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Rashid U, Saba E, Yousaf A, Tareen WA, Sarfraz A, Rhee MH, Sandhu MA. Autologous Platelet Lysate Is an Alternative to Fetal Bovine Serum for Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2655. [PMID: 37627446 PMCID: PMC10451755 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in regenerative medicine raises serious ethical and scientific concerns. We have cultured and differentiated the canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) in five different media combinations of autologous platelet lysate (A-PL) and FBS; consisting of 0% A-PL and 10% FBS (M-1), 2.5% A-PL and 7.5% FBS (M-2), 5% A-PL and 5% FBS (M-3), 7.5% A-PL and 2.5% FBS (M-4), and 10% A-PL and 0% FBS (M-5). The cMSCs were evaluated for their doubling time, differentiation efficiency, and expression of CD73, CD90, CD105, and PDGFRα. The mRNA expression of NT5E, THY1, ENG, PPARγ, FABP4, FAS, SP7, BGLAP, and SPP1 was also assessed. The results indicated non-significant differences in cellular proliferation/viability; positive expression of surface markers, and PDGFRα with substantial adipo/osteogenic differentiation. The expression of adipogenic (PPARγ, FABP4, FAS), and osteogenic (SP7, BGLAP, SPP1) genes were higher (p < 0.05) in the M5 group. In conclusion, A-PL in cMSCs culture did not negatively affect cellular proliferation and viability but also enhanced their genetic potential for multilineage differentiation. Our results indicate that A-PL can be used as an alternative for FBS to develop potent cMSCs under good manufacturing practice protocol for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Rashid
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (U.R.); (A.Y.)
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (E.S.); (W.A.T.)
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (U.R.); (A.Y.)
| | - Waleed Ahsan Tareen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (E.S.); (W.A.T.)
| | - Adeel Sarfraz
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansur Abdullah Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (E.S.); (W.A.T.)
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Monmai C, Kim JS, Sim HB, Yun DW, Oh SD, Rha ES, Kim JJ, Baek SH. Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Exerted Antiadipogenic Activity during 3T3-L1 Differentiation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2123. [PMID: 37631337 PMCID: PMC10458103 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional medicine with health benefits for humans. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is an important bioactive compound found in ginseng. Transgenic rice containing PPD has been generated previously. In the present study, extracts of this transgenic rice were evaluated to assess their antiadipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. During adipogenesis, cells were treated with transgenic rice seed extracts. The results revealed that the concentrations of the rice seed extracts tested in this study did not affect cell viability at 3 days post-treatment. However, the rice seed extracts significantly reduced the accumulation of lipids in cells and suppressed the activation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which in turn inhibited the expression of adipogenesis-related mRNAs, such as adiponectin, PPARγ, C/EBPα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, glucose transport member 4, and fatty acid synthase. In adipocytes, the extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammation-related factors following LPS treatment. The activation of NF-κB p65 and ERK 1/2 was inhibited in extract-treated adipocytes. Moreover, treatment with extract #8 markedly reduced the cell population of the G2/M phase. Collectively, these results indicate that transgenic rice containing PPD may act as an obesity-reducing and/or -preventing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Hyun Bo Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - Doh-Won Yun
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-W.Y.); (S.-D.O.)
| | - Sung-Dug Oh
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea; (D.-W.Y.); (S.-D.O.)
| | - Eui-Shik Rha
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, Republic of Korea;
| | - So-Hyeon Baek
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 59722, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (J.-S.K.); (E.-S.R.)
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3
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Ishii M, Ikeda N, Miyata H, Takahashi M, Nishimura M. Purple sweet potato leaf extracts suppress adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14057. [PMID: 35034358 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf extract (PSPLE) is known to exhibit various biological effects. However, the anti-adipogenic effects of PSPLE on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PSPLE on the adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow MSCs. PSPLE treatment significantly reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels during adipogenic differentiation. PSPLE suppressed the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα, which are the master transcription factors orchestrating adipogenesis; moreover, it inhibited the expression of adiponectin, adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which are downstream target genes involved in adipogenic differentiation. Furthermore, PSPLE treatment suppressed glucose transporter 4 expression and intracellular glucose uptake and significantly inhibited the adipogenic differentiation induced factor-stimulated Akt signaling activation. These results indicate that PSPLE suppresses the differentiation of undifferentiated MSCs into adipocyte lineages and inhibits the terminal differentiation from preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide is a problem today. Obesity is induced by an excessive accumulation of adipocytes and causes obesity-related diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Natural compounds derived from plants and fruits have a variety of biological activities and are expected to exert therapeutic effects against various diseases. This study shows that purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf extract (PSPLE) suppresses adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, PSPLE may be a novel functional food for controlling obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nao Ikeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
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4
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Rashid U, Yousaf A, Yaqoob M, Saba E, Moaeen-Ud-Din M, Waseem S, Becker SK, Sponder G, Aschenbach JR, Sandhu MA. Characterization and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from multiple canine adipose tissue sources. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:388. [PMID: 34922529 PMCID: PMC8684202 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated cells that can give rise to a mesoderm lineage. Adipose-derived MSCs are an easy and accessible source for MSCs isolation, although each source of MSC has its own advantages and disadvantages. Our study identifies a promising source for the isolation and differentiation of canines MSCs. For this purpose, adipose tissue from inguinal subcutaneous (SC), perirenal (PR), omental (OM), and infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) was isolated and processed for MSCs isolation. In the third passage, MSCs proliferation/metabolism, surface markers expression, in vitro differentiation potential and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (CD73, CD90, CD105, PPARγ, FabP4, FAS, SP7, Osteopontin, and Osteocalcin) were evaluated. Results Our results showed that MSCs derived from IPFP have a higher proliferation rate, while OM-derived MSCs have higher cell metabolism. In addition, MSCs from all adipose tissue sources showed positive expression of CD73 (NT5E), CD90 (THY1), CD105 (ENDOGLIN), and very low expression of CD45. The isolated canine MSCs were successfully differentiated into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. The oil-red-O quantification and adipogenic gene expression (FAS, FabP4, and PPARγ) were higher in OM-derived cells, followed by IPFP-MSCs. Similarly, in osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic gene (SP7 and Osteocalcin) expression were higher in OM-derived MSCs, while osteopontin expression was higher in PR-derived MSCs. Conclusion In summary, among all four adipose tissue sources, OM-derived MSCs have better differentiation potential toward adipo- and osteogenic lineages, followed by IPFP-MSCs. Interestingly, among all adipose tissue sources, MSCs derived from IPFP have the maximum proliferation potential. The characterization and differentiation potential of canine MSCs isolated from four different adipose tissue sources are useful to assess their potential for application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Rashid
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaqoob
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moaeen-Ud-Din
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | | | - Sandra K Becker
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mansur Abdullah Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
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5
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Obayemi MJ, Akintayo CO, Oniyide AA, Aturamu A, Badejogbin OC, Atuma CL, Saidi AO, Mahmud H, Olaniyi KS. Protective role of melatonin against adipose-hepatic metabolic comorbidities in experimentally induced obese rat model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260546. [PMID: 34879109 PMCID: PMC8654266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose and hepatic metabolic dysfunctions are critical comorbidities that
also aggravate insulin resistance in obese individuals. Melatonin is a
low-cost agent and previous studies suggest that its use may promote
metabolic health. However, its effects on some comorbidities associated with
obesity are unknown. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that melatonin
supplementation would attenuate adipose-hepatic metabolic dysfunction in
high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in male Wistar rats. Materials and methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were used: Control group
received vehicle (normal saline), obese group received 40% high fat diet,
melatonin-treated group received 4 mg/kg of melatonin, and obese plus
melatonin group received 40% HFD and melatonin. The treatment lasted for 12
weeks. Results HFD caused increased food intake, body weight, insulin level, insulin
resistance and plasma and liver lipid but decreased adipose lipid. In
addition, HFD also increased plasma, adipose and liver malondialdehyde,
IL-6, uric acid and decreased Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
glutathione, nitric oxide and circulating obestatin concentration. However,
these deleterious effects except food intake were attenuated when
supplemented with melatonin. Conclusion Taken together, the present results indicate that HFD exposure causes
adipose-hepatic metabolic disturbance in obese animals, which are
accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, the present
results suggest that melatonin supplementation attenuates adipose-hepatic
metabolic dysfunction, accompanying obesity by suppression of oxidative
stress/inflammation-dependent mechanism and increasing circulating
obestatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Obayemi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Christopher O. Akintayo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adesola A. Oniyide
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Aturamu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olabimpe C. Badejogbin
- Department of Physiology, Benjamin Carson School of Medicine, Babcock
University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Chukwubueze L. Atuma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Azeezat O. Saidi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Mahmud
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde S. Olaniyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
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6
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Jasaszwili M, Wojciechowicz T, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. The effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159018. [PMID: 34332074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronostatin is a peptide hormone encoded by the somatostatin gene. Biological effects of neuronostatin are mediated through activation of GPR107. There is evidence indicating that neuronostatin modulates energy homeostasis by suppressing food intake and insulin secretion, while stimulating glucagon secretion. While it was found that neuronostatin receptor is expressed in white adipose tissue, the role of neuronostatin in controlling adipose tissue formation is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. We found that neuronostatin receptor GPR107 is expressed in rat preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Neuronostatin promotes proliferation of preadipocytes via AKT activation. Downregulation of GPR107 mRNA expression and protein production results in an attenuation of neuronostatin-induced stimulation of preadipocyte proliferation. Moreover, neuronostatin reduces intracellular lipid content and the expression of adipogenesis-modulating genes C/ebpα, C/ebpβ, Pparγ, and Fabp4. In summary, these results show that neuronostatin, AKT-dependently, stimulates the proliferation of preadipocytes via GPR107. In contrast, neuronostatin inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariami Jasaszwili
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology & Oncology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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7
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Ge P, Lei Z, Yu Y, Lu Z, Qiang L, Chai Q, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Li B, Pang Y, Liu CH, Wang J. M. tuberculosis PknG manipulates host autophagy flux to promote pathogen intracellular survival. Autophagy 2021; 18:576-594. [PMID: 34092182 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1938912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic-type protein kinase G (PknG), one of the eleven eukaryotic type serine-threonine protein kinase (STPK) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is involved in mycobacterial survival within macrophages, presumably by suppressing phagosome and autophagosome maturation, which makes PknG an attractive drug target. However, the exact mechanism by which PknG inhibits pathogen clearance during mycobacterial infection remains largely unknown. Here, we show that PknG promotes macroautophagy/autophagy induction but inhibits autophagosome maturation, causing an overall effect of blocked autophagy flux and enhanced pathogen intracellular survival. PknG prevents the activation of AKT (AKT serine/threonine kinase) via competitively binding to its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, leading to autophagy induction. Remarkably, PknG could also inhibit autophagosome maturation to block autophagy flux via targeting host small GTPase RAB14. Specifically, PknG directly interacts with RAB14 to block RAB14-GTP hydrolysis. Furthermore, PknG phosphorylates TBC1D4/AS160 (TBC1 domain family member 4) to suppress its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity toward RAB14. In macrophages and in vivo, PknG promotes Mtb intracellular survival through blocking autophagy flux, which is dependent on RAB14. Taken together, our data unveil a dual-functional bacterial effector that tightly regulates host autophagy flux to benefit pathogen intracellular survival.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; DTT: dithiothreitol; FBS: fetal calf serum; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OADC: oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PH: pleckstrin homology; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PknG: protein kinase G; PtdIns(3,4,5)P3: phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STPK: serine-threonine protein kinase; TB: tuberculosis; TBC1D4: TBC1 domain family member 4; TPR: tetratricopeptide repeat; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Qiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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B G M, Manjappara UV. Obestatin and Rosiglitazone Differentially Modulate Lipid Metabolism Through Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) in Pre-adipose and Mature 3T3-L1 Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:73-85. [PMID: 33432549 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-residue peptide, obtained after posttranslational modification of preproghrelin. It has been shown, in Swiss albino mice, to upregulate glycerolipid metabolism and PPARγ signaling. It was opined that the by-products of increased glycerolipid metabolism triggered PPARγ signaling. It was hypothesized that obestatin upon co-administration with a full agonist of PPARγ should reveal the comparative significance or possible synergy in PPARγ signaling. We postulated they would act synergistically by obestatin increasing PPARγ expression and rosiglitazone enhancing PPARγ activity. We evaluated the combination in DIO-C57BL/6 mice and observed that obestatin completely reversed the increase in subcutaneous fat brought about by rosiglitazone. To understand their role at the adipocyte level, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with a combination of obestatin and rosiglitazone during (1) initiation of differentiation and (2) after 14 days from initiation of differentiation when the adipocytes were mature. Interestingly, their influence was mainly adipogenic and showed double lipid accumulation when estimated 14 days after initiation of differentiation. There was an upregulation of Pparγ by fourfold, Hsl by eightfold, Glut4 by fourfold, Leptin by 2.7-fold, Atgl by sixfold, Fasn by sixfold, and Fabp4 by sevenfold at the mRNA level, whereas in mature adipocytes there was a significant decrease in fat accumulation by 20%. There was downregulation of Pparγ, Hsl, Lpl, and Fasn by 0.5-fold at the mRNA level. These results show that the combined influence of obestatin and rosiglitazone is significant and the outcome is dependent on the metabolic stage of the adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna B G
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Uma V Manjappara
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India.
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9
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Freitas RGBDON, Vasques ACJ, Ribeiro FB, Solar I, Hanada AS, Barbosa MG, Valente AMM, Pititto BDA, Lopes TLDC, Geloneze B, Ferreira SRG. Maternal and paternal obesity are associated with offspring obestatin levels in the Nutritionists' Health Study. Nutrition 2020; 83:111067. [PMID: 33348107 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether paternal and maternal body mass indexes (BMIs) were independently associated with obestatin and visfatin levels in adult offspring. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 124 women who participated in the Nutritionists' Health Study (NutriHS) at baseline. Early life events, anthropometry, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-determined body composition and blood sample were obtained. Associations of parental BMI with outcomes (obestatin and visfatin) were tested by multiple linear regression, using minimal sufficient adjustments recommended by Directed Acyclic Graph. Participants' mean BMI was 25 ± 5 kg/m2 and 74% were metabolically healthy. Median obestatin and visfatin levels were 56.4 pg/mL (42-72) and 17.7 ng/mL (14-21.8), respectively. Eleven percent of mothers and 39% of fathers were overweight/obese. RESULTS Daughters born from overweight/obese mothers had higher BMI than those born from normal weight women (P = 0.003). In adjusted regression model, offspring obestatin levels were associated with maternal BMI (β = -0.03; P = 0.045) and paternal BMI (β = -0.02; P = 0.048) independently of maternal and paternal education, maternal age, and maternal use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or drugs. No association was detected with visfatin levels. CONCLUSION Inverse associations of maternal and paternal BMIs with offspring obestatin concentrations in women could suggest a utility of this biomarker of energy regulation determined in early adulthood. Whether obestatin could be an indicator of protection against obesity-related disorders in the life course requires investigation in studies designed to test such hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Francieli Barreiro Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabela Solar
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Shigueo Hanada
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, Gastrocentro, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Brazil
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10
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Aly GS, Hassan NE, Anwar GM, Ahmed HH, El-Masry SA, El-Banna RA, Ahmed NH, Kamal AN, Tarkan RS. Ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio as potential mediators for food intake among obese children: a case control study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:199-204. [PMID: 31926094 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Ghrelin and obestatin are two gastric hormones encoded by the same preproghrelin gene that convey information concerning nutritional status to the central nervous system. Ghrelin has been considered as an appetite stimulating peptide that has a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Obestatin has been described for its appetite suppressing effects opposing ghrelin's effect on food intake. The study aimed to evaluate ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese children compared to non-obese and correlate them to food macronutrients intake. Methods This study is a cross-sectional case control study comprising 60 obese children, in addition to 31 age- and sex-matched controls. All children were subjected to clinical examination, anthropometric assessment, and a 3-day 24-h dietary recall. Fasting serum ghrelin and obestatin levels were evaluated, the ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated and they were correlated to macronutrients intake. Results Obese children had significantly lower serum fasting levels of ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio than the control group. The mean intake of total energy and macronutrients was significantly higher in obese children. Ghrelin showed positive correlation with total energy and fat intake in the obese group. Obestatin had positive correlations with total energy and fat intake while the ghrelin/obestatin ratio had a negative correlation with the total energy intake in the control group. Conclusions Ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio were significantly lower in obese children and significantly associated with their total energy intake. Disturbed ghrelin to obestatin balance may have a role in the etiology and pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal S Aly
- Medical Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nayera E Hassan
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Anwar
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cairo University, Kasr AlAiny, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar A El-Masry
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rokia A El-Banna
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nihad H Ahmed
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayat N Kamal
- Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham S Tarkan
- Lecturer of Pediatrics, Medical Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, 9 Ahmed Mekemar st, Nozha Gededa,Cairo, Egypt
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Geale PF, Sheehy PA, Giles C, Thomson PC, Wynn PC. Efficacy of two adjuvant systems to promote humoral immunity to the pre-proghrelin peptide obestatin in pigs: consequences for the growth of piglets to weaning. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The poor antigenicity of peptide antigens demands the selection of effective adjuvants to induce humoral immunity. The peptides obestatin and ghrelin from the pro-hormone pre-proghrelin were initially identified as antagonistic in regulating feeding behaviour, with obestatin being suppressive. The efficacy of two adjuvant systems, DEAE with the oil polysorbate emulsion of BP85:Span80 and the surfactant-oil system Montanide (ISA 50v) were therefore assessed with an obestatin-ovalbumin conjugate injected into late pregnant sows. This enabled the supply of antibodies directed against obestatin to newborn piglets through colostrum with the objective of promoting ghrelin secretion and therefore increasing feeding behaviour. Pregnant Landrace × Large White sows (n = 28) were immunised with 0.5 mg obestatin-ovalbumin in 2 mL DEAE:BP85:Span80 (DEAE; n = 14) or with 2 mL Montanide (ISA 50v: n = 14) as adjuvants at days 91 and 105 of gestation. After farrowing, piglets remained with their mothers during the lactation period and were weighed after weaning at Day 28. Antibody titres (unitless) in colostrum were assessed by ELISA as 5543 ± 2388 and 3139 ± 1151 for the DEAE and Montanide adjuvants respectively. These were associated with total IgG of 67.7 ± 3 and 82.3 ± 4.8 mg/mL respectively (P = 0.018). Piglet plasma titres were 5100 ± 1576 and 5762 ± 1688 for DEAE and Montanide respectively at Day 5 postpartum. These titres were still detectable through to Day 28 (titres of 1213 ± 389 and 665 ± 203 respectively (P = 0.176). However, sow colostral antibody titres were not related to piglet antibody concentrations on D5 (r = –0.225, P = 0.341). Sow plasma antibody titres were not related to titres at Day 28 in piglets across treatments (r = 0.198, P = 0.402). The concentration of ghrelin in colostrum was 672 ± 78 and 666 ± 39 pg/mL for the DEAE and Montanide groups, respectively, leading to piglet plasma concentrations on Day 5 of 1105 ± 164 and 530 ± 84 pg/mL (P = 0.002). Animals grew from birthweights of 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 (P = 0.993) to 7.7 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 1.0 kg (P = 0.295) at weaning, representing growth rates of 200.5 ± 52.9 and 225.5 ± 53.4 g/day (P = 0.181). There was a significant negative correlation between piglet D28 antibody titre and growth rate to weaning with the Montanide adjuvant (r = 0.116, P = 0.035) but not for the DEAE (r = –0.118, P = 0.411). Although both adjuvants were capable of generating high antibody titres, the DEAE dextran was likely to be the most effective adjuvant to induce a humoral immune response to develop further with a commercial vaccine.
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12
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Rivera-Leon EA, Llamas-Covarrubias IM, Soria-Rodriguez RA, Sanchez-Enriquez S, González-Hernández LA, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Llamas-Covarrubias MA. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels in HIV-infected patients: Effect of 36 weeks of antiretroviral treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 66:4-10. [PMID: 30316761 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with HIV+ often present lipid disturbances. The role of ghrelin and obestatin in these lipid disturbances is not clear. The effect of antiretroviral (ART) drugs on those molecules is also unknown. This study measured ghrelin and obestatin levels, as well as metabolic markers, in patients with HIV+ before and after 36 weeks of ART. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty HIV-positive, ART-naïve patients who started a scheme consisting of tenofovir/emtricitabine+lopinavir/ritonavir were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected before and after 36 weeks of treatment. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels were quantitated by ELISA; glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured by colorimetric and enzymatic methods, and cardiovascular risk was calculated by the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). RESULTS All patients completed 36 weeks of ART. Total cholesterol (p<0.001), LDL-C (p=0.019), HDL-C (p=0.003), VLDL-C (p=0.002), and triglyceride levels (p=0.021) significantly increased after treatment. AIP revealed increased cardiovascular risk at baseline, which remained high after treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in obestatin level in the unpaired and paired analyses, while ghrelin levels only showed a trend to increase. Changes in ghrelin and obestatin levels positively correlated, but no correlation was seen with any metabolic parameter. CONCLUSION After 36 weeks of ART, patients showed an altered lipid profile, but there were no significant changes in cardiovascular risk. Ghrelin and obestatin levels increased after 36 weeks of ART, but the increase was only significant for obestatin. Changes in ghrelin and obestatin positively correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Rivera-Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Iris M Llamas-Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Raul A Soria-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luz A González-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jaime F Andrade-Villanueva
- Instituto de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mara A Llamas-Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Asociación Mexicana para el Fomento a Innovación, El Arenal, Jalisco, Mexico.
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13
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Dubey NK, Mishra VK, Dubey R, Deng YH, Tsai FC, Deng WP. Revisiting the Advances in Isolation, Characterization and Secretome of Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082200. [PMID: 30060511 PMCID: PMC6121360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) seems to be a promising regenerative therapeutic agent due to the minimally invasive approach of their harvest and multi-lineage differentiation potential. The harvested adipose tissues are further digested to extract stromal vascular fraction (SVF), which is cultured, and the anchorage-dependent cells are isolated in order to characterize their stemness, surface markers, and multi-differentiation potential. The differentiation potential of ASCs is directed through manipulating culture medium composition with an introduction of growth factors to obtain the desired cell type. ASCs have been widely studied for its regenerative therapeutic solution to neurologic, skin, wound, muscle, bone, and other disorders. These therapeutic outcomes of ASCs are achieved possibly via autocrine and paracrine effects of their secretome comprising of cytokines, extracellular proteins and RNAs. Therefore, secretome-derivatives might offer huge advantages over cells through their synthesis and storage for long-term use. When considering the therapeutic significance and future prospects of ASCs, this review summarizes the recent developments made in harvesting, isolation, and characterization. Furthermore, this article also provides a deeper insight into secretome of ASCs mediating regenerative efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Ceramics and Biomaterials Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Viraj Krishna Mishra
- Applied Biotech Engineering Centre (ABEC), Department of Biotechnology, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied Research, Ambala 133101, India.
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Graduate Institute Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yue-Hua Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Chou Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Basic medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
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Hou Y, Fu L, Li J, Li J, Zhao Y, Luan Y, Liu A, Liu H, Li X, Zhao S, Li C. Transcriptome Analysis of Potential miRNA Involved in Adipogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblasts. Lipids 2018; 53:375-386. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Liangliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Jingjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Jingxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Yu Luan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
| | - Changchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production; Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District; Wuhan Hubei Province 430070 China
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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16
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Carpéné C, Les F, Estève D, Galitzky J. Short-term effects of obestatin on hexose uptake and triacylglycerol breakdown in human subcutaneous adipocytes. World J Diabetes 2018; 9:25-32. [PMID: 29359026 PMCID: PMC5763037 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study complete dose-dependent effects of obestatin on lipolytic and glucose transport activities in human adipocyte preparations highly responsive to insulin.
METHODS Adipocytes were prepared by liberase digestion from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue obtained from overweight subjects undergoing plastic surgery. The index of lipolytic activity was the glycerol released in the incubation medium, while glucose transport was assessed by [3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake assay.
RESULTS When tested from 0.1 nmol/L to 1 μmol/L, obestatin did not stimulate glycerol release; it did not inhibit the lipolytic effect of isoprenaline and did not alter the insulin antilipolytic effect. Obestatin hardly activated glucose transport at 1 μmol/L only. Moreover, the obestatin stimulation effect was clearly lower than the threefold increase induced by insulin 100 nmol/L.
CONCLUSION Low doses of obestatin cannot directly influence lipolysis and glucose uptake in human fat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego 50830, Spain
| | - David Estève
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Jean Galitzky
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31432, France
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Kołodziejski PA, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Long-term obestatin treatment of mice type 2 diabetes increases insulin sensitivity and improves liver function. Endocrine 2017; 56:538-550. [PMID: 28477305 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obestatin and ghrelin are peptides encoded by the preproghrelin gene. Obestatin inhibits food intake, in addition to regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we test the ability of obestatin at improving metabolic control and liver function in type 2 diabetic animals (type 2 diabetes mellitus). METHODS The effects of chronic obestatin treatment of mice with experimentally induced type 2 diabetes mellitus on serum levels of glucose and lipids, and insulin sensitivity are characterized. In addition, alterations of hepatic lipid and glycogen contents are evaluated. RESULTS Obestatin reduced body weight and decreased serum glucose, fructosamine, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels, as well as total and low-density lipoprotein fractions of cholesterol. In addition, obestatin increased high-density lipoproteins cholesterol levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, obestatin diminished liver mass, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol contents, while glycogen content was higher in livers of healthy and mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with obestatin. These changes were accompanied by reduction of increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase in T2DM mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obestatin increased adiponectin levels and reduced leptin concentration. Obestatin influenced the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by increasing Fabp5 and decreasing G6pc, Pepck, Fgf21 mRNA in the liver. Obestatin increased both, AKT and AMPK phosphorylation, and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein levels as well as mRNA expression in the liver. CONCLUSION Obestatin improves metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus, restores hepatic lipid contents and decreases hepatic enzymes. Therefore, obestatin could potentially have a therapeutic relevance in treating of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology & the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Park-Klinik Weissensee, Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Berlin, 13086, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska Street 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
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Jiang Y, Liu P, Jiao W, Meng J, Feng J. Gax suppresses chemerin/CMKLR1‐induced preadipocyte biofunctions through the inhibition of Akt/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:572-586. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Jiang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Wenlin Jiao
- College of PharmacyShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Juan Meng
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Jinbo Feng
- Central LaboratoryThe Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
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19
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Obestatin controls skeletal muscle fiber-type determination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2137. [PMID: 28522824 PMCID: PMC5437042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin/GPR39 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle growth and repair by inducing both G-protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms linking the activated GPR39 receptor with distinct sets of accessory and effector proteins. In this work, we describe a new level of activity where obestatin signaling plays a role in the formation, contractile properties and metabolic profile of skeletal muscle through determination of oxidative fiber type. Our data indicate that obestatin regulates Mef2 activity and PGC-1α expression. Both mechanisms result in a shift in muscle metabolism and function. The increase in Mef2 and PGC-1α signaling activates oxidative capacity, whereas Akt/mTOR signaling positively regulates myofiber growth. Taken together, these data indicate that the obestatin signaling acts on muscle fiber-type program in skeletal muscle.
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20
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Kolodziejski PA, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Sassek M, Kaczmarek P, Szczepankiewicz D, Billert M, Mackowiak P, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Changes in obestatin gene and GPR39 receptor expression in peripheral tissues of rat models of obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2017; 9:353-361. [PMID: 27106635 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin has a role in regulating food intake and energy expenditure, but the roles of obestatin and the GPR39 receptor in obesity and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively) are not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in obestatin and GPR39 in pathophysiological conditions like obesity, T1DM, and T2DM. METHODS Using rat models of diet-induced obesity (DIO), T1DM and T2DM (n = 14 per group), obestatin, its precursor protein preproghrelin, and GPR39 expression was investigated in tissues involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis regulation. Furthermore, serum obestatin and ghrelin concentrations were determined. RESULTS Serum obestatin concentrations were positively correlated with glucagon (r = 0.6456; P < 0.001) and visfatin (r = 0.5560; P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with insulin (r = -0.4362; P < 0.05), adiponectin (r = -0.3998; P < 0.05), and leptin (r = -0.4180; P < 0.05). There were differences in GPR39 and preproghrelin expression in the three animal models. Hepatic GPR39 and preproghrelin mRNA expression was greater in T1DM, T2DM, and obese rats than in lean controls, whereas pancreatic GPR39 mRNA and protein and preproghrelin mRNA expression was decreased in T1DM, T2DM, and DIO rats. Higher GPR39 and preproghrelin protein and mRNA levels were found in adipose tissues of T1DM compared with control. In adipose tissues of T2DM and DIO rats, GPR39 protein levels were lower than in lean or T1DM rats. Preproghrelin mRNA was higher in adipose tissues of T1DM, T2DM, and DIO than lean rats. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that changes in obestatin, GPR39, and ghrelin may contribute to metabolic abnormalities in T1DM, T2DM, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Antoni Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackowiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic 1, Department of Gastroenterology, Elblandklinik, Meissen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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21
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Pu Y, Veiga-Lopez A. PPARγ agonist through the terminal differentiation phase is essential for adipogenic differentiation of fetal ovine preadipocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2017; 22:6. [PMID: 28536637 PMCID: PMC5415806 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-017-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line represents an informative model for in vitro adipogenesis research, primary cultured cells are often needed to understand particular human or animal metabolic phenotypes. As demonstrated by in vitro cultured preadipocytes from large mammalian species, primary cultured cells require specific adipogenic differentiation conditions different to that of the 3T3-L1 cell line. These conditions are also species-specific and require optimization steps. However, efficient protocols to differentiate primary preadipocytes using alternative species to rodents are scarce. Sheep represent an amenable animal model for fetal biology and developmental origins of health and disease studies. In this work, we present with the first detailed procedure to efficiently differentiate primary fetal and adult ovine preadipocytes. Methods Fetal and adult ovine adipose and skin tissue harvest, preadipocyte and fibroblast isolation, proliferation, and standardization and optimization of a new adipogenic differentiation protocol. Use of commercial cell lines (3T3-L1 and NIH-3T3) for validation purposes. Oil red O stain and gene expression were used to validate adipogenic differentiation. ANOVA and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine statistical significance. Results Our optimized adipogenic differentiation method included a prolonged adipogenic cocktail exposure time from 2 to 8 days, higher insulin concentration, and supplementation with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone. This protocol was optimized for both, fetal and adult preadipocytes. Conclusions Our protocol enables successful adipogenic differentiation of fetal and adult ovine preadipocytes. This work demonstrates that compared to the 3T3-L1 cell line, fetal ovine preadipocytes require a longer exposure to the differentiation cocktail, and the need for IMBX, dexamethasone, and/or the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone through the terminal differentiation phase. They also require higher insulin concentration during differentiation to enhance lipid accumulation and similar to human primary preadipocytes, PPARγ agonist supplementation is also required for ovine adipogenic differentiation. This work highlights species-specific differences requirements for adipogenic differentiation and the need to develop standardized methods to investigate comparative adipocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane Rm 1230 F, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane Rm 1230 F, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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22
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Seim I, Crisp G, Shah ET, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Abundant ghrelin gene expression by monocytes: Putative implications for fat accumulation and obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Pérez-Sotelo D, Roca-Rivada A, Larrosa-García M, Castelao C, Baamonde I, Baltar J, Crujeiras AB, Seoane LM, Casanueva FF, Pardo M. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue express and secrete functional alpha2hsglycoprotein (fetuin a) especially in obesity. Endocrine 2017; 55:435-446. [PMID: 27738888 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of the hepatokine alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/Fetuin A, implicated in pathological processes including systemic insulin resistance, by adipose tissue has been recently described. Thus, we have recently identified its presence in white adipose tissue secretomes by mass spectrometry. However, the secretion pattern and function of adipose-derived alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression and secretion of total and active phosphorylated alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein by adipose tissue from visceral and subcutaneous localizations in animals at different physiological and nutritional status including anorexia and obesity. Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein expression and secretion in visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue explants from animals under fasting and exercise training, at pathological situations such as anorexia and obesity, and from human obese individuals were assayed by immunoblotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We reveal that visceral adipose tissue expresses and secretes more alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein than subcutaneous adipose tissue, and that this secretion is diminished after fasting and exercise training. Visceral adipose tissue from anorectic animals showed reduced alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein secretion; on the contrary, alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein is over-secreted by visceral adipose tissue in the occurrence of obesity. While secretion of active-PhophoSer321α2HSG by visceral adipose tissue is independent of body mass index, we found that the fraction of active-alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein secreted by subcutaneous adipose tissue increments significantly in situations of obesity. Functional studies show that the inhibition of adipose-derived alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein increases insulin sensitivity in differentiated adipocytes. In conclusion, visceral adipose tissue secretes more alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein than subcutaneous adipose tissue and this secretion is more sensitive to nutritional and physiological changes. The over-secretion of alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein by visceral adipose tissue, the increased secretion of the active phosphorylated form by subcutaneous adipose tissuein obese animals, and the adipose-derived alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein capacity to inhibit the insulin pathway suggest the participation of adipose-derived alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein in the deleterious effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pérez-Sotelo
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arturo Roca-Rivada
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Larrosa-García
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cecilia Castelao
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Baamonde
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Baltar
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Crujeiras
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luisa María Seoane
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Pardo
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Alén BO, Leal-López S, Alén MO, Viaño P, García-Castro V, Mosteiro CS, Beiras A, Casanueva FF, Gallego R, García-Caballero T, Camiña JP, Pazos Y. The role of the obestatin/GPR39 system in human gastric adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5957-71. [PMID: 26716511 PMCID: PMC4868733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obestatin, a 23-amino acid peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, and the GPR39 receptor were reported to be involved in the control of mitogenesis of gastric cancer cell lines; however, the relationship between the obestatin/GPR39 system and gastric cancer progression remains unknown. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of the obestatin/GPR39 system in human gastric adenocarcinomas and explored their potential functional roles. Twenty-eight patients with gastric adenocarcinomas were retrospectively studied, and clinical data were obtained. The role of obestatin/GPR39 in gastric cancer progression was studied in vitro using the human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cell line. Obestatin exogenous administration in these GPR39-bearing cells deregulated the expression of several hallmarks of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis. Moreover, obestatin signaling promoted phenotypic changes via GPR39, increasingly impacting on the cell morphology, proliferation, migration and invasion of these cells. In healthy human stomachs, obestatin expression was observed in the neuroendocrine cells and GPR39 expression was localized mainly in the chief cells of the oxyntic glands. In human gastric adenocarcinomas, no obestatin expression was found; however, an aberrant pattern of GPR39 expression was discovered, correlating to the dedifferentiation of the tumor. Altogether, our data strongly suggest the involvement of the obestatin/GPR39 system in the pathogenesis and/or clinical outcome of human gastric adenocarcinomas and highlight the potential usefulness of GPR39 as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña O Alén
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saúl Leal-López
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Otero Alén
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Viaño
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Carlos S Mosteiro
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Beiras
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús P Camiña
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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25
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Wang JL, Xu XH, Zhang XJ, Li WH. The role of obestatin in roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:470-7. [PMID: 26445403 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex and multifactorial disease that is generally characterized by insulin resistance and loss of β-cell function that develops in adulthood. To date, more than 6% of the world's population is affected by T2DM. The main treatments of T2DM are dietary and lifestyle changes. However, only dependent on behaviour modification and oral hypoglycemics, many patients are unable to maintain glycemic control. Emerging evidence indicates that up to 80% of patients with T2DM undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) experience complete remission of their T2DM and the majority of remissions occur almost immediately following the operation. Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide, which is not only thought to suppress food intake and decrease gastric emptying but also found to exert survival effects in pancreatic β cells, increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and reduce insulin resistance and inflammation. In addition, some researchers demonstrated that obestatin is a nutritional marker reflecting body adiposity and insulin resistance. Although results from previous studies were conflicting, the peripheral blood concentrations of obestatin were changed after RYGB. Therefore, regulation of obestatin level may be another mechanism for RYGB-induced remission of T2DM. In this article, we review briefly the effect of RYGB on T2DM in humans and offer an overview of the published data on the effects of RYGB on obestatin level in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, the possible roles of obestatin in the remission of T2DM following RYGB are also reviewed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Wang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of General Surgery 1, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, China
| | - Xian-Hui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, No. 401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery 1, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, China
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Department of General Surgery, No. 401 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
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26
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François M, Barde S, Legrand R, Lucas N, Azhar S, el Dhaybi M, Guerin C, Hökfelt T, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M, Fetissov SO. High-fat diet increases ghrelin-expressing cells in stomach, contributing to obesity. Nutrition 2016; 32:709-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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28
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Santos-Zas I, Gurriarán-Rodríguez U, Cid-Díaz T, Figueroa G, González-Sánchez J, Bouzo-Lorenzo M, Mosteiro CS, Señarís J, Casanueva FF, Casabiell X, Gallego R, Pazos Y, Mouly V, Camiña JP. β-Arrestin scaffolds and signaling elements essential for the obestatin/GPR39 system that determine the myogenic program in human myoblast cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:617-35. [PMID: 26211463 PMCID: PMC11108386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin/GPR39 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle repair by inducing the expansion of satellite stem cells as well as myofiber hypertrophy. Here, we describe that the obestatin/GPR39 system acts as autocrine/paracrine factor on human myogenesis. Obestatin regulated multiple steps of myogenesis: myoblast proliferation, cell cycle exit, differentiation and recruitment to fuse and form multinucleated hypertrophic myotubes. Obestatin-induced mitogenic action was mediated by ERK1/2 and JunD activity, being orchestrated by a G-dependent mechanism. At a later stage of myogenesis, scaffolding proteins β-arrestin 1 and 2 were essential for the activation of cell cycle exit and differentiation through the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Upon obestatin stimulus, β-arrestins are recruited to the membrane, where they functionally interact with GPR39 leading to Src activation and signalplex formation to EGFR transactivation by matrix metalloproteinases. This signalplex regulated the mitotic arrest by p21 and p57 expression and the mid- to late stages of differentiation through JNK/c-Jun, CAMKII, Akt and p38 pathways. This finding not only provides the first functional activity for β-arrestins in myogenesis but also identify potential targets for therapeutic approaches by triggering specific signaling arms of the GPR39 signaling involved in myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icía Santos-Zas
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Uxía Gurriarán-Rodríguez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tania Cid-Díaz
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gabriela Figueroa
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jessica González-Sánchez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Bouzo-Lorenzo
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos S Mosteiro
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Señarís
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xesús Casabiell
- Departamento de Fisiología, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Institut de Myologie, INSERM, and Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jesús P Camiña
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wojciechowicz T, Skrzypski M, Kołodziejski PA, Szczepankiewicz D, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Kaczmarek P, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Obestatin stimulates differentiation and regulates lipolysis and leptin secretion in rat preadipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:8169-75. [PMID: 26498652 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, which regulates food intake, body weight and insulin sensitivity. Obestatin influences glucose and lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes in rodents. However, the role of this peptide in rat preadipocytes remains to be fully understood. The current study characterized the effects of obestatin on lipid accumulation, preadipocyte differentiation, lipolysis and leptin secretion in rat primary preadipocytes. Obestatin enhanced lipid accumulation in rat preadipocytes and increased the expression of surrogate markers of preadipocyte differentiation. At the early stage of differentiation, obestatin suppressed lipolysis. By contrast, lipolysis was stimulated at the late stage of adipogenesis. Furthermore, obestatin stimulated the release of leptin, a key satiety hormone. Overall, the results indicated that obestatin promotes preadipocyte differentiation. Obestatin increased leptin release in preadipocytes, while the modulation of lipolysis appears to depend upon the stage of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and the Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charite‑University Medicine Berlin, Berlin D‑13353, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60‑637, Poland
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30
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Wang WM, Li SM, Du FM, Zhu ZC, Zhang JC, Li YX. Ghrelin and obestatin levels in hypertensive obese patients. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:1202-8. [PMID: 25186095 DOI: 10.1177/0300060514543040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate plasma total ghrelin and obestatin levels and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio prospectively, in hypertensive obese patients. Methods Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured in hypertensive and normotensive obese patients and matched healthy controls; the body mass index and waist to hip ratio were calculated. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. Fasting ghrelin and obestatin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated. Results A total of 38 hypertensive obese patients, 40 normotensive obese patients and 38 controls were enrolled. Hypertensive obese patients had lower plasma levels of ghrelin and obestatin than normotensive obese patients or controls. In addition, normotensive obese patients had lower plasma ghrelin and obestatin levels than controls. In hypertensive obese patients, ghrelin and obestatin levels were negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In normotensive obese patients, ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio were negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In both patient groups, fasting obestatin and ghrelin concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Conclusion Changes in the levels of ghrelin and obestatin may play a role in the pathophysiology of obesity and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shu-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fu-Man Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ji-Chang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang-Xue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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31
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Cohen L, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, controls proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes and thereby tight junction formation in the colon. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1307. [PMID: 24967969 PMCID: PMC4611734 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a renewable tissue that requires precise balance between proliferation and differentiation, an essential process for the formation of a tightly sealed barrier. Zinc deficiency impairs the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and is associated with ulcerative and diarrheal pathologies, but the mechanisms underlying the role of Zn2+ are not well understood. Here, we determined a role of the colonocytic Zn2+ sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, in mediating Zn2+-dependent signaling and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes. Silencing of ZnR/GPR39 expression attenuated Zn2+-dependent activation of ERK1/2 and AKT as well as downstream activation of mTOR/p70S6K, pathways that are linked with proliferation. Consistently, ZnR/GPR39 silencing inhibited HT29 and Caco-2 colonocyte proliferation, while not inducing caspase-3 cleavage. Remarkably, in differentiating HT29 colonocytes, silencing of ZnR/GPR39 expression inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of differentiation. Furthermore, Caco-2 colonocytes showed elevated expression of ZnR/GPR39 during differentiation, whereas silencing of ZnR/GPR39 decreased monolayer transepithelial electrical resistance, suggesting compromised barrier formation. Indeed, silencing of ZnR/GPR39 or chelation of Zn2+ by the cell impermeable chelator CaEDTA was followed by impaired expression of the junctional proteins, that is, occludin, zonula-1 (ZO-1) and E-cadherin. Importantly, colon tissues of GPR39 knockout mice also showed a decrease in expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin compared with wildtype mice. Altogether, our results indicate that ZnR/GPR39 has a dual role in promoting proliferation of colonocytes and in controlling their differentiation. The latter is followed by ZnR/GPR39-dependent expression of tight junctional proteins, thereby leading to formation of a sealed intestinal epithelial barrier. Thus, ZnR/GPR39 may be a therapeutic target for promoting epithelial function and tight junction barrier integrity during ulcerative colon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cohen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - I Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - M Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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33
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Luque RM, Córdoba-Chacón J, Ibáñez-Costa A, Gesmundo I, Grande C, Gracia-Navarro F, Tena-Sempere M, Ghigo E, Gahete MD, Granata R, Kineman RD, Castaño JP. Obestatin plays an opposite role in the regulation of pituitary somatotrope and corticotrope function in female primates and male/female mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1407-17. [PMID: 24484169 PMCID: PMC3959609 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid amidated peptide that is encoded by the ghrelin gene. Previous studies have shown obestatin can modulate the hypothalamic neuronal circuitry that regulates pituitary function, perhaps by modulating the actions of ghrelin. However, the direct actions of obestatin on pituitary function remain controversial. Here, primary pituitary cell cultures from a nonhuman primate (baboon) and mice were used to test the effects of obestatin on pituitary hormone expression and secretion. In pituitary cultures from both species, obestatin had no effect on prolactin, LH, FSH, or TSH expression/release. Conversely, obestatin stimulated proopiomelanocortin expression and ACTH release and inhibited GH expression/release in vitro, actions that were also observed in vivo in mice treated with obestatin. In vitro, obestatin inhibited the stimulatory actions of ghrelin on GH but not ACTH release. The inhibitory effect of obestatin on somatotrope function was associated with an overall reduction in pituitary transcription factor-1 and GHRH receptor mRNA levels in vitro and in vivo as well as a reduction in hypothalamic GHRH and ghrelin expression in vivo. The stimulatory effect of obestatin on ACTH was associated with an increase in pituitary CRF receptors. Obestatin also reduced the expression of pituitary somatostatin receptors (sst1/sst2), which could serve to modify its impact on hormone secretion. The in vitro actions of obestatin on both GH and ACTH release required the adenylyl cyclase and MAPK routes. Taken together, our results provide evidence that obestatin can act directly at the pituitary to control somatotrope and corticotrope function, and these effects are conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl M Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (R.M.L., J.C.-C., A.I.-C., F.G.-N., M.T.-S., M.D.G., J.P.C.), University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, and Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C., R.D.K.), University of Illinois at Chicago, and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.C.-C., R.D.K.), Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Medical Sciences (I.G., C.G., E.G., R.G.), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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34
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Tang S, Dong X, Zhang W. Obestatin changes proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of porcine preadipocytes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:1-9. [PMID: 24534601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin, originally identified and purified from rat stomach extracts, was reported to bind to orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR39, and inhibit appetite and gastric motility. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of porcine obestatin on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of porcine preadipocytes isolated from subcutaneous fat of piglets. At indicated times of culture, morphology of preadipocytes and accumulated lipid droplets within the cells were identified by invert microscope. After treating with obestatin (0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100nM), cell proliferation was measured by MTT method and protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), Caspase-7 and Caspase-9 was determined by Western Blot, mRNA expression of GPR39 and Caspase-3 was analyzed by RT-PCR, and the activity of Caspase-3 was measured by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that obestatin had no effect on GPR39 expression, while promotes the optical density (OD) value of cells, enhanced protein expression of PPARγ and C/EBPa, decreased mRNA expression and activity of Caspase-3, and inhibited protein expression of Caspase-7 and Caspase-9 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that obestatin enhances proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes promoting PPARγ and C/EBPa expression, and inhibiting preadipocyte apoptosis by decreasing expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-7 and Caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiu Tang
- College of Yingdong agricultural science and engineering, Shaoguan university, Daxue road, Zhenjiang district, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- College of Yingdong agricultural science and engineering, Shaoguan university, Daxue road, Zhenjiang district, Shaoguan 512005, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hubei Key laboratory of animal embryo and molecular breeding, Hubei academy of agricultural science, Wuhan 430064, China
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Gu PY, Kang DM, Wang WD, Chen Y, Zhao ZH, Zheng H, Ye SD. Relevance of plasma obestatin and early arteriosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:563919. [PMID: 24350300 PMCID: PMC3855972 DOI: 10.1155/2013/563919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the correlation between obestatin and metabolic parameters and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We collected 103 patients aged from 60 to 83 years (69.26 ± 5.83 years) form January, 2007 to May, 2009. All patients were divided into normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and T2DM according to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We found that higher levels of fasting insulin (Fins), fasting blood glucose, 2 h OGTT glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as lower obestatin level and higher intima-media thickness level (IMT), existed in T2DM group compared with NGT group and IGT group (P < 0.01). Also, obestatin level was independently associated with HOMA-IR and CRP, while IMT level was independently associated with HOMA-IR, triglyceride, Fins, and obestatin (P < 0.01), based on stepwise multiple regression analysis. Therefore, we deduced that the low level of plasma obestatin might be related to early arteriosclerosis in patients with T2DM via increasing IMT level, and elevated plasma obestatin levels might protect T2DM patients against carotid atherosclerosis to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-ying Gu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Dong-mei Kang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Wei-dong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrine Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhao
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Shan-dong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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Gesmundo I, Gallo D, Favaro E, Ghigo E, Granata R. Obestatin: a new metabolic player in the pancreas and white adipose tissue. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:976-82. [PMID: 24217898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23 amino acid amidated peptide, member of the preproghrelin gene-derived peptides. Initially, obestatin was reported to exert opposite effects to those of ghrelin on food intake and body weight gain, through interaction with GPR39; however, these findings are still strongly debated and obestatin biological role remains largely unknown. Interestingly, binding of obestatin to the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor has been recently suggested. Despite being a controversial peptide, recent findings have clearly indicated that obestatin is indeed a multifunctional peptide, exerting a variety of effects, such as stimulation of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, influence on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Its positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism candidate this peptide as a potential therapeutic tool in pathological conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Ren G, He Z, Cong P, Yu J, Qin Y, Chen Y, Liu X. Effect of TAT-obestatin on proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:684-91. [PMID: 24106000 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that obestatin regulates adipocyte metabolism via receptors on the cell surface. We wondered whether obestatin can interact with intracellular components that activated signalling pathways in adipocytes. Because obestatin (human) only presents one lysine (at position 10), which cannot penetrate the cell membrane, therefore, we used a cell-permeable peptide TAT (49-57) as a vector to carry obestatin across the cell membrane. The goal of this study was to further understand the function of obestatin after penetrating the cell membrane. Our results showed that TAT-obestatin could cross the 3T3-L1 cell membrane in the absence of cytotoxicity. TAT-obestatin showed no effect on the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In contrast, obestatin significantly stimulated proliferation at a dose of 10(-11) M and 10(-13) M. In addition, TAT-obestatin demonstrated a more potent inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis induced by serum starvation than that of obestatin. During the progress of adipocyte differentiation, TAT-obestatin and obestatin had no effect on adipogenesis. In the lipolysis assay, TAT-obestatin significantly increased glycerol and free fatty acid release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes after 3 h treatment but showed no significant effect on lipolysis after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. In contrast, obestatin (10(-7) M) had no effect on glycerol release after 3, 24 and 48 h of treatment. The difference between the effect of TAT-obestatin and obestatin on adipocytes metabolism indicated that TAT-obestatin may trigger intracellular signalling as well as signalling at the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Mora M, Granada ML, Roca M, Palomera E, Puig R, Serra-Prat M, Puig-Domingo M. Obestatin does not modify weight and nutritional behaviour but is associated with metabolic syndrome in old women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78:882-90. [PMID: 22775400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin and obestatin have apparent opposite orexigenic and anorexigenic effects, although the latter has not been firmly demonstrated in humans. So far, little data have been reported in relation to its potential association with metabolic syndrome (MS). The objective was to study obestatin concentrations in relation to nutritional parameters and eating behaviours in old women. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Prospective study; a total of 110 women (age: 76.93 ± 6.32) from the Mataró Ageing Study were included. Individuals were characterized by anthropometric variables, lipids, glucose, blood pressure, MS components (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria), anorexia and nutritional status by Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and re-evaluated at 2-year follow-up. Obestatin was measured by IRMA. RESULTS 58.2% of the subjects had MS; at 2-year follow-up 24.1% had a weight loss >5%, 7.2% >10%, and 26.4% changed their MNA-SF score to risk of malnutrition category. Anorexia was present in 38.4%. Obestatin levels were not related to either change of weight, MNA-SF or anorexia, but a positive correlation was found with the absolute difference between basal and 2-year waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.429; P < 0.001) and relative difference between basal and 2-year WC (r = 0.420; P < 0.001); both remained significant after adjusting for age and body mass index. When obestatin was divided into quartiles, a significant lineal trend was observed in relation to WC (P = 0.049), absolute and relative difference between basal and 2-year WC (both P < 0.001). Obestatin was associated with glucose impairment (69.0% in 4th quartile vs 47.5% in 1st to 3rd, P = 0.047; after adjustment, P = 0.098) and MS (77.8% in 4th vs 51.3% in 1st to 3rd, P = 0.017; after adjustment, P = 0.046, OR 2.90 (1.02-8.25) 4th vs 1st to 3rd). CONCLUSIONS Obestatin is elevated in aged women bearing MS but is otherwise not associated with other nutritional parameters, weight loss or anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mora
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínic i Universitari of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ren G, He Z, Cong P, Chen H, Guo Y, Yu J, Liu Z, Ji Q, Song Z, Chen Y. Peripheral administration of TAT-obestatin can influence the expression of liporegulatory genes but fails to affect food intake in mice. Peptides 2013; 42:8-14. [PMID: 23313740 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide originally regarded as an anorexigenic factor. However, most of the subsequent studies failed to confirm the initially reported anorexigenic properties of obestatin. Obestatin is incapable of crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB), which may affect its biological function. Here, we report the physiological effects of obestatin in mice after intraperitoneal administration of obestatin conjugated to the cell-permeable peptide TAT, which is capable of delivering different types of proteins through the BBB. Acute peripheral administration of 1 μmol/kg of TAT-obestatin did not influence the 24 h cumulative food intake and body weight gain of mice that were fasted for 18 h. Fed mice were injected intraperitoneally with 100 nmol/kg of TAT-obestatin daily for 25 d. Compared with control groups, on day 3, the gain in body weight was significantly altered; on day 7, abdominal fat mass was remarkably reduced; however, on day 25, there was a surprisingly notable increase in abdominal and epididymal fat mass. In comparison with control groups, on day 25, the expression levels of adiponectin, ADD1, C/EBPα, PPARG and GLUT4 were significantly up-regulated in liver tissues; in white adipose tissue, the expression level of C/EBPα was significantly up-regulated, but adiponectin and GLUT4 were significantly down-regulated. In addition, GPR39, the suspected receptor of obestatin, was up-regulated in white adipose tissue on day 25. These findings suggest that TAT-obestatin might play a role in white adipose tissue metabolism, but its physiological effects on food intake and body weight gain regulation remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Bijland S, Mancini SJ, Salt IP. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:491-507. [PMID: 23298225 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a key regulator of cellular and whole-body energy balance. AMPK phosphorylates and regulates many proteins concerned with nutrient metabolism, largely acting to suppress anabolic ATP-consuming pathways while stimulating catabolic ATP-generating pathways. This has led to considerable interest in AMPK as a therapeutic target for the metabolic dysfunction observed in obesity and insulin resistance. The role of AMPK in skeletal muscle and the liver has been extensively studied, such that AMPK has been demonstrated to inhibit synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and isoprenoids, hepatic gluconeogenesis and translation while increasing fatty acid oxidation, muscle glucose transport, mitochondrial biogenesis and caloric intake. The role of AMPK in the other principal metabolic and insulin-sensitive tissue, adipose, remains poorly characterized in comparison, yet increasing evidence supports an important role for AMPK in adipose tissue function. Obesity is characterized by hypertrophy of adipocytes and the development of a chronic sub-clinical pro-inflammatory environment in adipose tissue, leading to increased infiltration of immune cells. This combination of dysfunctional hypertrophic adipocytes and a pro-inflammatory environment contributes to insulin resistance and the development of Type 2 diabetes. Exciting recent studies indicate that AMPK may not only influence metabolism in adipocytes, but also act to suppress this pro-inflammatory environment, such that targeting AMPK in adipose tissue may be desirable to normalize adipose dysfunction and inflammation. In the present review, we discuss the role of AMPK in adipose tissue, focussing on the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adipogenesis and pro-inflammatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bijland
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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β-Arrestin signal complex plays a critical role in adipose differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1281-92. [PMID: 23557604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins were identified as scaffold-proteins that have the capacity to desensitize G protein-coupled receptors. However, it has been found that β-arrestins activate signaling pathways independent of G protein activation. The diversity of these signaling pathways has also been recognized for receptor tyrosine kinase. The aim of the present study was to validate the β-arrestin-dependent signaling mechanism(s) responsible for regulation of adipogenesis. Two signal models were selected, ghrelin and insulin, based on its β-arrestin-associated Akt activity. Herein, we found that β-arrestin 1 and 2 were essential molecules for adipocyte differentiation. More specifically, the role of these scaffolding proteins was demonstrated by depletion of β-arrestin 1 and 2 during ghrelin-induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, which decreased the adipocyte differentiation and the expression levels of master regulators of early, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ), and terminal, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), adipogenesis. Accordingly ghrelin-induced Akt activity and its downstream targets, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1), were inhibited by β-arrestin 1 and 2 siRNAs. By contrast, assays performed during insulin-activated adipogenesis showed an intensifying effect on the adipocyte differentiation as well as on the expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, PPARγ and C/EBPα. The increase in insulin-induced adipogenesis by β-arrestin knock-down was concomitant to a decrease in the insulin receptor susbtrate-1 (IRS-1) serine phosphorylation, proving the loss of the negative feedback loop on IRS-1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Therefore, β-arrestins control the extent and intensity of the lipogenic and adipogenic factors associated to Akt signaling, although the mechanistic and functional principles that underlie the connection between signaling and β-arrestins are specifically associated to each receptor type.
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Expression of inflammation-related genes is altered in gastric tissue of patients with advanced stages of NAFLD. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:684237. [PMID: 23661906 PMCID: PMC3626032 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation perpetuated by visceral adipose. Other organs, particularly stomach and intestine, may also overproduce proinflammatory molecules. We examined the gene expression patterns in gastric tissue of morbidly obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and compared the changes in gene expression in different histological forms of NAFLD. Stomach tissue samples from 20 morbidly obese NAFLD patients who were undergoing sleeve gastrectomy were profiled using qPCR for 84 genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, and other components of inflammatory cascades. Interleukin 8 receptor-beta (IL8RB) gene overexpression in gastric tissue was correlated with the presence of hepatic steatosis, hepatic fibrosis, and histologic diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expression levels of soluble interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) were correlated with the presence of NASH and hepatic fibrosis. mRNA levels of interleukin 8 (IL8), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 5 (CCR5) showed a significant increase in patients with advanced hepatic inflammation and were correlated with the severity of the hepatic inflammation. The results of our study suggest that changes in expression patterns for inflammatory molecule encoding genes within gastric tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-related NAFLD.
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Zhang JV, Li L, Huang Q, Ren PG. Obestatin receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:89-107. [PMID: 23317783 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the bioinformatic prediction, Zhang and colleagues discovered obestatin, a new 23-amino acid hormone from rat stomach extract encoded by the ghrelin gene. Obestatin is present not only in the gastrointestinal tract, but also in the spleen, mammary gland, breast milk, and plasma. Obestatin appears to function as part of a complex gut-brain network whereby hormones and substances from the stomach, intestine and the brain about satiety or hunger. Given the current research regarding the effects of obestatin and its possible cognate receptor(s), this chapter provides the latest review of the physiological and pathological characteristics of this hormone and its possible receptor(s) in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian V Zhang
- Research Center for Gene and Cell Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advance Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Cui AD, Gai NN, Zhang XH, Jia KZ, Yang YL, Song ZJ. Decreased serum obestatin consequent upon TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism exacerbates carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012; 4:52. [PMID: 23245314 PMCID: PMC3573955 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism has been associated with insulin resistance. Obestatin, improving insulin resistance, exerts obscure effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid atherosclerosis. Aims to investigate whether the prevalent TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism has profound implications for alterations of serum obestatin and what effect obestatin exerts on carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 518 unrelated Chinese subjects consisted of control (n = 258) and MetS (n = 260) groups. Clinical and biochemical characteristics were collected. The level of serum obestatin was measured. Genotype the functional TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism. All subjects underwent ultrasonography to determine carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). RESULTS Serum obestatin was significantly decreased in MetS as compared with the control group (P = 0.042). Among the MetS group participants possessing RR84 genotype had significantly lower levels of serum obestatin than those with QQ84 or QR84 genotypes (P = 0.008, P = 0.043) with similar significant difference among the control group. Factorial analyses showed statistically significant interactions between MetS and RR84 genotype (P = 0.009 for interaction for obestatin). On correlation analysis, obestatin correlated negatively with homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (r = -0.163, P = 0.010) and IMT (r = -0.256, P = 0.011). On partial analyses, obestatin negatively correlated with IMT(r = -0.259, P = 0.024) after controlling for the confounding factors. CONCLUSION MetS individuals with TRIB3 RR84 genotype demonstrated further decreased serum obestatin. Decreased serum obestatin might in part exacerbate insulin resistance and carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-dong Cui
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, No 111, Changshan Road, Laiyang, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning-ning Gai
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-hua Zhang
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-zhi Jia
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-li Yang
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-jun Song
- Yantai Municipal Laiyang Central Hospital, Yantai, 265200, People’s Republic of China
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Alén BO, Nieto L, Gurriarán-Rodríguez U, Mosteiro CS, Álvarez-Pérez JC, Otero-Alén M, Camiña JP, Gallego R, García-Caballero T, Martín-Pastor M, Casanueva FF, Jiménez-Barbero J, Pazos Y. The NMR structure of human obestatin in membrane-like environments: insights into the structure-bioactivity relationship of obestatin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45434. [PMID: 23056203 PMCID: PMC3464274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for therapeutic applications of obestatin involves, as a first step, the determination of its 3D solution structure and the relationship between this structure and the biological activity of obestatin. On this basis, we have employed a combination of circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and modeling techniques to determine the solution structure of human obestatin (1). Other analogues, including human non-amidated obestatin (2) and the fragment peptides (6–23)-obestatin (3), (11–23)-obestatin (4), and (16–23)-obestatin (5) have also been scrutinized. These studies have been performed in a micellar environment to mimic the cell membrane (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Furthermore, structural-activity relationship studies have been performed by assessing the in vitro proliferative capabilities of these peptides in the human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19 (ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, Ki67 expression, and cellular proliferation). Our findings emphasize the importance of both the primary structure (composition and size) and particular segments of the obestatin molecule that posses significant α-helical characteristics. Additionally, details of a species-specific role for obestatin have also been hypothesized by comparing human and mouse obestatins (1 and 6, respectively) at both the structural and bioactivity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña O. Alén
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lidia Nieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Uxía Gurriarán-Rodríguez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos S. Mosteiro
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan C. Álvarez-Pérez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Otero-Alén
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús P. Camiña
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Martín-Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, RIAIDT, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Pazos
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gurriarán-Rodríguez U, Santos-Zas I, Al-Massadi O, Mosteiro CS, Beiroa D, Nogueiras R, Crujeiras AB, Seoane LM, Señarís J, García-Caballero T, Gallego R, Casanueva FF, Pazos Y, Camiña JP. The obestatin/GPR39 system is up-regulated by muscle injury and functions as an autocrine regenerative system. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38379-89. [PMID: 22992743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and repair of skeletal muscle are attributable to an elaborate interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory signals that regulate the myogenic process. In the present work, we showed that obestatin, a 23-amino acid peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, and the GPR39 receptor are expressed in rat skeletal muscle and are up-regulated upon experimental injury. To define their roles in muscle regeneration, L6E9 cells were used to perform in vitro assays. For the in vivo assays, skeletal muscle tissue was obtained from male rats and maintained under continuous subcutaneous infusion of obestatin. In differentiating L6E9 cells, preproghrelin expression and correspondingly obestatin increased during myogenesis being sustained throughout terminal differentiation. Autocrine action was demonstrated by neutralization of the endogenous obestatin secreted by differentiating L6E9 cells using a specific anti-obestatin antibody. Knockdown experiments by preproghrelin siRNA confirmed the contribution of obestatin to the myogenic program. Furthermore, GPR39 siRNA reduced obestatin action and myogenic differentiation. Exogenous obestatin stimulation was also shown to regulate myoblast migration and proliferation. Furthermore, the addition of obestatin to the differentiation medium increased myogenic differentiation of L6E9 cells. The relevance of the actions of obestatin was confirmed in vivo by the up-regulation of Pax-7, MyoD, Myf5, Myf6, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) in obestatin-infused rats when compared with saline-infused rats. These data elucidate a novel mechanism whereby the obestatin/GPR39 system is coordinately regulated as part of the myogenic program and operates as an autocrine signal regulating skeletal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxía Gurriarán-Rodríguez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Agnew AJ, Robinson E, McVicar CM, Harvey AP, Ali IHA, Lindsay JE, McDonald DM, Green BD, Grieve DJ. The gastrointestinal peptide obestatin induces vascular relaxation via specific activation of endothelium-dependent NO signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:327-38. [PMID: 22035179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obestatin is a recently discovered gastrointestinal peptide with established metabolic actions, which is linked to diabetes and may exert cardiovascular benefits. Here we aimed to investigate the specific effects of obestatin on vascular relaxation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cumulative relaxation responses to obestatin peptides were assessed in rat isolated aorta and mesenteric artery (n≥ 8) in the presence and absence of selective inhibitors. Complementary studies were performed in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). KEY RESULTS Obestatin peptides elicited concentration-dependent relaxation in both aorta and mesenteric artery. Responses to full-length obestatin(1-23) were greater than those to obestatin(1-10) and obestatin(11-23). Obestatin(1-23)-induced relaxation was attenuated by endothelial denudation, l-NAME (NOS inhibitor), high extracellular K(+) , GDP-β-S (G-protein inhibitor), MDL-12,330A (adenylate cyclase inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), KN-93 (CaMKII inhibitor), ODQ (guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and iberiotoxin (BK(Ca) blocker), suggesting that it is mediated by an endothelium-dependent NO signalling cascade involving an adenylate cyclase-linked GPCR, PI3K/PKB, Ca(2+) -dependent eNOS activation, soluble guanylate cyclase and modulation of vascular smooth muscle K(+) . Supporting data from BAEC indicated that nitrite production, intracellular Ca(2+) and PKB phosphorylation were increased after exposure to obestatin(1-23). Relaxations to obestatin(1-23) were unaltered by inhibitors of candidate endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) and combined SK(Ca) /IK(Ca) blockade, suggesting that EDHF-mediated pathways were not involved. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Obestatin produces significant vascular relaxation via specific activation of endothelium-dependent NO signalling. These actions may be important in normal regulation of vascular function and are clearly relevant to diabetes, a condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Agnew
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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49
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Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012; 23:248-254. [PMID: 22576583 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283543033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Granata R, Gallo D, Luque RM, Baragli A, Scarlatti F, Grande C, Gesmundo I, Córdoba-Chacón J, Bergandi L, Settanni F, Togliatto G, Volante M, Garetto S, Annunziata M, Chanclón B, Gargantini E, Rocchietto S, Matera L, Datta G, Morino M, Brizzi MF, Ong H, Camussi G, Castaño JP, Papotti M, Ghigo E. Obestatin regulates adipocyte function and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. FASEB J 2012; 26:3393-411. [PMID: 22601779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic actions of the ghrelin gene-derived peptide obestatin are still unclear. We investigated obestatin effects in vitro, on adipocyte function, and in vivo, on insulin resistance and inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Obestatin effects on apoptosis, differentiation, lipolysis, and glucose uptake were determined in vitro in mouse 3T3-L1 and in human subcutaneous (hSC) and omental (hOM) adipocytes. In vivo, the influence of obestatin on glucose metabolism was assessed in mice fed an HFD for 8 wk. 3T3-L1, hSC, and hOM preadipocytes and adipocytes secreted obestatin and showed specific binding for the hormone. Obestatin prevented apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling. In both mice and human adipocytes, obestatin inhibited isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, promoted AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, induced adiponectin, and reduced leptin secretion. Obestatin also enhanced glucose uptake in either the absence or presence of insulin, promoted GLUT4 translocation, and increased Akt phosphorylation and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expression. Inhibition of SIRT1 by small interfering RNA reduced obestatin-induced glucose uptake. In HFD-fed mice, obestatin reduced insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, and reduced adipocyte apoptosis and inflammation in metabolic tissues. These results provide evidence of a novel role for obestatin in adipocyte function and glucose metabolism and suggest potential therapeutic perspectives in insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14-10126 Turin, Italy.
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