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Wildeman C, Sampson RJ, Baker G. Adult Children of the Prison Boom: Family Troubles and the Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact. Demography 2024; 61:141-164. [PMID: 38235802 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission processes have long been of interest to demographers, but prior research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact is relatively sparse and limited by its lack of attention to the correlated "family troubles" and familial incarceration that predate criminal justice contact. In this article, we provide a test of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact after adjusting extensively for these factors that predate such contact by linking longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods with official arrest histories from 1995 to 2020. The results provide support for three conclusions. First, parental criminal justice contact is associated with a shorter time to first arrest and a larger number of arrests even after rigorously accounting for selection. Second, robustness checks demonstrate that neither the magnitude nor the significance of the findings is sensitive to model choices. Third, associations are strongest among White individuals and inconsistently significant for African American and Hispanic individuals. Despite large recent crime declines, the results indicate that parental criminal justice contact elevates the criminal justice contact of the adult children of the prison boom, independent of the often-overlooked troubles that predate criminal justice contact, and that these associations are strongest among the White population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wildeman
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- ROCKWOOL Foundation Research Unit, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Garrett Baker
- Department of Sociology and Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Roettger ME, Houle B, Najman J, McGee TR. Parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adolescent and adult offspring: A prospective Australian birth cohort study. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101107. [PMID: 35539365 PMCID: PMC9079096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Parental imprisonment is linked with child health in later life. The present study provides the first prospective cohort analysis and non-U.S. based study examining parental imprisonment and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence and adulthood. Methods The study followed 7,223 children born from live, singleton births from 1981 to 1984 in Brisbane, Australia. Data on parental imprisonment was collected at mother interview when the children were ages 5 and 14. Our sample analyzes offspring with biometric data collected by health professionals, including 3,794 at age 14, 2,136 at age 21, and 1,712 at age 30. Analyses used multivariate linear and logistic regression, and time-varying growth curve models. Results Among female respondents, parental imprisonment at ages ≤5 was associated with higher body-mass index (BMI) at ages 14, 21, and 30; higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at age 30; and increased sedentary hours, larger waist circumference, and odds of a high-risk waist circumference at age 30. Parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤14 was associated with increased BMI and SBP at age 30 for females. In growth-curve models, parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 and ≤ 14 among females was linked with increased BMI; parental imprisonment when the child was aged ≤5 was associated with increased SBP and DBP. No significant associations were observed for males. Conclusions Using prospective cohort data, our results support research showing that parental imprisonment, particularly in early childhood, is associated with increased BMI, blood pressure, sedentary hours, and waist circumference in females in early adulthood. These findings implicate parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiometabolic health issues in later life among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Roettger
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, 146 Ellery Crescent, The Australian National University, Acton ACT, 2601, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jake Najman
- School of Public Health, Public Health Building, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Australia
| | - Tara R. McGee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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Capaldi DM, Wiesner M, Kerr DCR, Owen LD, Tiberio SS. Intergenerational Associations in Crime for an At-Risk Sample of US Men: Factors that May Mitigate or Exacerbate Transmission. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 7:331-358. [PMID: 35531311 PMCID: PMC9070987 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-021-00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine moderation of intergenerational transmission of crime and antisocial behavior of parents to adult arrests of sons (from age 18 years to ages 37-38 years). Moderators examined were from late childhood (constructive parenting and sons' inhibitory control, internalizing symptoms, and cognitive function), adolescence (delinquency and deviant peer association), and early adulthood (educational achievement, employment history, substance use, deviant peer association, and partner antisocial behavior). METHODS Study participants were parents and sons (N = 206) from the longitudinal Oregon Youth Study, recruited from schools in the higher crime areas of a medium-sized metropolitan region in the Pacific Northwest. Assessment included official arrest records, school data, interviews, and questionnaires. RESULTS As hypothesized, parents' and sons' histories of two or more arrests were significantly associated. Predictions of sons' arrests from a broader construct of parental antisocial behavior were significantly moderated by sons' late childhood cognitive function and early adult employment history, substance use, and romantic partner's antisocial behavior. Overall, there was relatively little intergenerational association in crime at low levels of these moderators. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate relatively large intergenerational associations in crime. The identified moderators may be used as selection criteria or targeted in prevention and treatment efforts aimed at reducing such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margit Wiesner
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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Larroulet P, Loughran TA, Augustyn MB, Thornberry TP, Henry KL. Intergenerational Continuity and Discontinuity in Substance Use: The Role of Concurrent Parental Marijuana Use. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 7:127-150. [PMID: 34485024 PMCID: PMC8415409 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-021-00159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines whether parental marijuana use that occurs during the life of a child impacts patterns of continuity and discontinuity in adolescent substance use among father-child dyads. METHODS The study uses data from 263 father-child-mother triads involved in the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) and the Rochester Intergenerational Study (RIGS). We use a dual trajectory model is used to examine the research questions. RESULTS Results suggest that both paternal and maternal marijuana use during the child's life increase the probability that a child will follow a moderate or high substance use trajectory during adolescence, beyond the risk incurred from paternal adolescent history of substance use. Some nuances related to the timing of concurrent parental marijuana use emerge across parent sex. CONCLUSION Concurrent parental marijuana use predicts child's substance use beyond a parent's prior substance use history. The results highlight the important role of both caregivers in the explanation of patterns of discontinuity across generations, as well as the relevance of considering when the use occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Larroulet
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Pilar Larroulet, Department of Sociology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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Farooq MS, Salam M. Cleaner production practices at company level enhance the desire of employees to have a significant positive impact on society through work. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021; 283:124605. [PMID: 33071478 PMCID: PMC7552993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of cleaner production practices (CPP), service quality (SQ) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) is often studied at organizational level. A number of studies on trio have reported it's significant impact on overall organizational performance and profitability across the globe. However, not much is studied about the individual level micro influence of these constructs on employee engagement (EE), organizational pride (OP), organizational identification (OI) and "desire to have a significant impact through work" (DSIW). Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the impact of the implementation of CPP, SQ and CSR on EE, OP, OI and DSIW. Data collected from 320 non-managerial staff members employed at a garments manufacturing company in Pakistan was analyzed using partial least square (PLS) approach. Findings revealed that the implementation of CPP, SQ and CSR plays an important role in shaping EE, OP, OI and DSIW in the garments manufacturing industry. Further, it is found that the implementation of CPP has a non-significant impact on SQ. Additionally, results of the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) have also confirmed that the implementation of CPP at company level has shown a highest importance and performance amongst all the latent constructs proposed as predictors of DSIW in the garments manufacturing industry. These findings are a step forward and unique contribution of this study in the domain of CPP, SQ, CSR, EE, OP, OI and DSIW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib Farooq
- Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maimoona Salam
- Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Dong B, Krohn MD. The Effects of Parental School Exclusion on Offspring Drug Use: An Intergenerational Path Analysis. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2020; 69:101694. [PMID: 32792752 PMCID: PMC7418905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether and how exclusionary school punishment experienced by parents affects the drug use of their offspring. METHODS Using panel data of 360 parent-child dyads from the Rochester Youth Developmental Study and its intergenerational component, the Rochester Intergenerational Study, we conduct path analysis to evaluate the adequacy of a theoretical model that explicates the intergenerational pathways from parental school exclusion to offspring drug use. RESULTS Parents who were suspended or expelled during adolescence are more likely to drop out of school, which, in turn, leads to parental adult drug use, economic hardship, and ineffective parenting of their children. As a result, their offspring are likely to hold attitudes/beliefs favoring drug use and have reduced bonding to school, which, ultimately, contribute to offspring drug use. CONCLUSIONS Exclusionary school disciplinary practices not only result in a number of adverse collateral consequences within one generation of respondents, the negative effects of such experiences are also felt by the next generation. Therefore, exclusionary school punishment should only be used as a last resort. Whenever possible, disciplinary practices in school need to involve inclusionary efforts to re-integrate students into the larger school community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beidi Dong
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, 344 Enterprise Hall, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States of America
| | - Marvin D Krohn
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, 3340 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States of America
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Blomström Å, Kosidou K, Kristiansson M, Masterman T. Infection during childhood and the risk of violent criminal behavior in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 86:63-71. [PMID: 30807840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during brain development appear to contribute to cognitive impairment and aggressive behavior, as well as to a number of developmental mental disorders closely associated with violent criminal behavior. Yet, no study has thus far ever investigated whether infections during brain development increases the risk of violent criminality later in life. In this population-based cohort study, about 2.2 million individuals born in Sweden between the years 1973 and 1995 were included in an effort to estimate the association between infections during childhood (registered ICD-10 diagnoses of infections incurred before the age of 14 years) and violent criminal behavior (registered convictions for a violent crime between the ages of 15 and 38 years, prior to December 31, 2011). After inclusion of several sociodemographic parameters, risks of violent criminal behavior conferred by childhood infections - expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) - were calculated by means of Cox regression. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the effect of psychiatric disorders on the association between infections during childhood and violent criminality. Results revealed a modest, yet significant, association between an infection during childhood and violent criminality later in life (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12-1.16). Infections during the first year of life and infections in the central nervous system were associated with the highest risks of subsequent violent criminality (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.18-1.23, and adjusted HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.26, respectively). The association was partly mediated by the presence of a psychiatric disorder. In summary, independent of a wide range of covariates, our results suggest that infections during brain development could be part of the genesis of violent criminal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Blomström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kyriaki Kosidou
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Kristiansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Masterman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jacobsen WC. THE INTERGENERATIONAL STABILITY OF PUNISHMENT: PATERNAL INCARCERATION AND SUSPENSION OR EXPULSION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2019; 56:651-693. [PMID: 32377023 PMCID: PMC7202564 DOI: 10.1177/0022427819829794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES I extend the life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage to focus on continuity in punishment across generations. Specifically, I examine (1) the association between paternal incarceration and elementary school suspension or expulsion and (2) the extent to which behavior problems and weakened social bonds explain this association. METHODS Analyses rely on logistic regression, propensity score matching, and mediation methods with data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=3,201), a birth-cohort of children born in large United States cities between 1998 and 2000. RESULTS The odds of school punishment among children who had a residential father incarcerated by age five are 75% greater than the odds for children in a matched control group. About one-third of this association is accounted for by behavior problems and weakened social bonds. Even after accounting for behavior problems and social bonds, children whose father was incarcerated are at greater risk of school punishment. CONCLUSIONS I find evidence of an intergenerational stability of punishment and mixed support for an intergenerational extension to cumulative disadvantage theory. Paternal incarceration is associated with children's likelihood of experiencing formal punishment in elementary school, and behavior problems and weakened social bonds explain part of this association.
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Augustyn MB, Ward JT, Krohn MD, Dong B. Criminal Justice Contact Across Generations: Assessing the intergenerational Labeling Hypothesis. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 5:137-175. [PMID: 31592428 PMCID: PMC6779300 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-019-00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study assesses the intergenerational labeling hypothesis and examines whether the relationship between a child's involuntary contact with the police and subsequent offending depends on parental arrest history (and its timing in the life course of the child) and parent sex. METHODS Using data from 312 parent-child dyads from the Rochester Youth Development Study and Rochester Intergenerational Study, generalized linear regression models estimate the main and interactive effects of a child's involuntary contact and parental arrest history on subsequent delinquency as well as potential mechanisms for deviance amplification. RESULTS Main effects are consistent with labeling theory and moderation analyses reveal that the impact of involuntary contact on subsequent delinquency depends on parental arrest history. More specifically, contact with the police on subsequent offending is greater when the focal parent has an arrest history, regardless of when the most recent arrest occurs in the life course of the child. However, some differences in the magnitude of the exacerbating effect of recent parental arrest emerged. Results also speak to potential mechanisms across mother-child and father-child dyads with respect to deviance amplification. CONCLUSIONS This research supports the life-course principles of "linked lives" and "timing in lives" and their application to labeling theory in an intergenerational context. To reduce deviance amplification, special attention should be paid to youth who experience a police contact in the context of a parental arrest history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bears Augustyn
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, 4.220 Durango Building, 501 W. Cesar
Chavez Blvd., San Antonio, TX 78207, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Ward
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marvin D. Krohn
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330,
USA
| | - Beidi Dong
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Bellair PE, Light R, Sutton J. Prisoners' Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:383-405. [PMID: 30207180 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18799575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined personal networks of adult male prisoners ( N = 250) during a high-risk period prior to their incarceration. We present a descriptive portrait of network size, density, and relational type, and we then document the nature of ties within that network, focusing specifically on alters' criminal involvement, criminal opportunity, and reinforcement of criminal behavior. We found that prisoners' networks were large and dense, and that they were composed primarily of family and romantic partners. Most prisoners are not embedded in a personal network saturated with criminal influence before coming to prison. Yet, a small proportion are exposed to exceptionally negative influence, which, it is argued, may increase the risk of negative outcomes upon release if not addressed by evidence-based programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Sutton
- 3 Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA
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Giordano PC, Copp JE. Girls' and Women's Violence: The Question of General Versus Uniquely Gendered Causes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 2:167-189. [PMID: 31701089 PMCID: PMC6837167 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we consider theory and research focused on girls' and women's violence, with an emphasis on studies that inform long-running debates about whether uniquely gendered explanations are required to understand such behaviors. The review emphasizes potentially malleable social processes and influences, and studies that have explored neighborhood, family, and peer-based sources of risk. We also examine contemporary research on precursors of a specific type of aggression-intimate partner violence -where self-reports of perpetration have been found to be similar across gender, but research has consistently shown that the consequences are generally more serious for female victims. Our review draws on findings from analyses of large scale survey data as well as qualitative approaches that explore meanings and motivations. The results point to significant areas of overlap as well as some distinctive patterns by gender, support learning and intersectionality theories, and identify potentially fruitful areas for additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy C Giordano
- Department of Sociology and Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403,
| | - Jennifer E Copp
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32309,
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The Role of Heart Rate Levels in the Intergenerational Transmission of Crime. SOCIETIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/soc7030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Researchers often build regression models to relate a response to a set of predictor variables. In some cases, there are predictors that apply to some participants, or to some measurement occasions, but not others. For example, a romantic partner's substance use may be a key predictor of one's own substance use. However, not all participants have a partner, and in a longitudinal study, participants may have a partner during only some occasions. This could be viewed as missing data, but of a very distinctive type: the values are not just unknown but also undefined. In this paper, we present a simple method to accommodate this situation, along with a motivating example, the algebraic justification, a simulation study, and examples on how to carry out the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Dziak
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Kimberly L. Henry
- Department of Psychology & Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University
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Loughran TA, Larroulet P, Thornberry TP. Definitional Elasticity in the Measurement of Intergenerational Continuity in Substance Use. Child Dev 2017. [PMID: 28639698 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, three generation studies have investigated intergenerational (IG) continuity and discontinuity in substance use and related problem behaviors. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the conceptual definition of continuity or to different types of discontinuity (resilience and escalation) or to measurement sensitivity, which affects not only the magnitudes of observed continuity but also factors that correlate with this linkage. This study uses longitudinal data on 427 parent-child dyads from the Rochester IG Study to study continuity and discontinuity in substance use over ages 14-18. Results suggest that the degree of IG continuity, resilience, and escalation in adolescent substance use, as well as correlates of each, depend heavily on how heterogeneity in the behavior is taken into account.
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Augustyn MB, Ward JT, Krohn MD. Exploring Intergenerational Continuity in Gang Membership. JOURNAL OF CRIME AND JUSTICE 2017; 40:252-274. [PMID: 29170595 PMCID: PMC5695689 DOI: 10.1080/0735648x.2017.1337556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding intergenerational continuity in gang membership. Qualitative literature is suggestive of intergenerational parallelism yet no known research examines the causal mechanisms associated with this cycle, if it even exists. Prospective, longitudinal data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS) and the Rochester Intergenerational Study (RIGS) assess intergenerational continuity in gang membership among 371 parent-child dyads in a series of logistic regressions accounting for moderating influences of parent sex, child sex, parent-child sex combinations, and level of contact. Path analyses reported herein explore whether parenting behaviors mediate the relationship between parent and child gang membership among fathers and mothers, respectively. Three key findings emerge. First, intergenerational continuity in gang membership exists between mothers and daughters and, conditional on contact, between fathers and sons. Second, maltreatment mediates some of this relationship among father-son dyads. Third, no pathways to daughter gang membership were identified among mothers. In sum, this study provides evidence of intergenerational continuity in gang membership and further highlights the importance of parent sex, child sex, and level of contact in intergenerational research. Future research should further explore the causal pathways between parent and child gang membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bears Augustyn
- Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 501 W. Cesar Chavez Blvd. San Antonio, Texas 78207
| | - Jeffrey T Ward
- Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 1115 Polett Walk, 527 Gladfelter Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Marvin D Krohn
- University of Florida, Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, 3219 Turlington Hall, P.O. Box 117330, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Widom CS. Long-Term Impact of Childhood Abuse and Neglect on Crime and Violence. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Labeling and intergenerational transmission of crime: The interaction between criminal justice intervention and a convicted parent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172419. [PMID: 28273104 PMCID: PMC5342201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Labeling theory suggests that criminal justice interventions amplify offending behavior. Theories of intergenerational transmission suggest why children of convicted parents have a higher risk of offending. This paper combines these two perspectives and investigates whether labeling effects might be stronger for children of convicted parents. We first investigated labeling effects within the individual: we examined the impact of a conviction between ages 19–26 on self-reported offending behavior between 27–32 while controlling for self-reported behavior between 15–18. Our results show that a conviction predicted someone’s later self-reported offending behavior, even when previous offending behavior was taken into account. Second, we investigated whether having a convicted parent influenced this association. When we added this interaction to the analysis, a labeling effect was only visible among people with convicted parents. This supports the idea of cumulative disadvantage: Labeling seems stronger for people who are already in a disadvantaged situation having a convicted parent.
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Nadel EL, Thornberry TP. Intergenerational consequences of adolescent substance use: Patterns of homotypic and heterotypic continuity. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:200-211. [PMID: 28182447 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Does substance use run in families? In this article, we examine both homotypic continuity in substance use-the impact of a parent's adolescent substance use on their child's adolescent substance use-and heterotypic continuity-the impact of a parent's adolescent substance use on their child's involvement in other adolescent problem behaviors. The analysis is based on data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (Thornberry, Lizotte, Krohn, Smith, & Porter, 2003) and its intergenerational component, the Rochester Intergenerational Study (Thornberry, 2009). The initial study began with a representative sample of 7th and 8th grade students followed until Age 31, and the intergenerational study is currently following their oldest biological child from childhood through adolescence. The final sample size in the current analysis consists of 341 parent-child dyads. For fathers, their adolescent substance use predicts both homotypic and heterotypic outcomes of their child. For mothers, however, there is no evidence of intergenerational continuity for either homotypic or heterotypic outcomes. In contrast, when the parent's adult substance use is examined, the opposite pattern emerges. The mother's adult substance use is a more consistent predictor of child behavioral outcomes, but there is little evidence that the father's adult behavior matters. Thus, it appears that the answer to the question of whether or not substance use runs in families is more nuanced than typically thought. Based on these results, continuity depends both on the sex of the parent and when in the parent's life-course substance use occurs. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Nadel
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland
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Besemer S, Farrington DP, Bijleveld CCJH. Labeling and intergenerational transmission of crime: The interaction between criminal justice intervention and a convicted parent. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28273104 DOI: 10.137i/joumal.pone.0172419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Labeling theory suggests that criminal justice interventions amplify offending behavior. Theories of intergenerational transmission suggest why children of convicted parents have a higher risk of offending. This paper combines these two perspectives and investigates whether labeling effects might be stronger for children of convicted parents. We first investigated labeling effects within the individual: we examined the impact of a conviction between ages 19-26 on self-reported offending behavior between 27-32 while controlling for self-reported behavior between 15-18. Our results show that a conviction predicted someone's later self-reported offending behavior, even when previous offending behavior was taken into account. Second, we investigated whether having a convicted parent influenced this association. When we added this interaction to the analysis, a labeling effect was only visible among people with convicted parents. This supports the idea of cumulative disadvantage: Labeling seems stronger for people who are already in a disadvantaged situation having a convicted parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytske Besemer
- Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David P Farrington
- Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catrien C J H Bijleveld
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kendler KS, Morris NA, Ohlsson H, Lönn SL, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Criminal offending and the family environment: Swedish national high-risk home-reared and adopted-away co-sibling control study. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 209:294-299. [PMID: 27539295 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Criminal offending is strongly transmitted across generations. AIMS To clarify the contribution of rearing environment to cross-generational transmission of crime. METHOD Using Swedish national registries, we identified 1176 full-sibling and 3085 half-sibling sets from high-risk families where at least one sibling was adopted and the other raised by the biological parents. RESULTS Risk for criminal conviction was substantially lower in the full- and half-siblings who were adopted v. home-reared (hazard ratios (HR) = 0.56, 95% CI 0.50-0.64 and 0.60, 95% CI 0.56-0.65, respectively). The protective effect of adoption was significantly stronger in sibships with two v. one high-risk parent. CONCLUSIONS Using matched high-risk full- and half-siblings, we found replicated evidence that (a) rearing environment has a strong impact on risk for criminal conviction, (b) high-quality rearing environments have especially strong effects in those at high familial risk for criminal offending and (c) the protective effects of adoption are stronger for more severe crimes and for repeated offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kendler
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nancy A Morris
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sara Larsson Lönn
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Kenneth S. Kendler, MD, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Nancy A. Morris, PhD, Department of Criminal Justice, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; Henrik Ohlsson, PhD, Sara Larsson Lönn, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Jan Sundquist, MD, PhD, Kristina Sundquist, MD, PhD, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Analyse critique de la littérature sur les enjeux de l’intervention auprès des parents à risque de maltraitance : cibler le facteur générationnel ? PRAT PSYCHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prps.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roettger ME, Boardman JD, Harris KM, Guo G. The association between the MAOA 2R genotype and delinquency over time among men: the interactive role of parental closeness and parental incarceration. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 43:1076-1094. [PMID: 29033475 PMCID: PMC5640317 DOI: 10.1177/0093854816629184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a panel of 6,001 males from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health, we examine potential moderation by paternal incarceration and parent-child closeness altering the relationship between the rare 2R MAOA genotype and delinquency. By jointly examining moderation patterns for both the mother and father with the transmission of the MAOA genotype from mother to son, we are able to make inferences about the specific genetic model that best explains these outcomes. In line with prior research, we find a direct relationship between the MAOA 2R genotype and delinquency, independent of parental incarceration and closeness. Examining moderation patterns, we find that delinquency risk for the 2R allele is buffered for males close to their biological or social father, but not their biological mother. We conclude that the 2R delinquency association is not due to passive gene-environment correlation but is best characterized as a social control gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guang Guo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Knight KE, Menard S, Simmons SB, Bouffard LA, Orsi R. Life Course and Intergenerational Continuity of Intimate Partner Aggression and Physical Injury: A 20-Year Study. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2016; 31:381-401. [PMID: 27076093 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine continuity of intimate partner aggression (IPA), which is defined as repeated annual involvement in IPA, across respondents' life course and into the next generation, where it may emerge among adult children. A national, longitudinal, and multigenerational sample of 1,401 individuals and their adult children is analyzed. Annual data on IPA severity and physical injury were collected by the National Youth Survey Family Study across a 20-year period from 1984 to 2004. Three hypotheses and biological sex differences are tested and effect sizes are estimated. First, findings reveal evidence for life course continuity (IPA is a strong predictor of subsequent IPA), but the overall trend decreases over time. Second, intergenerational continuity is documented (parents' IPA predicts adult children's IPA), but the effect is stronger for female than for male adult children. Third, results from combined and separate, more restrictive, measures of victimization and perpetration are nearly identical except in the intergenerational analyses. Fourth, evidence for continuity is not found when assessing physical injury alone. Together, these findings imply that some but not all forms of IPA are common, continuous, and intergenerational. Life course continuity appears stronger than intergenerational continuity.
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Thornberry TP. Three Generation Studies: Methodological Challenges and Promise. HANDBOOKS OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tzoumakis S, Lussier P, Corrado RR. Profiles of Maternal Parenting Practices: Exploring the Link With Maternal Delinquency, Offending, Mental Health, and Children's Physical Aggression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 59:1267-1296. [PMID: 24788255 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14531386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies have often linked parenting to children's subsequent antisocial behavior; however, the circumstances under which this might occur are less clear. The current study explores patterns in mothers' parenting practices, and associated correlates including maternal delinquency and offending, mental health, and children's physical aggression. This study is based on the first wave of the ongoing Vancouver Longitudinal Study; the objective of this prospective study is to identify the early risk and protective factors for aggression and violence from the earliest developmental periods. Parenting practices of 287 mothers with preschoolers are examined using a series of latent class analyses. Three different patterns of parenting emerged: Positive, Negative, and Intermittent. Patterns identified are associated with several key criminogenic, socio-demographic, historical, and developmental factors including current maternal adult offending, mothers' mental health, ethnicity, and frequency of children's physical aggression. Importantly, mothers who show parenting in line with the more negative classes also rely on a number of positive practices. Implications of the study suggest that parenting is influenced by mothers' immediate situations and contexts (e.g., current offending rather that past delinquency), which can be targeted for intervention.
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Milaniak I, Widom CS. Does Child Abuse and Neglect Increase Risk for Perpetration of Violence Inside and Outside the Home? PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2015; 5:246-255. [PMID: 26191459 PMCID: PMC4504697 DOI: 10.1037/a0037956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which abused and neglected children perpetrate three different types of violence within and outside the home: criminal, child abuse, and intimate partner violence and determine whether childhood maltreatment leads to an increased risk for poly-violence perpetration. METHOD Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children (ages 0-11) with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and/or neglect (n = 676) were matched with children without such histories (n = 520) and assessed in young adulthood (average age 29). Official criminal records in conjunction with self-report data were used to assess violent outcomes. RESULTS Compared to the control group, individuals with histories of child abuse and/or neglect were significantly more likely to be poly-violence perpetrators, perpetrating violence in all three domains (relative risk = 1.26). All forms of childhood maltreatment (physical and sexual abuse and neglect) significantly predicted poly-violence perpetration. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand the cycle of violence literature by combining the distinct literatures on criminal violence, child abuse, and partner violence to call attention to the phenomenon of poly-violence perpetration by maltreated children. Future research should examine the characteristics of maltreated children who become poly-violence perpetrators and mechanisms that lead to these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Milaniak
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York City, NY
| | - Cathy Spatz Widom
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York City, NY
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Widom CS, Czaja SJ, DuMont KA. Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: real or detection bias? Science 2015; 347:1480-5. [PMID: 25814584 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The literature has been contradictory regarding whether parents who were abused as children have a greater tendency to abuse their own children. A prospective 30-year follow-up study interviewed individuals with documented histories of childhood abuse and neglect and matched comparisons and a subset of their children. The study assessed maltreatment based on child protective service (CPS) agency records and reports by parents, nonparents, and offspring. The extent of the intergenerational transmission of abuse and neglect depended in large part on the source of the information used. Individuals with histories of childhood abuse and neglect have higher rates of being reported to CPS for child maltreatment but do not self-report more physical and sexual abuse than matched comparisons. Offspring of parents with histories of childhood abuse and neglect are more likely to report sexual abuse and neglect and that CPS was concerned about them at some point in their lives. The strongest evidence for the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment indicates that offspring are at risk for childhood neglect and sexual abuse, but detection or surveillance bias may account for the greater likelihood of CPS reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Spatz Widom
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sally J Czaja
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Dong B, Krohn MD. Exploring Intergenerational Discontinuity in Problem Behavior: Bad Parents with Good Children. YOUTH VIOLENCE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE 2015; 13:99-122. [PMID: 26097437 PMCID: PMC4472373 DOI: 10.1177/1541204014527119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a series of regression models are estimated on offspring problem behavior with a focus on the interaction between parental history of delinquency and the parent-child relationship. Good parenting practices significantly interact with the particular shape of parental propensity of offending over time, functioning as protective factors to protect against problematic behaviors among those who are most at risk. The moderation effects vary slightly by the age of our subjects. Accordingly, it is important to distinguish the effect of not only the level of parental delinquency at one point in time, but also the shape of the delinquency trajectory on outcomes for their children. Good parenting holds the hope of breaking the vicious cycle of intergenerational transmission of delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beidi Dong
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, 3219 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, United States
| | - Marvin D. Krohn
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, 3219 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, United States,
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Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Morris NA, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. A Swedish population-based study of the mechanisms of parent-offspring transmission of criminal behavior. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1093-1102. [PMID: 25229775 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While children of parents with criminal behavior (CB) are at increased risk for CB, we have limited knowledge about the causes of this cross-generational transmission. METHOD We examined intergenerational continuity in CB in the Swedish population ascertained from the national conviction registers in three family types: intact (n = 21 11 074), 'not-lived-with' (n = 16 53 15 where biological parents never lived with their offspring) and 'step' (n = 1 24 800 offspring) which reflected, respectively, the effects of genes + rearing, genes only and rearing only. We also examined three criminal conviction subtypes: violent CB (VCB), property CB (PCB) and white-collar CB (WCCB). RESULTS Combined across mothers and fathers, the hazard ratio (HR) for CB in offspring given parental CB was 1.95 in intact, 1.56 in 'not-lived-with' and 1.28 in stepfamilies. In all three family types, all forms of CB in parents (VCB, PCB and WCCB) significantly predicted risk for all forms of CB in offspring. However, VCB in offspring was most strongly predicted by VCB in parents in intact, not-lived-with and stepfamilies. In intact families only, some specific parent-offspring transmission was also seen for WCCB. CONCLUSIONS Both genetic and environmental factors contribute substantially to parent-offspring resemblance for CB. With respect to criminal subtypes, much of parent-offspring transmission appears to be non-specific. However, specific genetic and environmental risk factors for VCB are transmitted across generations. A limitation of these analyses is that CB was assessed only via official criminal convictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - H Ohlsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,Malmö,Sweden
| | - N A Morris
- Department of Criminal Justice,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - J Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,Malmö,Sweden
| | - K Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University,Malmö,Sweden
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Lum K, Swarup S, Eubank S, Hawdon J. The contagious nature of imprisonment: an agent-based model to explain racial disparities in incarceration rates. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140409. [PMID: 24966237 PMCID: PMC4233690 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We build an agent-based model of incarceration based on the susceptible–infected–suspectible (SIS) model of infectious disease propagation. Our central hypothesis is that the observed racial disparities in incarceration rates between Black and White Americans can be explained as the result of differential sentencing between the two demographic groups. We demonstrate that if incarceration can be spread through a social influence network, then even relatively small differences in sentencing can result in large disparities in incarceration rates. Controlling for effects of transmissibility, susceptibility and influence network structure, our model reproduces the observed large disparities in incarceration rates given the differences in sentence lengths for White and Black drug offenders in the USA without extensive parameter tuning. We further establish the suitability of the SIS model as applied to incarceration by demonstrating that the observed structural patterns of recidivism are an emergent property of the model. In fact, our model shows a remarkably close correspondence with California incarceration data. This work advances efforts to combine the theories and methods of epidemiology and criminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Lum
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Samarth Swarup
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen Eubank
- Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - James Hawdon
- Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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The Effects of Parental Divorce on the Intergenerational Transmission of Crime. SOCIETIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/soc5010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Identification of the causes of child maltreatment perpetration is prerequisite for developing efficacious prevention initiatives to reduce its occurrence. Earlier maltreatment victimization is often suggested as an important cause of subsequent maltreatment perpetration. This study investigates a) whether maltreatment victimization causes subsequent perpetration and b) whether the timing of maltreatment victimization--childhood versus adolescence--alters this relationship. We use data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study begun in Rochester, New York in 1988, based on a stratified random sample of 1000 seventh and eighth graders. At the most recent followup, 80 % were reinterviewed. Child Protective Services data were collected on substantiated incidents of maltreatment victimization from birth to age 17 and on maltreatment perpetration through average age 33, n = 816. Using propensity score models to control selection effects, we find that a history of maltreatment victimization significantly increases the odds of becoming a perpetrator of maltreatment. Although childhood-limited maltreatment does not significantly increase the odds of maltreatment perpetration, maltreatment that occurs in adolescence or that begins in childhood and persists into adolescence does. Adolescent maltreatment was found to be more serious in terms of type, chronicity, and severity than childhood-limited maltreatment, offering a possible explanation for this finding. Therefore, maltreatment victimization, especially during adolescence, is a likely cause of subsequent perpetration. Clinical services to interrupt the cycle of maltreatment are needed to protect subsequent generations from experiencing maltreatment and from experiencing the health-risking behaviors that often flow from maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P Thornberry
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Capaldi DM, Pears KC, Kerr DCR, Owen LD, Kim HK. Growth in externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood: a prospective study of psychopathology across three generations. Child Dev 2012; 83:1945-59. [PMID: 22860712 PMCID: PMC3492512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three generations of participants were assessed over approximately 27 years, and intergenerational prediction models of growth in the third generation's (G3) externalizing and internalizing problems across ages 3-9 years were examined. The sample included 103 fathers and mothers (G2), at least 1 parent (G1) for all of the G2 fathers (99 mothers, 72 fathers), and 185 G3 offspring (83 boys, 102 girls) of G2, with prospective data available on the G2 fathers beginning at age 9 years. Behavior of the G2 mother, along with father contact and mother age at birth were included in the models. Intergenerational associations in psychopathology were modest, and much of the transmission occurred via contextual risk within the family of procreation.
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Tzoumakis S, Lussier P, Corrado R. Female juvenile delinquency, motherhood, and the intergenerational transmission of aggression and antisocial behavior. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:211-237. [PMID: 22392721 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study explored the intergenerational transmission of aggression and antisocial behavior by examining mothers' juvenile delinquency, their pregnancies, and its impact on their children's aggressive behavior. The sample consisted of the first 181 biological mothers recruited as part of the Vancouver Longitudinal Study on the Psychosocial Development of Children (British Columbia, Canada). Results indicated that mothers who were juvenile delinquents were more likely to experience social adversity, to use substances during pregnancy and to offend in adulthood. Furthermore, mothers who reported juvenile delinquency had children who were more physically aggressive and had an earlier onset of physical aggression. This pattern of association held when controlling for sociodemographics, social adversities, prenatal substance exposure, and criminal involvement in adulthood. The study findings highlighted the importance of understanding the role and impact of female delinquency and motherhood on the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tzoumakis
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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Jaffee SR, Strait LB, Odgers CL. From correlates to causes: can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior? Psychol Bull 2012; 138:272-95. [PMID: 22023141 PMCID: PMC3268012 DOI: 10.1037/a0026020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal, epidemiological studies have identified robust risk factors for youth antisocial behavior, including harsh and coercive discipline, maltreatment, smoking during pregnancy, divorce, teen parenthood, peer deviance, parental psychopathology, and social disadvantage. Nevertheless, because this literature is largely based on observational studies, it remains unclear whether these risk factors have truly causal effects. Identifying causal risk factors for antisocial behavior would be informative for intervention efforts and for studies that test whether individuals are differentially susceptible to risk exposures. In this article, we identify the challenges to causal inference posed by observational studies and describe quasi-experimental methods and statistical innovations that may move researchers beyond discussions of risk factors to allow for stronger causal inference. We then review studies that used these methods, and we evaluate whether robust risk factors identified from observational studies are likely to play a causal role in the emergence and development of youth antisocial behavior. There is evidence of causal effects for most of the risk factors we review. However, these effects are typically smaller than those reported in observational studies, suggesting that familial confounding, social selection, and misidentification might also explain some of the association between risk exposures and antisocial behavior. For some risk factors (e.g., smoking during pregnancy, parent alcohol problems), the evidence is weak that they have environmentally mediated effects on youth antisocial behavior. We discuss the implications of these findings for intervention efforts to reduce antisocial behavior and for basic research on the etiology and course of antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Jaffee
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
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Kriminogene Entwicklungsrisiken von Jugendlichen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte und Möglichkeiten der Prävention und Intervention. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE PSYCHOLOGIE KRIMINOLOGIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-012-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smith CA, Ireland TO, Park A, Elwyn L, Thornberry TP. Intergenerational continuities and discontinuities in intimate partner violence: a two-generational prospective study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2011; 26:3720-3752. [PMID: 21810795 DOI: 10.1177/0886260511403751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on intergenerational continuity in violent partner relationships. We investigate whether exposure to caregiver intimate partner violence (IPV) during adolescence leads to increased involvement in IPV during early adulthood (age 21-23) and adulthood (age 29-31). We also investigate whether this relationship differs by gender. Although there is theoretical and empirical support for intergenerational continuity of relationship violence, there are few prospective studies of this issue. We use data from the Rochester Youth Development Study (RYDS), a longitudinal study of the development of antisocial behavior in a community sample of 1,000 urban youth followed from age 14 to adulthood. The original sample includes 73% men and 85% African American or Hispanic youth. Measures come from a combination of interviews and official records. The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) is used to assess IPV and severe IPV in the youth and parent generations. Analyses controlled for child physical abuse, race/ethnicity as well as parent education, family stability, and poverty. In multivariate models, adolescent exposure to caregiver severe IPV resulted in significantly increased risk of relationship violence in early adulthood (age 21-23). Furthermore, there is an indirect effect of adolescent exposure to severe IPV on later adult involvement in IPV (age 29-31), mediated by involvement in a violent relationship in early adulthood. These results were largely invariant by gender. However, we observed a direct pathway between IPV exposure and adult IPV for women (marginally significant) suggesting that adolescent exposure to caregiver IPV may set in motion women-specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Smith
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, 135 Western Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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