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Jiang D, Tse DCK, Gong X, Tsang VHL, Fung HH, Mann AS, Nakamura J, Tsai JL. Reducing discrepancies between actual and ideal affect across adulthood: the roles of activity flow conduciveness, pleasantness, and familiarity. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39021053 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2367782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Previous findings demonstrate that people often do not feel how they want to feel, supporting the distinction between "actual affect" and "ideal affect." But are there certain activities that reduce the discrepancy between actual and ideal affect? Based on flow theory and socioemotional selectivity theory, we examined whether the discrepancy between people's actual and ideal positive affect would be smaller during activities that were more conducive to flow (a state of intense absorption and concentration), pleasant, and familiar. In Study 1, U.S. participants aged 17-79 (N = 393) reported their ideal affect and how they felt during activities with varying degrees of challenges and skills. For both low-arousal positive affect (LAP) and high-arousal positive affect (HAP), participants reported smaller actual-ideal affect discrepancies during flow-conducive activities (when skills matched challenges). Study 2 was a 14-day experience sampling study, in which Hong Kong participants aged 18-83 (Nindividual = 109) reported their momentary actual and ideal affect, and how pleasant and familiar their activities were (Nexperience = 3,815). Greater activity familiarity was associated with smaller discrepancies in actual-ideal LAP, while greater activity pleasantness was associated with smaller discrepancies in actual-ideal HAP. These findings provide insights on the activities that help people achieve their ideal affect more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dwight C K Tse
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Xianmin Gong
- Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian H L Tsang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Arts and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ajit S Mann
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Quality of Life Research Center, Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne L Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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2
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Moon H, Ahn H. Integration of the DIAMONDS and CAPTION situation taxonomies based on the South Korean culture. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1342133. [PMID: 39011291 PMCID: PMC11247015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we developed an integrated situational taxonomy by merging the second-generation situational taxonomies of the DIAMONDS and CAPTION models. Method The study participants included 363 adults aged 25-39 years, residing in South Korea, with at least a college degree, and currently employed. To integrate the factors of both models, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and further examined the hierarchical structure of these factors using bass-ackwards analysis. Results Our analysis revealed that the integrated situational taxonomy comprises seven domains with a confirmed hierarchical structure. Building on these findings, we further conducted a comparative analysis of the results with prior situational taxonomy research. Discussion It was found that the factors constituting integrated domains derived from previous studies that employed correlation analysis or factor analysis differed from those of our study. However, the taxonomy of the three domains in the third level (negativity, positivity, and tasks) aligned with that of previous relevant research, suggesting that these domains are universally applicable to situational taxonomy. Hence, although the taxonomy of the three domains does not encapsulate specific situational characteristics, like the seven domains, if one seeks a culturally universal, statistically clear, and concise structure of situational taxonomy, the three-domain one is a promising alternative to the seven domains. Moreover, this study is the first situational taxonomic research outside the United States and European cultural spheres that confirms that an integrated situational taxonomy is similarly applicable in East Asian cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Moon
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Devi L, Kushwaha P, Ansari TM, Kumar A, Rao A. Recent Trends in Biologically Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3383-3399. [PMID: 37878232 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles have emerged as a dynamic field of research with significant implications for biomedical applications. This review explores the latest trends in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using biological methods, encompassing plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. These innovative approaches offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis methods. Moreover, this review delves into the multifaceted biomedical applications of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles. These applications include drug delivery systems, diagnostics, therapeutics, and imaging technologies, showcasing the versatility and promise of these nanomaterials in addressing contemporary biomedical challenges. In addition, the review addresses the critical issue of cytotoxicity, offering insights into the safety and viability of these biologically derived NPs for medical use. The exploration of recent trends and advancements in this field underscores the transformative potential of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles in revolutionizing biomedical research and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Devi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli-Kursi Road, Lucknow, India
- Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, 222620, India
- Dr. Ashvil Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, Bangra, Mauranipur, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284205, India
| | - Poonam Kushwaha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli-Kursi Road, Lucknow, India.
| | | | - Ashish Kumar
- Dr. Ashvil Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, Bangra, Mauranipur, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284205, India
- Government Medical College, Jalaun, Orai, Uttar Pradesh, 285001, India
| | - Amit Rao
- Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284001, India
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Cowen AS, Brooks JA, Prasad G, Tanaka M, Kamitani Y, Kirilyuk V, Somandepalli K, Jou B, Schroff F, Adam H, Sauter D, Fang X, Manokara K, Tzirakis P, Oh M, Keltner D. How emotion is experienced and expressed in multiple cultures: a large-scale experiment across North America, Europe, and Japan. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1350631. [PMID: 38966733 PMCID: PMC11223574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1350631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Core to understanding emotion are subjective experiences and their expression in facial behavior. Past studies have largely focused on six emotions and prototypical facial poses, reflecting limitations in scale and narrow assumptions about the variety of emotions and their patterns of expression. We examine 45,231 facial reactions to 2,185 evocative videos, largely in North America, Europe, and Japan, collecting participants' self-reported experiences in English or Japanese and manual and automated annotations of facial movement. Guided by Semantic Space Theory, we uncover 21 dimensions of emotion in the self-reported experiences of participants in Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, and considerable cross-cultural similarities in experience. Facial expressions predict at least 12 dimensions of experience, despite massive individual differences in experience. We find considerable cross-cultural convergence in the facial actions involved in the expression of emotion, and culture-specific display tendencies-many facial movements differ in intensity in Japan compared to the U.S./Canada and Europe but represent similar experiences. These results quantitatively detail that people in dramatically different cultures experience and express emotion in a high-dimensional, categorical, and similar but complex fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cowen
- Hume AI, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Brooks
- Hume AI, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Misato Tanaka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Kamitani
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Krishna Somandepalli
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brendan Jou
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | | | - Hartwig Adam
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Disa Sauter
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xia Fang
- Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kunalan Manokara
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Moses Oh
- Hume AI, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Hume AI, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Stover AD, Shulkin J, Lac A, Rapp T. A meta-analysis of cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102428. [PMID: 38657292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal, an adaptive emotion regulation strategy that involves subjectively reinterpreting stressful and adverse experiences in a more positive manner, can enhance personal resilience. Personal resilience is a constellation of attributes that facilitate successful coping and an expeditious return to adaptive functioning after exposure to stress or adversity. This meta-analysis evaluated the association between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A systematic and exhaustive search identified 64 independent samples from 55 studies (N = 29,824) that examined the correlation between cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. A random-effects model revealed a positive summary effect (r = 0.47, p < .001), indicating that higher cognitive reappraisal was associated with higher personal resilience. Six potential meta-moderators were tested: culture, age, name of the cognitive reappraisal measure, name of the personal resilience measure, study design, and publication period. After two extreme effect size outliers were omitted, tests of publication bias did not reveal any publication bias in this line of research. This quantitative synthesis offers compelling evidence showing that cognitive reappraisal skills operate as a protective strategy against stress and adversity and, therefore, enhance personal resilience. The protective benefits of cognitive reappraisal in relation to personal resilience are relatively robust, as the correlations were statistically significant for all subgroups in the meta-moderation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Stover
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America.
| | - Josh Shulkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lac
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
| | - Timothy Rapp
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, United States of America
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6
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von Scheve C. Putting emotions into affective polarisation. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:437-441. [PMID: 38712818 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2346752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This contribution provides a brief commentary to Bakker's and Lelkes's plea to emotion researchers to engage more thoroughly with research on affective polarisation. I begin by summarising some of the main arguments and suggestions developed by Bakker and Lelkes and then make a number of suggestions that focus on how accounting for discrete emotions can make a particularly valuable contribution to affective polarisation research. The first suggestion pertains to the intentionality of emotions, and specifically of political emotions in intergroup contexts. The second suggestion emphasises that emotions convey meaning about social relations that is considerably richer than the information contained in affect alone. The third proposition highlights that relations characterised by discrete emotions also reveal information about the cultural value and appropriateness of these relations. Finally, I discuss how discrete emotions specifically contribute to processes of community building and social exclusion.
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7
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Gad D, Wells JL, Piechota A, Feeney B, Birditt KS, Marottoli RA, Gaugler JE, Vranceanu AM, Monin JK. Positive affect expression during a play interaction and psychological health among older adults living with cognitive impairment and their adult children. Aging Ment Health 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38795364 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2358096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the extent to which positive affect expression in play interactions between adult children and their parents living with cognitive impairment was associated with lower depressive symptoms and mental health difficulties for both dyad members. Gender differences in positive affect expression were also examined. METHOD Dyads (N = 126) self-reported their depressive symptoms and mental health difficulties. Dyad members later engaged in a video-recorded play interaction together, and their positive affect expression was observationally coded by trained coders in terms of 'enjoyment', 'laughter', and 'positive affect towards partner'. RESULTS Findings from mixed models using the Actor Partner Interdependence Model showed that one's partner's positive affect was associated with one's own lower depressive symptoms. There were no significant actor effects or effects of role (parent vs. child). Results also revealed that women expressed more positive affect and had greater mental health difficulties, but not depressive symptoms. We found that one's partner's positive affect expressions were more associated with women's mental health than men's mental health. CONCLUSION Positive affect expression may be a useful indicator of psychological health in parent-child relationships in which the parent has cognitive impairment. Positive affect may be useful to target in supportive, dyadic, psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Gad
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenna L Wells
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Piechota
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Brooke Feeney
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kira S Birditt
- The Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Marottoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph E Gaugler
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan K Monin
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Willroth EC, Pfund GN, Mroczek DK, Hill PL. Perceptions of a good life: Associations with culture, age, wellbeing, and health. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2024; 38:405-425. [PMID: 38863836 PMCID: PMC11164556 DOI: 10.1177/08902070231186344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
What does a good life look like? The present research investigated individual differences in people's perceptions of the factors that are most important for living a good life using two waves of data in probability samples from the U.S. (MIDUS; N = 4,041) and Japan (MIDJA; N = 381). We examined country- and age-related similarities and differences in perceptions of a good life and associations of perceptions of a good life with experiences of wellbeing and physical health. Some factors were considered important for living a good life in both countries and across age (e.g., positive relationships with family), whereas other factors varied between countries (e.g., U.S. participants were more likely to perceive faith as important) and by age (e.g., younger adults were more likely to perceive having a good job as important). Further, perceptions of a good life were related to experiences of wellbeing and physical health concurrently and prospectively. This research informs our understanding of how people differ from one another in their perceptions of a good life, and how these differences may matter for individuals' experiences of a good life.
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Xu E, Liao S, Hu P. Psychological Traditionality and Modernity and Happiness: The Different Happiness Levels in Chinese Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:304. [PMID: 38667100 PMCID: PMC11047449 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The conceptualization of happiness varies across different cultures. In Chinese culture, happiness includes oneself and hinges on others. Chinese social development has influenced psychological traditionality (PT), psychological modernity (PM), and personal happiness. Our study recruited 450 participants to examine the different happiness levels in Chinese students with diverse PT and PM. The results indicate that individuals scoring higher in PT and PM reported higher life satisfaction. Moreover, individuals scoring higher in PT reported more positive emotions, fewer negative emotions, and greater social well-being, while those scoring higher in PM reported more negative emotions and greater relationship happiness. The happiness of Chinese students comprised individual, relational, and societal levels and happiness at different levels related to Chinese PT and PM. The present study may promote cross-cultural understanding and potentially inform interventions for individual happiness within positive psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Hu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100087, China; (E.X.); (S.L.)
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10
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Wu Y, Merrick M, Gweon H. Expecting the Unexpected: Infants Use Others' Surprise to Revise Their Own Expectations. Open Mind (Camb) 2024; 8:67-83. [PMID: 38435704 PMCID: PMC10898783 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human infants show systematic responses to events that violate their expectations. Can they also revise these expectations based on others' expressions of surprise? Here we ask whether infants (N = 156, mean = 15.2 months, range: 12.0-18.0 months) can use an experimenter's expression of surprise to revise their own expectations about statistically probable vs. improbable events. An experimenter sampled a ball from a box of red and white balls and briefly displayed either a surprised or an unsurprised expression at the outcome before revealing it to the infant. Following an unsurprised expression, the results were consistent with prior work; infants looked longer at a statistically improbable outcome than a probable outcome. Following a surprised expression, however, this standard pattern disappeared or was even reversed. These results suggest that even before infants can observe the unexpected events themselves, they can use others' surprise to expect the unexpected. Starting early in life, human learners can leverage social information that signals others' prediction error to update their own predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Merrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Gweon
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Krys K, Kostoula O, van Tilburg WAP, Mosca O, Lee JH, Maricchiolo F, Kosiarczyk A, Kocimska-Bortnowska A, Torres C, Hitokoto H, Liew K, Bond MH, Lun VMC, Vignoles VL, Zelenski JM, Haas BW, Park J, Vauclair CM, Kwiatkowska A, Roczniewska M, Witoszek N, Işık İ, Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Domínguez-Espinosa A, Yeung JC, Górski M, Adamovic M, Albert I, Pavlopoulos V, Fülöp M, Sirlopu D, Okvitawanli A, Boer D, Teyssier J, Malyonova A, Gavreliuc A, Serdarevich U, Akotia CS, Appoh L, Mira DMA, Baltin A, Denoux P, Esteves CS, Gamsakhurdia V, Garðarsdóttir RB, Igbokwe DO, Igou ER, Kascakova N, Klůzová Kracˇmárová L, Kronberger N, Barrientos PE, Mohoricć T, Murdock E, Mustaffa NF, Nader M, Nadi A, van Osch Y, Pavlović Z, Polácˇková Šolcová I, Rizwan M, Romashov V, Røysamb E, Sargautyte R, Schwarz B, Selecká L, Selim HA, Stogianni M, Sun CR, Wojtczuk-Turek A, Xing C, Uchida Y. Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231208367. [PMID: 38350096 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231208367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why "happiness maximization" might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction-the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology-involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuba Krys
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Olga Kostoula
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | | | - Oriana Mosca
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari
| | - J Hannah Lee
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kongmeng Liew
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury
| | - Michael H Bond
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | | | | | | | | | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School
| | - Christin-Melanie Vauclair
- Centre for Psychological Research and Social Intervention (CIS-Iscte), Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
| | | | - Marta Roczniewska
- SWPS University
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Nina Witoszek
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo
| | - İdil Işık
- Psychology Department, Bahçeşehir University
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Górski
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
| | | | - Isabelle Albert
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg
| | | | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church
- Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Sirlopu
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción
| | | | - Diana Boer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz
| | - Julien Teyssier
- Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
| | - Arina Malyonova
- Department of General and Social Psychology, Dostoevsky Omsk State University
| | | | | | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana
| | - Lily Appoh
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University
| | | | - Arno Baltin
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University
| | - Patrick Denoux
- Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
| | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics
| | | | | | | | - Eric R Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick
| | - Natalia Kascakova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University
- Psychiatric Clinic Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - Tamara Mohoricć
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka
| | - Elke Murdock
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg
| | - Nur Fariza Mustaffa
- Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia
| | - Martin Nader
- Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI
| | - Azar Nadi
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Yvette van Osch
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruta Sargautyte
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University
| | - Beate Schwarz
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Chien-Ru Sun
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University
| | | | - Cai Xing
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University
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12
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Chen C, Messinger DS, Chen C, Yan H, Duan Y, Ince RAA, Garrod OGB, Schyns PG, Jack RE. Cultural facial expressions dynamically convey emotion category and intensity information. Curr Biol 2024; 34:213-223.e5. [PMID: 38141619 PMCID: PMC10831323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Communicating emotional intensity plays a vital ecological role because it provides valuable information about the nature and likelihood of the sender's behavior.1,2,3 For example, attack often follows signals of intense aggression if receivers fail to retreat.4,5 Humans regularly use facial expressions to communicate such information.6,7,8,9,10,11 Yet how this complex signaling task is achieved remains unknown. We addressed this question using a perception-based, data-driven method to mathematically model the specific facial movements that receivers use to classify the six basic emotions-"happy," "surprise," "fear," "disgust," "anger," and "sad"-and judge their intensity in two distinct cultures (East Asian, Western European; total n = 120). In both cultures, receivers expected facial expressions to dynamically represent emotion category and intensity information over time, using a multi-component compositional signaling structure. Specifically, emotion intensifiers peaked earlier or later than emotion classifiers and represented intensity using amplitude variations. Emotion intensifiers are also more similar across emotions than classifiers are, suggesting a latent broad-plus-specific signaling structure. Cross-cultural analysis further revealed similarities and differences in expectations that could impact cross-cultural communication. Specifically, East Asian and Western European receivers have similar expectations about which facial movements represent high intensity for threat-related emotions, such as "anger," "disgust," and "fear," but differ on those that represent low threat emotions, such as happiness and sadness. Together, our results provide new insights into the intricate processes by which facial expressions can achieve complex dynamic signaling tasks by revealing the rich information embedded in facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaona Chen
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK.
| | - Daniel S Messinger
- Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, and Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce De Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Foreign Language Department, Teaching Centre for General Courses, Chengdu Medical College, 601 Tianhui Street, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- The MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yaocong Duan
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK
| | - Robin A A Ince
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK
| | - Oliver G B Garrod
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK
| | - Philippe G Schyns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachael E Jack
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, Scotland, UK
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13
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Kisley MA, Shulkin J, Meza-Whitlatch MV, Pedler RB. Emotion beliefs: conceptual review and compendium. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1271135. [PMID: 38239475 PMCID: PMC10794336 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1271135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Laypeople hold richly divergent beliefs about emotion, and these beliefs are consequential. Specific forms of belief that have been investigated include the usefulness, contagiousness, duration, dependence upon intersubjective experience, cognitively mediated properties, malleability, and hindering properties of emotion, just to name a few. Progress in this emerging sub-field of research has been hampered by the lack of a widely accepted definition of emotion belief able to capture all of these dimensions. Correspondingly, there has been a proliferation of different terminologies, constructs, and measures. The present review aims to address these obstacles by defining emotion belief, and subsequently re-considering existing constructs and measures that align with this definition. The latter is presented in the form of a comprehensive compendium of 21 different constructs and associated self-report measures that assess varying components of one's beliefs about emotions in general and/or about their own emotions, and an additional 5 scales that were designed to measure one's beliefs about another's emotions. From the more unified conceptualization of emotion belief presented here, critical areas of future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Kisley
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado – Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
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14
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Blevins E, Ko M, Park B, Qu Y, Knutson B, Tsai JL. Cultural variation in neural responses to social but not monetary reward outcomes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad068. [PMID: 37952225 PMCID: PMC10703126 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
European Americans view high-intensity, open-mouthed 'excited' smiles more positively than Chinese because they value excitement and other high arousal positive states more. This difference is supported by reward-related neural activity, with European Americans showing greater Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) activity to excited (vs calm) smiles than Chinese. But do these cultural differences generalize to all rewards, and are they related to real-world social behavior? European American (N = 26) and Chinese (N = 27) participants completed social and monetary incentive delay tasks that distinguished between the anticipation and receipt (outcome) of social and monetary rewards while undergoing Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI). The groups did not differ in NAcc activity when anticipating social or monetary rewards. However, as predicted, European Americans showed greater NAcc activity than Chinese when viewing excited smiles during outcome (the receipt of social reward). No cultural differences emerged when participants received monetary outcomes. Individuals who showed increased NAcc activity to excited smiles during outcome had friends with more intense smiles on social media. These findings suggest that culture plays a specific role in modulating reward-related neural responses to excited smiles during outcome, which are associated with real-world relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blevins
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Ko
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - BoKyung Park
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yang Qu
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Brian Knutson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanne L Tsai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Pauly T, Nicol A, Lay JC, Ashe MC, Gerstorf D, Graf P, Linden W, Madden KM, Mahmood A, Murphy RA, Hoppmann CA. Everyday Pain in Middle and Later Life: Associations with Daily and Momentary Present-Moment Awareness as One Key Facet of Mindfulness. Can J Aging 2023; 42:621-630. [PMID: 37565431 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980823000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated everyday associations between one key facet of mindfulness (allocating attention to the present moment) and pain. In Study 1, 89 community-dwelling adults (33-88 years; Mage = 68.6) who had experienced a stroke provided 14 daily end-of-day present-moment awareness and pain ratings. In Study 2, 100 adults (50-85 years; Mage = 67.0 years) provided momentary present-moment awareness and pain ratings three times daily for 10 days. Multi-level models showed that higher trait present-moment awareness was linked with lower overall pain (both studies). In Study 1, participants reported less pain on days on which they indicated higher present-moment awareness. In Study 2, only individuals with no post-secondary education reported less pain in moments when they indicated higher present-moment awareness. Findings add to previous research using global retrospective pain measures by showing that present-moment awareness might correlate with reduced pain experiences, assessed close in time to when they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pauly
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Nicol
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Lay
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen C Ashe
- Center for Aging SMART, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Graf
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Linden
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Madden
- Center for Aging SMART, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Atiya Mahmood
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel A Murphy
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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AKA BT. Cultural Dimensions of Emotion Regulation. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the connections between emotion regulation and cultural elements via different theoretical frameworks. For this purpose, one of the most used emotion regulation models in the literature, Gross's model is briefly explained. Also, cultural elements are discussed by focusing on socialization practices, social rules, cultural scenarios, cultural values, and cultural differences highlighted in these concepts. Besides, the cultural differences in emotional expression and regulation through cultural values are presented by using two different theories and related research. The results of these research show that suppression can be adaptive and functional in different cultural contexts, and different levels of analysis can be combined to explain the processes of emotional behavior.
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Bierle I, Becker JC, Nakao G, Heine SJ. Shame and anger differentially predict disidentification between collectivistic and individualistic societies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289918. [PMID: 37672540 PMCID: PMC10482281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present research we tested the differential effects of anger versus shame as emotional predictors of ingroup disidentification in one rather collectivistic (Japan) and two rather individualistic societies (Germany, Canada). We tested the idea that individuals cope with socially undesired emotions by disidentifying from their group. Specifically, we predicted that after a group conflict, anger, an undesired emotion in Japan, would elicit disidentification in Japan, whereas shame, an undesired emotion in Canada and Germany, would elicit disidentification in Germany and Canada. Study 1 (N = 378) found that anger, but not shame, was related to disidentification in Japan, whereas shame, but not anger, was related to disidentification in Canada and Germany. Study 2 (N = 171) shows that, after group conflict, Japanese disidentified more when imagining to feel angry, whereas Germans disidentified more when imagining to feel ashamed. Implications for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bierle
- Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Julia C. Becker
- Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Gen Nakao
- Department of Management, Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Steven J. Heine
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Vishkin A, Tamir M. Emotion Norms Are Unique. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:453-457. [PMID: 37744983 PMCID: PMC10514023 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Emotion norms shape the pursuit, regulation, and experience of emotions, yet much about their nature remains unknown. Like other types of social norms, emotion norms reflect intersubjective consensus, vary in both content and strength, and benefit the well-being of people who adhere to them. However, we propose that emotion norms may also be a unique type of social norm. First, whereas social norms typically target behaviors, emotion norms can target both expressive behavior and subjective states. Second, whereas it may be possible to identify universally held social norms, norms for emotions may lack any universality. Finally, whereas social norms are typically stronger in more collectivist cultures, emotion norms appear to be stronger in more individualist cultures. For each of the potentially distinct features of emotion norms suggested above, we highlight new directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allon Vishkin
- Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Tamir
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ferrer RA, Gillman AS. Synergistic Opportunities for Affective Science and Behavior Change. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:586-590. [PMID: 37744974 PMCID: PMC10513975 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Behavior change can be challenging to facilitate and achieve. Behavior change frameworks largely focus on social cognitive determinants, omitting affective determinants or including them in a superficial way. However, evidence points to the role of affect in decision-making and behavior, particularly when the behavior at focus for change is affectively pleasant or when the behavior to be facilitated is affectively unpleasant. This paper identifies challenges and opportunities to further affective science by using behavior change as a context and, relatedly, to further the science of behavior change by leveraging theoretical and methodological innovations in affective science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Ferrer
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Arielle S. Gillman
- Division of Integrative Biological and Behavioral Sciences, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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20
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Rokach A. Love Culturally: How Does Culture Affect Intimacy, Commitment & Love. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 158:84-114. [PMID: 37647358 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper, relying on a thematic review of the literature, aimed to explore the influence of culture on human relations, particularly on love. We highlighted the innate need of humans to belong and be part of a community and, moreover, partake in an intimate relationship. Most humans yearn for intimacy, and thus it was defined and described. In our Western culture, intimacy is often found in marriage, usually built on love. Love, if not nurtured, may fade, and so we described what happens when it does. Romantic relationships, where love is usually expressed and actualized, were examined, including how it is shown, how time affects love, and what causes love relationships to be marred by loneliness. The main part of the paper is devoted to examining the effect of culture on love, its expression, and on romantic relationships. While love may be universal, its development, expression, and importance in intimate relationships differ depending on the culture and era in which it occurs.
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21
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Westby CE, Chen KM, Lee JP, Mei-Yin Wong A. Topic and Content of Personal Narratives of Children from Three East Asian Cultures and Three English-Speaking Cultures: A Collaborative Qualitative Analysis. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2023; 75:431-446. [PMID: 37634489 PMCID: PMC10711750 DOI: 10.1159/000533559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION Narrative language skills are critical for effective social interactions and academic success. Consequently, narratives are regularly an aspect of assessment and intervention for children with communication impairments, supporting the need for information about typical development from children across cultures. Development of coherent personal narratives is associated with growth of both one's individual identity and cultural identity which are linked to psychological well-being. The topics and contents of children's personal stories can provide insight into cultural influences on what children consider important, how they interpret experiences, and their values and beliefs, which in turn contribute to their developing individual and cultural self-identity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the topics and content of personal narratives told by typically developing 10-year-old children from East Asian and Western English-speaking cultures. METHODS There were 20 children in each of three East Asian language groups - Mandarin, Cantonese, and Korean; and 62 children in the English-speaking groups (22 in the USA and 20 each in the Australian and New Zealand groups). In each group, half were boys and half were girls. Children responded to prompts from the Global TALES protocol to elicit personal narratives. All language samples were transcribed, translated, and coded for topic choices using qualitative content analysis in collaborative discussions by the four authors, who included an English-speaking author from the USA (C.E.W.), and three authors, who are native speakers of the three East Asian languages, Mandarin (K.-M.C.), Cantonese (A.M.-Y.W.), and Korean (J.P.L.). RESULTS Results on topics in stories from East Asian and Western English-speaking cultures are described in relation to literature on anthropology. English-speaking children and East Asian children in this study talked about similar topics in their personal narratives, but the frequency of these topics within their stories varied. Possible explanations for differences in story topics are discussed within a framework on cultural dimensions. CONCLUSION Evaluation of the topics of children's personal narratives provides insight into what is important to the children and the way they view their worlds. This information may inform clinical approaches to assessment and intervention with children with communication impairments, encouraging clinicians to go beyond analysis of language structure to consider multiple factors that influence communicative competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai-Mei Chen
- Progress Speech-Language Clinic, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jisun P. Lee
- Christina Brown and Associates, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anita Mei-Yin Wong
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rochanavibhata S, Marian V. Thai and American mothers socialize preschoolers' emotional development differently. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12719. [PMID: 37543675 PMCID: PMC10404248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures vary in beliefs about appropriate display of emotion. Children rely on adults to help them understand emotional experiences and display emotions in a culturally appropriate manner. The present study compared how emotion display differs between Thai and American mother-child interactions during preschool. Language samples from 21 Thai and 21 American mother-child dyads were elicited using prompted reminiscing, book reading, toy play, and child personal narrative tasks. Results revealed group differences in emotion talk and behavior. American dyads expressed more intense emotions during interactions compared to Thai dyads. American dyads also displayed more emotion behaviors than Thai dyads, whereas Thai dyads used more emotion words compared to American dyads. Additionally, there were gender differences in the expression of emotion, with boy dyads more emotionally intense than girl dyads in both groups. Boys displayed more negative emotion behaviors compared to girls during prompted reminiscing, whereas girls used more negative emotion words than boys during the personal narrative task. These findings demonstrate cultural and gender differences in socialization goals and practices regarding emotion display and underscore the influence of mothers' scaffolding on children's emotional development. This research reveals the variability in beliefs and values that underlie emotional development across sociocultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirada Rochanavibhata
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3540, USA.
| | - Viorica Marian
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3540, USA
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23
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Choi H. Consideration of Future Consequences Affects the Perception and Interpretation of Self-Conscious Emotions. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 37622780 PMCID: PMC10451165 DOI: 10.3390/bs13080640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating guilt from shame expressed by others is important because self-conscious emotions have disparate behavioral consequences. The present study examined whether a future-relevant nature of an event (i.e., future opportunity) and an observer (i.e., consideration of future consequences) can impact the perception and interpretation of shame and guilt experiences. Participants (N = 109) read a scenario that described a target person who neglected his duty on a team project, then rated their perceived intensity of the target's shame and guilt and their estimation of future behavior change by the target. The results showed that the participants who cared about distant future consequences (i.e., high in consideration of future consequences) thought the target person would change in the future when they believed that the target person would have an opportunity (vs. no future opportunity) to change the outcome of the event. This effect was fully mediated by the guilt intensity ratings, indicating that guilt signals future behavior change. The implications for the value of communicating self-conscious emotions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeman Choi
- Department of Psychology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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24
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Luong G, Miller JW, Kirkland D, Morse JL, Wrzus C, Diehl M, Chow SM, Riediger M. Valuing Negative Affect Weakens Affect-Health Linkages: Similarities and Differences Across Affect Valuation Measures. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2023; 47:347-363. [PMID: 38463946 PMCID: PMC10923588 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-023-10012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Negative affect (NA) has been robustly linked to poorer psychological health, including greater depressive symptoms, personal burnout, and perceived stress. These associations, known as affect-health links, have been postulated by our research team to vary with different levels of negative affect valuation (NAV), such that people who evaluate NA states as more pleasant, helpful, appropriate, and/or meaningful may show weaker affect-health links. Another affect valuation construct is ideal NA, which is the degree to which people ideally want to experience NA states (i.e., desirability of affective states). The current study extends previous research by examining these two different measures of affect valuation (NAV and ideal NA) and comparing the extent to which they moderate affect-health links for psychological health and functioning. Participants from the Health and Daily Experiences (HEADE) study (N = 162 comprising of 56 younger adults and 106 older adults) completed questionnaires in a laboratory setting and ecological momentary assessments of NA 6 times a day for 7 consecutive days (i.e., trait NA). The results demonstrated that the two affect valuation constructs were distinct and showed different patterns of buffering effects. NAV attenuated the association between trait NA and depressive symptoms, personal burnout, and intolerance of uncertainty. Ideal NA attenuated affect-health links for depressive symptoms and perceived stress. These findings point to the importance of sharpening the distinctions between various affect valuation constructs to elucidate their unique contributions to attenuating affect-health links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Luong
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University
| | - James W. Miller
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University
| | - David Kirkland
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University
| | - Jessica L. Morse
- University of California, San Diego
- VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychological Aging Research, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg
| | - Manfred Diehl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University
| | - Sy-Miin Chow
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Michaela Riediger
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena
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Eckland NS, Berenbaum H. Clarity of Emotions and Goals: Exploring Associations with Subjective Well-Being Across Adulthood. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:401-412. [PMID: 37304560 PMCID: PMC10247608 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite declines in cognition associated with age, emotional health tends to increase. However, extant studies find few differences in the type or number of emotion regulation strategies used by older compared to younger adults. This study tested the hypothesis that older adults have greater clarity of their emotions and goals compared to younger adults. Participants (total N = 709, ages 18-81) recruited in age-stratified samples completed measures of emotional clarity, goal clarity, depression, and life satisfaction. Results suggested that emotional clarity and goal clarity are positively correlated factors, with emotional clarity showing the lowest levels in emerging adults and highest levels in older adults. Goal clarity was lowest among emerging adults, but only small differences were found between middle and older adults. Across adulthood both emotional clarity and goal clarity were linked to lower depressive symptoms and greater life satisfaction. Limitations include data being cross-sectional and self-report based and the youngest sample being recruited differently from the older samples, but the results raise the possibility of developmental changes in emotional clarity across adulthood. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00179-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Eckland
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820 USA
| | - Howard Berenbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820 USA
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26
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Chen Y, Liu X. How solitude relates to well-being in old age: A review of inter-individual differences. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:30-39. [PMID: 35852158 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Older adults are more likely to live alone and engage in solitary activities than young adults, leading to decrement in their well-being. However, researchers have discovered beneficial implications of solitude, and some of them even have established that the negative and positive effects of solitude coexist. The study's purposes are to investigate the relationship between solitude and well-being among older adults and to further examine the inter-individual differences in this relationship. In the database of Google Scholar, the systematic review methods are used and 17 articles meet the inclusion criteria. The study concludes that older adults experience solitude both negatively and positively; the complex relationship between solitude and well-being can be better understood and explained by inter-individual differences based on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cultural factors. This systematic review adopts a perspective that spans individual and social/cultural levels and helps grasp the link between solitude and well-being in older adults. Based on this review, the researcher can develop appropriate interventions to help older people maximize the benefits of solitude while minimizing the drawbacks to further achieve a higher quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lo HHM, Powell CLYM, Chan SHW, Leung BFH, Tsang EYH, Leung SSM. Validating an Adapted Version of the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire in Hong Kong Chinese. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-10020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hernandez HS, Hovasapian A, Campos B. Displaying pride: Variation by social context, ethnic heritage, and gender? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285152. [PMID: 37115772 PMCID: PMC10146430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pride is universal; however, the complexities linked to its social status functions and implications for social relationships suggest the possibility of variation in its display. Drawing from empirical evidence, this study examined whether displayed pride would vary by social context (i.e., whether the target was a competitor or a loved one), ethnic heritage (i.e., membership in individualistic or collectivistic cultural groups) and by gender. Young adults (N = 145) verbally described a pride experience to an imagined competitor, loved one, stranger or in a no-context control condition. Results showed similarity in displayed pride across the four contexts. However, some ethnic group and gender variations were observed. Latino/a/x Americans displayed less pride verbally than European Americans while women displayed more than men. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how people manage the display of pride and suggest that ethnic and gendered motivations for managing pride displays are relevant to a comprehensive understanding of interpersonal emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sanchez Hernandez
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Arpine Hovasapian
- Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Belinda Campos
- Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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29
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Liew K, Uchida Y, Domae H, Koh AHQ. Energetic music is used for anger downregulation: A cross‐cultural differentiation of intensity from rhythmic arousal. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongmeng Liew
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Japan
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiina Domae
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Alethea H. Q. Koh
- Institute for the Future of Human Society Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Gust CJ, Bryan AD, Havranek EP, Vupputuri S, Steiner JF, Blair IV, Hanratty R, Daugherty SL. Health Behavior Theory and Hypertension Management: Comparisons Among Black, White, and American Indian and Alaska Native Patients. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 14:369-382. [PMID: 38322707 PMCID: PMC10846351 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In the United States, hypertension is more common among individuals from racial and ethnic minority groups. Hypertension control rates are also lower for minority group members compared with White Americans. However, little research has employed well-established theoretical perspectives on health behavior, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Model of Goal-Directed Behavior (MGB), to better understand racial differences in rates of hypertension control. The present study examines the psychological processes involved in efforts to control blood pressure, through the lens of the TPB augmented by the MGB, in hypertensive patients of three racial groups: American Indian/Alaska Native, Black/African American, and White. Participants completed measures of past efforts to control blood pressure, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and anticipated emotions. Analyses employed confirmatory factor analysis and cross-groups path analysis. Measurement of the theoretical constructs and core putative mediators of blood pressure control intentions were largely similar across racial groups. With regard to the patterns of relationships among the constructs, differences among the groups were most apparent in pathways from past efforts to both cognitive and affective theoretical antecedents of intentions. These findings contribute to the sparse literature on factors involved in racial differences in hypertension control rates and may inform future interventions aimed at increasing hypertension control behaviors. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03028597, registered 23 January 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03028597; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04414982, registered 4 June 2020 (retrospectively registered), https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04414982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen J. Gust
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela D. Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Edward P. Havranek
- Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suma Vupputuri
- Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John F. Steiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Institute for Health Research, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Irene V. Blair
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca Hanratty
- Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stacie L. Daugherty
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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31
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James SH, Berglund A, Chang WC, Strauss GP. Discrepancies between ideal and actual affect in schizophrenia: Implications for understanding negative symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:313-319. [PMID: 36174366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of schizophrenia (SZ). However, psychological mechanisms underlying anhedonia are unclear, making it difficult to develop personalized psychosocial treatments. The current study explored the novel hypothesis that anhedonia is driven by discrepancies between ideal and actual affect (i.e., how positive or negative someone wants to feel compared to how they do feel), which impact the frequency of recreational, goal-directed, and social behaviors. Participants included 32 outpatients with SZ and 29 healthy controls (CN) who completed the Affect Valuation Index and measures of negative symptom severity. Results indicated that individuals with SZ displayed greater positive and negative emotion discrepancy scores than CN, suggesting that they strongly desire to feel more positive and less negative in the future than they actually do. Additionally, greater ideal relative to actual positive and negative affect was associated with greater severity of anhedonia, avolition, and asociality. The discrepancy between ideal and actual affective states may be demotivating, leading individuals with SZ to develop dysfunctional beliefs after repeated experiences of failing to achieve their desired emotional goal state. These findings suggest that ideal affect may be a novel psychological mechanism underlying negative symptoms that could be targeted in psychosocial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney H James
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alysia Berglund
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wing Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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32
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Gómez-Borges A, Zuberbühler MJP, Martínez IM, Salanova M. Self-care at Work Matters: How Job and Personal Resources mediate between Self-Care and Psychological Well-being. REVISTA DE PSICOLOGÍA DEL TRABAJO Y DE LAS ORGANIZACIONES 2022. [DOI: 10.5093/jwop2022a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Joshanloo M. Mental Balance in 116 Nations: Where It Is Experienced and Valued. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12457. [PMID: 36231758 PMCID: PMC9564841 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mental balance, defined as a sense of tranquility resulting from inner peace and harmonious interactions with the external environment, is an important but largely overlooked aspect of well-being. Using data from the Gallup World Poll (N = 121,207), this study developed a global index of mental balance and a measure of preference for mental balance (as opposed to excitement) across 116 countries. The study examined the global and regional distribution of these two variables and their intercorrelations with a variety of social, economic, cultural, and well-being variables. The results showed that, whereas national wealth and sociopolitical context were the strongest predictors of experiencing mental balance, these variables were not associated with preference for mental balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Joshanloo
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol Boulevard, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea
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34
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Holbrook C, Yoon L, Fessler DMT, Moser C, Delgado SJ, Kim H. Moral parochialism and causal appraisal of transgressive harm in Seoul and Los Angeles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14227. [PMID: 35987768 PMCID: PMC9392729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary fitness payoffs of moral condemnation are greatest within an individual’s immediate social milieu. Accordingly, insofar as human moral intuitions have been shaped by adaptive design, we can expect transgressive harms to be perceived as more wrong when transpiring in the here and now than when occurring at a distance, or with the approval of local authority figures. This moral parochialism hypothesis has been supported by research conducted in diverse societies, but has yet to be tested in an East Asian society, despite prior research indicating that East Asians appraise transgressive acts as being caused by situational and contextual factors to a greater extent than do Westerners, who tend to emphasize dispositional factors (i.e., the transgressor’s personal nature). Here, in a quasi-experiment using field samples recruited in Seoul and Los Angeles, we tested (i) the moral parochialism hypothesis regarding the perceived wrongness of transgressions, as well as (ii) the extent to which these wrongness judgments might be influenced by cross-cultural differences in causal appraisals. Despite notably large differences across the two societies in situational versus dispositional appraisals of the causes of the transgressions, replicating previous findings elsewhere, in both societies we found that transgressions were deemed less wrong when occurring at spatial or temporal remove or with the consent of authorities. These findings add to the understanding of morality as universally focused on local affairs, notwithstanding cultural variation in perceptions of the situational versus dispositional causes of (im)moral acts.
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35
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Matsumoto D, Wilson M. A Half-Century Assessment of the Study of Culture and Emotion. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221084236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on emotion and affective sciences is flourishing today like never before. The impetus for this surge is largely rooted in studies of emotion across cultures and coincides with the half century existence of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP). Beginning with studies initially documenting the universality of the expression and recognition of certain facial expressions of emotion in the 1970s, cross-cultural research was crucial in providing further evidence for the universality of antecedents, appraisals, subjective experiences, self-reported responses, and physiological reactions throughout the 1980s and 1990s. That same literature also demonstrated the existence of many cultural variations in these emotion domains, as well as in the concepts, language, attitudes, beliefs, and values about emotion. We review this literature with the goal of demonstrating some of the many meaningful and important contributions IACCP and cross-cultural studies have made to the field of emotion and affective sciences. This area of research has also been marred by considerable controversies for almost the entire period of study, and we describe those as well. We conclude with a presentation of current models of understanding the association between culture and emotion that integrate disparate cross-cultural findings and address controversies in the field, in the hope that such models can serve as a platform for renewed cross-cultural research in this area for the next half century and beyond.
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36
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Chan J, Becerra R, Weinborn M, Preece D. Assessing Alexithymia across Asian and Western Cultures: Psychometric Properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in Singaporean and Australian Samples. J Pers Assess 2022; 105:396-412. [PMID: 35900047 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2095641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Alexithymia refers to difficulties identifying feelings (DIF), describing feelings (DDF), and externally orientated thinking (EOT). Originally conceptualized by American psychiatrists, some researchers have since questioned the validity and application of this construct in Asian cultures. However, to date, there is little empirical work formally assessing the invariance of alexithymia across Asian and Western cultures. The present study aimed to help address this gap, by examining the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of two alexithymia measures, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), across samples from Singapore (n = 434) or Australia (n = 489). The same theoretically congruent factor structure was supported across both samples; this structure was fully invariant across samples for the PAQ, and partially invariant for the TAS-20. Both measures had good internal consistency and concurrent validity across samples, except the TAS-20 EOT subscale which had low internal consistency and factor loadings in both samples. The Singaporean sample reported higher DIF and DDF for positive emotions than the Australian sample. Overall, our results support the cross-cultural validity and application of the alexithymia construct. The PAQ and TAS-20 both appear to have good utility in this respect, though the PAQ may provide a more detailed facet-level profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Chan
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - David Preece
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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37
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Lomas T, Bartels M, Van De Weijer M, Pluess M, Hanson J, VanderWeele TJ. The Architecture of Happiness. EMOTION REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17540739221114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Happiness is an increasingly prominent topic of interest across academia. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how it is created, especially not in a multidimensional sense. By ‘created’ we do not mean its influencing factors, for which there is extensive research, but how it actually forms in the person. The work that has been done in this arena tends to focus on physiological dynamics, which are certainly part of the puzzle. But they are not the whole picture, with psychological, phenomenological, and socio cultural processes also playing their part. As a result, this paper offers a multidimensional overview of scholarship on the ‘architecture’ of happiness, providing a stimulus for further work into this important topic.
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38
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Sardina AL, Mahlobo CT, Gamaldo AA, Allaire JC, Whitfield KE. Exploring the Association Between Affect and Leisure Activity Engagement in Black Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2157-2169. [PMID: 35772778 PMCID: PMC9923799 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined engagement levels across various domains of leisure activities in community-dwelling Black adults (age range = 50-80 years) and variability in daily leisure activity engagement and positive affect (PA; positive emotions or mood) and negative affect (NA; negative emotions or mood). Additionally, we explored whether PA and NA were associated with leisure activity engagement and whether these associations varied by sociodemographics. METHODS Fifty adults (78% women; mean education = 11.62 years, standard deviation = 2.4) reported affect and leisure activity engagement over 8 occasions (2-3 weeks). RESULTS Participants averaged 3 leisure activities/day with more engagement in watching television (news), walking, reading, and visiting others. Multilevel models identified significant within-person variation across domains of leisure activity engagement. A significant main effect was observed between daily NA and reduced social activity engagement. A significant interaction between NA and education was further illustrated on those occasions when NA was higher than usual, social and total leisure activity engagement tended to be lower, particularly for adults with ≤10 years of education. A significant interaction between NA and education was observed for entertainment activities. However, results indicated adults with ≥14 years of education, and a mean NA above the sample average, tended to engage in more entertainment activities. Finally, a significant interaction between PA and age was observed indicating adults aged ≥73 had a greater social engagement, particularly when daily PA was heightened. DISCUSSION Results demonstrate within-person changes in the types of leisure engagement among Black adults. Potential factors related to these changes may result from interconnections between affect and demographic factors (age and education).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Sardina
- Address correspondence to: Angie L. Sardina, School of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA. E-mail:
| | - Christa T Mahlobo
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyssa A Gamaldo
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason C Allaire
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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39
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Yu Z, Ye B, Hu Y, Yang Q. Latent Profile Analysis of Positive Solitude During the Recurrent Outbreak of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2022; 10:872128. [PMID: 35712282 PMCID: PMC9193812 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.872128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify latent profiles of positive solitude during the recurrent outbreak of COVID-19 among Chinese adults. A total of 902 adults from China completed the questionnaires. We found five different profiles of positive solitude: low positive solitude group, medium-low positive solitude group, quietness positive solitude group, medium-high positive solitude group, and high positive solitude group. Positive and negative affect were significantly different from the five profiles. In addition, gender had different effects on different positive solitude profiles. The results of the study provide a new perspective to understand the positive solitude of Chinese adults during the recurrent outbreak of COVID-19 by using the people-centered approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, Post-doctoral Research Station of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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40
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Momentary Emotion Goals and Spontaneous Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Desire for High Versus Low Arousal Positive Emotion. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:451-463. [PMID: 36043203 PMCID: PMC9382989 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted that emotion regulation strategy use varies both between and within people, and specific individual and contextual differences shape strategy use. Further, use of specific emotion regulation strategies relates to a wide array of differential outcomes, including mental health and behavior. Emotion goals (desire for a given emotion state) are thought to play a particularly important role in shaping people’s use of emotion regulation strategies; yet, surprisingly little is known about whether and how momentary emotion goals predict spontaneous strategy use in daily life. In the present investigation, we examined whether ideal desire for high versus low arousal positive affect was associated with subsequent use of specific emotion regulation strategies. Undergraduate participants (final N = 101) completed ecological momentary assessments (final ks = 1,932 for contemporaneous analyses, 1,386 for time-lagged analyses) of their momentary experienced affect, momentary desire for high versus low arousal positive affect, and emotion regulation. Desire for higher arousal predicted greater use of three disengagement strategies: distraction, expressive suppression, and experiential suppression. None of these strategies, though, were associated with sustained enhancement of high arousal (or low arousal) positive affect. These findings point to a possible disconnect between the strategies that people tend to use when they want to feel more arousal and the affective outcomes associated with use of those strategies.
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Wefers H, Schwarz CL, Hernández Chacón L, Kärtner J. Maternal Ethnotheories About Infants’ Ideal States in Two Cultures. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221096785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that ethnotheories about ideal states of infant affect and activity vary across cultures in important ways. However, most previous studies have not directly identified such ethnotheories but rather inferred them from observational studies on mother-infant interaction. To fill this research gap, we interviewed mothers from two cultural milieus—mothers from Münster (urban Germany) and mothers who identify themselves as Kichwas (rural Ecuador), as these contexts presumably offer different construals of the self—to determine their ideal states of infant affect and activity and their self-reported co-regulation tendencies. The interview was based on short video clips of a German and an Ecuadorian infant displaying different combinations of affect (neutral, low-arousal positive or high-arousal positive affect) and activity (low or high). As expected, mothers in Münster preferred higher levels of positive affect than Kichwa mothers. Regarding co-regulation tendencies, we found cultural similarities and differences: Across samples, mothers tended to stimulate affect, and activity, especially when infants were neutral or inactive, but differed in their modality of co-regulation. More specifically, Münster mothers advocated more distal co-regulation modalities than did the Kichwa mothers. Taken together, the present study is the first to provide explicit evidence that maternal ethnotheories about infants’ ideal affect vary across cultures. The cross-cultural differences in ideal affect were not accompanied by differences in self-reported co-regulation of affect, suggesting an indirect link between ideals and (self-reported) parenting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wefers
- University of Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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42
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Acevedo AM, Leger KA, Jenkins BN, Pressman SD. Keep calm or get excited? Examining the effects of different types of positive affect on responses to acute pain. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1858338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Acevedo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kate A. Leger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Sarah D. Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Tov W, Wirtz D, Kushlev K, Biswas-Diener R, Diener E. Well-Being Science for Teaching and the General Public. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1452-1471. [PMID: 35436131 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211046946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on well-being has exploded in recent years to more than 55,000 relevant publications annually, making it difficult for psychologists-including key communicators such as textbook authors-to stay current with this field. Moreover, well-being is a daily concern among policymakers and members of the general public. Well-being science is relevant to the lives of students-illustrating the diverse methods used in the behavioral sciences, presenting highly replicated findings, and demonstrating the diversity of individuals and cultures. Therefore, in this article, we present eight major findings that teachers and authors should seriously consider in their coverage of this field. These topics include processes such as adaptation, influences such as income, the benefits of well-being, and cultural and societal diversity in well-being and its causes. We also examine how much these topics were covered in 15 of the most popular introductory psychology textbooks. Although some topics such as social relationships and well-being were discussed in nearly all textbooks, others were less frequently covered, including the validity of self-reported well-being, the effects of spending on happiness, and the impact of culture and society on well-being. We aim to ensure more complete coverage of this important area in psychology courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tov
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | - Derrick Wirtz
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan
| | | | | | - Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.,The Gallup Organization, Washington, D.C
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Ge F, Park J, Pietromonaco PR. How You Talk About It Matters: Cultural Variation in Communication Directness in Romantic Relationships. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221088934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Communication plays an integral role in shaping romantic relationship quality. Yet, little is known about whether people from different cultural backgrounds communicate differently in their romantic relationships. Here, we addressed this issue by examining (a) whether the extent to which individuals communicate directly or indirectly in their romantic relationships varies by culture, (b) what mechanism underlies these cultural differences, and (c) how the fit between culture and communication style contributes to expected relationship satisfaction. Three key findings emerged across three studies (total N = 1,193). First, Chinese preferred indirect (vs. direct) communication more than European Americans, and this effect was more strongly pronounced in positively (vs. negatively) valenced situations (Studies 1–3). Second, interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal mediated the cultural difference in indirect communication both in positive and negative situations (Study 3). Finally, both cultural groups anticipated greater relationship satisfaction when they imagined their partner using the culturally preferred mode of communication—that is, indirect communication for Chinese and direct communication for European Americans (Study 3). These findings advance theory on culture and romantic relationship processes by demonstrating cultural differences in preferred communication styles across different situational contexts, identifying self-construal differences underlying these preferred communication styles, and highlighting the importance of congruence between culture and communication style for the quality of relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ge
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
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45
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Bard KA, Keller H, Ross KM, Hewlett B, Butler L, Boysen ST, Matsuzawa T. Joint Attention in Human and Chimpanzee Infants in Varied Socio-Ecological Contexts. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2022; 86:7-217. [PMID: 35355281 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Joint attention (JA) is an early manifestation of social cognition, commonly described as interactions in which an infant looks or gestures to an adult female to share attention about an object, within a positive emotional atmosphere. We label this description the JA phenotype. We argue that characterizing JA in this way reflects unexamined assumptions which are, in part, due to past developmental researchers' primary focus on western, middle-class infants and families. We describe a range of cultural variations in caregiving practices, socialization goals, and parenting ethnotheories as an essential initial step in viewing joint attention within inclusive and contextualized perspectives. We begin the process of conducting a decolonized study of JA by considering the core construct of joint attention (i.e., triadic connectedness) and adopting culturally inclusive definitions (labeled joint engagement [JE]). Our JE definitions allow for attention and engagement to be expressed in visual and tactile modalities (e.g., for infants experiencing distal or proximal caregiving), with various social partners (e.g., peers, older siblings, mothers), with a range of shared topics (e.g., representing diverse socialization goals, and socio-ecologies with and without toys), and with a range of emotional tone (e.g., for infants living in cultures valuing calmness and low arousal, and those valuing exuberance). Our definition of JE includes initiations from either partner (to include priorities for adult-led or child-led interactions). Our next foundational step is making an ecological commitment to naturalistic observations (Dahl, 2017, Child Dev Perspect, 11(2), 79-84): We measure JE while infants interact within their own physical and social ecologies. This commitment allows us to describe JE as it occurs in everyday contexts, without constraints imposed by researchers. Next, we sample multiple groups of infants drawn from diverse socio-ecological settings. Moreover, we include diverse samples of chimpanzee infants to compare with diverse samples of human infants, to investigate the extent to which JE is unique to humans, and to document diversity both within and between species. We sampled human infants living in three diverse settings. U.K. infants (n = 8) were from western, middle-class families living near universities in the south of England. Nso infants (n = 12) were from communities of subsistence farmers in Cameroon, Africa. Aka infants (n = 10) were from foraging communities in the tropical rain forests of Central African Republic, Africa. We coded behavioral details of JE from videotaped observations (taken between 2004 and 2010). JE occurred in the majority of coded intervals (Mdn = 68%), supporting a conclusion that JE is normative for human infants. The JA phenotype, in contrast, was infrequent, and significantly more common in the U.K. (Mdn = 10%) than the other groups (Mdn < 3%). We found significant within-species diversity in JE phenotypes (i.e., configurations of predominant forms of JE characteristics). We conclude that triadic connectedness is very common in human infants, but there is significant contextualization of behavioral forms of JE. We also studied chimpanzee infants living in diverse socio-ecologies. The PRI/Zoo chimpanzee infants (n = 7) were from captive, stable groups of mixed ages and sexes, and included 4 infants from the Chester Zoo, U.K. and 3 from the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. The Gombe chimpanzee infants (n = 12) were living in a dynamically changing, wild community in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, Africa. Additionally, we include two Home chimpanzee infants who were reared from birth by a female scientist, in the combined U.S., middle-class contexts of home and university cognition laboratory. JE was coded from videotaped observations (taken between 1993 and 2006). JE occurred during the majority of coded intervals (Mdn = 64%), consistent with the position that JE is normative for chimpanzee infants. The JA phenotype, in contrast, was rare, but more commonly observed in the two Home chimpanzee infants (in 8% and 2% of intervals) than in other chimpanzee groups (Mdns = 0%). We found within-species diversity in the configurations comprising the JE phenotypes. We conclude that triadic connectedness is very common in chimpanzee infants, but behavioral forms of joint engagement are contextualized. We compared JE across species, and found no species-uniqueness in behavioral forms, JE characteristics, or JE phenotypes. Both human and chimpanzee infants develop contextualized social cognition. Within-species diversity is embraced when triadic connectedness is described with culturally inclusive definitions. In contrast, restricting definitions to the JA phenotype privileges a behavioral form most valued in western, middle-class socio-ecologies, irrespective of whether the interactions involve human or chimpanzee infants. Our study presents a model for how to decolonize an important topic in developmental psychology. Decolonization is accomplished by defining the phenomenon inclusively, embracing diversity in sampling, challenging claims of human-uniqueness, and having an ecological commitment to observe infant social cognition as it occurs within everyday socio-ecological contexts. It is essential that evolutionary and developmental theories of social cognition are re-built on more inclusive and decolonized empirical foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Bard
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth
| | - Heidi Keller
- Department of Human Sciences, Osnabrück University
| | | | - Barry Hewlett
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Vancouver
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Nakagawa T, Nishita Y, Tange C, Tomida M, Otsuka R, Ando F, Shimokata H. Does positive affect predict mortality and morbidity? A 19-year longitudinal study of middle-aged and older Japanese adults. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sulphey M, Jasim KM. Paradoxical leadership as a moderating factor in the relationship between organizational silence and employee voice: an examination using SEM. LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/lodj-02-2021-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeParadoxical leadership (PL) is a style that can bring stability and flexibility simultaneously, which helps organizations to manage the uncertain external environment. The purpose of this study is to identify if PL could moderate the relationship between organizational silence and employee voice.Design/methodology/approachData for the study were collected from a sample of 617 gainfully employed factory employees using three standardized questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) through Python programming. SEM was used to test the mediating, moderating, and serial-parallel relationship of the proposed model.FindingsThe research study found that organizational inertia led to silence among employees. It was also found that PL moderated the relationship between organizational silence and employee voice.Originality/valueA fair review of the literature showed that studies that examine the effect of PL on organizational silence are scarce. The present study is a modest effort towards addressing this gap in the literature. The findings of the study are significant and have made a substantial contribution to management literature.
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Lee KM, Lee S, Satpute AB. Sinful pleasures and pious woes? Using fMRI to examine evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:986-994. [PMID: 35348768 PMCID: PMC9629474 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, lust and pride have been considered pleasurable, yet sinful in the West. Conversely, guilt is often considered aversive, yet valuable. These emotions illustrate how evaluations about specific emotions and beliefs about their hedonic properties may often diverge. Evaluations about specific emotions may shape important aspects of emotional life (e.g. in emotion regulation, emotion experience and acquisition of emotion concepts). Yet these evaluations are often understudied in affective neuroscience. Prior work in emotion regulation, affective experience, evaluation/attitudes and decision-making point to anterior prefrontal areas as candidates for supporting evaluative emotion knowledge. Thus, we examined the brain areas associated with evaluative and hedonic emotion knowledge, with a focus on the anterior prefrontal cortex. Participants (N = 25) made evaluative and hedonic ratings about emotion knowledge during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found that greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) and precuneus was associated with an evaluative (vs hedonic) focus on emotion knowledge. Our results suggest that the mPFC and vmPFC, in particular, may play a role in evaluating discrete emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Lee
- Correspondence should be addressed to Kent M. Lee, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, 125 Nightingale Hall, Boston, MA, USA. E-mail:
| | - SuhJin Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ajay B Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1514. [PMID: 35177625 PMCID: PMC8854619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries’ national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People’s felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some.
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Tovmasyan A, Monk RL, Heim D. Towards an affect intensity regulation hypothesis: Systematic review and meta-analyses of the relationship between affective states and alcohol consumption. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262670. [PMID: 35100278 PMCID: PMC8803173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While self-medication and positive and negative reinforcement models of alcohol use suggest that there is an association between daily affect and alcohol consumption, findings within the academic literature have been inconsistent. This pre-registered systematic review meta-analytically interrogated the results from studies amongst non-clinical populations that examine the relationship between daily affective states and alcohol consumption volume. PRISMA guided searches of PsychINFO, PsycARTICLES, Science Direct, PubMed, SCOPUS, and JSTOR databases were conducted. When both laboratory and field studies were included, meta-analyses with robust variance estimation yielded 53 eligible studies on negative affect (8355 participants, 127 effect sizes) and 35 studies for positive affect (6384 participants, 50 effect sizes). The significant pooled associations between intra-day affect and alcohol consumption were r = .09, [.03, .14] for negative affect, and r = .17, [.04, .30] for positive affect. A small-to-medium sized effect (d = .275, [.11, .44]) of negative affect on daily alcohol consumption volume was found in laboratory studies (14 studies, 1100 participants). While publication bias was suspected, P-curve analyses suggested that the results were unlikely to be the product of publication bias and p-hacking alone, and selection model analysis revealed no significant differences in results when publication bias was accounted for. For negative affect, using number of drinks as the measure of alcohol consumption was associated with lower effect sizes. For positive affect, the results demonstrated a decline of this observed effect over time. Overall, findings point towards the possibility of developing an affect intensity regulation theory of alcohol use. Conceptualizing the mood-alcohol nexus in terms of affect intensity regulation may afford a more parsimonious explanation of alcohol consumption rather than viewing the behavior as being shaped by either positive or negative affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tovmasyan
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Monk
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Heim
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Alcohol Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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