulation of serotonin and norepinephrine transporters; serotonin 1A, 2A, 3A, and 7A receptors; and dopamine D1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Results were conflicting or more complex regarding lipid microdomain associations with the dopamine transporter, D2, D3, and D5 receptors; and negative with respect to β1 adrenergic receptors. Indirect evidence suggests that antidepressants, lipid-lowering drugs, and polyunsaturated fatty acids may exert effects on depression and suicide by altering the lipid milieu, thereby affecting monoaminergic transporter and receptor signaling. The lipid composition of membrane subdomains is involved in localization and trafficking of specific monoaminergic receptors and transporters. Elucidating precise mechanisms whereby lipid microdomains modulate monoamine neurotransmission in clinical contexts can have critical implications for pharmacotherapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Chestnut Hill Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adrienne Hezghia
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua F Cenido
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Belfort-DeAguiar R, Gallezot JD, Hwang JJ, Elshafie A, Yeckel CW, Chan O, Carson RE, Ding YS, Sherwin RS. Noradrenergic Activity in the Human Brain: A Mechanism Supporting the Defense Against Hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2244-2252. [PMID: 29590401 PMCID: PMC6456998 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypoglycemia, one of the major factors limiting optimal glycemic control in insulin-treated patients with diabetes, elicits a brain response to restore normoglycemia by activating counterregulation. Animal data indicate that local release of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus is important for triggering hypoglycemia-induced counterregulatory (CR) hormonal responses. OBJECTIVE To examine the potential role of brain noradrenergic (NA) activation in humans during hypoglycemia. DESIGN A hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp was performed in conjunction with positron emission tomographic imaging. PARTICIPANTS Nine lean healthy volunteers were studied during the hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp. DESIGN Participants received intravenous injections of (S,S)-[11C]O-methylreboxetine ([11C]MRB), a highly selective NE transporter (NET) ligand, at baseline and during hypoglycemia. RESULTS Hypoglycemia increased plasma epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone and decreased [11C]MRB binding potential (BPND) by 24% ± 12% in the raphe nucleus (P < 0.01). In contrast, changes in [11C]MRB BPND in the hypothalamus positively correlated with increments in epinephrine and glucagon levels and negatively correlated with glucose infusion rate (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, in rat hypothalamus studies, hypoglycemia induced NET translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS Insulin-induced hypoglycemia initiated a complex brain NA response in humans. Raphe nuclei, a region involved in regulating autonomic output, motor activity, and hunger, had increased NA activity, whereas the hypothalamus showed a NET-binding pattern that was associated with the individual's CR response magnitude. These findings suggest that NA output most likely is important for modulating brain responses to hypoglycemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Renata Belfort-DeAguiar, MD, PhD, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S135, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. E-mail:
| | | | - Janice J Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmed Elshafie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Catherine W Yeckel
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yu-Shin Ding
- Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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35
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Pandit-Taskar N, Modak S. Norepinephrine Transporter as a Target for Imaging and Therapy. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:39S-53S. [PMID: 28864611 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.186833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is essential for norepinephrine uptake at the synaptic terminals and adrenal chromaffin cells. In neuroendocrine tumors, NET can be targeted for imaging as well as therapy. One of the most widely used theranostic agents targeting NET is metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a guanethidine analog of norepinephrine. 123I/131I-MIBG theranostics have been applied in the clinical evaluation and management of neuroendocrine tumors, especially in neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, and pheochromocytoma. 123I-MIBG imaging is a mainstay in the evaluation of neuroblastoma, and 131I-MIBG has been used for the treatment of relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma for several years, however, the outcome remains suboptimal. 131I-MIBG has essentially been only palliative in paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma patients. Various techniques of improving therapeutic outcomes, such as dosimetric estimations, high-dose therapies, multiple fractionated administration and combination therapy with radiation sensitizers, chemotherapy, and other radionuclide therapies, are being evaluated. PET tracers targeting NET appear promising and may be more convenient options for the imaging and assessment after treatment. Here, we present an overview of NET as a target for theranostics; review its current role in some neuroendocrine tumors, such as neuroblastoma, paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, and carcinoids; and discuss approaches to improving targeting and theranostic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakeel Modak
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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36
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Zhang J, Bai W, Wang W, Jiang H, Jin B, Liu Y, Liu S, Wang K, Jia J, Qin L. Mechanisms underlying alterations in norepinephrine levels in the locus coeruleus of ovariectomized rats: Modulation by estradiol valerate and black cohosh. Neuroscience 2017; 354:110-121. [PMID: 28457819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hot flushes are common in menopause. Norepinephrine (NE), primarily synthesized in the locus coeruleus (LC), plays a major role in central thermoregulation. Furthermore, we previously observed decreased dopamine beta hydroxylase (DβH), a key enzyme in NE synthesis, in LC neurons following ovariectomy. In this study, we explore the mechanisms underlying decreased NE levels in the LC (LC-NE) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and the modulating effects of estradiol valerate (E2) and black cohosh (ICR). We used high-performance liquid chromatography to detect LC-NE in SHAM, OVX, OVX-E2, and OVX-ICR groups. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate the expression of NE metabolic enzymes, the NE reuptake transporter (NET), and estrogen receptors (ERs) in the LC. We observed significant LC-NE decreases in the OVX group. E2 and ICR enhanced LC-NE but did not restore them to SHAM levels. Ovariectomy affected NE synthesis, degradation, and reuptake. Levels of NE catabolic enzymes monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) decreased, while NET expression increased. E2 restored MAOA and COMT to SHAM levels but had no effect on NET. ICR restored COMT and NET to SHAM levels but had no effect on MAOA. Moreover, the OVX group also exhibited decreased expression of ERα and ERβ. E2 enhanced the expression of ERα and ERβ, while ICR only enhanced ERβexpression. Taken together, reduced NE in OVX rats resulted from reduced synthesis and increased degradation and reuptake. E2 and ICR may regulate these processes in different ways through various ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Armed Police, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Armed Police, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lihua Qin
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Evaluation of specific neural marker GAP-43 and TH combined with Masson-trichrome staining for forensic autopsy cases with old myocardial infarction. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:187-195. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Batra V, Makvandi M, Zuppa AF, Patel N, Elias J, Pryma DA, Maris JM. Dexmedetomidine does not interfere with meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake at clinically relevant concentrations. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27654664 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignancy, and most tumor cells express the norepinephrine transporter (NET) enabling uptake of NET ligands. Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a NET-specific ligand used as a highly specific imaging agent and targeted radiotherapeutic. Patients with neuroblastoma frequently require sedation during targeted radiotherapy. Dexmedetomidine has been increasingly used to achieve efficacious sedation. There are theoretical concerns that this highly selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist may interfere with active uptake of MIBG through the NET transporter. In this study, we analyzed the impact of [125-iodine]-labeled MIBG ([125 I]MIBG) uptake in the presence of dexmedetomidine in human neuroblastoma-derived cellular models. PROCEDURE Carrier-free [125 I]MIBG was synthesized using UltraTrace® resin (Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY) through radioiododestannylation from a tin precursor bound by a solid-state polymer. NET (SLC6A2) protein expression was determined in human neuroblastoma cell lines (BE2C, SKNSH and IMR5). [125 I]MIBG internalization studies were performed using [125 I]MIBG alone or in combination with either desipramine or dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine and desipramine competitive inhibition studies were performed and concentration at 50% maximal inhibition was calculated. Finally, NET inhibitor dissociation studies were performed in which after pre-incubation with either desipramine or dexmedetomidine, cells were washed and [125 I]MIBG was added. RESULTS We show dose-dependent inhibition of [125 I]MIBG uptake by dexmedetomidine, but at several logs lower potency than the known NET inhibitor desipramine. A review of pediatric dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetic data shows that the concentrations achieved in the serum are much lower than those required to block MIBG uptake. CONCLUSION We conclude that dexmedetomidine will not interfere with therapeutic [131 I]MIBG efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Batra
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Division of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Athena F Zuppa
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Services, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jimmy Elias
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A Pryma
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Depletion of cardiac catecholamine stores impairs cardiac norepinephrine re-uptake by downregulation of the norepinephrine transporter. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172070. [PMID: 28282374 PMCID: PMC5345760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In heart failure (HF), a disturbed cardiac norepinephrine (NE) homeostasis is characterized by depleted cardiac NE stores, impairment of the cardiac NE re-uptake by the neuronal norepinephrine transporter (NET) and enhanced cardiac NE net release. Reduced cardiac NE content appears to be caused by enhanced cardiac NE net release from sympathetic neurons in HF, triggered by neurohumoral activation. However, it remains unclear whether reduced NE itself has an impact on cardiac NE re-uptake, independent of neurohumoral activation. Here, we evaluated whether depletion of cardiac NE stores alone can regulate cardiac NE re-uptake. Treatment of Wistar rats with reserpine (5 mg/kg/d) for one (1d) or five days (5d) resulted in markedly reduced cardiac NE content, comparable to NE stores in experimental HF due to pressure overload. In order to assess cardiac NE re-uptake, the specific cardiac [3H]-NE uptake via the NET in a Langendorff preparation was measured. Reserpine treatment led to decreased NE re-uptake at 1d and 5d compared to saline treatment. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the NE synthesis, was elevated in left stellate ganglia after reserpine. Mechanistically, measurement of NET mRNA expression in left stellate ganglia and myocardial NET density revealed a post-transcriptional downregulation of the NET by reserpine. In summary, present data demonstrate that depletion of cardiac NE stores alone is sufficient to impair cardiac NE re-uptake via downregulation of the NET, independent of systemic neurohumoral activation. Knowledge about the regulation of the cardiac NE homeostasis may offer novel therapeutic strategies in HF.
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Breining P, Pedersen SB, Pikelis A, Rolighed L, Sundelin EIO, Jessen N, Richelsen B. High expression of organic cation transporter 3 in human BAT-like adipocytes. Implications for extraneuronal norepinephrine uptake. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:15-22. [PMID: 28034777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated by extracellular norepinephrine (NE) released by the sympathetic nervous system. The extracellular concentration of NE is additionally regulated by the disappearance/degradation of NE. Recent studies have introduced the organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) as a possible contributor in the regulation of NE in adipose tissue. In the present study we set out to investigate the presence of OCT3 in human neck adipose tissue (AT), which is the primary localization of BAT in humans. Moreover, we wanted to assess the possible function and correlation of the transporter with known markers of thermogenic function, e.g. UCP1. When examining neck AT biopsies from 57 individuals we found that OCT3 was expressed at 2.5 ± 0.16 fold higher level in the deep-neck AT compared with subcutaneous AT. UCP1 was found extensively expressed in the deep-neck AT depot and the correlation between UCP1 and OCT3 within the deep-neck AT was found highly significant (r2 = 0.4012, P-value < 0.0001). Lastly, we were able to reduce NE uptake in isolated brown adipocytes in an in vitro culture by adding corticosterone which is a known OCT3-blocker. In conclusion, we found that OCT3 may be a regulator of the concentration of NE in AT and by this mechanism a possible regulator of BAT function and a potential target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Breining
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Arunas Pikelis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Lars Rolighed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Surgery P, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bjørn Richelsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Piquer B, Fonseca JL, Lara HE. Gestational stress, placental norepinephrine transporter and offspring fertility. Reproduction 2016; 153:147-155. [PMID: 27815561 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cold stress produces adrenergic overload that can affect fetal development. The placental norepinephrine transporter (NET) clears norepinephrine (NE) from both maternal circulation and the fetus during gestation. If this system fails, NE clearance can be reduced, leading to high fetal exposure to NE. The main aim of this study was to determine the changes in NET expression during gestation and their relationship with the functional capacity of NET to transport NE under stressful conditions. Additionally, this study correlated these findings with the reproductive capacity of 2nd-generation progeny. Pregnant rats were subjected to chronic cold stress at 4°C for 3 h each day throughout their pregnancies. We found that exposure of pregnant rats to sympathetic stress caused the following effects: increased NE and corticosterone levels throughout pregnancy, decreased capacity of the placenta to clear NE from the fetus to the mother's circulation, altered NET protein levels depending on the sex of the fetus and increased placental and body weights of pups. For the first time, we also described the disrupted fertility of progeny as adults. Increased NE plasma levels during pregnancy under sympathetic stress conditions correlated with decreased NET functionality that provoked changes in the development of progeny and their fertility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Piquer
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose L Fonseca
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán E Lara
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Alsufyani HA, Docherty JR. Investigation of gender differences in the cardiovascular actions of direct and indirect sympathomimetic stimulants including cathinone in the anaesthetized rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:14-9. [DOI: 10.1111/aap.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Alsufyani
- Department of Physiology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Physiology; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J. R. Docherty
- Department of Physiology; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
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Chu R, Shumsky J, Waterhouse BD. Differentiation of rodent behavioral phenotypes and methylphenidate action in sustained and flexible attention tasks. Brain Res 2015; 1641:306-19. [PMID: 26688113 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyphenidate (MPH) is the primary drug treatment of choice for ADHD. It is also frequently used off-label as a cognitive enhancer by otherwise healthy individuals from all age groups and walks of life. Military personnel, students, and health professionals use MPH illicitly to increase attention and improve workplace performance over extended periods of work activity. Despite the frequency of its use, the efficacy of MPH to enhance cognitive function across individuals and in a variety of circumstances is not well characterized. We sought to better understand MPH׳s cognitive enhancing properties in two different rodent models of attention. We found that MPH could enhance performance in a sustained attention task, but that its effects in this test were subject dependent. More specifically, MPH increased attention in low baseline performing rats but had little to no effect on high performing rats. MPH exerted a similar subject specific effect in a test of flexible attention, i.e. the attention set shifting task. In this test MPH increased behavioral flexibility in animals with poor flexibility but impaired performance in more flexible animals. Overall, our results indicate that the effects of MPH are subject-specific and depend on the baseline level of performance. Furthermore, good performance in in the sustained attention task was correlated with good performance in the flexible attention task; i.e. animals with better vigilance exhibited greater behavioral flexibility. The findings are discussed in terms of potential neurobiological substrates, in particular noradrenergic mechanisms, that might underlie subject specific performance and subject specific responses to MPH. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Jed Shumsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Barry D Waterhouse
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
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Solich J, Kolasa M, Kusmider M, Pabian P, Faron-Gorecka A, Zurawek D, Szafran-Pilch K, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Swiderska B, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Life-long norepinephrine transporter (NET) knock-out leads to the increase in the NET mRNA in brain regions rich in norepinephrine terminals. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1099-108. [PMID: 26002194 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
These studies aimed to identify the genes differentially expressed in the frontal cortex of mice bearing a life-long norepinephrine transporter knock-out (NET-KO) and wild-type animals (WT). Differences in gene expression in the mouse frontal cortex were studied using a whole-genome microarray approach. Using an alternative approach, i.e. RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) with primers complementary to various exons of the NET gene, as well as TaqMan arrays, the level of mRNA encoding the NET in other brain regions of the NET-KO mice was also examined. The analyses revealed a group of 92 transcripts (27 genes) that differentiated the NET-KO mice from the WT mice. Surprisingly, the studies have shown that the mRNA encoding NET accumulated in the brain regions rich in norepinephrine nerve endings in the NET-KO mice. Because there is no other source of NET mRNA besides the noradrenergic terminals in the brain regions studied, these results might speak in favor of the presence of mRNA in axon terminals. RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation approach indicated that mRNA encoding NET was detected in the Ago2 protein/mRNA complex. In addition, the amount of Ago2 protein in the frontal cortex was significantly higher in NET-KO mice as compared with that of the WT animals. These results are important for further characterization of the NET-KO mice, which - besides other merits - might serve as a good model to study the fate of truncated mRNA in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Kusmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Gorecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Zurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bianka Swiderska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Wąsik A, Możdżeń E, Romańska I, Michaluk J. Withdrawal from repeated administration of a low dose of reserpine induced opposing adaptive changes in the noradrenaline and serotonin system function: a behavioral and neurochemical ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:146-54. [PMID: 25445479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and monoamine releaser, so it can be used as a pharmacological model of depression. In the present paper, we investigated the behavioral and neurochemical effects of withdrawal from acute and repeated administration of a low dose of reserpine (0.2 mg/kg) in Wistar Han rats. We demonstrated the behavioral and receptor oversensitivity (postsynaptic dopamine D1) during withdrawal from chronic reserpine. It was accompanied by a significant increase in motility in the locomotor activity test and climbing behavior in the forced swim test (FST). Neurochemical studies revealed that repeated but not acute administration the a low dose of reserpine triggered opposing adaptive changes in the noradrenergic and serotonin system function analyzed during reserpine withdrawal, i.e. 48 h after the last injection. The tissue concentration of noradrenaline was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens only after repeated drug administration (by about 20% and 35% vs. control; p<0.05, respectively). On the other hand, the concentration of its extraneuronal metabolite, normetanephrine (NM) increased significantly in the VTA during withdrawal both from acute and chronic reserpine. The serotonin concentration was significantly reduced in the VTA after chronic reserpine (by about 40% vs. the control group, p<0.05) as well as its main metabolite, 5-HIAA (by about 30% vs. control; p<0.05) in the VTA and hypothalamus. Dopamine and its metabolites were not changed after acute or chronic reserpine administration. In vivo microdialysis studies clearly evidenced the lack of the effect of a single dose of reserpine, and its distinct effects after chronic treatment on the release of noradrenaline and serotonin in the rat striatum. In fact, the withdrawal from repeated administration of reserpine significantly increased an extraneuronal concentration of noradrenaline in the rat striatum but at the same time produced a distinct fall in the extraneuronal serotonin in this brain structure. On the basis of the presented behavioral and neurochemical experiments, we suggest that chronic administration of reserpine even in such low dose which not yet acted on the release of monoamines but produced an inhibition of VMAT2 caused a long-lasting disadvantageous effect of plasticity in the brain resembling depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Edyta Możdżeń
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Kautto M, Kampman O, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Haraldsson S, Koivisto PA, Leinonen E. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene polymorphisms: susceptibility and treatment response of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression. Neurosci Lett 2015; 590:116-20. [PMID: 25650523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and norepinephrine transporter (NET182C) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility and treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). Thus, we examined association between these polymorphisms and susceptibility to treatment resistant depression, and treatment response in severe MDD patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In total, 119 Finnish patients with treatment resistant depression and 395 healthy volunteer blood donors were genotyped. Depression severity was assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale (MADRS), with MADRS score change during ECT the treatment response indicator. Underrepresentation of the 5-HTTLPR l/l genotype in the NET TT subgroup was observed in patients compared with controls. There were no genotype or allele frequency differences between patients and control groups separately. Patients with combined 5-HTTLPR l/l and NET TT genotypes also had poorer treatment responses than other patients. No differences in ECT response were observed when the polymorphisms were examined separately. Our results suggest that a NET 182C and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism interaction is associated with susceptibility to treatment resistant depression and ECT treatment response in antidepressant resistant depression patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Kautto
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Olli Kampman
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Seinäjoki Hospital District, Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susann Haraldsson
- Division of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea° University, Umea°, Sweden
| | - Pasi A Koivisto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Esa Leinonen
- University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Tampere, Finland
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Effects of desipramine treatment on stress-induced up-regulation of norepinephrine transporter expression in rat brains. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:379-90. [PMID: 25038868 PMCID: PMC9338776 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many studies demonstrate down-regulation of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) by desipramine (DMI) in vitro and in stress-naive rats. Little is known regarding regulation of the NET in stressed animals. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate effects of DMI on the expression of NET and protein kinases in the stress rat. METHODS Adult Fischer 344 rats were subjected to chronic social defeat (CSD) for 4 weeks. DMI (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was administered concurrently with CSD or 1 or 2 weeks after cessation of CSD. Sucrose consumption, NET expression, and protein kinases were measured. RESULTS CSD significantly increased messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of NET in the locus coeruleus, as well as NET protein levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala. These effects were nearly abolished when DMI was administered concurrently with CSD. CSD-induced up-regulation of NET expression in the locus coeruleus, hippocampus, and amygdala lasted at least 2 weeks after cessation of CSD, an effect that was significantly attenuated by 1 or 2 weeks of DMI treatment starting from cessation of the CSD. Concurrent administration of DMI with CSD did not markedly interfere with CSD-induced decreases in protein levels of protein kinases A and C in these brain regions, but it did reverse the CSD-induced reduction in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (pCREB) protein levels in most brain regions. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that NET regulation by DMI occurs in both stressed and behaviorally naive rats, and DMI-induced changes in pCREB may be involved.
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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O'Leary OF, O'Brien FE, O'Connor RM, Cryan JF. Drugs, genes and the blues: Pharmacogenetics of the antidepressant response from mouse to man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:55-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Berg T. β1-Blockers Lower Norepinephrine Release by Inhibiting Presynaptic, Facilitating β1-Adrenoceptors in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats. Front Neurol 2014; 5:51. [PMID: 24795691 PMCID: PMC3997042 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral norepinephrine release is facilitated by presynaptic β-adrenoceptors, believed to involve the β2-subtype exclusively. However, β1-selective blockers are the most commonly used β-blockers in hypertension. Here the author tested the hypothesis that β1AR may function as presynaptic, release-facilitating auto-receptors. Since β1AR-blockers are injected during myocardial infarction, their influence on the cardiovascular response to acute norepinephrine release was also studied. By a newly established method, using tyramine-stimulated release through the norepinephrine transporter (NET), presynaptic control of catecholamine release was studied in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. β1AR-selective antagonists (CGP20712A, atenolol, metoprolol) reduced norepinephrine overflow to plasma equally efficient as β2AR-selective (ICI-118551) and β1+2AR (nadolol) antagonists in both strains. Neither antagonist lowered epinephrine secretion. Atenolol, which does not cross the blood–brain barrier, reduced norepinephrine overflow after adrenalectomy (AdrX), AdrX + ganglion blockade, losartan, or nephrectomy. Atenolol and metoprolol reduced resting cardiac work load. During tyramine-stimulated norepinephrine release, they had little effect on work load, and increased the transient rise in total peripheral vascular resistance, particularly atenolol when combined with losartan. In conclusion, β1AR, like β2AR, stimulated norepinephrine but not epinephrine release, independent of adrenal catecholamines, ganglion transmission, or renal renin release/angiotensin AT1 receptor activation. β1AR therefore functioned as a peripheral, presynaptic, facilitating auto-receptor. Like tyramine, hypoxia may induce NET-mediated release. Augmented tyramine-induced vasoconstriction, as observed after injection of β1AR-blocker, particularly atenolol combined with losartan, may hamper organ perfusion, and may have clinical relevance in hypoxic conditions such as myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torill Berg
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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