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Sun T, Du H, Li Z, Xiong J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Liang F, He J, Liu X, Xiang H. Decoding the contributions of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in acute liver injury mice with and without cognitive dysfunction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022. [PMID: 36585803 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Patients with acute liver injury (ALI) can develop cognitive dysfunction (CD). The study investigated the role of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in ALI mice with and without CD. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice that received thioacetamide were classified into ALI mice with (susceptible) or without (unsusceptible) CD-like phenotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis of behavior. The role of gut microbiota was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and feces microbiota transplantation (FMT). 1 H-[13 C] NMR and electrophysiology were used to detect the changes in cerebral neurotransmitter metabolic and synaptic transition in neurons or astrocytes. RESULTS Apromixlay 55% (11/20) of mice developed CD and FMT from the susceptible group transmitted CD to gut microbiota-depleted mice. Alloprevotella was enriched in the susceptible group. GABA production was decreased in the frontal cortex, while hippocampal glutamine was increased in the susceptible group. Altered Escherichia. Shigella and Alloprevotella were correlated with behaviors and cerebral metabolic kinetics and identified as good predictors of ALI-induced CD. The frequencies of both miniature inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal CA1 and prefrontal cortex were decreased in the susceptible group. CONCLUSION Altered transmitter metabolism and synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and gut microbiota disturbance may lead to ALI-induced CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongying Du
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyuan Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingang He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Abbruscato TJ. Brain Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke: Effects of Smoking and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158512. [PMID: 35955647 PMCID: PMC9369264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism in the brain is crucial for maintaining brain activity in physiological and different pathophysiological conditions. Ischemic stroke has a complex pathophysiology which includes perturbations in the brain energy metabolism processes which can contribute to worsening of brain injury and stroke outcome. Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors and comorbid conditions for ischemic stroke which have also been associated with disruptions in brain energy metabolism. Simultaneous presence of these conditions may further alter energy metabolism in the brain leading to a poor clinical prognosis after an ischemic stroke event. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of smoking and/or diabetes on brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial energy metabolism which, when present concurrently, may exacerbate energy metabolism in the ischemic brain. More research is needed to investigate brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in ischemic stroke in the presence of smoking and/or diabetes, which would provide further insights on the pathophysiology of these comorbid conditions and facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Wei M, Zhao L, Lv J, Li X, Zhou G, Fan B, Shen X, Zhao D, Xue F, Wang J, Zhang T. The mediation effect of serum metabolites on the relationship between long-term smoking exposure and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:415. [PMID: 33858379 PMCID: PMC8050928 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term smoking exposure will increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), whereas the mechanism is still unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore whether serum metabolites mediate the occurrence of ESCC caused by cigarette smoking. METHODS Serum metabolic profiles and lifestyle information of 464 participants were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of smoking exposure to ESCC risk. High-dimensional mediation analysis and univariate mediation analysis were performed to screen potential intermediate metabolites of smoking exposure for ESCC. RESULTS Ever smoking was associated with a 3.11-fold increase of ESCC risk (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.63-6.05), and for each cigarette-years increase in smoking index, ESCC risk increased by 56% (OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.18-2.13). A total of 5 metabolites were screened as mediators by high-dimensional mediation analysis. In addition, glutamine, histidine, and cholic acid were further proved existing mediation effects according to univariate mediation analysis. And the proportions of mediation of histidine and glutamine were 40.47 and 30.00%, respectively. The mediation effect of cholic acid was 8.98% according to the analysis of smoking index. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that cigarette smoking contributed to incident ESCC, which may be mediated by glutamine, histidine and cholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Tumor Preventative and Therapeutic Base of Shandong Province, Feicheng People's Hospital, Feicheng, 271600, China
| | - Jiali Lv
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Guangshuai Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bingbing Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotao Shen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, and Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Deli Zhao
- Tumor Preventative and Therapeutic Base of Shandong Province, Feicheng People's Hospital, Feicheng, 271600, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhua Xi Rd, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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4
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Wu L, Niu Z, Hu X, Liu H, Li S, Chen L, Zheng D, Liu Z, Liu T, Xu F, Manyande A, Wang J, Xia H. Regional cerebral metabolic levels and turnover in awake rats after acute or chronic spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:10547-10559. [PMID: 32592196 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases Yinchuan P.R. China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Xulei Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases Yinchuan P.R. China
- School of Clinical Medicine Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
| | - Huili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Danhao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences University of West London London UK
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesInnovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology Wuhan P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes 2nd Hospital of Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang P.R. China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
- Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan P.R. China
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5
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Rothman DL, de Graaf RA, Hyder F, Mason GF, Behar KL, De Feyter HM. In vivo 13 C and 1 H-[ 13 C] MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling, applications to neurological and psychiatric disease and brain cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4172. [PMID: 31478594 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last 25 years 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for measuring glutamate neurotransmission and cell specific neuroenergetics. Although technically and experimentally challenging 13 C MRS has already provided important new information on the relationship between neuroenergetics and neuronal function, the high energy cost of brain function in the resting state and the role of altered neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in disease. In this paper we review the metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways that can be measured by 13 C MRS and key findings on the linkage between neuroenergetics, neurotransmitter cycling, and brain function. Applications of 13 C MRS to neurological and psychiatric disease as well as brain cancer are reviewed. Recent technological developments that may help to overcome spatial resolution and brain coverage limitations of 13 C MRS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henk M De Feyter
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Yang J, Guo H, Sun D, Duan J, Rao X, Xu F, Manyande A, Tang Y, Wang J, Wang F. Elevated glutamate, glutamine and GABA levels and reduced taurine level in a schizophrenia model using an in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance method. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5919-5931. [PMID: 31632560 PMCID: PMC6789232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that brain metabolic changes may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have found glutamatergic and GABAergic abnormalities in different brain regions of individuals with schizophrenia. We report a longitudinal behavioral study in a methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rat model of schizophrenia at three different age periods: prepuberty, late-puberty and early-adulthood. MAM-treated rats showed stable hypolocomotive activity, anxiety and cognitive deficits from late-puberty to early-adulthood. Therefore we detected the metabolites changes of adult MAM-treated rats using an in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method. In the MAM-treated rats, glutamate was increased in the thalamus and hypothalamus, glutamine was increased in the hippocampus and GABA was increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, while taurine showed a decrease in the striatum, temporal cortex and parietal cortex. These abnormalities may be helped further understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jia Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049, P. R. China
- 2nd Hospital of ShijiazhuangShijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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Sifat AE, Vaidya B, Kaisar MA, Cucullo L, Abbruscato TJ. Nicotine and electronic cigarette (E-Cig) exposure decreases brain glucose utilization in ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2018; 147:204-221. [PMID: 30062776 PMCID: PMC6394831 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that nicotine exposure decreases glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier in ischemia-reperfusion conditions. We hypothesize that nicotine can also dysregulate brain parenchymal glucose utilization by altering glucose transporters with effects on sensitivity to ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose utilization using an in vitro ischemic stroke model. We also tested the effects of e-Cig vaping on ischemic brain glucose utilization using an acute brain slice technique. Primary cortical neurons and brain slices were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation to mimic ischemia-reperfusion injury. We estimated brain cell glucose utilization by measuring the uptake of [3 H] deoxy-d-glucose. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were done to characterize glucose transporters (GLUTs) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression. Furthermore, we used a glycolytic stress test to measure the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose metabolism. We observed that short- and long-term nicotine/cotinine exposure significantly decreased neuronal glucose utilization in ischemic conditions and the non-specific nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine reversed this effect. Nicotine/cotinine exposure also decreased neuronal GLUT1 and up-regulated α7 nAChR expression and decreased glycolysis. Exposure of mice to e-Cig vapor for 7 days likewise decreases brain glucose uptake under normoxic and ischemic conditions along with down-regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 expressions. These data support, from a cerebrovascular perspective, that nicotine and/or e-Cig vaping induce a state of glucose deprivation at the neurovascular unit which could lead to enhanced ischemic brain injury and/or stroke risk. OPEN PRACTICES: Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali E Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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8
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Du H, Fu J, Wang S, Liu H, Zeng Y, Yang J, Xiong S. 1H-NMR metabolomics analysis of nutritional components from two kinds of freshwater fish brain extracts. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19470-19478. [PMID: 35541012 PMCID: PMC9080649 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of bioactive compounds in freshwater fish brains, and their functional roles have not been clearly elucidated. NMR-based metabolic profiling could enable rapid characterization of the nutritional composition a fish's brain. Here, two kinds of freshwater fish brains were investigated, crucian carp and yellow catfish. A 1H-NMR based metabolomic approach was used to illustrate the nutritional components of these two kinds of brain. At first, the microwave method was utilized to cease the activity of the enzymes in the brain, and the chemicals were extracted for NMR analysis. These two kinds of brain had significant differences in metabolic patterns, and the chemical compositions of the yellow catfish brain were similar to those of rodent and human brains. Furthermore, most of the different metabolites were significantly higher in the yellow catfish, except for acetamide. This study could provide comprehensive information regarding the utilization of fish heads during processing of fish and dietary nutrition guidance. There are a number of bioactive compounds in freshwater fish brains, and their functional roles have not been clearly elucidated. NMR-based metabolic profiling could provide a rapid characterization of a fish brain's nutritional composition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Du
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375.,National R & D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China
| | - Jialing Fu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375
| | - Huili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yongchao Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375
| | - Jiaren Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375
| | - Shanbai Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China +86-27-87288375.,National R & D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing Wuhan Hubei 430070 P. R. China
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9
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Saba K, Rajnala N, Veeraiah P, Tiwari V, Rana RK, Lakhotia SC, Patel AB. Energetics of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission in Aluminum Chloride Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Reversal of Behavioral and Metabolic Deficits by Rasa Sindoor. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:323. [PMID: 29089867 PMCID: PMC5651029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions and memory. Excessive intake of aluminum chloride in drinking water is associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which are the hallmark of AD. We have evaluated brain energy metabolism in aluminum chloride (AlCl3) mouse model of AD. In addition, effectiveness of Rasa Sindoor (RS), a formulation used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, for alleviation of symptoms of AD was evaluated. Mice were administered AlCl3 (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once a day for 60 days. The memory of mice was measured using Morris Water Maze test. The 13C labeling of brain amino acids was measured ex vivo in tissue extracts using 1H-[13C]-NMR spectroscopy with timed infusion of [1,6-13C2]glucose. The 13C turnover of brain amino acids was analyzed using a three-compartment metabolic model to derive the neurotransmitter cycling and TCA cycle rates associated with glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. Exposure of AlCl3 led to reduction in memory of mice. The glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmitter cycling and glucose oxidation were found to be reduced in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum following chronic AlCl3 treatment. The perturbation in metabolic rates was highest in the cerebral cortex. However, reduction in metabolic fluxes was higher in hippocampus and striatum following one month post AlCl3 treatment. Most interestingly, oral administration of RS (2 g/kg) restored memory as well as the energetics of neurotransmission in mice exposed to AlCl3. These data suggest therapeutic potential of RS to manage cognitive functions and memory in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Saba
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, India
| | - Niharika Rajnala
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, India
| | - Pandichelvam Veeraiah
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, India
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, India
| | - Rohit K Rana
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, India
| | - Subhash C Lakhotia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anant B Patel
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, India
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10
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Patel AB, Lai JCK, Chowdhury GIM, Rothman DL, Behar KL. Comparison of Glutamate Turnover in Nerve Terminals and Brain Tissue During [1,6- 13C 2]Glucose Metabolism in Anesthetized Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:173-190. [PMID: 28025798 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 13C turnover of neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, GABA and aspartate) were determined from extracts of forebrain nerve terminals and brain homogenate, and fronto-parietal cortex from anesthetized rats undergoing timed infusions of [1,6-13C2]glucose or [2-13C]acetate. Nerve terminal 13C fractional labeling of glutamate and aspartate was lower than those in whole cortical tissue at all times measured (up to 120 min), suggesting either the presence of a constant dilution flux from an unlabeled substrate or an unlabeled (effectively non-communicating on the measurement timescale) glutamate pool in the nerve terminals. Half times of 13C labeling from [1,6-13C2]glucose, as estimated by least squares exponential fitting to the time course data, were longer for nerve terminals (GluC4, 21.8 min; GABAC2 21.0 min) compared to cortical tissue (GluC4, 12.4 min; GABAC2, 14.5 min), except for AspC3, which was similar (26.5 vs. 27.0 min). The slower turnover of glutamate in the nerve terminals (but not GABA) compared to the cortex may reflect selective effects of anesthesia on activity-dependent glucose use, which might be more pronounced in the terminals. The 13C labeling ratio for glutamate-C4 from [2-13C]acetate over that of 13C-glucose was twice as large in nerve terminals compared to cortex, suggesting that astroglial glutamine under the 13C glucose infusion was the likely source of much of the nerve terminal dilution. The net replenishment of most of the nerve terminal amino acid pools occurs directly via trafficking of astroglial glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant B Patel
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - James C K Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - Golam I M Chowdhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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11
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McNair LF, Kornfelt R, Walls AB, Andersen JV, Aldana BI, Nissen JD, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS. Metabolic Characterization of Acutely Isolated Hippocampal and Cerebral Cortical Slices Using [U-13C]Glucose and [1,2-13C]Acetate as Substrates. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:810-826. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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DiNuzzo M, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Mangia S. Computational Flux Balance Analysis Predicts that Stimulation of Energy Metabolism in Astrocytes and their Metabolic Interactions with Neurons Depend on Uptake of K + Rather than Glutamate. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:202-216. [PMID: 27628293 PMCID: PMC5283516 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity involves essential functional and metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. The importance of astrocytic functions to neuronal signaling is supported by many experiments reporting high rates of energy consumption and oxidative metabolism in these glial cells. In the brain, almost all energy is consumed by the Na+/K+ ATPase, which hydrolyzes 1 ATP to move 3 Na+ outside and 2 K+ inside the cells. Astrocytes are commonly thought to be primarily involved in transmitter glutamate cycling, a mechanism that however only accounts for few % of brain energy utilization. In order to examine the participation of astrocytic energy metabolism in brain ion homeostasis, here we attempted to devise a simple stoichiometric relation linking glutamatergic neurotransmission to Na+ and K+ ionic currents. To this end, we took into account ion pumps and voltage/ligand-gated channels using the stoichiometry derived from available energy budget for neocortical signaling and incorporated this stoichiometric relation into a computational metabolic model of neuron-astrocyte interactions. We aimed at reproducing the experimental observations about rates of metabolic pathways obtained by 13C-NMR spectroscopy in rodent brain. When simulated data matched experiments as well as biophysical calculations, the stoichiometry for voltage/ligand-gated Na+ and K+ fluxes generated by neuronal activity was close to a 1:1 relationship, and specifically 63/58 Na+/K+ ions per glutamate released. We found that astrocytes are stimulated by the extracellular K+ exiting neurons in excess of the 3/2 Na+/K+ ratio underlying Na+/K+ ATPase-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of correlations between neuronal and astrocytic processes indicated that astrocytic K+ uptake, but not astrocytic Na+-coupled glutamate uptake, is instrumental for the establishment of neuron-astrocytic metabolic partnership. Our results emphasize the importance of K+ in stimulating the activation of astrocytes, which is relevant to the understanding of brain activity and energy metabolism at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 24.2.40, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Federico Giove
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maraviglia
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Univeristy of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Shulman RG, Hyder F, Rothman DL. Insights from neuroenergetics into the interpretation of functional neuroimaging: an alternative empirical model for studying the brain's support of behavior. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1721-35. [PMID: 25160670 PMCID: PMC4269754 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging measures quantitative changes in neurophysiological parameters coupled to neuronal activity during observable behavior. These results have usually been interpreted by assuming that mental causation of behavior arises from the simultaneous actions of distinct psychological mechanisms or modules. However, reproducible localization of these modules in the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been elusive other than for sensory systems. In this paper, we show that neuroenergetic studies using PET, calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrical recordings do not support the standard approach, which identifies the location of mental modules from changes in brain activity. Of importance in reaching this conclusion is that changes in neuronal activities underlying the fMRI signal are many times smaller than the high ubiquitous, baseline neuronal activity, or energy in resting, awake humans. Furthermore, the incremental signal depends on the baseline activity contradicting theoretical assumptions about linearity and insertion of mental modules. To avoid these problems, while making use of these valuable results, we propose that neuroimaging should be used to identify observable brain activities that are necessary for a person's observable behavior rather than being used to seek hypothesized mental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Shulman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Characterization of cerebral glutamine uptake from blood in the mouse brain: implications for metabolic modeling of 13C NMR data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1666-72. [PMID: 25074745 PMCID: PMC4269725 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(13)C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies of rodent and human brain using [1-(13)C]/[1,6-(13)C2]glucose as labeled substrate have consistently found a lower enrichment (∼25% to 30%) of glutamine-C4 compared with glutamate-C4 at isotopic steady state. The source of this isotope dilution has not been established experimentally but may potentially arise either from blood/brain exchange of glutamine or from metabolism of unlabeled substrates in astrocytes, where glutamine synthesis occurs. In this study, the contribution of the former was evaluated ex vivo using (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectroscopy together with intravenous infusion of [U-(13)C5]glutamine for 3, 15, 30, and 60 minutes in mice. (13)C labeling of brain glutamine was found to be saturated at plasma glutamine levels >1.0 mmol/L. Fitting a blood-astrocyte-neuron metabolic model to the (13)C enrichment time courses of glutamate and glutamine yielded the value of glutamine influx, VGln(in), 0.036±0.002 μmol/g per minute for plasma glutamine of 1.8 mmol/L. For physiologic plasma glutamine level (∼0.6 mmol/L), VGln(in) would be ∼0.010 μmol/g per minute, which corresponds to ∼6% of the glutamine synthesis rate and rises to ∼11% for saturating blood glutamine concentrations. Thus, glutamine influx from blood contributes at most ∼20% to the dilution of astroglial glutamine-C4 consistently seen in metabolic studies using [1-(13)C]glucose.
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15
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Direct evidence for activity-dependent glucose phosphorylation in neurons with implications for the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5385-90. [PMID: 24706914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403576111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments have shown that over a wide range of neuronal activity, approximately one molecule of glucose is oxidized for every molecule of glutamate released by neurons and recycled through astrocytic glutamine. The measured kinetics were shown to agree with the stoichiometry of a hypothetical astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle model, which predicted negligible functional neuronal uptake of glucose. To test this model, we measured the uptake and phosphorylation of glucose in nerve terminals isolated from rats infused with the glucose analog, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in vivo. The concentrations of phosphorylated FDG (FDG6P), normalized with respect to known neuronal metabolites, were compared in nerve terminals, homogenate, and cortex of anesthetized rats with and without bicuculline-induced seizures. The increase in FDG6P in nerve terminals agreed well with the increase in cortical neuronal glucose oxidation measured previously under the same conditions in vivo, indicating that direct uptake and oxidation of glucose in nerve terminals is substantial under resting and activated conditions. These results suggest that neuronal glucose-derived pyruvate is the major oxidative fuel for activated neurons, not lactate-derived from astrocytes, contradicting predictions of the original astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle model under the range of study conditions.
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16
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Wang J, Du H, Ma X, Pittman B, Castracane L, Li TK, Behar KL, Mason GF. Metabolic products of [2-(13) C]ethanol in the rat brain after chronic ethanol exposure. J Neurochem 2013; 127:353-64. [PMID: 24033360 PMCID: PMC6145094 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most ingested ethanol is metabolized in the liver to acetaldehyde and then to acetate, which can be oxidized by the brain. This project assessed whether chronic exposure to alcohol can increase cerebral oxidation of acetate. Through metabolism, acetate may contribute to long-term adaptation to drinking. Two groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied, one treated with ethanol vapor and the other given room air. After 3 weeks the rats received an intravenous infusion of [2-(13) C]ethanol via a lateral tail vein for 2 h. As the liver converts ethanol to [2-(13) C]acetate, some of the acetate enters the brain. Through oxidation the (13) C is incorporated into the metabolic intermediate α-ketoglutarate, which is converted to glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and GABA. These were observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and found to be (13) C-labeled primarily through the consumption of ethanol-derived acetate. Brain Gln, Glu, and, GABA (13) C enrichments, normalized to (13) C-acetate enrichments in the plasma, were higher in the chronically treated rats than in the ethanol-naïve rats, suggesting increased cerebral uptake and oxidation of circulating acetate. Chronic ethanol exposure increased incorporation of systemically derived acetate into brain Gln, Glu, and GABA, key neurochemicals linked to brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission. The liver converts ethanol to acetate, which may contribute to long-term adaptation to drinking. Astroglia oxidize acetate and generate neurochemicals, while neurons and glia may also oxidize ethanol. When (13) C-ethanol is administered intravenously, (13) C-glutamine, glutamate, and GABA, normalized to (13) C-acetate, were higher in chronic ethanol-exposed rats than in control rats, suggesting that ethanol exposure increases cerebral oxidation of circulating acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology
| | - Hongying Du
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R.China, 430070
| | | | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06511
| | | | - Ting-Kai Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA, 27710
| | - Kevin L. Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06511
| | - Graeme F. Mason
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 06511
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Tiwari V, Ambadipudi S, Patel AB. Glutamatergic and GABAergic TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycling fluxes in different regions of mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1523-31. [PMID: 23838829 PMCID: PMC3790929 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies together with the infusion of (13)C-labeled substrates in rats and humans have provided important insight into brain energy metabolism. In the present study, we have extended a three-compartment metabolic model in mouse to investigate glutamatergic and GABAergic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and neurotransmitter cycle fluxes across different regions of the brain. The (13)C turnover of amino acids from [1,6-(13)C2]glucose was monitored ex vivo using (1)H-[(13)C]-NMR spectroscopy. The astroglial glutamate pool size, one of the important parameters of the model, was estimated by a short infusion of [2-(13)C]acetate. The ratio Vcyc/VTCA was calculated from the steady-state acetate experiment. The (13)C turnover curves of [4-(13)C]/[3-(13)C]glutamate, [4-(13)C]glutamine, [2-(13)C]/[3-(13)C]GABA, and [3-(13)C]aspartate from [1,6-(13)C2]glucose were analyzed using a three-compartment metabolic model to estimate the rates of the TCA cycle and neurotransmitter cycle associated with glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. The glutamatergic TCA cycle rate was found to be highest in the cerebral cortex (0.91 ± 0.05 μmol/g per minute) and least in the hippocampal region (0.64 ± 0.07 μmol/g per minute) of the mouse brain. In contrast, the GABAergic TCA cycle flux was found to be highest in the thalamus-hypothalamus (0.28 ± 0.01 μmol/g per minute) and least in the cerebral cortex (0.24 ± 0.02 μmol/g per minute). These findings indicate that the energetics of excitatory and inhibitory function is distinct across the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Tiwari
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda India
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18
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Oxidation of ethanol in the rat brain and effects associated with chronic ethanol exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14444-9. [PMID: 23940368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306011110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that chronic and acute alcohol exposure decreases cerebral glucose metabolism and increases acetate oxidation. However, it remains unknown how much ethanol the living brain can oxidize directly and whether such a process would be affected by alcohol exposure. The questions have implications for reward, oxidative damage, and long-term adaptation to drinking. One group of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was treated with ethanol vapor and the other given room air. After 3 wk the rats received i.v. [2-(13)C]ethanol and [1, 2-(13)C2]acetate for 2 h, and then the brain was fixed, removed, and divided into neocortex and subcortical tissues for measurement of (13)C isotopic labeling of glutamate and glutamine by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ethanol oxidation was seen to occur both in the cortex and the subcortex. In ethanol-naïve rats, cortical oxidation of ethanol occurred at rates of 0.017 ± 0.002 µmol/min/g in astroglia and 0.014 ± 0.003 µmol/min/g in neurons, and chronic alcohol exposure increased the astroglial ethanol oxidation to 0.028 ± 0.002 µmol/min/g (P = 0.001) with an insignificant effect on neuronal ethanol oxidation. Compared with published rates of overall oxidative metabolism in astroglia and neurons, ethanol provided 12.3 ± 1.4% of cortical astroglial oxidation in ethanol-naïve rats and 20.2 ± 1.5% in ethanol-treated rats. For cortical astroglia and neurons combined, the ethanol oxidation for naïve and treated rats was 3.2 ± 0.3% and 3.8 ± 0.2% of total oxidation, respectively. (13)C labeling from subcortical oxidation of ethanol was similar to that seen in cortex but was not affected by chronic ethanol exposure.
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Morgan JJ, Kleven GA, Tulbert CD, Olson J, Horita DA, Ronca AE. Longitudinal 1H MRS of rat forebrain from infancy to adulthood reveals adolescence as a distinctive phase of neurometabolite development. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:683-691. [PMID: 23322706 PMCID: PMC3634877 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study represents the first longitudinal, within-subject (1) H MRS investigation of the developing rat brain spanning infancy, adolescence and early adulthood. We obtained neurometabolite profiles from a voxel located in a central location of the forebrain, centered on the striatum, with smaller contributions for the cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus, on postnatal days 7, 35 and 60. Water-scaled metabolite signals were corrected for T1 effects and quantified using the automated processing software LCModel, yielding molal concentrations. Our findings indicate age-related concentration changes in N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate, myo-inositol, glutamate + glutamine, taurine, creatine + phosphocreatine and glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine. Using a repeated measures design and analysis, we identified significant neurodevelopment changes across all three developmental ages and identified adolescence as a distinctive phase in normative neurometabolic brain development. Between postnatal days 35 and 60, changes were observed in the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate, glutamate + glutamine and glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine. Our data replicate past studies of early neurometabolite development and, for the first time, link maturational profiles in the same subjects across infancy, adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Morgan
- Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gale A. Kleven
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Christina D. Tulbert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - John Olson
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - David A. Horita
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - April E. Ronca
- Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Rothman DL, De Feyter HM, Maciejewski PK, Behar KL. Is there in vivo evidence for amino acid shuttles carrying ammonia from neurons to astrocytes? Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2597-612. [PMID: 23104556 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The high in vivo flux of the glutamate/glutamine cycle puts a strong demand on the return of ammonia released by phosphate activated glutaminase from the neurons to the astrocytes in order to maintain nitrogen balance. In this paper we review several amino acid shuttles that have been proposed for balancing the nitrogen flows between neurons and astrocytes in the glutamate/glutamine cycle. All of these cycles depend on the directionality of glutamate dehydrogenase, catalyzing reductive glutamate synthesis (forward reaction) in the neuron in order to capture the ammonia released by phosphate activated glutaminase, while catalyzing oxidative deamination of glutamate (reverse reaction) in the astrocytes to release ammonia for glutamine synthesis. Reanalysis of results from in vivo experiments using (13)N and (15)N labeled ammonia and (15)N leucine in rats suggests that the maximum flux of the alanine/lactate or branched chain amino acid/branched chain amino acid transaminase shuttles between neurons and astrocytes are approximately 3-5 times lower than would be required to account for the ammonia transfer from neurons to astrocytes needed for glutamine synthesis (amide nitrogen) to sustain the glutamate/glutamine cycle. However, in the rat brain both the total ammonia fixation rate by glutamate dehydrogenase and the total branched chain amino acid transaminase activity are sufficient to support a branched chain amino acid/branched chain keto acid shuttle, as proposed by Hutson and coworkers, which would support the de novo synthesis of glutamine in the astrocyte to replace the ~20 % of neurotransmitter glutamate that is oxidized. A higher fraction of the nitrogen needs of total glutamate neurotransmitter cycling could be supported by hybrid cycles in which glutamate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates act as a nitrogen shuttle. A limitation of all in vivo studies in animals conducted to date is that none have shown transfer of nitrogen for glutamine amide synthesis, either as free ammonia or via an amino acid from the neurons to the astrocytes. Future work will be needed, perhaps using methods for selectively labeling nitrogen in neurons, to conclusively establish the rate of amino acid nitrogen shuttles in vivo and their coupling to the glutamate/glutamine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, CT 06520-8043, USA.
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21
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Shameem M, Patel AB. Glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolism in mouse brain under chronic nicotine exposure: implications for addiction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41824. [PMID: 22848621 PMCID: PMC3405019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The effects of nicotine on cerebral metabolism and its influence on smoking behavior is poorly understood. An understanding of the chronic effects of nicotine on excitatory and inhibitory metabolic demand, and corresponding neurotransmission may provide clues for designing strategies for the optimal smoking cessation intervention. The objective of the current study was to investigate neuronal and astroglial metabolism in mice exposed to nicotine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, sc) three times in a day for 4 weeks. Experimental Approach/Principal Findings Metabolic measurements were carried out by co-infusing [U-13C6]glucose and [2-13C]acetate, and monitoring 13C labeling of amino acids in brain tissue extract using 1H-[13C] and 13C-[1H]-NMR spectroscopy. Concentration of 13C-labeled glutamate-C4 was increased significantly from glucose and acetate with chronic nicotine treatment indicating an increase in glucose oxidation by glutamatergic neurons in all brain regions and glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter cycle in cortical and subcortical regions. However, chronic nicotine treatment led to increased labeling of GABA-C2 from glucose only in the cortical region. Further, increased labeling of glutamine-C4 from [2-13C]acetate is suggestive of increased astroglial activity in subcortical and cerebellum regions of brain with chronic nicotine treatment. Conclusions and Significance Chronic nicotine exposure enhanced excitatory activity in the majority of brain regions while inhibitory and astroglial functions were enhanced only in selected brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shameem
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Anant Bahadur Patel
- NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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Quantitative fMRI and oxidative neuroenergetics. Neuroimage 2012; 62:985-94. [PMID: 22542993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly impacted neuroscience. The blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, using deoxyhemoglobin as an endogenous paramagnetic contrast agent, exposes regions of interest in task-based and resting-state paradigms. However the BOLD contrast is at best a partial measure of neuronal activity, because the functional maps obtained by differencing or correlations ignore the total neuronal activity in the baseline state. Here we describe how studies of brain energy metabolism at Yale, especially with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy and related techniques, contributed to development of quantitative functional brain imaging with fMRI by providing a reliable measurement of baseline energy. This narrative takes us on a journey, from molecules to mind, with illuminating insights about neuronal-glial activities in relation to energy demand of synaptic activity. These results, along with key contributions from laboratories worldwide, comprise the energetic basis for quantitative interpretation of fMRI data.
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Han DH, Lyoo IK, Renshaw PF. Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:507-15. [PMID: 22277302 PMCID: PMC4632992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with on-line game addiction (POGA) and professional video game players play video games for extended periods of time, but experience very different consequences for their on-line game play. Brain regions consisting of anterior cingulate, thalamus and occpito-temporal areas may increase the likelihood of becoming a pro-gamer or POGA. Twenty POGA, seventeen pro-gamers, and eighteen healthy comparison subjects (HC) were recruited. All magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a 1.5 Tesla Espree MRI scanner (SIEMENS, Erlangen, Germany). Voxel-wise comparisons of gray matter volume were performed between the groups using the two-sample t-test with statistical parametric mapping (SPM5). Compared to HC, the POGA group showed increased impulsiveness and perseverative errors, and volume in left thalamus gray matter, but decreased gray matter volume in both inferior temporal gyri, right middle occipital gyrus, and left inferior occipital gyrus, compared with HC. Pro-gamers showed increased gray matter volume in left cingulate gyrus, but decreased gray matter volume in left middle occipital gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus compared with HC. Additionally, the pro-gamer group showed increased gray matter volume in left cingulate gyrus and decreased left thalamus gray matter volume compared with the POGA group. The current study suggests that increased gray matter volumes of the left cingulate gyrus in pro-gamers and of the left thalamus in POGA may contribute to the different clinical characteristics of pro-gamers and POGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 801 587 1216; fax: +1 801 585 5375. (P.F. Renshaw)
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Rothman DL, De Feyter HM, de Graaf RA, Mason GF, Behar KL. 13C MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in humans. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:943-57. [PMID: 21882281 PMCID: PMC3651027 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last 25 years, (13)C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for the measurement of glutamate neurotransmission and cell-specific neuroenergetics. Although technically and experimentally challenging, (13)C MRS has already provided important new information on the relationship between neuroenergetics and neuronal function, the energy cost of brain function, the high neuronal activity in the resting brain state and how neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling are altered in neurological and psychiatric disease. In this article, the current state of (13)C MRS as it is applied to the study of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in humans is reviewed. The focus is predominantly on recent findings in humans regarding metabolic pathways, applications to clinical research and the technical status of the method. Results from in vivo (13)C MRS studies in animals are discussed from the standpoint of the validation of MRS measurements of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling, and where they have helped to identify key questions to address in human research. Controversies concerning the relationship between neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling and factors having an impact on the accurate determination of fluxes through mathematical modeling are addressed. We further touch upon different (13)C-labeled substrates used to study brain metabolism, before reviewing a number of human brain diseases investigated using (13)C MRS. Future technological developments are discussed that will help to overcome the limitations of (13)C MRS, with special attention given to recent developments in hyperpolarized (13)C MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8043, USA.
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Herzog RI, Sherwin RS, Rothman DL. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and its effect on the brain: unraveling metabolism by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2011; 60:1856-8. [PMID: 21709281 PMCID: PMC3121425 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund I Herzog
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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de Graaf RA, Chowdhury GMI, Behar KL. Quantification of high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra from rat brain extracts. Anal Chem 2010; 83:216-24. [PMID: 21142125 DOI: 10.1021/ac102285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracting quantitative information about absolute concentrations from high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra of complex mixtures such as brain extracts remains challenging. Partial overlap of resonances complicates integration, whereas simple line fitting algorithms cannot accommodate the spectral complexity of coupled spin systems. Here, it is shown that high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra of rat brain extracts from 11 distinct brain regions can be reproducibly quantified using a basis set of 29 compounds. The basis set is simulated with the density matrix formalism using complete prior knowledge of chemical shifts and scalar couplings. A crucial aspect to obtain reproducible results was the inclusion of a line shape distortion common among all 73 resonances of the 29 compounds. All metabolites could be quantified with <10% and <3% inter- and intrasubject variation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A de Graaf
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, United States.
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