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Integrative Analysis of Proteome-wide Association Studies and Functional Enrichment Analysis to Identify Genes and Chemicals Associated with Alcohol Dependence. J Addict Med 2022:01271255-990000000-00119. [PMID: 36729929 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcohol dependence accounts for a large proportion of the global burden of disease and disability. This study aims to investigate the candidate genes and chemicals associated with alcohol dependence. METHODS Using data from published alcohol dependence genome-wide association studies, we first conducted a proteome-wide association study of alcohol dependence by integrating alcohol dependence genome-wide association studies with 2 human brain reference proteomes of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from the Religious Order Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Banner Sun Health Research Institute. Then, based on the identified genes in proteome-wide association study, we conducted functional enrichment analysis and chemical-related functional enrichment analysis to detect the related Gene Ontology terms and chemicals. RESULTS Proteome-wide association study identified several potential candidate genes for alcohol dependence, such as GOT2 (P = 7.59 × 10-6) and C3orf33 (P = 5.00 × 10-3). Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis identified multiple candidate Gene Ontology terms associated with alcohol dependence, such as glyoxylate metabolic process (adjusted P = 2.99 × 10-6) and oxoglutarate metabolic process (adjusted P = 9.95 × 10-6). Chemical-related functional enrichment analysis detected several alcohol dependence-related candidate chemicals, such as pitavastatin (P = 2.00 × 10-4), cannabinoids (P = 4.00 × 10-4), 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (P = 4.00 × 10-4), and gabapentin (P = 2.00 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS Our study reports multiple candidate genes and chemicals associated with alcohol dependence, providing novel clues for understanding the biological mechanism of alcohol dependence.
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Gibson BC, Claus ED, Sanguinetti J, Witkiewitz K, Clark VP. A review of functional brain differences predicting relapse in substance use disorder: Actionable targets for new methods of noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104821. [PMID: 35970417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have identified a variety of brain regions whose activity predicts substance use (i.e., relapse) in patients with substance use disorder (SUD), suggesting that malfunctioning brain networks may exacerbate relapse. However, this knowledge has not yet led to a marked improvement in treatment outcomes. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has shown some potential for treating SUDs, and a new generation of NIBS technologies offers the possibility of selectively altering activity in both superficial and deep brain structures implicated in SUDs. The goal of the current review was to identify deeper brain structures involved in relapse to SUD and give an account of innovative methods of NIBS that might be used to target them. Included studies measured fMRI in currently abstinent SUD patients and tracked treatment outcomes, and fMRI results were organized with the framework of the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA). Four brain structures were consistently implicated: the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, ventral striatum and insula. These four deeper brain structures may be appropriate future targets for the treatment of SUD using these innovative NIBS technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Gibson
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Eric D Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jay Sanguinetti
- The Center for Consciousness Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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Tschorn M, Lorenz RC, O’Reilly PF, Reichenberg A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Heinz A, Rapp MA. Differential predictors for alcohol use in adolescents as a function of familial risk. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:157. [PMID: 33664233 PMCID: PMC7933140 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional models of future alcohol use in adolescents have used variable-centered approaches, predicting alcohol use from a set of variables across entire samples or populations. Following the proposition that predictive factors may vary in adolescents as a function of family history, we used a two-pronged approach by first defining clusters of familial risk, followed by prediction analyses within each cluster. Thus, for the first time in adolescents, we tested whether adolescents with a family history of drug abuse exhibit a set of predictors different from adolescents without a family history. We apply this approach to a genetic risk score and individual differences in personality, cognition, behavior (risk-taking and discounting) substance use behavior at age 14, life events, and functional brain imaging, to predict scores on the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) at age 14 and 16 in a sample of adolescents (N = 1659 at baseline, N = 1327 at follow-up) from the IMAGEN cohort, a longitudinal community-based cohort of adolescents. In the absence of familial risk (n = 616), individual differences in baseline drinking, personality measures (extraversion, negative thinking), discounting behaviors, life events, and ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, while the overall model explained 22% of the variance in future AUDIT. In the presence of familial risk (n = 711), drinking behavior at age 14, personality measures (extraversion, impulsivity), behavioral risk-taking, and life events were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, explaining 20.1% of the overall variance. Results suggest that individual differences in personality, cognition, life events, brain function, and drinking behavior contribute differentially to the prediction of future alcohol misuse. This approach may inform more individualized preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Tschorn
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Intra-faculty unit “Cognitive Sciences”, Faculty of Human Science, and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Research Area Services Research and e-Health, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert C. Lorenz
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Intra-faculty unit “Cognitive Sciences”, Faculty of Human Science, and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Research Area Services Research and e-Health, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul F. O’Reilly
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- grid.413757.30000 0004 0477 2235Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L. W. Bokde
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin B. Quinlan
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- grid.413757.30000 0004 0477 2235Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.5601.20000 0001 0943 599XDepartment of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- grid.457334.2NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- grid.4764.10000 0001 2186 1887Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 “Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie”, University Paris Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1299 “Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie”, University Paris Saclay, Ecole Normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; and Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- grid.413757.30000 0004 0477 2235Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany ,grid.413757.30000 0004 0477 2235Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany ,Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- grid.413757.30000 0004 0477 2235Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- grid.8217.c0000 0004 1936 9705School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rapp
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Intra-faculty unit “Cognitive Sciences”, Faculty of Human Science, and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Research Area Services Research and e-Health, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Fageera W, Chaumette B, Fortier MÈ, Grizenko N, Labbe A, Sengupta SM, Joober R. Association between COMT methylation and response to treatment in children with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:86-93. [PMID: 33453563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COMT had been considered a promising candidate gene in pharmacogenetic studies in ADHD; yet the findings from these studies have been inconsistent. Part of these inconsistencies could be related to epigenetic mechanisms (including DNA methylation). Here we investigated the role of genetic variants of the COMT gene on the methylation levels of CpG sites in the same gene and explored the effect of methylation on methylphenidate (MPH) and placebo (PBO) response in children with ADHD. METHODS Two hundred and thirty children with ADHD (6-12 years) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with MPH. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the associations between genotypes in the COMT gene and DNA methylation in the same genetic loci. Association between the DNA methylation of 11 CpG sites and PBO/MPH responses were then assessed using spearman's correlation analysis in 212 children. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the interaction between these factors while accounting for sex. RESULTS Associations were observed between specific genetic variants and methylation level of cg20709110. Homozygous genotypes of GG (rs6269), CC (rs4633), GG (rs4818), Val/Val (rs4680) and the haplotype (ACCVal/GCGVal) were significantly associated with higher level of methylation. This CpG showed a significant correlation with placebo response (r = -0.15, P = 0.045) according to the teachers' evaluation, and a close-to significance correlation with response to MPH according to parents' evaluation (r = -0.134, p = 0.051). Regression analysis showed that in the model including rs4818, sex and DNA methylation of cg20709110 contributed significantly to treatment response. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results could provide evidence for the effect of genetic variations on methylation level and the involvement of the epigenetic variation of COMT loci in modulating the response to treatment in ADHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00483106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weam Fageera
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Fortier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurelie Labbe
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarojini M Sengupta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Thapa KS, Chen AB, Lai D, Xuei X, Wetherill L, Tischfield JA, Liu Y, Edenberg HJ. Identification of Functional Genetic Variants Associated With Alcohol Dependence and Related Phenotypes Using a High-Throughput Assay. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2494-2518. [PMID: 33119910 PMCID: PMC7725989 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of alcohol dependence (AD) and related phenotypes have identified multiple loci, but the functional variants underlying the loci have in most cases not been identified. Noncoding variants can influence phenotype by affecting gene expression; for example, variants in the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTR) can affect gene expression posttranscriptionally. METHODS We adapted a high-throughput assay known as PASSPORT-seq (parallel assessment of polymorphisms in miRNA target sites by sequencing) to identify among variants associated with AD and related phenotypes those that cause differential expression in neuronal cell lines. Based upon meta-analyses of alcohol-related traits in African American and European Americans in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, we tested 296 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs with meta-analysis p values ≤ 0.001) that were located in 3'UTRs. RESULTS We identified 60 SNPs that affected gene expression (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) in SH-SY5Y cells and 92 that affected expression in SK-N-BE(2) cells. Among these, 30 SNPs altered RNA levels in the same direction in both cell lines. Many of these SNPs reside in the binding sites of miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins and are expression quantitative trait loci of genes including KIF6,FRMD4A,CADM2,ADD2,PLK2, and GAS7. CONCLUSION The SNPs identified in the PASSPORT-seq assay are functional variants that might affect the risk for AD and related phenotypes. Our study provides insights into gene regulation in AD and demonstrates the value of PASSPORT-seq as a tool to screen genetic variants in GWAS loci for one potential mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti S. Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andy B Chen
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 99999, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Radcliffe RA, Dowell R, Odell AT, Richmond PA, Bennett B, Larson C, Kechris K, Saba LM, Rudra P, Wen S. Systems genetics analysis of the LXS recombinant inbred mouse strains:Genetic and molecular insights into acute ethanol tolerance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240253. [PMID: 33095786 PMCID: PMC7584226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have been using the Inbred Long- and Short-Sleep mouse strains (ILS, ISS) and a recombinant inbred panel derived from them, the LXS, to investigate the genetic underpinnings of acute ethanol tolerance which is considered to be a risk factor for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Here, we have used RNA-seq to examine the transcriptome of whole brain in 40 of the LXS strains 8 hours after a saline or ethanol "pretreatment" as in previous behavioral studies. Approximately 1/3 of the 14,184 expressed genes were significantly heritable and many were unique to the pretreatment. Several thousand cis- and trans-eQTLs were mapped; a portion of these also were unique to pretreatment. Ethanol pretreatment caused differential expression (DE) of 1,230 genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested involvement in numerous biological processes including astrocyte differentiation, histone acetylation, mRNA splicing, and neuron projection development. Genetic correlation analysis identified hundreds of genes that were correlated to the behaviors. GO analysis indicated that these genes are involved in gene expression, chromosome organization, and protein transport, among others. The expression profiles of the DE genes and genes correlated to AFT in the ethanol pretreatment group (AFT-Et) were found to be similar to profiles of HDAC inhibitors. Hdac1, a cis-regulated gene that is located at the peak of a previously mapped QTL for AFT-Et, was correlated to 437 genes, most of which were also correlated to AFT-Et. GO analysis of these genes identified several enriched biological process terms including neuron-neuron synaptic transmission and potassium transport. In summary, the results suggest widespread genetic effects on gene expression, including effects that are pretreatment-specific. A number of candidate genes and biological functions were identified that could be mediating the behavioral responses. The most prominent of these was Hdac1 which may be regulating genes associated with glutamatergic signaling and potassium conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Radcliffe
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO, United States of America
| | - Robin Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Aaron T. Odell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Richmond
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Beth Bennett
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Colin Larson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Saba
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Shi Wen
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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Williams PT. Quantile-Specific Heritability of Intakes of Alcohol but not Other Macronutrients. Behav Genet 2020; 50:332-345. [PMID: 32661760 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-020-10005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic heritability (h2) of alcohol use is reported to be greater in rural dwellers, distressed marriages, low socioeconomic status, in girls who are unmarried or lacking closeness with their parents or religious upbringing, in less-educated men, and in adolescents with peers using alcohol. However, these are all risk factors for heavy drinking, and the greater heritability could be due to quantile-dependent expressivity, i.e., h2 dependent upon whether the phenotype (alcohol intake) is high or low relative to its distribution. Quantile regression showed that h2 estimated from the offspring-parent regression slope increased significantly from lowest to highest gram/day of alcohol consumption (0.006 ± 0.001 per percent, P = 1.1 × 10-7). Heritability at the 90th percentile of the sample distribution (0.557 ± 0.116) was 4.5-fold greater than at the 10th percentile (0.122 ± 0.037). Heritabilities for intakes of other macronutrients were not quantile-dependent. Thus quantile-dependent expressivity may explain the higher estimated heritability associated with risk factors for high alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Mosheva M, Serretti A, Stukalin Y, Fabbri C, Hagin M, Horev S, Mantovani V, Bin S, Mattiaccio A, Nivoli A, Vieta E, Popovic D. Association between CANCA1C gene rs1034936 polymorphism and alcohol dependence in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:181-186. [PMID: 31634677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable and disabling mental illness, commonly associated with substance abuse, being alcohol abuse the most frequent. Comorbid BD and substance abuse disorders are often associated with high levels of health service utilization and destabilization of the course of illness resulting in poor treatment outcomes. Although recent genome-wide association studies have detected a number of risk genes for BD, the data is still sparse and inconclusive for those genes that may contribute to the increased risk of comorbid alcohol abuse (AA) in BD. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 46 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within eight genes on different phenotypes of BD patients, such as comorbid alcohol abuse. We further assessed clinical variables associated with AA. METHODS One-hundred fifty-eight BD I and II patients were enrolled in a naturalistic cohort study. Genomic DNA of 92 patients was extracted from whole blood using standard procedures and 46 tag SNPs in eight genes of interest (ANK, CACNA1C, CACNB2, FKBP5, GRM7, ITIH3, SYNE1 and TCF4) were genotyped. RESULTS Seventy-one patients out of 158 (45%) satisfied diagnostic criteria for comorbid AA. Among 46 SNPs analyzed, the only SNP associated with comorbid AA was rs1034936 polymorphism in the CANCA1C gene. This polymorphism was also associated with lifetime cocaine abuse, manic switch and current atypical antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a role of rs1034936 CACNA1C gene variant in BD-AA group. Despite their preliminary nature, the present results may provide new insight on mechanisms underlying AA in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Mosheva
- Bipolar Disorders Programme, Psychiatry B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yelena Stukalin
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michal Hagin
- Bipolar Disorders Programme, Psychiatry B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sagi Horev
- Bipolar Disorders Programme, Psychiatry B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Semmelewis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vilma Mantovani
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Bin
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattiaccio
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nivoli
- Clinica Psichiatrica, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dina Popovic
- Bipolar Disorders Programme, Psychiatry B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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McClintick JN, Tischfield JA, Deng L, Kapoor M, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ. Ethanol activates immune response in lymphoblastoid cells. Alcohol 2019; 79:81-91. [PMID: 30639126 PMCID: PMC6616005 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The short-term effects of alcohol on gene expression in brain tissue cannot directly be studied in humans. Because neuroimmune signaling is altered by alcohol, immune cells are a logical, accessible choice to study and may provide biomarkers. RNAseq was used to study the effects of 48-h exposure to ethanol on lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 20 alcoholic subjects and 20 control subjects. Ethanol exposure resulted in differential expression of 4456 of the 12,503 genes detectably expressed in the LCLs (FDR [false discovery rate] ≤ 0.05); 52% of these showed increased expression. Cells from alcoholic subjects and control subjects responded similarly. The genes whose expression changed fell into many pathways: NFκB, neuroinflammation, IL6, IL2, IL8, and dendritic cell maturation pathways were activated, consistent with increased signaling by NFκB, TNF, IL1, IL4, IL18, TLR4, and LPS. Signaling by Interferons A and B decreased, as did EIF2 signaling, phospholipase C signaling, and glycolysis. Baseline gene expression patterns were similar in LCLs from alcoholic subjects and control subjects. At relaxed stringency (p < 0.05), 465 genes differed, 230 of which were also affected by ethanol. There was a suggestion of compensation because baseline differences (no ethanol) were in the opposite direction of differences due to ethanol exposure in 78% of these genes. Pathways with IL8, phospholipase C, and α-adrenergic signaling were significant. The pattern of expression was consistent with increased signaling by several cytokines, including interferons, TLR2, and TLR3 in alcoholics. Expression of genes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, including the rate-limiting enzyme HMGCR, was lower in alcoholic subjects. LCLs show many effects of ethanol exposure, some of which might provide biomarkers for alcohol use disorders. Identifying genes and pathways altered by ethanol can aid in interpreting which genes within loci identified by GWAS might play functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
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10
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Maleki N, Tahaney K, Thompson BL, Oscar-Berman M. At the intersection of alcohol use disorder and chronic pain. Neuropsychology 2019; 33:795-807. [PMID: 31448947 PMCID: PMC6711399 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and chronic pain are widespread conditions with extensive public health burden. This review seeks to describe neuroanatomical links and major mediating influences between AUD and chronic pain, in the service of identifying factors that predict the risk of chronic pain in precipitating or facilitating AUD. METHOD We review the neural bases of pain and the influence of AUD on processes involved in pain perception. We propose potential mechanisms involved in the development of chronic pain in AUD, and we consider implications for pain management in recovery from AUD. RESULTS Pain is a multidimensional and subjective experience that, in its acute form, is essential for survival, but in chronic form, pain is a disorder that negatively impacts quality of life. Neural substrates involved in initiating and maintaining chronic pain include dysfunction in descending pain pathways and reward network circuitry. AUD involves preoccupation or craving, intoxication, withdrawal, and negative affect. Neural substrates of AUD involve widespread mesocorticolimbic and cerebrocerebellar networks. Both conditions involve dysfunction of extended reward and oversight circuitry, particularly prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The interrelationship between chronic pain and AUD resides in the intersection of etiological influences, mental experiences, and neurobiological processes. Characterization of the connection between brain and behavioral abnormalities in AUD's precipitation of chronic pain-and vice versa-allows for early detection and treatment of patients at risk for developing either or both of these conditions and for preemptive interventional approaches to reduce the risk of consequent vulnerabilities and harm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Maleki
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelli Tahaney
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Thompson
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Muench C, Luo A, Charlet K, Lee J, Rosoff DB, Sun H, Fede SJ, Jung J, Momenan R, Lohoff FW. Lack of Association Between Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) Promoter Methylation and Amygdala Response During Negative Emotion Processing in Individuals With Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:209-215. [PMID: 31008507 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Differences in DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) have been shown to alter SLC6A4 expression and predict brain functions in healthy individuals. This study investigated the association between SLC6A4 promoter methylation and threat-related amygdala activation in individuals with alcohol dependence (AD). METHODS Methylation of the SLC6A4 promoter region was assessed using peripheral blood DNA from 45 individuals with AD and 45 healthy controls (HCs). All participants completed an emotional face matching task in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. RESULTS Results did not reveal any association between SLC6A4 promoter methylation variation and threat-related amygdala activation in HCs or individuals with AD. Furthermore, methylation in the promoter region of SLC6A4 did not significantly differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not replicate a previous finding that increased methylation in the promoter region of SLC6A4 is associated with threat-related amygdala activation in healthy individuals and further show that there is no such association in individuals with AD. Given that the number of imaging epigenetics studies on SLC6A4 is very limited to date, these inconsistent results indicate that future research is needed to clarify its association with amygdala reactivity in both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Muench
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Luo
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel B Rosoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha J Fede
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeesun Jung
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Sanchez-Roige S, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, Gray JC, de Wit H, Davis LK, MacKillop J, Palmer AA. Genome-wide association study of alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) scores in 20 328 research participants of European ancestry. Addict Biol 2019; 24:121-131. [PMID: 29058377 PMCID: PMC6988186 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors contribute to the risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). In collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, Inc., we performed a genome-wide association study of the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT), an instrument designed to screen for alcohol misuse over the past year. Our final sample consisted of 20 328 research participants of European ancestry (55.3% females; mean age = 53.8, SD = 16.1) who reported ever using alcohol. Our results showed that the 'chip-heritability' of AUDIT score, when treated as a continuous phenotype, was 12%. No loci reached genome-wide significance. The gene ADH1C, which has been previously implicated in AUD, was among our most significant associations (4.4 × 10-7 ; rs141973904). We also detected a suggestive association on chromosome 1 (2.1 × 10-7 ; rs182344113) near the gene KCNJ9, which has been implicated in mouse models of high ethanol drinking. Using linkage disequilibrium score regression, we identified positive genetic correlations between AUDIT score, high alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. We also observed an unexpected positive genetic correlation between AUDIT and educational attainment and additional unexpected negative correlations with body mass index/obesity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We conclude that conducting a genetic study using responses to an online questionnaire in a population not ascertained for AUD may represent a cost-effective strategy for elucidating aspects of the etiology of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua C. Gray
- Center for Deployment Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada; Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON N1E 6K9, Canada
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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13
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Bach P, Zois E, Vollstädt-Klein S, Kirsch M, Hoffmann S, Jorde A, Frank J, Charlet K, Treutlein J, Beck A, Heinz A, Walter H, Rietschel M, Kiefer F. Association of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene polymorphism rs1789891 with gray matter brain volume, alcohol consumption, alcohol craving and relapse risk. Addict Biol 2019; 24:110-120. [PMID: 29058369 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol metabolizing enzymes, such as the alcohol dehydrogenases and the aldehyde dehydrogenases, regulate the levels of acetaldehyde in the blood and play an important role in the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction. Recent genome-wide systematic searches found associations between a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1789891, risk allele: A, protective allele: C) in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster and the risk of alcohol dependence. The current study investigated the effect of this single nucleotide polymorphism on alcohol consumption, craving for alcohol, relapse risk and brain gray matter volume. Alcohol-dependent patients (n = 74) and controls (n = 43) were screened, genotyped and underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and relapse data were collected during 3 months following the experiment. Alcohol-dependent A allele carriers reported increased alcohol craving and higher alcohol consumption compared with the group of alcohol-dependent individuals homozygous for the C allele, which displayed craving values similar to the control group. Further, follow-up data indicated that A allele carriers relapsed earlier to heavy drinking compared with individuals with two C alleles. Analyses of gray matter volume indicated a significant genotype difference in the patient group: individuals with two C alleles had reduced gray matter volume in the left and right superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri. Findings of the current study further support the relevance of genetic variants in alcohol metabolizing enzymes to addictive behavior, brain tissue volume and relapse risk. Genotype-dependent differences in acetaldehyde formation, implicated by earlier studies, might be the biological substrate of the genotype differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Evangelos Zois
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Martina Kirsch
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anne Jorde
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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14
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Edenberg HJ, McClintick JN. Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2281-2297. [PMID: 30320893 PMCID: PMC6286250 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex traits, meaning that variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as does the environment. Although the total genetic contribution to risk is substantial, most individual variations make only very small contributions. By far the strongest contributors are functional variations in 2 genes involved in alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) metabolism. A functional variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is protective in people of European and Asian descent, and a different functional variant in the same gene is protective in those of African descent. A strongly protective variant in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is essentially only found in Asians. This highlights the need to study a wide range of populations. The likely mechanism of protection against heavy drinking and AUDs in both cases is alteration in the rate of metabolism of EtOH that at least transiently elevates acetaldehyde. Other ADH and ALDH variants, including functional variations in ADH1C, have also been implicated in affecting drinking behavior and risk for alcoholism. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in the ADH region and the differences among populations complicate analyses, particularly of regulatory variants. This critical review focuses upon the ADH and ALDH genes as they affect AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jeanette N. McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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15
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Mauro KL, Helton SG, Rosoff DB, Luo A, Schwandt M, Jung J, Lee J, Muench C, Lohoff FW. Association Analysis Between Genetic Variation in GATA Binding Protein 4 (GATA4) and Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:361-367. [PMID: 29415147 PMCID: PMC6016699 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previous genetic association studies have shown that variation in the GATA4 gene encoding the GATA binding protein 4, a binding protein that binds to the ANA sequence GATA, increase susceptibility for alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this study, we aimed to replicate those findings in an independent sample and analyze their association with anxiety. METHODS Overall, 1044 individuals with AUD [534 European American (EA), 510 African Americans (AA)] and 645 controls [413 EA, 232 AA] were genotyped using 34 markers. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases and controls using chi-square analysis. Other phenotype data were analyzed for possible associations with GATA4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in individuals with AUD. RESULTS Rs6601604 was nominally significantly associated with AUD in EA, and 3 SNPs (rs6990313, rs11250159 and rs17153694) showed trend-level significance (P < 0.10) in AA. However, none of the SNPs were significant after correcting for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis of the 34 SNPs did not find a significant association between haplotype blocks and AUD diagnosis after correcting for multiple testing. From the phenotype analysis, anxiety was associated with GATA4 SNP rs10112596 among the AA group with AUD after a correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Although previous studies have shown a relationship between variants of the GATA4 gene and a diagnosis of AUD, we did not replicate these findings in our sample. Additional studies of variation in this gene are needed to elucidate whether polymorphisms of the GATA4 gene are associated with AUD and other alcohol-related phenotypes. SHORT SUMMARY GATA4 variants were not associated with AUD in either the European ancestry or African ancestry groups after correcting for multiple comparisons. Rs10112596 demonstrated a significant relationship with an anxiety measure among the African ancestry group with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Mauro
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah G Helton
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan B Rosoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Luo
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeesun Jung
- Epidemiology & Biometry Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Ln., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Muench
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive (10CRC), Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Koulentaki M, Kouroumalis E. GABA A receptor polymorphisms in alcohol use disorder in the GWAS era. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1845-1865. [PMID: 29721579 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing, neuro-psychiatric illness of high prevalence and with a serious public health impact worldwide. It is complex and polygenic, with a heritability of about 50%, and influenced by environmental causal heterogeneity. Risk factors associated with its etiology have a genetic component. GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. GABAA receptors are believed to mediate some of the physiological and behavioral actions of alcohol. In this critical review, relevant genetic terms and type and methodology of the genetic studies are briefly explained. Postulated candidate genes that encode subunits of GABAA receptors, with all the reported SNPs, are presented. Genetic studies and meta-analyses examining polymorphisms of the GABAA receptor and their association with AUD predisposition are presented. The data are critically examined with reference to recent GWAS studies that failed to show relations between GABAA receptors and AUD. Restrictions and perspectives of the different findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Koulentaki
- Alcohology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heraklion, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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17
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An alcohol withdrawal test battery measuring multiple behavioral symptoms in mice. Alcohol 2018; 68:19-35. [PMID: 29427828 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite acceptance that risk for alcohol-use disorder (AUD) has a large genetic component, the identification of genes underlying various components of risk for AUD has been hampered in humans, in part by the heterogeneity of expression of the phenotype. One aspect of AUD is physical dependence. Alcohol withdrawal is a serious consequence of alcohol dependence with multiple symptoms, many of which are seen in multiple species, and can be experienced over a wide-ranging time course. In the present three studies, we developed a battery of withdrawal tests in mice, examining behavioral symptoms from multiple domains that could be measured over time. To permit eventual use of the battery in different strains of mice, we used male and female mice of a genetically heterogeneous stock developed from intercrossing eight inbred strains. Withdrawal symptoms were assessed using commonly used tests after administration of ethanol in vapor for 72 continuous hours. We found significant effects of ethanol withdrawal versus air-breathing controls on nearly all symptoms, spanning 4 days following ethanol vapor inhalation. Withdrawal produced hypothermia, greater neurohyperexcitability (seizures and tremor), anxiety-like behaviors using an apparatus (such as reduced transitions between light and dark compartments), anhedonia (reduced sucrose preference), Straub tail, backward walking, and reductions in activity; however, there were no changes in thermal pain sensitivity, hyper-reactivity to handling, or anxiety-like emergence behaviors in other apparatus. Using these data, we constructed a refined battery of withdrawal tests. Individual differences in severity of withdrawal among different tests were weakly correlated at best. This battery should be useful for identifying genetic influences on particular withdrawal behaviors, which should reflect the influences of different constellations of genes.
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Irwin C, Mienie LJ, Wevers RA, Mason S, Westerhuis JA, van Reenen M, Reinecke CJ. GC-MS-based urinary organic acid profiling reveals multiple dysregulated metabolic pathways following experimental acute alcohol consumption. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5775. [PMID: 29636520 PMCID: PMC5893584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics studies of diseases associated with chronic alcohol consumption provide compelling evidence of several perturbed metabolic pathways. Moreover, the holistic approach of such studies gives insights into the pathophysiological risk factors associated with chronic alcohol-induced disability, morbidity and mortality. Here, we report on a GC-MS-based organic acid profiling study on acute alcohol consumption. Our investigation - involving 12 healthy, moderate-drinking young men - simulated a single binge drinking event, and indicated its metabolic consequences. We generated time-dependent data that predicted the metabolic pathophysiology of the alcohol intervention. Multivariate statistical modelling was applied to the longitudinal data of 120 biologically relevant organic acids, of which 13 provided statistical evidence of the alcohol effect. The known alcohol-induced increased NADH:NAD+ ratio in the cytosol of hepatocytes contributed to the global dysregulation of several metabolic reactions of glycolysis, ketogenesis, the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis. The significant presence of 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid supports the emerging paradigm that this compound is an important endogenous metabolite. Its metabolic origin remains elusive, but recent evidence indicated 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation as a novel regulatory modifier of histones. Metabolomics has thus opened an avenue for further research on the reprogramming of metabolic pathways and epigenetic networks in relation to the severe effects of alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Irwin
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lodewyk J Mienie
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johan A Westerhuis
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mari van Reenen
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carolus J Reinecke
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag, X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Taylor S. Association between COMT Val158Met and psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:199-210. [PMID: 28608575 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met is widely regarded as potentially important for understanding the genetic etiology of many different psychiatric disorders. The present study appears to be the first comprehensive meta-analysis of COMT genetic association studies to cover all psychiatric disorders for which there were available data, published in any language, and with an emphasis on investigating disorder subtypes (defined clinically or by demographic or other variables). Studies were included if they reported one or more datasets (i.e., some studies examined more than one clinical group) in which there were sufficient information to compute effect sizes. A total of 363 datasets were included, consisting of 56,998 cases and 74,668 healthy controls from case control studies, and 2,547 trios from family based studies. Fifteen disorders were included. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and panic disorder were associated with the Val allele for Caucasian samples. Substance-use disorder, defined by DSM-IV criteria, was associated with the Val allele for Asian samples. Bipolar disorder was associated with the Met allele in Asian samples. Obsessive-compulsive disorder tended to be associated with the Met allele only for males. There was suggestive evidence that the Met allele is associated with an earlier age of onset of schizophrenia. Results suggest pleiotropy and underscore the importance of examining subgroups-defined by variables such as age of onset, sex, ethnicity, and diagnostic system-rather than examining disorders as monolithic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Taylor
- University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Fernández MS, Báez B, Bordón A, Espinosa L, Martínez E, Pautassi RM. Short-term selection for high and low ethanol intake yields differential sensitivity to ethanol's motivational effects and anxiety-like responses in adolescent Wistar rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:220-233. [PMID: 28663116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders are modulated by genetic factors, but the identification of specific genes and their concomitant biological changes that are associated with a higher risk for these disorders has proven difficult. Alterations in the sensitivity to the motivational effects of ethanol may be one way by which genes modulate the initiation and escalation of ethanol intake. Rats and mice have been selectively bred for high and low ethanol consumption during adulthood. However, selective breeding programs for ethanol intake have not focused on adolescence. This phase of development is associated with the initiation and escalation of ethanol intake and characterized by an increase in the sensitivity to ethanol's appetitive effects and a decrease in the sensitivity to ethanol's aversive effects compared with adulthood. The present study performed short-term behavioral selection to select rat lines that diverge in the expression of ethanol drinking during adolescence. A progenitor nucleus of Wistar rats (F0) and filial generation 1 (F1), F2, and F3 adolescent rats were derived from parents that were selected for high (STDRHI) and low (STDRLO) ethanol consumption during adolescence and were tested for ethanol intake and responsivity to ethanol's motivational effects. STDRHI rats exhibited significantly greater ethanol intake and preference than STDRLO rats. Compared with STDRLO rats, STDRHI F2 and F3 rats exhibited a blunted response to ethanol in the conditioned taste aversion test. F2 and F3 STDRHI rats but not STDRLO rats exhibited ethanol-induced motor stimulation. STDRHI rats exhibited avoidance of the white compartment of the light-dark box, a reduction of locomotion, and a reduction of saccharin consumption, suggesting an anxiety-prone phenotype. The results suggest that the genetic risk for enhanced ethanol intake during adolescence is associated with lower sensitivity to the aversive effects of ethanol, heightened reactivity to ethanol's stimulating effects, and enhanced innate anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Soledad Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Báez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina
| | - Ana Bordón
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina
| | - Laura Espinosa
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina
| | - Eliana Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Marcos Pautassi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba C.P. 5000, Argentina.
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21
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Jung WY, Kim SG, Kim JH, Lee JS. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV gene polymorphisms in Korean alcohol-dependent patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:386-391. [PMID: 28734942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A relationship between alcohol dependence (AD) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMKIV) has been reported in a whole genome study of Korean AD patients. The purpose of the present study is to compare the frequency of CAMKIV genotypes and alleles between AD and control subjects in Korea. METHODS The present study includes 281 AD patients and 139 control subjects. Seven single nucleotide polymorphism of CAMKIV gene known to show significant separation ratio in Asians were searched in SNP database and previous studies related to CAMKIV gene. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques were used to analyze genotype of CAMKIV gene SNPs. RESULTS Major TT genotype and T allele frequencies of rs 25917 in AD patients were significantly higher than those of control subjects (genotype frequency, p=0.002; allele frequency, p=0.001). Major CC genotype and C allele frequencies of rs 117590959 in AD patients were also significantly higher than those of control subjects (genotype frequency, p<0.001; allele frequency, p=0.001). Major genotypes of rs25917 (p=0.002, odd ratio: 3.13, 95% CI: 1.54-6.38) and rs11790959 (p=0.002, odd ratio: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.52-6.81) showed significantly higher odds ratios associated with AD than minor genotypes in logistic regression. DISCUSSION These results suggest that CAMKIV might be a candidate AD gene. Further research is needed to determine the precise relationship between CAMKIV and AD and the function of each SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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22
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Fochler S, Morozova TV, Davis MR, Gearhart AW, Huang W, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Genetics of alcohol consumption in Drosophila melanogaster. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:675-685. [PMID: 28627812 PMCID: PMC5667673 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in alcohol consumption in human populations is determined by genetic, environmental, social and cultural factors. In contrast to humans, genetic contributions to complex behavioral phenotypes can be readily dissected in Drosophila, where both the genetic background and environment can be controlled and behaviors quantified through simple high-throughput assays. Here, we measured voluntary consumption of ethanol in ∼3000 individuals of each sex from an advanced intercross population derived from 37 lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel. Extreme quantitative trait loci mapping identified 385 differentially segregating allelic variants located in or near 291 genes at P < 10-8 . The effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with voluntary ethanol consumption are sex-specific, as found for other alcohol-related phenotypes. To assess causality, we used RNA interference knockdown or P{MiET1} mutants and their corresponding controls and functionally validated 86% of candidate genes in at least one sex. We constructed a genetic network comprised of 23 genes along with a separate trio and a pair of connected genes. Gene ontology analyses showed enrichment of developmental genes, including development of the nervous system. Furthermore, a network of human orthologs showed enrichment for signal transduction processes, protein metabolism and developmental processes, including nervous system development. Our results show that the genetic architecture that underlies variation in voluntary ethanol consumption is sexually dimorphic and partially overlaps with genetic factors that control variation in feeding behavior and alcohol sensitivity. This integrative genetic architecture is rooted in evolutionarily conserved features that can be extrapolated to human genetic interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fochler
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - T V Morozova
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M R Davis
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A W Gearhart
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - W Huang
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - T F C Mackay
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R R H Anholt
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Program in Genetics, and Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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23
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, Liang T, Sari Y, Maldonado-Devincci A, Rodd ZA. Rat animal models for screening medications to treat alcohol use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:201-243. [PMID: 28215999 PMCID: PMC5659204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present animal research models that can be used to screen and/or repurpose medications for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence. The focus will be on rats and in particular selectively bred rats. Brief introductions discuss various aspects of the clinical picture, which provide characteristics of individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) to model in animals. Following this, multiple selectively bred rat lines will be described and evaluated in the context of animal models used to screen medications to treat AUDs. Next, common behavioral tests for drug efficacy will be discussed particularly as they relate to stages in the addiction cycle. Tables highlighting studies that have tested the effects of compounds using the respective techniques are included. Wherever possible the Tables are organized chronologically in ascending order to describe changes in the focus of research on AUDs over time. In general, high ethanol-consuming selectively bred rats have been used to test a wide range of compounds. Older studies usually followed neurobiological findings in the selected lines that supported an association with a propensity for high ethanol intake. Most of these tests evaluated the compound's effects on the maintenance of ethanol drinking. Very few compounds have been tested during ethanol-seeking and/or relapse and fewer still have assessed their effects during the acquisition of AUDs. Overall, while a substantial number of neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory system targets have been assessed; the roles of sex- and age-of-animal, as well as the acquisition of AUDs, ethanol-seeking and relapse continue to be factors and behaviors needing further study. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | - Zachary A Rodd
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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24
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Dick DM, Barr P, Guy M, Nasim A, Scott D. Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications. Am J Addict 2017; 26:486-493. [PMID: 28240821 PMCID: PMC5884102 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There have been remarkable advances in understanding genetic influences on complex traits; however, individuals of African descent have been underrepresented in genetic research. METHODS We review the limitations of existing genetic research on alcohol phenotypes in African Americans (AA) including both twin and gene identification studies, possible reasons for underrepresentation of AAs in genetic research, the implications of the lack of racially diverse samples, and special considerations regarding conducting genetic research in AA populations. RESULTS There is a marked absence of large-scale AA twin studies so little is known about the genetic epidemiology of alcohol use and problems among AAs. Individuals of African descent have also been underrepresented in gene identification efforts; however, there have been recent efforts to enhance representation. It remains unknown the extent to which genetic variants associated with alcohol use outcomes in individuals of European and African descent will be shared. Efforts to increase representation must be accompanied by careful attention to the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic research. This is particularly true for AAs due to the history of abuse by the biomedical community and the persistent racial discrimination targeting this population. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Lack of representation in genetic studies limits our understanding of the etiological factors that contribute to substance use and psychiatric outcomes in populations of African descent and has the potential to further perpetuate health disparities. Involving individuals of diverse ancestry in discussions about genetic research will be critical to ensure that all populations benefit equally from genetic advances. (Am J Addict 2017;26:486-493).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Barr
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mignonne Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aashir Nasim
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Denise Scott
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics and Alcohol Research Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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25
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Reilly MT, Noronha A, Goldman D, Koob GF. Genetic studies of alcohol dependence in the context of the addiction cycle. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:3-21. [PMID: 28118990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Family, twin and adoption studies demonstrate clearly that alcohol dependence and alcohol use disorders are phenotypically complex and heritable. The heritability of alcohol use disorders is estimated at approximately 50-60% of the total phenotypic variability. Vulnerability to alcohol use disorders can be due to multiple genetic or environmental factors or their interaction which gives rise to extensive and daunting heterogeneity. This heterogeneity makes it a significant challenge in mapping and identifying the specific genes that influence alcohol use disorders. Genetic linkage and (candidate gene) association studies have been used now for decades to map and characterize genomic loci and genes that underlie the genetic vulnerability to alcohol use disorders. These approaches have been moderately successful in identifying several genes that contribute to the complexity of alcohol use disorders. Recently, genome-wide association studies have become one of the major tools for identifying genes for alcohol use disorders by examining correlations between millions of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms with diagnosis status. Genome-wide association studies are just beginning to uncover novel biology; however, the functional significance of results remains a matter of extensive debate and uncertainty. In this review, we present a select group of genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence, as one example of a way to generate functional hypotheses, within the addiction cycle framework. This analysis may provide novel directions for validating the functional significance of alcohol dependence candidate genes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Reilly
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Antonio Noronha
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David Goldman
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Chief, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Director NIAAA, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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26
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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence strongly indicate that genetic factors contribute to the risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD). There is substantial heterogeneity in AUD, which complicates studies seeking to identify specific genetic factors. To identify these genetic effects, several different alcohol-related phenotypes have been analyzed, including diagnosis and quantitative measures related to AUDs. Study designs have used candidate gene analyses, genetic linkage studies, genomewide association studies (GWAS), and analyses of rare variants. Two genes that encode enzymes of alcohol metabolism have the strongest effect on AUD: aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B each has strongly protective variants that reduce risk, with odds ratios approximately 0.2-0.4. A number of other genes important in AUD have been identified and replicated, including GABRA2 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1B and 4. GWAS have identified additional candidates. Rare variants are likely also to play a role; studies of these are just beginning. A multifaceted approach to gene identification, targeting both rare and common variations and assembling much larger datasets for meta-analyses, is critical for identifying the key genes and pathways important in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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27
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Degenhardt F, Krämer L, Frank J, Treutlein J, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hecker J, Fier HL, Lang M, Witt SH, Koller AC, Mann K, Hoffmann S, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM. Analysis of Rare Variants in the Alcohol Dependence Candidate Gene GATA4. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1627-32. [PMID: 27374936 PMCID: PMC5108491 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Common variants in the gene GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) show association with alcohol dependence (AD). The aim of this study was to identify rare variants in GATA4 in order to elucidate the role of this gene in AD susceptibility. Identification of rare variants may provide a more complete picture of the allelic architecture at this risk locus. Methods Sanger sequencing of all 6 coding exons of GATA4 was performed in 528 patients and 517 controls. Four in silico prediction tools were used to determine the effect of a DNA variant on the amino acid sequence and protein function. Five variants were included in the replication step. Of these, 4 were successfully genotyped in our replication cohort of 655 patients and 1,501 controls. All patients fulfilled DSM‐IV criteria for AD, and all individuals were of German descent. Results In the discovery step, 19 different heterozygous variants were identified. Four patient‐specific and potentially functionally relevant variants were followed up. Only the variant S379S (c.1137C>T) remained patient specific (1/1,166 patients vs. 0/1,997 controls). None of the variants showed a statistically significant association with AD. Conclusions The present study elucidated the role of GATA4 in AD susceptibility by identifying rare variants via Sanger sequencing and subsequent replication. Although novel patient‐specific rare variants of GATA4 were identified, none received support in the independent replication step. However, given previous robust findings of association with common variants, GATA4 remains a promising candidate gene for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurenz Krämer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Hecker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heide Löhlein Fier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maren Lang
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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28
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Fishbein DH, Rose EJ, Darcey VL, Belcher AM, VanMeter JW. Neurodevelopmental Precursors and Consequences of Substance Use during Adolescence: Promises and Pitfalls of Longitudinal Neuroimaging Strategies. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:296. [PMID: 27445743 PMCID: PMC4919318 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive and emotional regulatory deficits in substance users are often attributed to misuse; however most studies do not include a substance-naïve baseline to justify that conclusion. The etiological literature suggests that pre-existing deficits may contribute to the onset and escalation of use that are then exacerbated by subsequent use. To address this, there is burgeoning interest in conducting prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies to isolate neurodevelopmental precursors and consequences of adolescent substance misuse, as reflected in recent initiatives such as the NIH-led Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment (NCANDA). To distinguish neurodevelopmental precursors from the consequences of adolescent substance use specifically, prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies with substance-naïve pre-adolescents are needed. The exemplar described in this article—i.e., the ongoing Adolescent Development Study (ADS)—used a targeted recruitment strategy to bolster the numbers of pre-adolescent individuals who were at increased risk of substance use (i.e., “high-risk”) in a sample that was relatively small for longitudinal studies of similar phenomena, but historically large for neuroimaging (i.e., N = 135; 11–13 years of age). At baseline participants underwent MRI testing and a large complement of cognitive and behavioral assessments along with genetics, stress physiology and interviews. The study methods include repeating these measures at three time points (i.e., baseline/Wave 1, Wave 2 and Wave 3), 18 months apart. In this article, rather than outlining specific study outcomes, we describe the breadth of the numerous complexities and challenges involved in conducting this type of prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging study and “lessons learned” for subsequent efforts are discussed. While these types of large longitudinal neuroimaging studies present a number of logistical and scientific challenges, the wealth of information obtained about the precursors and consequences of adolescent substance use provides unique insights into the neurobiological bases for adolescent substance use that will lay the groundwork for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Fishbein
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center and The Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emma J Rose
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center and The Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Valerie L Darcey
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging (CFMI), Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Annabelle M Belcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John W VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging (CFMI), Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
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29
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Kühn S, Witt C, Banaschewski T, Barbot A, Barker GJ, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Garavan H, Ittermann B, Mann K, Martinot JL, Paus T, Rietschel M, Smolka MN, Ströhle A, Brühl R, Schumann G, Heinz A, Gallinat J. From mother to child: orbitofrontal cortex gyrification and changes of drinking behaviour during adolescence. Addict Biol 2016; 21:700-8. [PMID: 25913102 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders. Importantly, the neuro-anatomical foundation for later alcohol-related problems may already manifest pre-natally, particularly due to smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. In this context, cortical gyrification is an interesting marker of neuronal development but has not been investigated as a risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. On magnetic resonance imaging scans of 595 14-year-old adolescents from the IMAGEN sample, we computed whole-brain mean curvature indices to predict change in alcohol-related problems over the following 2 years. Change of alcohol use-related problems was significantly predicted from mean curvature in left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Less gyrification of OFC was associated with an increase in alcohol use-related problems over the next 2 years. Moreover, lower gyrification in left OFC was related to pre-natal alcohol exposure, whereas maternal smoking during pregnancy had no effect. Current alcohol use-related problems of the biological mother had no effect on offsprings' OFC gyrification or drinking behaviour. The data support the idea that alcohol consumption during pregnancy mediates the development of neuro-anatomical phenotypes, which in turn constitute a risk factor for increasing problems due to alcohol consumption in a vulnerable stage of life. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or current maternal alcohol/nicotine consumption had no significant effect. The OFC mediates behaviours known to be disturbed in addiction, namely impulse control and reward processing. The results stress the importance of pre-natal alcohol exposure for later increases in alcohol use-related problems, mediated by structural brain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development; Germany
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Alexis Barbot
- Neurospin; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique; France
| | | | - Christian Büchel
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf; Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | | | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; INSERM Unit 1000 ‘Imaging and Psychiatry’; University Paris Sud; France
- AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn; University Paris Descartes; France
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute; University of Toronto; Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Canada
- School of Psychology; University of Nottingham; UK
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Central Institute of Mental Health; Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychology; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Germany
| | | | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf; Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus; Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Germany
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect people at great individual and societal cost. Individuals at risk for AUDs are sensitive to alcohol's rewarding effects and/or resistant to its aversive and sedating effects. The molecular basis for these traits is poorly understood. Here, we show that p70 S6 kinase (S6k), acting downstream of the insulin receptor (InR) and the small GTPase Arf6, is a key mediator of ethanol-induced sedation in Drosophila. S6k signaling in the adult nervous system determines flies' sensitivity to sedation. Furthermore, S6k activity, measured via levels of phosphorylation (P-S6k), is a molecular marker for sedation and overall neuronal activity: P-S6k levels are decreased when neurons are silenced, as well as after acute ethanol sedation. Conversely, P-S6k levels rebound upon recovery from sedation and are increased when neuronal activity is enhanced. Reducing neural activity increases sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, whereas neuronal activation decreases ethanol sensitivity. These data suggest that ethanol has acute silencing effects on adult neuronal activity, which suppresses InR/Arf6/S6k signaling and results in behavioral sedation. In addition, we show that activity of InR/Arf6/S6k signaling determines flies' behavioral sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, highlighting this pathway in acute responses to ethanol. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic factors play a major role in the development of addiction. Identifying these genes and understanding their molecular mechanisms is a necessary first step in the development of targeted therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that signaling from the insulin receptor in Drosophila neurons determines flies' sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation. We show that this signaling cascade includes the small GTPase Arf6 and S6 kinase (S6k). In addition, activity of S6k is regulated by acute ethanol exposure and by neuronal activity. S6k activity is therefore both an acute target of ethanol exposure and a regulator of ethanol's effects on behavior.
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Vu KN, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Nambi V, Volcik KA, Boerwinkle E, Morrison AC. Causal Role of Alcohol Consumption in an Improved Lipid Profile: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148765. [PMID: 26849558 PMCID: PMC4744040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health benefits of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption may operate through an improved lipid profile. A Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was used to examine whether alcohol consumption causally affects lipid levels. METHODS This analysis involved 10,893 European Americans (EA) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Common and rare variants in alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase genes were evaluated for MR assumptions. Five variants, residing in the ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH4 genes, were selected as genetic instruments and were combined into an unweighted genetic score. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and its subfractions (HDL2-c and HDL3-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), small dense LDL-c (sdLDL-c), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels were analyzed. RESULTS Alcohol consumption significantly increased HDL2-c and reduced TG, total cholesterol, LDL-c, sdLDL-c, and apoB levels. For each of these lipids a non-linear trend was observed. Compared to the first quartile of alcohol consumption, the third quartile had a 12.3% lower level of TG (p < 0.001), a 7.71 mg/dL lower level of total cholesterol (p = 0.007), a 10.3% higher level of HDL2-c (p = 0.007), a 6.87 mg/dL lower level of LDL-c (p = 0.012), a 7.4% lower level of sdLDL-c (p = 0.037), and a 3.5% lower level of apoB (p = 0.058, poverall = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the causal role of regular low-to-moderate alcohol consumption in increasing HDL2-c, reducing TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-c, and provides evidence for the novel finding that low-to-moderate consumption of alcohol reduces apoB and sdLDL-c levels among EA. However, given the nonlinearity of the effect of alcohol consumption, even within the range of low-to-moderate drinking, increased consumption does not always result in a larger benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh N. Vu
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ron C. Hoogeveen
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vijay Nambi
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Montalvo-Ortiz JL, Gelernter J, Hudziak J, Kaufman J. RDoC and translational perspectives on the genetics of trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:81-91. [PMID: 26592203 PMCID: PMC4754782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of child abuse are at high risk for depression, anxiety disorders, aggressive behavior, and substance use problems. The goal of this paper is to review studies of the genetics of these stress-related psychiatric disorders. An informative subset of studies that examined candidate gene by environment (GxE) predictors of these psychiatric problems in individuals maltreated as children is reviewed, together with extant genome wide association studies (GWAS). Emerging findings on epigenetic changes associated with adverse early experiences are also reviewed. Meta-analytic support and replicated findings are evident for several genetic risk factors; however, extant research suggests the effects are pleiotropic. Genetic factors are not associated with distinct psychiatric disorders, but rather diverse clinical phenotypes. Research also suggests adverse early life experiences are associated with changes in gene expression of multiple known candidate genes, genes involved in DNA transcription and translation, and genes necessary for brain circuitry development, with changes in gene expression reported in key brain structures implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and substance use disorders. The finding of pleiotropy highlights the value of using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework in future studies of the genetics of stress-related psychiatric disorders, and not trying simply to link genes to multifaceted clinical syndromes, but to more limited phenotypes that map onto distinct neural circuits. Emerging work in the field of epigenetics also suggests that translational studies that integrate numerous unbiased genome-wide approaches will help to further unravel the genetics of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veteran's Administration Connecticut Health Care Center, Newington, Connecticut
| | - James Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joan Kaufman
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence to: Joan Kaufman, Ph.D., Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 East Fairmont Street, Baltimore, MD 21231.
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Hollingshaus MS, Coon H, Crowell SE, Gray DD, Hanson HA, Pimentel R, Smith KR. Differential Vulnerability to Early-Life Parental Death: The Moderating Effects of Family Suicide History on Risks for Major Depression and Substance Abuse in Later Life. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2016; 62:105-125. [PMID: 27050036 PMCID: PMC4929083 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2016.1138395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Only a portion of those individuals exposed to parental death in early life (PDE) develop behavioral health disorders. We utilized demographic pedigree data from the Utah Population Database to test for differential vulnerability to PDE by creating a risk score of familial susceptibility to suicide (FS) at the population level. Using logistic panel regression models, we tested for multiplicative interactions between PDE and FS on the risks of major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance abuse (SA), measured using Medicare claims, after age 65. The final sample included 155,983 individuals (born 1886-1944), yielding 1,431,060 person-years at risk (1992-2009). Net of several potential confounders, including probability of survival to age 65, we found an FS × PDE interaction for females, in which PDE and FS as main effects had no impact but jointly increased MDD risk. No statistically significant main or interactive effects were found for SA among females or for either phenotype among males. Our findings are consistent with a differential vulnerability model for MDD in females, in which early-life stress increases the risk for poor behavioral health only among the vulnerable. Furthermore, we demonstrate how demographic and pedigree data might serve as tools for investigating differential vulnerability hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Hollingshaus
- Michael S. Hollingshaus, Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112,
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Mbarek H, Milaneschi Y, Fedko IO, Hottenga JJ, de Moor MHM, Jansen R, Gelernter J, Sherva R, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW, Vink JM. The genetics of alcohol dependence: Twin and SNP-based heritability, and genome-wide association study based on AUDIT scores. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:739-48. [PMID: 26365420 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is among the most common and costly public health problems contributing to morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In this study, we investigate the genetic basis of AD in a Dutch population using data from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The presence of AD was ascertained via the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) applying cut-offs with good specificity and sensitivity in identifying those at risk for AD. Twin-based heritability of AD-AUDIT was estimated using structural equation modeling of data in 7,694 MZ and DZ twin pairs. Variance in AD-AUDIT explained by all SNPs was estimated with genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 7,842 subjects. GWAS SNP effect concordance analysis was performed between our GWAS and a recent AD GWAS using DSM-IV diagnosis. The twin-based heritability of AD-AUDIT was estimated at 60% (55-69%). GCTA showed that common SNPs jointly capture 33% (SE = 0.12, P = 0.002) of this heritability. In the GWAS, the top hits were positioned within four regions (4q31.1, 2p16.1, 6q25.1, 7p14.1) with the strongest association detected for rs55768019 (P = 7.58 × 10(-7) ). This first GWAS of AD using the AUDIT measure found results consistent with previous genetic studies using DSM diagnosis: concordance in heritability estimates and direction of SNPs effect and overlap with top hits from previous GWAS. Thus, the use of appropriate questionnaires may represent cost-effective strategies to phenotype samples in large-scale biobanks or other population-based datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna O Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bell RL, Hauser SR, McClintick J, Rahman S, Edenberg HJ, Szumlinski KK, McBride WJ. Ethanol-Associated Changes in Glutamate Reward Neurocircuitry: A Minireview of Clinical and Preclinical Genetic Findings. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:41-85. [PMID: 26809998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reviewed the role of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, in a number of neurochemical, -physiological, and -behavioral processes mediating the development of alcohol dependence. The findings discussed include results from both preclinical as well as neuroimaging and postmortem clinical studies. Expression levels for a number of glutamate-associated genes and/or proteins are modulated by alcohol abuse and dependence. These changes in expression include metabotropic receptors and ionotropic receptor subunits as well as different glutamate transporters. Moreover, these changes in gene expression parallel the pharmacologic manipulation of these same receptors and transporters. Some of these gene expression changes may have predated alcohol abuse and dependence because a number of glutamate-associated polymorphisms are related to a genetic predisposition to develop alcohol dependence. Other glutamate-associated polymorphisms are linked to age at the onset of alcohol-dependence and initial level of response/sensitivity to alcohol. Finally, findings of innate and/or ethanol-induced glutamate-associated gene expression differences/changes observed in a genetic animal model of alcoholism, the P rat, are summarized. Overall, the existing literature indicates that changes in glutamate receptors, transporters, enzymes, and scaffolding proteins are crucial for the development of alcohol dependence and there is a substantial genetic component to these effects. This indicates that continued research into the genetic underpinnings of these glutamate-associated effects will provide important novel molecular targets for treating alcohol abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Sheketha R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeanette McClintick
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana , USA
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - William J McBride
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Mackey S, Kan KJ, Chaarani B, Alia-Klein N, Batalla A, Brooks S, Cousijn J, Dagher A, de Ruiter M, Desrivieres S, Feldstein Ewing SW, Goldstein RZ, Goudriaan AE, Heitzeg MM, Hutchison K, Li CSR, London ED, Lorenzetti V, Luijten M, Martin-Santos R, Morales AM, Paulus MP, Paus T, Pearlson G, Schluter R, Momenan R, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Sinha R, Sjoerds Z, Stein DJ, Stein EA, Solowij N, Tapert S, Uhlmann A, Veltman D, van Holst R, Walter H, Wright MJ, Yucel M, Yurgelun-Todd D, Hibar DP, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Garavan H, Conrod P. Genetic imaging consortium for addiction medicine: From neuroimaging to genes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:203-23. [PMID: 26822360 PMCID: PMC4820288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the sample size of a typical neuroimaging study lacks sufficient statistical power to explore unknown genomic associations with brain phenotypes, several international genetic imaging consortia have been organized in recent years to pool data across sites. The challenges and achievements of these consortia are considered here with the goal of leveraging these resources to study addiction. The authors of this review have joined together to form an Addiction working group within the framework of the ENIGMA project, a meta-analytic approach to multisite genetic imaging data. Collectively, the Addiction working group possesses neuroimaging and genomic data obtained from over 10,000 subjects. The deadline for contributing data to the first round of analyses occurred at the beginning of May 2015. The studies performed on this data should significantly impact our understanding of the genetic and neurobiological basis of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mackey
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Kees-Jan Kan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michiel de Ruiter
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kent Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martin-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelica M Morales
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renée Schluter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Momenan
- Section on Brain Electrophysiology and Imaging, Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zsuzsika Sjoerds
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Intramural Research Program-Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Tapert
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dick Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Murat Yucel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bach P, Kirsch M, Hoffmann S, Jorde A, Mann K, Frank J, Charlet K, Beck A, Heinz A, Walter H, Rietschel M, Kiefer F, Vollstädt-Klein S. The effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in glutamatergic neurotransmission genes on neural response to alcohol cues and craving. Addict Biol 2015; 20:1022-32. [PMID: 26289945 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine genotype effects of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2C) and kainate receptor (GRIK1), which have been previously associated with alcoholism, on behavior, neural cue-reactivity and drinking outcome. Eighty-six abstinent alcohol dependent patients were recruited from an in-patient setting. Neuropsychological tests, genotyping and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used to study genotype effects. GRIN2C risk allele carriers displayed increased alcohol cue-induced activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Neural activation in the ACC positively correlated with craving for alcohol (r = 0.201, P = 0.032), whereas activation in the dlPFC showed a negative association (r = -0.215, P = 0.023). In addition, dlPFC activation predicted time to first relapse (HR = 2.701, 95%CI 1.244-5.864, P = 0.012). GRIK1 risk allele carriers showed increased cue-induced activation in the medial prefrontal (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and in the lateral PFC and OFC. Activation in both clusters positively correlated with alcohol craving (rmedOFC, medPFC = 0.403, P = 0.001, rlatOFC, latPFC = 0.282, P = 0.008), and activation in the cluster that encompassed the medial OFC predicted time to first relapse (HR = 1.911, 95%CI 1.030-3.545, P = 0.040). Findings indicate that SNPs in the GRIN2C and GRIK1 genes are associated with altered cue-induced brain activation that is related to craving for alcohol and relapse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Martina Kirsch
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Anne Jorde
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg; Germany
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Morozova TV, Huang W, Pray VA, Whitham T, Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. Polymorphisms in early neurodevelopmental genes affect natural variation in alcohol sensitivity in adult drosophila. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:865. [PMID: 26503115 PMCID: PMC4624176 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are significant public health problems, but the genetic basis for individual variation in alcohol sensitivity remains poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster presents a powerful model system for dissecting the genetic underpinnings that determine individual variation in alcohol-related phenotypes. We performed genome wide association analyses for alcohol sensitivity using the sequenced, inbred lines of the D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) together with extreme QTL mapping in an advanced intercross population derived from sensitive and resistant DGRP lines. RESULTS The DGRP harbors substantial genetic variation for alcohol sensitivity and tolerance. We identified 247 candidate genes affecting alcohol sensitivity in the DGRP or the DGRP-derived advanced intercross population, some of which met a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold, while others occurred among the top candidate genes associated with variation in alcohol sensitivity in multiple analyses. Among these were candidate genes associated with development and function of the nervous system, including several genes in the Dopamine decarboxylase (Ddc) cluster involved in catecholamine synthesis. We found that 58 of these genes formed a genetic interaction network. We verified candidate genes using mutational analysis, targeted gene disruption through RNAi knock-down and transcriptional profiling. Two-thirds of the candidate genes have been implicated in previous Drosophila, mouse and human studies of alcohol-related phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Individual variation in alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila is highly polygenic and in part determined by variation in evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that are associated with catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis and early development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Morozova
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Victoria A Pray
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Grotewiel M, Bettinger JC. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans as Discovery Platforms for Genes Involved in Human Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1292-311. [PMID: 26173477 PMCID: PMC4656040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the profound clinical significance and strong heritability of alcohol use disorder (AUD), we do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the naturally occurring genetic variance within the human genome that drives its development. This lack of understanding is likely to be due in part to the large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities that underlie human AUD. As a complement to genetic studies in humans, many laboratories are using the invertebrate model organisms (iMOs) Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) to identify genetic mechanisms that influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on behavior. While these extremely powerful models have identified many genes that influence the behavioral responses to alcohol, in most cases it has remained unclear whether results from behavioral-genetic studies in iMOs are directly applicable to understanding the genetic basis of human AUD. METHODS In this review, we critically evaluate the utility of the fly and worm models for identifying genes that influence AUD in humans. RESULTS Based on results published through early 2015, studies in flies and worms have identified 91 and 50 genes, respectively, that influence 1 or more aspects of behavioral responses to alcohol. Collectively, these fly and worm genes correspond to 293 orthologous genes in humans. Intriguingly, 51 of these 293 human genes have been implicated in AUD by at least 1 study in human populations. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses strongly suggest that the Drosophila and C. elegans models have considerable utility for identifying orthologs of genes that influence human AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Hart AB, Kranzler HR. Alcohol Dependence Genetics: Lessons Learned From Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Post-GWAS Analyses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1312-27. [PMID: 26110981 PMCID: PMC4515198 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex psychiatric disorder and a significant public health problem. Twin and family-based studies have consistently estimated its heritability to be approximately 50%, and many studies have sought to identify specific genetic variants associated with susceptibility to AD. These studies have been primarily linkage or candidate gene based and have been mostly unsuccessful in identifying replicable risk loci. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved the detection of specific loci associated with complex traits, including AD. However, findings from GWAS explain only a small proportion of phenotypic variance, and alternative methods have been proposed to investigate the associations that do not meet strict genome-wide significance criteria. METHODS This review summarizes all published AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses that have sought to exploit GWAS data to identify AD-associated loci. RESULTS Findings from AD GWAS have been largely inconsistent, with the exception of variants encoding the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Analyses of GWAS data that go beyond standard association testing have demonstrated the polygenic nature of AD and the large contribution of common variants to risk, nominating novel genes and pathways for AD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Findings from AD GWAS and post-GWAS analyses have greatly increased our understanding of the genetic etiology of AD. However, it is clear that larger samples will be necessary to detect loci in addition to those that encode alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, which may only be possible through consortium-based efforts. Post-GWAS approaches to studying the genetic influences on AD are increasingly common and could greatly increase our knowledge of both the genetic architecture of AD and the specific genes and pathways that influence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Hart
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Philadelphia VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Meyers JL, Salvatore JE, Vuoksimaa E, Korhonen T, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick DM. Genetic influences on alcohol use behaviors have diverging developmental trajectories: a prospective study among male and female twins. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2869-77. [PMID: 25421521 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both alcohol-specific genetic factors and genetic factors related to externalizing behavior influence problematic alcohol use. Little is known, however, about the etiologic role of these 2 components of genetic risk on alcohol-related behaviors across development. Prior studies conducted in a male cohort of twins suggest that externalizing genetic factors are important for predicting heavy alcohol use in adolescence, whereas alcohol-specific genetic factors increase in importance during the transition to adulthood. In this report, we studied twin brothers and sisters and brother-sister twin pairs to examine such developmental trajectories and investigate whether sex and cotwin sex effects modify these genetic influences. METHODS We used prospective, longitudinal twin data collected between ages 12 and 22 within the population-based FinnTwin12 cohort study (analytic n = 1,864). Our dependent measures of alcohol use behaviors included alcohol initiation (age 12), intoxication frequency (ages 14 and 17), and alcohol dependence criteria (age 22). Each individual's genetic risk of alcohol use disorders (AUD-GR) was indexed by his/her parents' and cotwin's DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence (AD) criterion counts. Likewise, each individual's genetic risk of externalizing disorders (EXT-GR) was indexed with a composite measure of parents' and cotwin's DSM-IV Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder criterion counts. RESULTS EXT-GR was most strongly related to alcohol use behaviors during adolescence, while AUD-GR was most strongly related to alcohol problems in young adulthood. Further, sex of the twin and sex of the cotwin significantly moderated the associations between genetic risk and alcohol use behaviors across development: AUD-GR influenced early adolescent alcohol use behaviors in females more than in males, and EXT-GR influenced age 22 AD more in males than in females. In addition, the associations of AUD-GR and EXT-GR with intoxication frequency were greater among 14- and 17-year-old females with twin brothers. CONCLUSIONS We found divergent developmental trajectories for alcohol-specific and externalizing behavior-related genetic influences on alcohol use behaviors; in early adolescence, genetic influences on alcohol use behaviors are largely nonspecific, and later in adolescence and young adulthood, alcohol-specific genetic influences on alcohol use are more influential. Importantly, within these overall trajectories, several interesting sex differences emerged. We found that the relationship between genetic risk and problematic drinking across development is moderated by the individual's sex and his/her cotwin's sex. AUD-GR influenced adolescent alcohol outcomes in females more than in males and by age 22, EXT-GR influenced AD criteria more for males than females. In addition, the association between genetic risk and intoxication frequency was greater among 14- and 17-year-old females with male cotwins.
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Samochowiec J, Samochowiec A, Puls I, Bienkowski P, Schott BH. Genetics of alcohol dependence: a review of clinical studies. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:77-94. [PMID: 25359488 DOI: 10.1159/000364826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Alcohol dependence is a common severe psychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology. Since the completion of the human genome project and with the increased availability of high-throughput genotyping, multiple genetic risk factors for substance-related disorders, including alcohol dependence, have been identified, but not all results could be replicated. METHODS We systematically review the clinical literature on genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence and alcohol-related phenotypes, including candidate gene-based studies, linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Irrespectively of the methodology employed, the most robust findings regarding genetic risk factors for alcohol dependence concern genetic variations that affect alcohol metabolism. GWAS confirm the importance of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster on chromosome 4 in the genetic risk for alcohol dependence with multiple variants that exert a small, but cumulative influence. A single variant with strong influence on individual risk is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ALDHD2*2 variant common in Asian populations. Other robust associations have been found with previously uncharacterized genes like KIAA0040, and such observations can lead to the identification of thus far unknown signaling pathways. Converging evidence also points to a role of glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter signaling in the risk for alcohol dependence, but effects are small, and gene-environment interactions further increase the complexity. CONCLUSION With few exceptions like ALDH2*2, the contribution of individual genetic variants to the risk for alcohol-related disorders is small. However, the concentration of risk variants within neurotransmitter signaling pathways may help to deepen our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and thereby contribute to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: A stratified approach. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:10-24. [PMID: 25985735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a common disorder in many societies worldwide, and remains difficult to identify and treat. It is also a risk factor for many secondary non-communicable diseases. Pharmacotherapy is one available treatment option, but appears to be underutilised in practice. Major barriers to use of medications in this area include lack of clinical guidance and questionable efficacy. However, for each medication there appears to be a subpopulation that responds positively, and understanding the moderating factors to treatment efficacy is an important research goal. Thus, this review provides a narrative regarding potential stratification techniques in pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence, with a specific focus on typologies and pharmacogenetics. In addition, we discuss the basic background of stratified medicine and recent studies on genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence. A growing repository of data exists for both approved and non-approved pharmacotherapies, but failure to replicate findings, inadequate sample sizes, and insufficient funding has resulted in a translational gap. Implementing evidence-based stratified/personalised therapy and identifying new therapeutic agents may lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced financial burden. Despite some promising findings to date, much work is still required.
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Forero DA, López-León S, Shin HD, Park BL, Kim DJ. Meta-analysis of six genes (BDNF, DRD1, DRD3, DRD4, GRIN2B and MAOA) involved in neuroplasticity and the risk for alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:259-63. [PMID: 25660313 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related problems have a large impact on human health, accounting for around 4% of deaths and 4.5% of disability-adjusted life-years around the world. Genetic factors could explain a significant fraction of the risk for alcohol dependence (AD). Recent meta-analyses have found significant pooled odds ratios (ORs) for variants in the ADH1B, ADH1C, DRD2 and HTR2A genes. METHODS In the present study, we carried out a meta-analysis of common variants in 6 candidate genes involved in neurotransmission and neuroplasticity: BDNF, DRD1, DRD3, DRD4, GRIN2B and MAOA. We carried out a systematic search for published association studies that analyzed the genes of interest. Relevant articles were retrieved and demographic and genetic data were extracted. Pooled ORs were calculated using a random-effects model using the Meta-Analyst program. Dominant, recessive and allelic models were tested and analyses were also stratified by ethnicity. RESULTS Forty two published studies were included in the current meta-analysis: BDNF-rs6265 (nine studies), DRD1-rs4532 (four studies), DRD3-rs6280 (eleven studies), DRD4-VNTR (seven studies), GRIN2B-rs1806201 (three studies) and MAOA-uVNTR (eight studies). We did not find significant pooled ORs for any of the six genes, under different models and stratifying for ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS In terms of the number of candidate genes included, this is one of the most comprehensive meta-analyses for genetics of AD. Pooled ORs did not support consistent associations with any of the six candidate genes tested. Future studies of novel genes of functional relevance and meta-analyses of quantitative endophenotypes could identify further susceptibility molecular factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Forero
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kilcoyne B, Shmulewitz D, Meyers JL, Aharonovich E, Greenstein E, Frisch A, Weizman A, Spivak B, Edenberg HJ, Gelernter J, Hasin DS. Alcohol consumption mediates the relationship between ADH1B and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder and criteria. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 75:635-42. [PMID: 24988262 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A single nucleotide variation in the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) gene, rs1229984, produces an ADH1B enzyme with faster acetaldehyde production. This protective variant is associated with lower alcohol consumption and lower risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Based on the premise that faster ADH1B kinetics decreases alcohol consumption, we formally tested if the association between ADH1B variant rs1229984 and AUDs occurs through consumption. We also tested whether the association between rs1229984 and each of the 11 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), AUD criteria occurs through consumption. METHOD A total of 1,130 lifetime drinkers from an Israeli household sample were assessed with a structured interview and genotyped for rs1229984 (protective allele frequency = 0.28). Logistic regression evaluated the association between rs1229984 and each phenotype (AUDs, 11 individual DSM-IV criteria). For phenotypes significantly related to rs1229984, the effect through consumption was tested with logistic regression and bootstrapping. RESULTS ADH1B rs1229984 was significantly associated with AUDs and six criteria, with odds ratios ranging from 1.32 to 1.96. The effect through consumption was significant for these relationships, explaining 23%-74% of the total ADH1B effect. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that ADH1B rs1229984 is related to 6 of the 11 DSM-IV AUD criteria and that alcohol consumption explained a significant proportion of these associations and the association of ADH1B with AUDs. Better understanding of the relationship between ADH1B and the DSM-IV AUD criteria, including effects through consumption, will enhance our understanding of the etiologic model through which AUDs can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari Kilcoyne
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Amos Frisch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel, Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Baruch Spivak
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Manzardo AM, McGuire A, Butler MG. Clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from the brain in alcoholism with representation on high resolution chromosome ideograms. Gene 2015; 560:184-94. [PMID: 25655461 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism arises from combined effects of multiple biological factors including genetic and non-genetic causes with gene/environmental interaction. Intensive research and advanced genetic technology has generated a long list of genes and biomarkers involved in alcoholism neuropathology. These markers reflect complex overlapping and competing effects of possibly hundreds of genes which impact brain structure, function, biochemical alcohol processing, sensitivity and risk for dependence. METHOD We compiled a tabular list of clinically relevant genetic biomarkers for alcoholism targeting expression disturbances in the human brain through an extensive search of keywords related to alcoholism, alcohol abuse, and genetics from peer reviewed medical research articles and related nationally sponsored websites. Gene symbols were then placed on high resolution human chromosome ideograms with gene descriptions in tabular form. RESULTS We identified 337 clinically relevant genetic biomarkers and candidate genes for alcoholism and alcohol-responsiveness from human brain research. Genetic biomarkers included neurotransmitter pathways associated with brain reward processes for dopaminergic (e.g., DRD2, MAOA, and COMT), serotoninergic (e.g., HTR3A, HTR1B, HTR3B, and SLC6A4), GABAergic (e.g., GABRA1, GABRA2, and GABRG1), glutaminergic (GAD1, GRIK3, and GRIN2C) and opioid (e.g., OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) pathways which presumably impact reinforcing properties of alcohol. Gene level disturbances in cellular and molecular networks impacted by alcohol and alcoholism pathology include transketolase (TKT), transferrin (TF), and myelin (e.g., MBP, MOBP, and MOG). CONCLUSIONS High resolution chromosome ideograms provide investigators, physicians, geneticists and counselors a convenient visual image of the distribution of alcoholism genetic biomarkers from brain research with alphabetical listing of genes in tabular form allowing comparison between alcoholism-related phenotypes, and clinically-relevant alcoholism gene(s) at the chromosome band level to guide research, diagnosis, and treatment. Chromosome ideograms may facilitate gene-based personalized counseling of alcohol dependent individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Austen McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Juraeva D, Treutlein J, Scholz H, Frank J, Degenhardt F, Cichon S, Ridinger M, Mattheisen M, Witt SH, Lang M, Sommer WH, Hoffmann P, Herms S, Wodarz N, Soyka M, Zill P, Maier W, Jünger E, Gaebel W, Dahmen N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Steffens M, Lucae S, Ising M, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Mann K, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Brors B, Rietschel M. XRCC5 as a risk gene for alcohol dependence: evidence from a genome-wide gene-set-based analysis and follow-up studies in Drosophila and humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:361-71. [PMID: 25035082 PMCID: PMC4443948 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors have as large role as environmental factors in the etiology of alcohol dependence (AD). Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) enable systematic searches for loci not hitherto implicated in the etiology of AD, many true findings may be missed owing to correction for multiple testing. The aim of the present study was to circumvent this limitation by searching for biological system-level differences, and then following up these findings in humans and animals. Gene-set-based analysis of GWAS data from 1333 cases and 2168 controls identified 19 significantly associated gene-sets, of which 5 could be replicated in an independent sample. Clustered in these gene-sets were novel and previously identified susceptibility genes. The most frequently present gene, ie in 6 out of 19 gene-sets, was X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 5 (XRCC5). Previous human and animal studies have implicated XRCC5 in alcohol sensitivity. This phenotype is inversely correlated with the development of AD, presumably as more alcohol is required to achieve the desired effects. In the present study, the functional role of XRCC5 in AD was further validated in animals and humans. Drosophila mutants with reduced function of Ku80-the homolog of mammalian XRCC5-due to RNAi silencing showed reduced sensitivity to ethanol. In humans with free access to intravenous ethanol self-administration in the laboratory, the maximum achieved blood alcohol concentration was influenced in an allele-dose-dependent manner by genetic variation in XRCC5. In conclusion, our convergent approach identified new candidates and generated independent evidence for the involvement of XRCC5 in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilafruz Juraeva
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrike Scholz
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monika Ridinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Lang
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Wodarz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Soyka
- Private Hospital Meiringen, Meiringen, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Dahmen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Schmäl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- Division of Research, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Psychiatric Pharmacogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Ulrich S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, München, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany,Institute of Translational Medicine Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany, Tel: +49 621 1703 6051, Fax: +49 621 1703 6055, E-mail:
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48
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Olfson E, Edenberg HJ, Nurnberger J, Agrawal A, Bucholz KK, Almasy LA, Chorlian D, Dick DM, Hesselbrock VM, Kramer JR, Kuperman S, Porjesz B, Schuckit MA, Tischfield JA, Wang JC, Wetherill L, Foroud TM, Rice J, Goate A, Bierut LJ. An ADH1B variant and peer drinking in progression to adolescent drinking milestones: evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2541-9. [PMID: 25257461 PMCID: PMC4256939 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent drinking is an important public health concern, one that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The functional variant rs1229984 in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) has been associated at a genome-wide level with alcohol use disorders in diverse adult populations. However, few data are available regarding whether this variant influences early drinking behaviors and whether social context moderates this effect. This study examines the interplay between rs1229984 and peer drinking in the development of adolescent drinking milestones. METHODS One thousand five hundred and fifty European and African American individuals who had a full drink of alcohol before age 18 were selected from a longitudinal study of youth as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Cox proportional hazards regression, with G × E product terms in the final models, was used to study 2 primary outcomes during adolescence: age of first intoxication and age of first DSM-5 alcohol use disorder symptom. RESULTS The minor A allele of rs1229984 was associated with a protective effect for first intoxication (HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76) and first DSM-5 symptom (HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.77) in the final models. Reporting that most or all best friends drink was associated with a hazardous effect for first intoxication (HR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.01) and first DSM-5 symptom (HR = 2.17, 95% 1.88 to 2.50) in the final models. Furthermore, there was a significant G × E interaction for first intoxication (p = 0.002) and first DSM-5 symptom (p = 0.01). Among individuals reporting none or few best friends drinking, the ADH1B variant had a protective effect for adolescent drinking milestones, but for those reporting most or all best friends drinking, this effect was greatly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the risk factor of best friends drinking attenuates the protective effect of a well-established ADH1B variant for 2 adolescent drinking behaviors. These findings illustrate the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the development of drinking milestones during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Olfson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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49
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Derks EM, Vink JM, Willemsen G, van den Brink W, Boomsma DI. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and self-reported problem drinking in 6024 Dutch twins. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2673-2683. [PMID: 24957628 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown a positive association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and problematic alcohol use in adults. To what extent this association is explained by genetic and environmental factors is largely unknown. METHOD Data on ADHD and alcohol consumption were collected by self-report in 6024 adult Dutch twins. ADHD symptoms were assessed by three subscales of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales - Self-Report: Screening Version (CAARS-S:SV): inattentiveness, hyperactivity and the ADHD index (ADHD-I). Problem drinking was defined as at least two self-reported alcohol-related problems on the CAGE questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was applied to the bivariate twin data to estimate genetic and environmental influences. RESULTS Heritability of ADHD symptoms ranged between 32% and 40% and heritability of problem drinking was 50%. The positive correlation between ADHD symptoms and problem drinking was confirmed in this general population sample, with phenotypic correlations between 0.20 and 0.28 and genetic correlations between 0.39 and 0.50. Phenotypic correlations are primarily (61-100%) explained by genetic influences with non-shared environmental influences explaining the remaining covariance. No significant quantitative or qualitative gender differences in covariance structure were found. CONCLUSIONS This study convincingly shows that ADHD symptoms and problem drinking are moderately but significantly correlated in adults and that genetic correlations are primarily underlying this association. This suggests that early interventions are required to prevent adolescents with ADHD from developing problematic levels of alcohol use. Furthermore, clinicians who treat alcohol-dependent patients should be aware that the patient may have a co-morbid condition of ADHD; integrated interventions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Centre,The Netherlands
| | - J M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, The Netherlands Twin Register,VU University Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - G Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, The Netherlands Twin Register,VU University Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - W van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry,Academic Medical Centre,The Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, The Netherlands Twin Register,VU University Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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50
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McClintick JN, Brooks AI, Deng L, Liang L, Wang JC, Kapoor M, Xuei X, Foroud T, Tischfield JA, Edenberg HJ. Ethanol treatment of lymphoblastoid cell lines from alcoholics and non-alcoholics causes many subtle changes in gene expression. Alcohol 2014; 48:603-10. [PMID: 25129674 PMCID: PMC4730944 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of a controlled exposure to ethanol on gene expression, we studied lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 21 alcoholics and 21 controls. We cultured each cell line for 24 h with and without 75 mM ethanol and measured gene expression using microarrays. Differences in expression between LCLs from alcoholics and controls included 13 genes previously identified as associated with alcoholism or related traits, including KCNA3, DICER1, ZNF415, CAT, SLC9A9, and PPARGC1B. The paired design allowed us to detect very small changes due to ethanol treatment: ethanol altered the expression of 37% of the probe sets (51% of the unique named genes) expressed in these LCLs, most by modest amounts. Ninety-nine percent of the named genes expressed in the LCLs were also expressed in brain. Key pathways affected by ethanol include cytokine, TNF, and NFκB signaling. Among the genes affected by ethanol were ANK3, EPHB1, SLC1A1, SLC9A9, NRD1, and SH3BP5, which were reported to be associated with alcoholism or related phenotypes in 2 genome-wide association studies. Genes that either differed in expression between alcoholics and controls or were affected by ethanol exposure are candidates for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew I Brooks
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jen C Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, B8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Psychiatry, B8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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