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Hirsch F, Bumanglag Â, Zhang Y, Wohlschlaeger A. Diverging functional connectivity timescales: Capturing distinct aspects of cognitive performance in early psychosis. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 43:103657. [PMID: 39208481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis spectrum disorders (PSDs) are marked by cognitive impairments, the neurobiological correlates of which remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the entropy of time-varying functional connectivity (TVFC) patterns from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) as potential biomarker for cognitive performance in PSDs. By combining our results with multimodal reference data, we hope to generate new insights into the mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in PSDs. We hypothesized that low-entropy TVFC patterns (LEN) would be more behaviorally informative than high-entropy TVFC patterns (HEN), especially for tasks that require extensive integration across diverse cognitive subdomains. METHODS rs-fMRI and behavioral data from 97 patients in the early phases of psychosis and 53 controls were analyzed. Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were taken from a public repository (Hansen et al., 2022). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine relationships between TVFC patterns at multiple spatial scales and cognitive performance in patients. RESULTS Compared to HEN, LEN explained significantly more cognitive variance on average in PSD patients, driven by superior encoding of information on psychometrically more integrated tasks. HEN better captured information in specific subdomains of executive functioning. Nodal HEN-LEN transitions were spatially aligned with neurobiological gradients reflecting monoaminergic transporter densities and MEG beta-power. Exploratory analyses revealed a close statistical relationship between LEN and positive symptom severity in patients. CONCLUSION Our entropy-based analysis of TVFC patterns dissociates distinct aspects of cognition in PSDs. By linking topographies of neurotransmission and oscillatory dynamics with cognitive performance, it enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in PSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hirsch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Ângelo Bumanglag
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Afra Wohlschlaeger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum R.d.Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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Richson BN, Abber SR, Wierenga CE. Conceptualizing avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder via an executive functioning lens. Int J Eat Disord 2024. [PMID: 38804560 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a heterogeneous disorder wherein restrictive eating is primarily attributed to non-shape/weight-based reasons (e.g., sensory sensitivity) that empirical research continues to explore. Mounting evidence suggests that ARFID often presents alongside neurodevelopmental diagnoses (NDs) or divergent neurodevelopment broadly. Executive functioning (EF) differences often characterize divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories. Additionally, restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa has been conceptualized as related to EF factors (e.g., set shifting). Given the neurodevelopmental phenotype that may be associated with ARFID and the role of EF in anorexia nervosa, this paper proposes EF as a potentially important, yet understudied factor in ARFID pathology. We posit that various observed ARFID behavioral/cognitive tendencies can be conceptualized in relation to EF differences. We contextualize commonly observed ARFID presentations within "core" EF components (i.e., cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibitory control), leading to hypotheses about EF in ARFID. Finally, we offer additional considerations/directions for future research on EF in ARFID. Increased research on EF in ARFID is needed to consider this potential common factor in the etiology and maintenance of this heterogeneous disorder. We aim to promote further consideration of EF in ARFID etiology, maintenance, and treatment-outcome research. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: This article proposes that aspects of executive functioning (EF) may play a role in the onset and maintenance of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), although this notion is largely untested by existing research. Further research on the role of EF in ARFID may assist with refining models and treatments for this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne N Richson
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sophie R Abber
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, California, USA
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Hirsch F, Bumanglag Â, Zhang Y, Wohlschlaeger A. Diverging functional connectivity timescales: Capturing distinct aspects of cognitive performance in early psychosis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.07.24306932. [PMID: 38766002 PMCID: PMC11100938 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.24306932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Psychosis spectrum disorders (PSDs) are marked by cognitive impairments, the neurobiological correlates of which remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the entropy of time-varying functional connectivity (TVFC) patterns from resting-state fMRI (rfMRI) as potential biomarker for cognitive performance in PSDs. By combining our results with multimodal reference data, we hope to generate new insights into the mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in PSDs. We hypothesized that low-entropy TVFC patterns (LEN) would be more behaviorally informative than high-entropy TVFC patterns (HEN), especially for tasks that require extensive integration across diverse cognitive subdomains. Methods rfMRI and behavioral data from 97 patients in the early phases of psychosis and 53 controls were analyzed. Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were taken from a public repository (Hansen et al., 2022). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine relationships between TVFC patterns at multiple spatial scales and cognitive performance in patients. Results Compared to HEN, LEN explained significantly more cognitive variance on average in PSD patients, driven by superior encoding of information on psychometrically more integrated tasks. HEN better captured information in specific subdomains of executive functioning. Nodal HEN-LEN transitions were spatially aligned with neurobiological gradients reflecting monoaminergic transporter densities and MEG beta power. Exploratory analyses revealed a close statistical relationship between LEN and positive PSD symptoms. Conclusion Our entropy-based analysis of TVFC patterns dissociates distinct aspects of cognition in PSDs. By linking topographies of neurotransmission and oscillatory dynamics with cognitive performance, it enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in PSDs. CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement Fabian Hirsch: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization; Ângelo Bumanglag: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing; Yifei Zhang: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing; Afra Wohlschlaeger: Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration.
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Gerber KS, Alvarez G, Alamian A, Behar-Zusman V, Downs CA. Symptoms and Functional Outcomes Among Traumatic Brain Injury Patients 3- to 12-Months Post-Injury. J Trauma Nurs 2024; 31:72-81. [PMID: 38484161 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience a variety of physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms. However, the evolution of symptoms, especially during the 3- to 12-month convalescence period (when recovery of function is still possible), is understudied. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify symptoms and the relationships with functional outcomes that occur during the 3- to 12-month period after a TBI. METHODS Participants who were 3 to 12 months post-TBI were recruited from a South Florida TBI clinic from May 2022 to June 2023. Clinical data were obtained from the electronic health record. Participants completed the Brain Injury Association of Virginia Symptom Checklist, Neuro-Quality of Life Cognitive Function, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Disturbance assessments to report symptoms, and the Disability Rating Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize demographics and symptoms. Linear regression was performed to analyze the relationships between symptoms and outcomes. RESULTS A total of N = 39 patients participated in the study. Memory problems and difficulty concentrating were the most common symptoms. Hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, cognitive, and physical symptoms were significantly associated with the Disability Rating Scale score. Physical, cognitive, depressive, and anxiety symptoms had significant associations with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. CONCLUSION Cognitive symptoms should be integrated into the clinical care of rehabilitating TBI patients. Nurses should monitor for physical, affective, and cognitive symptoms during the recovery phase of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Gerber
- Author Affiliations: Departments of Nursing, University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Coral Gables, Florida, (Drs Gerber, Alamian, Behar-Zusman, and Downs); and Departments of Neurorehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (Dr Alvarez)
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Sepe-Forrest L, Bailey AJ, Quinn PD, Carver FW, Hetrick WP, O’Donnell BF. Alcohol consumption's effects on working memory: Examining familial confounding. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:153-159. [PMID: 37326533 PMCID: PMC10721736 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to provide a more rigorous test of the causal hypothesis that chronic alcohol use impairs working memory performance. METHOD We measured linear associations between a latent factor representing alcohol consumption and accuracy across four working memory tasks before and after accounting for familial confounding using a cotwin control design. Specifically, this study examined accuracy through a latent working memory score, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox List Sorting, NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence, Penn Word Memory, and 2-back tasks. The study included data from 158 dizygotic and 278 monozygotic twins (Mage = 29 ± 3 years). RESULTS In our initial sample-wide analysis, we did not detect any statistically significant associations between alcohol use and working memory accuracy. However, our cotwin control analyses showed that twins with greater levels of alcohol use exhibited worse scores on the latent working memory composite measure (B = -.25, CI [-.43, -.08], p < .01), Picture Sequence (B = -.31, CI [-.55, -.08], p < .01), and List Sorting (B = -.28, CI [-.51, -.06 ], p = .01) tasks than did their cotwins. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a potentially causal relationship between alcohol use and working memory performance that can be detected only after accounting for confounding familial factors. This highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms that may underlie negative associations between alcohol use and cognitive performance, as well as the potential factors that influence both alcohol behaviors and cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Sepe-Forrest
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
| | - Allen J. Bailey
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Patrick D. Quinn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
- School of Public Health, Indiana University
| | | | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
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Rozzell‐Voss KN, Klimek‐Johnson P, Eichen DM, Brown TA, Blashill AJ. Executive function differences as a function of parent-reported binge eating and weight: Results from the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e703. [PMID: 38263994 PMCID: PMC10804330 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Binge eating is a relatively common disordered eating behavior among children, and is associated with poor health outcomes. Executive function (EF)-higher order cognitive abilities related to planning and impulse control-may be implicated in both binge eating and pediatric obesity. Although EF deficits are evident among individuals with obesity and/or binge eating, findings are mixed across the lifespan. Methods The present study examined differences in EF among children with varying weight statuses and parent-reported binge eating. The sample included 10,017 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, aged 9-10 years. Results Children with parent-reported binge eating-either with overweight/obesity or normal weight-had significantly lower EF than those with no binge eating and a normal weight status but did not differ from those with no binge eating and overweight/obesity. Children with no binge eating and overweight/obesity also had statistically significantly lower EF than those with normal weight status. Although all significant differences between groups were negligible to very small, results may indicate similar neurocognitive profiles among children with binge eating and those with overweight/obesity. Conclusions Alterations in EF among children with binge eating may not be solely related to weight-specific factors, as significant differences also emerged among children with normal weight status, with versus without parent-reported binge eating. Future research is needed to understand temporal associations between obesity, disordered eating, and neurocognition in children using multi-informant methods for assessing binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aaron J. Blashill
- San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical PsychologySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Wallace J, Ceschin R, Lee VK, Beluk NH, Burns C, Beers S, Lo C, Panigrahy A, Badaly D. Psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries among children and adolescents with congenital heart defects. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38247350 PMCID: PMC11260899 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2302690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox offers brief, computerized measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning. However, its psychometric properties were established among typically developing children and adolescents. The current study provides the first comprehensive assessment of its psychometric properties among young patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). We prospectively recruited 58 patients with CHD and 80 healthy controls between the ages of 6 and 17. Participants completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries, a battery of clinician-administered neuropsychological tests, and ratings of their quality of life. Their parents also completed ratings of their functioning. On the Cognition Battery, we found expectable group differences and developmentally expected gains across ages. For the most part, composites and subtests were significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures of similar constructs. Higher scores were generally associated with ratings of better day-to-day functioning among children with CHD. On the Emotion Battery, we found no significant group differences, echoing prior research. For the most part, scales showed acceptable internal consistency among both groups. There was adequate construct coherence for most of questionnaires among healthy control but not participants with CHD. Correlations with a comparison tool were largely within expectable directions. The NIH Toolbox may provide a valid and useful assessment of cognitive functioning among youths with CHD. While it may offer reliable and valid scales of psychosocial functioning, further research is needed to understand the meaningfulness of the scales for participants with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wallace
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Vince K. Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nancy H. Beluk
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cheryl Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Sue Beers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
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Mollusky A, Reynolds-Lallement N, Lee D, Zhong JY, Magnusson KR. Investigating the effects of age and prior military service on fluid and crystallized cognitive functions using virtual morris water maze (vMWM) and NIH Toolbox tasks. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105156. [PMID: 37604015 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Much of current knowledge of aging involves war veterans and research about age-related cognitive changes in veterans involves generalized or single function tests or health or neurological disorders. The current study examined military service within the context of comparisons of young and old humans involving generally healthy individuals to address normal age-associated cognitive changes. Adult participants included 11 young females (8 non-veterans; 3 veterans; 21-31 years), 5 young males (non-veterans, 21-24 years), 9 older females (non-veterans, 62-80 years), and 21 older males (11 non-veterans; 10 veterans; 60-86 years). They were tested in virtual Morris water maze (vMWM) tasks, which were designed to test spatial learning, cognitive flexibility and working memory, similar to rodent studies, and were validated by correlations with specific NIH Toolbox (NIH-TB) Cognitive Battery or Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) Logical Memory I and II tests. Significant age-related deficits were seen on multiple vMWM tasks and NIH-TB fluid cognition tasks. Among older males, vMWM tasks appeared to be more sensitive, based on finding statistical differences, to prior military service than NIH Toolbox tasks. Compared with male non-veterans of comparable age and younger, older male veterans exhibited significant deficits in spatial learning, cognitive flexibility, and working memory on vMWM tasks. Our findings support continued development and characterization of vMWM tasks that are comparable between rodents and humans for translating aging interventions between species, and provide impetus for larger investigations examining the extent to which prior military service can serve as a "hidden" variable in normal biological declines of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Mollusky
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Nadjalisse Reynolds-Lallement
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Dylan Lee
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Jimmy Y Zhong
- Department of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Australia (Singapore campus), Singapore 387380, Singapore; College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia (Singapore campus), Singapore 387380, Singapore; Georgia State/Georgia Tech Center for Advanced Brain Imaging (CABI), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States
| | - Kathy R Magnusson
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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Flaherty MM, Price R, Murgia S, Manukian E. Can Playing a Game Improve Children's Speech Recognition? A Preliminary Study of Implicit Talker Familiarity Effects. Am J Audiol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 38056473 DOI: 10.1044/2023_aja-23-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal was to evaluate whether implicit talker familiarization via an interactive computer game, designed for this study, could improve children's word recognition in classroom noise. It was hypothesized that, regardless of age, children would perform better when recognizing words spoken by the talker who was heard during the game they played. METHOD Using a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design, this study examined the impact of short-term implicit voice exposure on children's word recognition in classroom noise. Implicit voice familiarization occurred via an interactive computer game, played at home for 10 min a day for 5 days. In the game, children (8-12 years) heard one voice, intended to become the "familiar talker." Pre- and postfamiliarization, children identified words in prerecorded classroom noise. Four conditions were tested to evaluate talker familiarity and generalization effects. RESULTS Results demonstrated an 11% improvement when recognizing words spoken by the voice heard in the game ("familiar talker"). This was observed only for words that were heard in the game and did not generalize to unfamiliarized words. Before familiarization, younger children had poorer recognition than older children in all conditions; however, after familiarization, there was no effect of age on performance for familiarized stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Implicit short-term exposure to a talker has the potential to improve children's speech recognition. Therefore, leveraging talker familiarity through gameplay shows promise as a viable method for improving children's speech-in-noise recognition. However, given that improvements did not generalize to unfamiliarized words, careful consideration of exposure stimuli is necessary to optimize this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Flaherty
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
| | - Rachael Price
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
- Department of Audiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA
| | - Silvia Murgia
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
| | - Emma Manukian
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign
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Kwon M, Kim H, Yang J, Lee Y, Hur JK, Lee TH, Bjork JM, Ahn WY. Caffeinated Soda Intake in Children Is Associated with Neurobehavioral Risk Factors for Substance Misuse. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:79-89. [PMID: 37936270 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2259471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Use of psychotropic substances in childhood has been associated with both impulsivity and other manifestations of poor executive function as well as escalation over time to use of progressively stronger substances. However, how this relationship may start in earlier childhood has not been well explored. Here, we investigated the neurobehavioral correlates of daily caffeinated soda consumption in preadolescent children and examined whether caffeinated soda intake is associated with a higher risk of subsequent alcohol initiation. METHODS Using Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study data (N = 2,092), we first investigated cross-sectional relationships between frequent caffeinated soda intake and well-known risk factors of substance misuse: impaired working memory, high impulsivity, and aberrant reward processing. We then examined whether caffeinated soda intake at baseline predicts more alcohol sipping at 12 months follow-up using a machine learning algorithm. RESULTS Daily consumption of caffeinated soda was cross-sectionally associated with neurobehavioral risk factors for substance misuse such as higher impulsivity scores and lower working memory performance. Furthermore, caffeinated soda intake predicted a 2.04 times greater likelihood of alcohol sipping after 12 months, even after controlling for rates of baseline alcohol sipping rates. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that previous linkages between caffeine and substance use in adolescence also extend to younger initiation, and may stem from core neurocognitive features thought conducive to substance initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyeong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoseph Lee
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun K Hur
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - James M Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Woo-Young Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Stephenson KB, Wegner DR, Hershey TG, Doty T, Davis E, Steiner-Asiedu M, Saalia FK, Shani I, Manary MJ. Effect of Peanut Paste-based Ready-to-use School Meals With and Without Milk on Fluid Cognition in Northern Ghana: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:782-791. [PMID: 37567391 PMCID: PMC10579044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the role of school feeding in low- and middle-income countries as a means of improving childhood cognition. Peanut/milk ready-to-use food (PM-RUF) or cowpea offers an affordable, scalable option that might improve cognition. OBJECTIVES To determine whether micronutrient-fortified PM-RUF or peanut/cowpea ready-to-use food (PC-RUF) would improve fluid cognition as assessed by 4 tests from the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery when compared with a micronutrient-fortified millet porridge (FP) after a year of school feeding. METHODS An individually randomly assigned, investigator-blinded, controlled clinical trial was conducted at 6 schools in Mion District in rural northern Ghana. Eight hundred seventy-one school children aged 5-12 y were randomly assigned and allocated to receive PM-RUF (n = 282), PC-RUF (n = 292), or FP (n = 297), each providing ∼400 kcal/d. The primary outcomes were 4 fluid cognition test scores: Dimensional Change Card Sort test, Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention test, Pattern Comparison Processing Speed test, and a modified List Sorting Working Memory test. Secondary outcomes included a composite median ranking of the 4 primary outcomes and anthropometry changes. RESULTS Among the 871 participants (median age, 8.8 y; 47% female), 795 (91%) completed endline cognitive testing. Median attendance rates exceeded 87% in all groups. PM-RUF group demonstrated better fluid cognition on the Dimensional Change Card Sort test [odds ratio (OR): 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0; P = 0.016] and Pattern Comparison Processing Speed test (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.9; P = 0.026) than FP, whereas there were no significant differences on Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention or List Sorting Working Memory tests. PC-RUF group demonstrated no improvement over FP on any cognitive tests. PM-RUF group had superior fluid cognition composite median rankings (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Among rural Ghanaian children aged 5-12 y, PM-RUF compared with FP resulted in superior fluid cognition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04349007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Donna R Wegner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tamara G Hershey
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tasha Doty
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ephious Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Firibu K Saalia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Issah Shani
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Macphee FL, Brewer SK, Sibley MH, Graziano P, Raiker JS, Coxe SJ, Martin P, Van Dreel SJ, Rodriguez MO, Lyon AR, Page TF. Study protocol of a randomized trial of STRIPES: a schoolyear, peer-delivered high school intervention for students with ADHD. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:268. [PMID: 37670368 PMCID: PMC10481510 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth with ADHD are at risk of academic impairments, dropping out of high school, and dysfunction in young adulthood. Interventions delivered early in high school could prevent these harmful outcomes, yet few high school students with ADHD receive treatment due to limited access to intervention providers. This study will test a peer-delivered intervention (STRIPES) for general education 9th grade students with impairing ADHD symptoms. METHODS A type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation design will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of STRIPES and explore the intervention's implementability. Analyses will test the impact of STRIPES vs. enhanced school services control on target mechanisms and determine whether differences in basic cognitive profiles moderate intervention response. The acceptability and feasibility of STRIPES and treatment moderators will also be examined. DISCUSSION This study will generate knowledge about the effectiveness and implementability of STRIPES, which will inform dissemination efforts in the future. A peer-delivered high school intervention for organization, time management, and planning skills can provide accessible and feasible treatment targeting declines in academic motivation, grades, and attendance during the ninth-grade year. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered on OSF Registries (10.17605/OSF.IO/Q8V6S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Macphee
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Brewer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 6200 NE 74th St, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
| | - Margaret H Sibley
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo Graziano
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stefany J Coxe
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pablo Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shauntal J Van Dreel
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mercedes Ortiz Rodriguez
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron R Lyon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 6200 NE 74th St, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Timothy F Page
- Department of Management, H. Wayne Huizenga College of Business and Entrepreneurship Nova Southeastern University, Florida, USA
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13
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Ahmed S, Cano MÁ, Sánchez M, Hu N, Ibañez G. Effect of exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy on offspring's brain cortical thickness and neurocognitive functioning. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:588-606. [PMID: 35867480 PMCID: PMC9867783 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2103105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the long-term effects of maternal diabetes during pregnancy (DP), either gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes (type 1 or type 2), on offspring's brain morphometry and neurocognitive functioning (NCF). This study examined the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal DP on the brain structure and NCF in children between 9 and 10 years of age. This study used cross-sectional neuroimaging and NCF data from the baseline wave of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development® study. Exposure to maternal DP was assigned from the developmental history questionnaire. Differences in the brain cortical thickness (CTh) and five cognitive abilities (executive function, working and episodic memory, processing speed, and language abilities) were examined in diabetes-exposed and diabetes-unexposed children. Linear mixed effect models and generalized linear models were used to adjust for the effect of confounding variables. A total of 9,967 children (718 diabetes-exposed and 9249 unexposed) were included in the analysis. Diabetes-exposed children had lower whole-brain CTh [mean: exposed vs unexposed = 2.725 mm vs 2.732 mm; difference (95%CI): -0.007 mm (-0.013, -0.001)] compared to unexposed children after adjusting for confounding variables. Diabetes-exposed children had lower CTh in most part of the occipital lobe of both hemispheres, right postcentral gyrus, and left superior parietal cortex. Diabetes-exposed children also had lower scores in processing speed task [mean difference (95%CI): -1.7 (-2.8, -0.6)] and total cognition [mean difference (95%CI): -0.6 (-1.2, -0.02)]. Diabetes-exposed children have reduced CTh and NCF during preadolescence, which might have implications for psychomotor development during later life. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyfuddin Ahmed
- Corresponding author: Shyfuddin Ahmed, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 (level 4), Miami, Florida 33199, (786) 461-5574,
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Corresponding author: Shyfuddin Ahmed, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 (level 4), Miami, Florida 33199, (786) 461-5574,
| | - Mariana Sánchez
- Corresponding author: Shyfuddin Ahmed, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 (level 4), Miami, Florida 33199, (786) 461-5574,
| | - Nan Hu
- Corresponding author: Shyfuddin Ahmed, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 (level 4), Miami, Florida 33199, (786) 461-5574,
| | - Gladys Ibañez
- Corresponding author: Shyfuddin Ahmed, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-5 (level 4), Miami, Florida 33199, (786) 461-5574,
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14
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Shah VA, Cruz-Almeida Y, Roy A, Cenko E, Downey RJ, Ferris DP, Hass CJ, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Clark DJ, Manini TM, Seidler RD. Uneven terrain versus dual-task walking: differential challenges imposed on walking behavior in older adults are predicted by cognitive and sensorimotor function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.531779. [PMID: 36993462 PMCID: PMC10054936 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.531779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in walking function. To understand these mobility declines, many studies have obtained measurements while participants walk on flat surfaces in laboratory settings during concurrent cognitive task performance (dual-tasking). This may not adequately capture the real-world challenges of walking at home and around the community. Here, we hypothesized that uneven terrains in the walking path impose differential changes to walking speed compared to dual-task walking. We also hypothesized that changes in walking speed resulting from uneven terrains will be better predicted by sensorimotor function than cognitive function. Sixty-three community-dwelling older adults (65-93 yrs old) performed overground walking under varying walking conditions. Older adults were classified into two mobility function groups based on scores of the Short Physical Performance Battery. They performed uneven terrain walking across four surface conditions (Flat, Low, Medium, and High unevenness) and performed single and verbal dual-task walking on flat ground. Participants also underwent a battery of cognitive (cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibition) and sensorimotor testing (grip strength, 2-pt discrimination, pressure pain threshold). Our results showed that walking speed decreased during both dual-task walking and across uneven terrain walking conditions compared to walking on flat terrain. Participants with lower mobility function had even greater decreases in uneven terrain walking speeds. The change in uneven terrain speed was associated with attention and inhibitory function. Changes in both dual-task and uneven terrain walking speeds were associated with 2-point tactile discrimination. This study further documents associations between mobility, executive functions, and somatosensation, highlights the differential costs to walking imposed by uneven terrains, and identifies that older adults with lower mobility function are more likely to experience these changes to walking function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valay A Shah
- Dept. of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Dept. of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arkaprava Roy
- Dept. of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erta Cenko
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Dept. of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan J Downey
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chris J Hass
- Dept. of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - David J Clark
- Dept of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Manini
- Dept. of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Dept. of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Karr JE, Rodriguez JE, Rast P, Goh PK, Martel MM. A Network Analysis of Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01518-9. [PMID: 36890331 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This study applied network analysis to executive function test performances to examine differences in network parameters between demographically matched children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 141 per group; M = 12.7 ± 2.9 years-old; 72.3% boys, 66.7% White, 65.2% ≥ 12 years maternal education). All participants completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, including the Flanker, measuring inhibition, Dimensional Change Card Sort, measuring shifting, and List Sorting test, measuring working memory. Children with and without ADHD had comparable mean test performances (d range: .05-0.11) but presented with differences in network parameters. Among participants with ADHD, shifting was less central, had a weaker relationship with inhibition, and did not mediate the relationship between inhibition and working memory. These network characteristics were consistent with the executive function network structure of younger ages in prior research and may reflect an immature executive function network among children and adolescents with ADHD, aligning with the delayed maturation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive, 012D Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
| | - Josue E Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Rast
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick K Goh
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Michelle M Martel
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive, 012D Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
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16
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Wallace J, Ceschin R, Lee VK, Beluk NH, Burns C, Beers S, Lo C, Panigrahy A, Badaly D. Psychometric Properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries Among Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.11.23285800. [PMID: 36824875 PMCID: PMC9949204 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.11.23285800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective The NIH Toolbox offers brief, computerized measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning. However, its psychometric properties were established among typically developing children and adolescents. The current study provides the first comprehensive assessment of its psychometric properties among young patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). Study Design We prospectively recruited 58 patients with CHD and 80 healthy controls between the ages of 6 and 17. Participants completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries, a battery of clinician-administered neuropsychological tests, and ratings of their quality of life. Their parents also completed ratings of their functioning. Results On the Cognition Battery, we found expectable group differences and developmentally expected gains across ages. For the most part, composites and subtests were significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures of similar constructs. Higher scores were generally associated with ratings of better day-to-day functioning among children with CHD. On the Emotion Battery, we found no significant group differences, echoing prior research. For the most part, scales showed acceptable internal consistency among both groups. There was adequate construct coherence for most of questionnaires among healthy control but not participants with CHD. Correlations with a comparison tool were largely within expectable directions. Conclusion The NIH Toolbox may provide a valid and useful assessment of cognitive functioning among children and adolescents with CHD. While it may offer reliable and valid scales of psychosocial functioning, further research is needed to understand the meaningfulness of the scales for participants with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wallace
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Vince K. Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nancy H. Beluk
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cheryl Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Sue Beers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
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17
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Hall PA, Best JR, Beaton EA, Sakib MN, Danckert J. Morphology of the prefrontal cortex predicts body composition in early adolescence: cognitive mediators and environmental moderators in the ABCD Study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsab104. [PMID: 34471927 PMCID: PMC11305164 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological features of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in late childhood and early adolescence may provide important clues as to the developmental etiology of clinical conditions such as obesity. Body composition measurements and structural brain imaging were performed on 11 226 youth at baseline (age 9 or 10 years) and follow-up (age 11 or 12 years). Baseline morphological features of the lateral PFC were examined as predictors of body composition. Findings revealed reliable associations between middle frontal gyrus volume, thickness and surface area and multiple indices of body composition. These findings were consistent across both time points and remained significant after covariate adjustment. Cortical thicknesses of the inferior frontal gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex were also reliable predictors. Morphology effects on body composition were mediated by performance on a non-verbal reasoning task. Modest but reliable moderation effects were observed with respect to environmental self-regulatory demand after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, income and methodological variables. Overall findings suggest that PFC morphology is a reliable predictor of body composition in early adolescence, as mediated through select cognitive functions and partially moderated by environmental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hall
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John R Best
- Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Elliott A Beaton
- Department of Psychology, University of New
Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Mohammad N Sakib
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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18
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Chaku N, Barry K, Fowle J, Hoyt LT. Understanding patterns of heterogeneity in executive functioning during adolescence: Evidence from population-level data. Dev Sci 2022; 25:e13256. [PMID: 35238432 PMCID: PMC9901488 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF) is fundamental to positive development. Yet, little is known about how to best characterize constellations of EF skills that may inform disparate associations between EF and behavior during adolescence. In the current study, cross-validated latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to derive profiles of EF based on measures of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility using data from 11,672 youth (52.2% male, mean age = 9.91 years) in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. Four meaningful EF profiles emerged from the data representing Average EF, High EF, Low Inhibitory Control, and Low EF. Boys, youth from low-income households, and early developing youth were more likely to be in profiles distinguished by lower EF. Profile membership also predicted differences in externalizing, internalizing, and other problem behaviors assessed one year later. Findings indicate that youth may have distinct constellations of EF skills, underscoring the need for person-centered approaches that focus on patterns of individual characteristics.
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19
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Home learning environment and physical development impact children’s executive function development and literacy in rural Côte d’Ivoire. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Fernández‐Sánchez A, Redondo‐Tébar A, Sánchez‐López M, Visier‐Alfonso ME, Muñoz‐Rodríguez JR, Martínez‐Vizcaíno V. Sex differences on the relation among gross motor competence, cognition, and academic achievement in children. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:504-512. [PMID: 35614556 PMCID: PMC9790688 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An association between gross motor competence (GMC) and academic achievement (AA) has been described, but the potential mechanisms behind this association are still unknown. It is not known either whether these mechanisms are similar for boys and girls. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the association between GMC and AA is mediated by executive functions (EFs), and to investigate whether this mediation differs by sex. This cross-sectional study involved 451 children aged 8 to 10 (234 girls; mean age 9.95 ± 0.59). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2), NIH Toolbox, and grades in language and mathematics were used to test GMC, EFs, and AA, respectively. Multifactorial structural equation model (SEM) was used to evaluate a possible relation between variables, controlling for confounders. The differences by sex were examined using a multi-group SEM approach. The results showed that EFs acted as a full mediator of the relationship between GMC and AA in boys (β = 0.14, p = 0.012) but not in girls (β = 0.10, p = 0.326). These results show that the benefit of GMC on AA is mediated by EFs in boys but not in girls. Nevertheless, these conclusions should be carefully considered due to the cross-sectional nature of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández‐Sánchez
- Social and Health Research CenterUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCuencaSpain,Faculty of EducationUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | | | - Mairena Sánchez‐López
- Social and Health Research CenterUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCuencaSpain,Faculty of EducationUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | - María Eugenia Visier‐Alfonso
- Social and Health Research CenterUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCuencaSpain,Faculty of NursingUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCuencaSpain
| | - José Ramón Muñoz‐Rodríguez
- Translational Research UnitUniversity General Hospital of Ciudad Real, Servicio de Salud de Castilla‐La Mancha (SESCAM)Ciudad RealSpain,Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de Castilla La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
| | - Vicente Martínez‐Vizcaíno
- Social and Health Research CenterUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCuencaSpain,Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Autónoma de ChileTalcaChile
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21
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Merz EC, Strack J, Hurtado H, Vainik U, Thomas M, Evans A, Khundrakpam B. Educational attainment polygenic scores, socioeconomic factors, and cortical structure in children and adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4886-4900. [PMID: 35894163 PMCID: PMC9582364 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome‐wide polygenic scores for educational attainment (PGS‐EA) and socioeconomic factors, which are correlated with each other, have been consistently associated with academic achievement and general cognitive ability in children and adolescents. Yet, the independent associations of PGS‐EA and socioeconomic factors with specific underlying factors at the neural and neurocognitive levels are not well understood. The main goals of this study were to examine the unique contributions of PGS‐EA and parental education to cortical structure and neurocognitive skills in children and adolescents, and the associations among PGS‐EA, cortical structure, and neurocognitive skills. Participants were typically developing 3‐ to 21‐year‐olds (53% male; N = 391). High‐resolution, T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired, and cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) were measured. PGS‐EA were computed based on the EA3 genome‐wide association study of educational attainment. Participants completed executive function, vocabulary, and episodic memory tasks. Higher PGS‐EA and parental education were independently and significantly associated with greater total SA and vocabulary. Higher PGS‐EA was significantly associated with greater SA in the left medial orbitofrontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, which was associated with higher executive function. Higher parental education was significantly associated with greater SA in the left parahippocampal gyrus after accounting for PGS‐EA and total brain volume. These findings suggest that education‐linked genetics may influence SA in frontal regions, leading to variability in executive function. Associations of parental education with cortical structure in children and adolescents remained significant after controlling for PGS‐EA, a source of genetic confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Merz
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jordan Strack
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hailee Hurtado
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Uku Vainik
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alan Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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22
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Taylor BK, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wiesman AI, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. Reliability of the NIH toolbox cognitive battery in children and adolescents: a 3-year longitudinal examination. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1718-1727. [PMID: 33032665 PMCID: PMC8589010 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cognitive Battery of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox (NIH-TB) is a collection of assessments that have been adapted and normed for administration across the lifespan and is increasingly used in large-scale population-level research. However, despite increasing adoption in longitudinal investigations of neurocognitive development, and growing recommendations that the Toolbox be used in clinical applications, little is known about the long-term temporal stability of the NIH-TB, particularly in youth. METHODS The present study examined the long-term temporal reliability of the NIH-TB in a large cohort of youth (9-15 years-old) recruited across two data collection sites. Participants were invited to complete testing annually for 3 years. RESULTS Reliability was generally low-to-moderate, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging between 0.31 and 0.76 for the full sample. There were multiple significant differences between sites, with one site generally exhibiting stronger temporal stability than the other. CONCLUSIONS Reliability of the NIH-TB Cognitive Battery was lower than expected given early work examining shorter test-retest intervals. Moreover, there were very few instances of tests meeting stability requirements for use in research; none of the tests exhibited adequate reliability for use in clinical applications. Reliability is paramount to establishing the validity of the tool, thus the constructs assessed by the NIH-TB may vary over time in youth. We recommend further refinement of the NIH-TB Cognitive Battery and its norming procedures for children before further adoption as a neuropsychological assessment. We also urge researchers who have already employed the NIH-TB in their studies to interpret their results with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K. Taylor
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, and the Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michaela R. Frenzel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, and the Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jacob A. Eastman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, and the Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alex I. Wiesman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, and the Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Tony W. Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, and the Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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23
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Ott LR, Schantell M, Willett MP, Johnson HJ, Eastman JA, Okelberry HJ, Wilson TW, Taylor BK, May PE. Construct validity of the NIH toolbox cognitive domains: A comparison with conventional neuropsychological assessments. Neuropsychology 2022; 36:468-481. [PMID: 35482626 PMCID: PMC10468104 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have assessed the construct validity of individual subtests in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB), though none have examined the construct validity of the cognitive domains. Importantly, the original NIHTB-CB validation studies were administered on a desktop computer, though the NIHTB-CB is now solely administered via an iPad. We examined the construct validity of each cognitive domain assessed in the NIHTB-CB, including a motor dexterity domain using the iPad application compared to a neuropsychological battery in a sample of healthy adults. METHOD Eighty-three adults aged 20-66 years (M = 44.35 ± 13.41 years) completed the NIHTB-CB and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Domain scores for each of six cognitive domains (attention and executive function, episodic memory, working memory, processing speed, language, and motor dexterity) and the fluid composite were computed for both batteries. We then assessed the construct validity using Pearson correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for both demographically corrected and uncorrected domains. RESULTS We found the attention and executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed domains had poor-to-adequate construct validity (ICCConsistency = -0.029 to 0.517), the working memory and motor dexterity domains and the fluid composite had poor-to-good construct validity (ICCConsistency = 0.215-0.801), and the language domain had adequate-to-good construct validity (ICCConsistency = 0.408-0.829). CONCLUSION The NIHTB-CB cognitive domains have poor-to-good construct validity, thus researchers should be aware that some tests representing cognitive constructs may not fully reflect the cognitive domain of interest. Future investigation of the construct validity and reliability of the NIHTB-CB administered using the iPad is recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Ott
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE USA
| | - Madelyn P. Willett
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Hallie J. Johnson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Jacob A. Eastman
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Hannah J. Okelberry
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Tony W. Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE USA
| | - Brittany K. Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE USA
| | - Pamela E. May
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, NE USA
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Johnson EI, Planalp EM, Poehlmann-Tynan J. Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2022; 31:1933-1946. [PMID: 36187359 PMCID: PMC9518726 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examines relations among parental arrest, child executive functioning (EF), and problem behaviors among youth who participated in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N = 11,875). Participants ranged in age from 9 to 10 (M = 9.91) years, and approximately half were girls (47.9%). Results of regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographic risk factors indicated that children who experienced parental arrest exhibited more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than comparison youth, particularly when their mother vs. father had been arrested. Results of analyses that were disaggregated by child race further revealed that EF appeared to play a differential role among White (n = 5851) and Black (n = 1451) children. Among White children, EF was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviors regardless of whether or not a parent had been arrested. Among Black children, low levels of EF were associated with more internalizing behaviors in the context of parental arrest vs. no arrest, but high levels of EF did not appear to confer benefits. EF was not significantly related to externalizing behaviors among Black children. Taken together, results suggest that parental arrests have adverse implications for child well-being that warrant continued theoretical and empirical attention. Findings also suggest that, although EF may be broadly beneficial among White children, there appear to be constraints on the extent to which high EF benefits Black children, a finding that is discussed through the lens of racial stratification and that has important implications for future theory, research, and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I. Johnson
- Department of Child & Family Studies, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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25
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Jutla A, Donohue MR, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Foss-Feig JH. Reported autism diagnosis is associated with psychotic-like symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-10. [PMID: 33646417 PMCID: PMC8856839 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the schizophrenia (SCZ) rate is increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is difficult to identify which ASD youth will develop psychosis. We explored the relationship between ASD and emerging psychotic-like experiences (PLS) in a sample of 9127 youth aged 9-11 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort. We predicted that parent-reported ASD would be associated with PLS severity, and that ASD youth with PLS (ASD+/PLS+) would differ from ASD youth without PLS (ASD+/PLS-) and youth with PLS but not ASD (ASD-/PLS+) in cognitive function. We fit regression models that included parent-reported ASD, family history of psychosis, lifetime trauma, executive function, processing speed, working memory, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and income-to-needs ratio as predictors of Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child (PQ-BC) distress score, a continuous index of PLS severity. We assessed cognitive differences using regression models with ASD/PLS status and relevant covariates as predictors of NIH Toolbox measures. ASD increased raw PQ-BC distress scores by 2.47 points (95% CI 1.33-3.61), an effect at least as large as Black race (1.27 points, 95% CI 0.75-1.78), family history of psychosis (1.05 points, 95% CI 0.56-1.54), and Latinx ethnicity (0.99 points, 95% CI 0.53-1.45. We did not identify differences in cognition for ASD+/PLS+ youth relative to other groups. Our finding of association between ASD and PLS in youth is consistent with previous literature and adds new information in suggesting that ASD may be a strong risk factor for PLS even compared to established SCZ risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Jutla
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jennifer H Foss-Feig
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Razzaq FA, Bringas Vega ML, Ontiveiro-Ortega M, Riaz U, Valdes-Sosa PA. Causal effects of cingulate morphology on executive functions in healthy young adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4370-4382. [PMID: 35665983 PMCID: PMC9435009 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we want to explore evidence for the causal relationship between the anatomical descriptors of the cingulate cortex (surface area, mean curvature-corrected thickness, and volume) and the performance of cognitive tasks such as Card Sort, Flanker, List Sort used as instruments to measure the executive functions of flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory. We have performed this analysis in a cross-sectional sample of 899 healthy young subjects of the Human Connectome Project. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using causal inference to explain the relationship between cingulate morphology and the performance of executive tasks in healthy subjects. We have tested the causal model under a counterfactual framework using stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting and marginal structural models. The results showed that the posterior cingulate surface area has a positive causal effect on inhibition (Flanker task) and cognitive flexibility (Card Sort). A unit increase (+1 mm2 ) in the posterior cingulate surface area will cause a 0.008% and 0.009% increase from the National Institute of Health (NIH) normative mean in Flankers (p-value <0.001), and Card Sort (p-value 0.005), respectively. Furthermore, a unit increase (+1 mm2 ) in the anterior cingulate surface area will cause a 0.004% (p-value <0.001) and 0.005% (p-value 0.001) increase from the NIH normative mean in Flankers and Card Sort. In contrast, the curvature-corrected-mean thickness only showed an association for anterior cingulate with List Sort (p = 0.034) but no causal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuleah A Razzaq
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Maria L Bringas Vega
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Usama Riaz
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Pedro A Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
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27
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Foinant D, Lafraire J, Thibaut JP. Relationships between executive functions and food rejection dispositions in young children. Appetite 2022; 176:106102. [PMID: 35660076 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between the two main kinds of food rejection, neophobia and pickiness, and executive functions in young children. Caregivers of children (n = 240) aged 3-6 years completed measures of their children's food neophobia and pickiness. A battery of tests measured children's executive functions and world knowledge. Children with higher levels of neophobia and pickiness had lower cognitive flexibility scores than children with lower levels of food rejection. Moreover, the association between food neophobia and cognitive flexibility was stronger than the association between food pickiness and cognitive flexibility. Working memory, inhibition, and world knowledge were not related to children's food rejection. These findings unraveled for the first time the negative relationship between cognitive flexibility and the main psychological barriers to dietary variety. These results contribute to a better understanding of the set of cognitive factors that are associated with food rejection in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Foinant
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LEAD - CNRS UMR-5022, Dijon, France; Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, Ecully, France.
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28
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Raab HA, Foord C, Ligneul R, Hartley CA. Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010120. [PMID: 35648788 PMCID: PMC9191713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of environmental controllability enables individuals to adaptively adjust their behavior—exploiting rewards when desirable outcomes are contingent upon their actions and minimizing costly deliberation when their actions are inconsequential. However, it remains unclear how estimation of environmental controllability changes from childhood to adulthood. Ninety participants (ages 8–25) completed a task that covertly alternated between controllable and uncontrollable conditions, requiring them to explore different actions to discover the current degree of environmental controllability. We found that while children were able to distinguish controllable and uncontrollable conditions, accuracy of controllability assessments improved with age. Computational modeling revealed that whereas younger participants’ controllability assessments relied on evidence gleaned through random exploration, older participants more effectively recruited their task structure knowledge to make highly informative interventions. Age-related improvements in working memory mediated this qualitative shift toward increased use of an inferential strategy. Collectively, these findings reveal an age-related shift in the cognitive processes engaged to assess environmental controllability. Improved detection of environmental controllability may foster increasingly adaptive behavior over development by revealing when actions can be leveraged for one’s benefit. The ability to determine when one’s actions are consequential organizes learning and decision making across the lifespan. However, few studies have examined how the ability to detect control over our environment changes from childhood to adulthood. Here, we leveraged a computational modeling framework to characterize the component learning processes underlying controllability assessment in children, adolescents, and adults. We observed age-related improvements in controllability assessment that stemmed from an increasing ability to represent contingencies between states and actions and to use that knowledge to make informative interventions that yield diagnostic evidence of the current degree of control. Increasing ability to accurately assess environmental controllability may confer greater recognition of opportunities to adaptively pursue rewards through goal-directed action across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Raab
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Careen Foord
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Romain Ligneul
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catherine A. Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Numeracy skills mediate the relation between executive function and mathematics achievement in early childhood. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:414-423. [PMID: 34027848 PMCID: PMC8611114 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Performing high-quality and reliable cognitive testing requires significant resources and training. As a result, large-scale studies involving cognitive testing are difficult to perform in low- and middle-income settings, limiting access to critical knowledge to improve academic achievement and economic production in these populations. The NIH Toolbox® is a collection of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional tests that can be administered and scored using an iPad® tablet, reducing the need for training and quality monitoring; and thus, it is a potential solution to this problem. METHODS We describe our process for translation and cultural adaptation of the existing NIH Toolbox tests of fluid cognition into the Swahili and Dholuo languages for use in children aged 3-14 years in western Kenya. Through serial forward and back translations, cognitive interviews, group consensus, outside feedback, and support from the NIH Toolbox team, we produced translated tests that have both face validity and linguistic validation. RESULTS During our cognitive interviews, we found that the five chosen tests (one each of attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) were generally well understood by children aged 7-14 years in our chosen populations. The cognitive interviews informed alterations in translation as well as slight changes in some images to culturally adapt the tests. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the process by which we translated five fluid cognition tests from the NIH Toolbox into the Swahili and Dholuo languages. The finished testing application will be available for future studies, including a pilot study for assessment of psychometric properties.
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31
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Freis SM, Morrison CL, Smolker HR, Banich MT, Kaiser RH, Hewitt JK, Friedman NP. Executive Functions and Impulsivity as Transdiagnostic Correlates of Psychopathology in Childhood: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:863235. [PMID: 35431847 PMCID: PMC9012075 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.863235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) and impulsivity are dimensions of self-regulation that are both related to psychopathology. However, self-report measures of impulsivity and laboratory EF tasks typically display small correlations, and existing research indicates that impulsivity and EFs may tap separate aspects of self-regulation that independently statistically predict psychopathology in adulthood. However, relationships between EFs, impulsivity, and psychopathology may be different in childhood compared to adulthood. Here, we examine whether these patterns hold in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) sample, a national sample of over 11,000 children (including 749 twin pairs) ages 9-10 years. We examine the phenotypic and genetic relationships among latent variables for different components of EFs and multiple facets of impulsivity. Additionally, we assess how EFs and impulsivity relate to composite measures and latent variables of psychopathology derived from parent report. EFs were weakly correlated with impulsivity, and the strength varied by impulsivity facet, emphasizing their separability. We did not identify significant genetic and environmental correlations between EFs and impulsivity. Moreover, controlling for their small relationships with each other, both EFs and some facets of impulsivity statistically predicted an Externalizing factor, attention problems, and social problems, and twin analyses suggested these relationships were genetic in origin. These findings indicate that EFs and impulsivity represent phenotypically and genetically separable aspects of self-regulation that are both transdiagnostic correlates of psychopathology in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Claire L. Morrison
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Harry R. Smolker
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Roselinde H. Kaiser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Renee Crown Wellness Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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32
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Zhou X, Planalp EM, Heinrich L, Pletcher C, DiPiero M, Alexander AL, Litovsky RY, Dean DC. Inhibitory Control in Children 4-10 Years of Age: Evidence From Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Task-Based Observations. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:798358. [PMID: 35046786 PMCID: PMC8762317 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.798358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) is essential to child development, with associated skills beginning to emerge in the first few years of life and continuing to develop into adolescence and adulthood. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), which follows a neurodevelopmental timeline similar to EF, plays an important role in the development of EF. However, limited research has examined prefrontal function in young children due to limitations of currently available neuroimaging techniques such as functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI). The current study developed and applied a multimodal Go/NoGo task to examine the EF component of inhibitory control in children 4-10 years of age. Cortical activity was measured using a non-invasive and child-friendly neuroimaging technique - functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Children's response accuracy and reaction times were captured during the fNIRS session and compared with responses obtained using the standardized assessments from NIH Toolbox cognition battery. Results showed significant correlations between the behavioral measures during the fNIRS session and the standardized EF assessments, in line with our expectations. Results from fNIRS measures demonstrated a significant, age-independent effect of inhibitory control (IC) in the right PFC (rPFC), and an age-dependent effect in the left orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), consistent with results in previous studies using fNIRS and fMRI. Thus, the new task designed for fNIRS was suitable for examining IC in young children, and results showed that fNIRS measures can reveal prefrontal IC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Lauren Heinrich
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Colleen Pletcher
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marissa DiPiero
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ruth Y. Litovsky
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Division of Neonatology & Newborn Nursery, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Oliveira JS, Manning MC, Kavanaugh BC. Cognitive Control Deficits in Depression: A Novel Target to Improve Suboptimal Outcomes in Childhood. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:307-313. [PMID: 34261346 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control deficits are one of three primary endophenotypes in depression, and the enhanced targeting of these deficits in clinical and research work is expected to lead to improved depression outcomes. Cognitive control is a set of self-regulatory processes responsible for goal-oriented behavior that predicts clinical/functional outcomes across the spectrum of brain-based disorders. In depression, cognitive control deficits emerge by the first depressive episode, persist during symptom remission, and worsen over the course of depression. In addition, the presence of these deficits predicts a poor response to evidence-based depression treatments, including psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. This is particularly relevant to childhood depression, as 1%-2% of children are diagnosed with depression, yet there are very limited evidence-based treatment options. Cognitive control deficits may be a previously underaddressed factor contributing to poor outcomes, although there remains a dearth of research examining the topic. The investigators describe the prior literature on cognitive control in depression to argue for the need for increased focus on this endophenotype. They then describe cognitive control-focused clinical and research avenues that would likely lead to improved treatments and outcomes for this historically undertreated aspect of childhood depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Oliveira
- Bradley Hospital, East Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); and Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston (Manning)
| | - Madeline C Manning
- Bradley Hospital, East Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); and Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston (Manning)
| | - Brian C Kavanaugh
- Bradley Hospital, East Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Oliveira, Kavanaugh); and Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston (Manning)
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Watson KH, Ciriegio AE, Pfalzer AC, Hale L, Jones MT, Brown B, Grice V, Moroz S, McDonell KE, Claassen DO, Compas BE. Neurobiological and Psychosocial Correlates of Communication Between Huntington's Disease Patients and Their Offspring. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:321-327. [PMID: 34280320 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20120309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease that presents significant challenges to family communication. The investigators examined observations of communication between parents with HD and their offspring talking about the challenges of HD and explored potential correlates of their communication. METHODS The sample included parents with HD and their adolescent and young-adult offspring (N=64). Parent communication and chorea were independently coded from video recordings. Parents and offspring completed working memory assessments and self-reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms, stress, and coping. RESULTS Evidence was found for the association of observed parent-offspring communication with disease markers, psychosocial characteristics, and neurocognitive function. For parents, disease markers and working memory were correlates of communication, whereas offspring's psychiatric symptoms, stress, and coping were associated with their communication. CONCLUSIONS These findings have potential implications for clinical interventions to enhance communication and quality of life for HD families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly H Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Abagail E Ciriegio
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Anna C Pfalzer
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Lisa Hale
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Maile T Jones
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Brittany Brown
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Victoria Grice
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Sarah Moroz
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Katherine E McDonell
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. (Watson, Ciriegio, Jones, Grice, Compas); and Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. (Pfalzer, Hale, Brown, Moroz, McDonell, Claassen)
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Chadwick L, Roth E, Minich NM, Taylor HG, Bigler ED, Cohen DM, Bacevice A, Mihalov LK, Bangert BA, Zumberge NA, Yeates KO. Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Examination Using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2590-2599. [PMID: 33906429 PMCID: PMC8403208 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to examine cognitive outcomes after pediatric mild TBI using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB), a computerized cognitive test battery. The NIHTB-CB includes two complex measures of attention and executive function that allow differentiation of accuracy and response speed. We compared performance on the NIHTB-CB among children 8-16 years of age with mild TBI (n = 143) versus children with orthopedic injuries (OIs; n = 74) recruited in emergency departments and followed for 6 months post-injury. Mixed-model analyses showed that the mild TBI group showed significantly lower Fluid Cognition composite scores than the OI group at 10 days (group intercept, p = 0.018); the magnitude of group differences declined modestly over time (group × time interaction, p = 0.055). Effect sizes were d = 0.34 at 10 days post-injury, d = 0.27 at 3 months, and d = 0.10 at 6 months. No significant effects of group or time were found for the Crystallized Cognition composite. Analyses of Fluid Cognition subtests indicated that children with mild TBI displayed deficits for as long as 3 months on measures of attention and executive function (e.g., cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control), but not on measures of explicit memory, working memory, or processing speed. The poorer performance of the mild TBI group on measures of attention and executive function was attributable largely to slowed reaction time, not decreased accuracy. The findings suggest that children with mild TBI demonstrate persistent deficits in fluid cognition that are most apparent on tasks that combine demands for both speed and executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Chadwick
- Department of Psychology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nori M. Minich
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin D. Bigler
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel M. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann Bacevice
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Leslie K. Mihalov
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Barbara A. Bangert
- Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Health System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Exploring the Factor Structure of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a Large Sample of 8-Year-Old Children in Aotearoa New Zealand. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:825-834. [PMID: 33423713 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to derive a factor structure of the measures of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) that is representative of cognitive abilities in a large ethnically diverse cohort of 8-year-old children in Aotearoa New Zealand. METHODS Our sample comprised of 4298 8-year-old children from the Growing Up in New Zealand study. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for the NIH Toolbox CB measures to discover the best-fitting factor structure in our sample. Measurement invariance of the identified model was tested across child's gender, socio-economic status (SES), and ethnicity. RESULTS A three-dimensional factor structure was identified, with one factor of Crystallised Cognition (Reading and Vocabulary), and two distinguished factors of fluid cognition: Fluid Cognition I (Attention/Inhibitory Control, Processing Speed, and Cognitive Flexibility) and Fluid Cognition II (Working Memory, Episodic Memory). The results demonstrate excellent model fit, but reliability of the factors was low. Measurement invariance was confirmed for child's gender. We found configural, but neither metric nor scalar, invariance across SES and the four major ethnic groups: European, Māori, Pacific Peoples, and Asian. CONCLUSION Our findings show that, at the age of 8 years, fluid abilities are more strongly associated with one another than with crystallised abilities and that fluid abilities need to be further differentiated. This dimensional structure allows for comparisons across child's gender, but evaluations across SES and ethnicity within the Aotearoa New Zealand context must be conducted with caution. We recommend using raw scores of the individual NIH Toolbox CB measures in future research.
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Zulauf-McCurdy CA, Coxe SJ, Lyon AR, Aaronson B, Ortiz M, Sibley MH. Study protocol of a randomised trial of Summer STRIPES: a peer-delivered high school preparatory intervention for students with ADHD. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045443. [PMID: 34344674 PMCID: PMC8336126 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High schoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience substantial impairments, particularly in the school setting. However, very few high school students with ADHD receive evidence-based interventions for their difficulties. We aim to improve access to care by adapting evidence-based psychosocial intervention components to a low-resource and novel school-based intervention model, Summer STRIPES (Students Taking Responsibility and Initiative through Peer Enhanced Support). Summer STRIPES is a brief peer-delivered summer orientation to high school with continued peer-delivered sessions during ninth grade. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants will be 72 rising ninth grade students with ADHD who are randomised to receive either Summer STRIPES or school services as usual. Summer STRIPES will be delivered by 12 peer interventionists in a school setting. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, start of ninth grade, mid-ninth grade and end-of-ninth grade. At each assessment, self, parent and teacher measures will be obtained. We will test the effect of Summer STRIPES (compared with school services as usual) on ADHD symptoms and key mechanisms (intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, executive functions) as well as key academic outcomes during the ninth-grade year (Grade Point Average (GPA), class attendance). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Findings will contribute to our understanding of how to improve access and utilisation of care for adolescents with ADHD. The protocol is approved by the institutional review board at Seattle Children's Research Institute. The study results will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at scientific conferences. TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04571320; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefany J Coxe
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aaron R Lyon
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ben Aaronson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mercedes Ortiz
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret H Sibley
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Mazzoli E, Salmon J, Teo WP, Pesce C, He J, Ben-Soussan TD, Barnett LM. Breaking up classroom sitting time with cognitively engaging physical activity: Behavioural and brain responses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253733. [PMID: 34260606 PMCID: PMC8279315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Classroom-based active breaks are a feasible and effective way to reduce and break up sitting time, and to potentially benefit physical health in school children. However, the effect of active breaks on children's cognitive functions and brain activity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the impact of an active break intervention on typically developing children's cognitive functions and brain activity, sitting/standing/stepping, on-task behaviour, and enjoyment. METHODS Up to 141 children, aged between 6 and 8 years (46% girls), were included, although about half of them completed two of the assessments (n = 77, working memory; n = 67, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex haemodynamic response). Classrooms from two consenting schools were randomly allocated to a six-week simple or cognitively engaging active break intervention. Classrooms from another school acted as a control group. The main analyses used linear mixed models, clustered at the class level and adjusted for sex and age, to investigate the effects of the interventions on response inhibition, lapses of attention, working memory, event-related brain haemodynamic response (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). The mediating effects of sitting/standing/stepping on cognition/brain activity were also explored. To test intervention fidelity, we investigated differences by group on the change values in children's sitting, standing, and moving patterns during class/school time using linear mixed models. Generalized linear mixed models clustered at the individual level were used to examine on-task behaviour data. For the intervention groups only, we also assessed children's perceived enjoyment, physical exertion and mental exertion related to the active breaks and compared the results using independent t-tests. RESULTS There was a significantly greater positive change in the proportion of deoxygenated haemoglobin in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of children assigned to cognitively engaging active breaks compared to the control group (B = 1.53 × 10-07, 95% CI [0.17 × 10-07, 2.90 × 10-07]), which under the same cognitive performance is suggestive of improved neural efficiency. Mixed models showed no significant effects on response inhibition, lapses of attention, working memory. The mediation analysis revealed that the active breaks positively affected response inhibition via a change in sitting and standing time. The sitting, standing, and moving patterns and on-task behaviour were positively affected by the active breaks at end of trial, but not at mid-trial. Children in both intervention groups showed similarly high levels of enjoyment of active breaks. CONCLUSION Cognitively engaging active breaks may improve brain efficiency in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the neural substrate of executive functions, as well as response inhibition, via effects partially mediated by the change in sitting/stepping time. Active breaks can effectively reduce sitting and increase standing/stepping and improve on-task behaviour, but the regular implementation of these activities might require time for teachers to become familiar with. Further research is needed to confirm what type of active break best facilitates cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Mazzoli
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Physical Education and Sports Science (PESS) Academic Group, National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma ’Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy
| | - Jason He
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan
- Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation, Assisi, Italy
| | - Lisa Michele Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Ekhtiari H, Rezapour T, Sawyer B, Yeh HW, Kuplicki R, Tarrasch M, Paulus MP, Aupperle R. Neurocognitive Empowerment for Addiction Treatment (NEAT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:330. [PMID: 33962675 PMCID: PMC8106153 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive deficits (NCDs) and associated meta-cognition difficulties associated with chronic substance use often delay the learning and change process necessary for addiction recovery and relapse prevention. However, very few cognitive remediation programs have been developed to target NCDs and meta-cognition for substance users. The study described herein aims to investigate the efficacy of a multi-component neurocognitive rehabilitation and awareness program termed "Neurocognitive Empowerment for Addiction Treatment" (NEAT). NEAT is a fully manualized, cartoon-based intervention involving psychoeducation, cognitive practice, and compensatory strategies relevant across 10 major cognitive domains, including aspects of attention, memory, executive functions, and decision-making. METHOD/DESIGN In a single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT), 80 female opioid and/or methamphetamine users will be recruited from an addiction recovery program providing an alternative to incarceration for women with substance use-related offenses. Eight groups of 9-12 participants will be randomized into NEAT or treatment-as-usual (TAU). NEAT involves 14 90-min sessions, delivered twice weekly. The primary outcome is change in self-reported drug craving from before to after intervention using Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale. Secondary and exploratory outcomes include additional psychological, neurocognitive, and structural and functional neuroimaging measures. Clinical measures will be performed at five time points (pre- and post-intervention, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up); neuroimaging measures will be completed at pre- and post-intervention. DISCUSSION The present RCT is the first study to examine the efficacy of an adjunctive neurocognitive rehabilitation and awareness program for addiction. Results from this study will provide initial information concerning potential clinical efficacy of the treatment, as well as delineate neural mechanisms potentially targeted by this novel intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03922646 . Registered on 22 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ekhtiari
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA.
| | - Tara Rezapour
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brionne Sawyer
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | | | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | | | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Robin Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
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Berardi A, Panuccio F, Pilli L, Tofani M, Valente D, Galeoto G. Evaluation instruments for executive functions in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:885-896. [PMID: 33760678 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1908889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to perform a systematic review of instruments for evaluating the executive functions (EFs) in a pediatric population to assess their measurement properties, focusing on the professional who administers it. AREA COVERED A systematic search of the literature was performed on Cinahl, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline to identify studies in which an instrument for evaluating the EFs was described. Included only were the papers reporting the evaluation of EFs, with any instrument, on a population aged 0 to 18 consisting of healthy individuals or people with neurodevelopmental disorder. The evaluation of the Risk of Bias has been carried out with the administration of a part of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Checklist. EXPERT OPINION The search ended on the 2nd of August. Only 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study; the papers refer to 16 different evaluation tools of the EF. Analysis of the methodological quality shows that most of the papers assessed received an 'inadequate' or 'insufficient' score. Indeed, only two articles received six or five 'sufficient' out of 8 items; instead, ten papers received one or zero 'sufficient.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berardi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Tofani
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Valente
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galeoto
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Martinez-Vizcaino V, Álvarez-Bueno C, Sanchez-Lopez M, Jimenez-Lopez E, Soriano-Cano A, Ortega FB, Cavero-Redondo I, Garrido-Miguel M. A Cluster Mediation Analysis Confirms the Validity of the "Fat but Fit" Paradigm in Children's Cognitive Function and Academic Achievement. J Pediatr 2021; 231:231-238.e1. [PMID: 33373671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the fat but fit conceptual model, testing whether this paradigm for body mass index (BMI) and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) exists in schoolchildren and whether executive functions mediate the relationship between fat but fit categories and academic achievement. STUDY DESIGN Cluster cross-sectional analyses of data from 554 children aged 9-11 from Cuenca, Spain. BMI, VO2max, core executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) and academic achievement (language and mathematics). RESULTS Cluster analysis of BMI and VO2max z-scores resulted in a 4-cluster solution that could be interpreted according to fat unfit, unfat unfit, fat fit, and unfat fit categories. ANCOVA models confirmed an increasing trend by cluster category in terms of VO2max levels and, conversely, a decreasing trend in terms of adiposity variables. These models also confirmed that children in the fat fit and unfat fit categories scored higher than their peers in the fat unfit and unfat unfit categories. Mediation analyses using fat but fit clusters as multicategory independent variable, executive functions as mediators, and academic achievement as outcome variable showed that the positive association between the BMI-VO2max clusters and academic achievement was mediated by inhibition levels in fat fit and unfat fit individuals, by working memory levels only in those classified as fat fit, and by cognitive flexibility only in unfat fit individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the validity of the 4-cluster conceptual model regarding BMI and VO2max and reinforces the predictive validity, proving that fitness levels are able to counteract the detrimental effect of obesity on academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Providencia Talca, Chile
| | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística de Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Mairena Sanchez-Lopez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Education, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Estela Jimenez-Lopez
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Soriano-Cano
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Francisaco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ivan Cavero-Redondo
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Politécnica y Artística de Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
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Visier-Alfonso ME, Álvarez-Bueno C, Sánchez-López M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Hortelano JA, Nieto-López M, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Fitness and executive function as mediators between physical activity and academic achievement. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1576-1584. [PMID: 33612080 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1886665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is related with academic achievement in children. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and executive function act as mediators of the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and academic achievement. This study included 186 schoolchildren (9-11 years) from Cuenca, Spain. Sociodemographic variables, anthropometric variables, academic achievement, executive function (inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory), CRF (20-m shuttle run) and physical activity (by accelerometry) were measured. Serial mediation models were estimated using the Hayes´ PROCESS macro. The significant paths in the model mediating this relationship between MVPA and academic achievement were as follows: MVPA → CRF → academic achievement (IE = 0.068, 95% CI: [0.018; 0.127]; IE = 0.079, 95% CI: [0.029; 0.144]; and IE = 0.090, 95% CI: [0.032; 0.165], controlling for inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory, respectively), MVPA → CRF → inhibition → academic achievement (0.018, 95% CI: [0.001; 0.047]) and MVPA → cognitive flexibility → academic achievement (0.087, 95% CI: [0.012; 0.169]). The relationship between MVPA and academic achievement may not be direct but mediated by CRF, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition via CRF. Physical activity interventions to improve AA should be focused on improvements in CRF and executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mairena Sánchez-López
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,School of Education, Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha, Cuenca, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Talca, Chile
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine if one season of HIE in youth football was related to cognitive changes. METHOD Over 200 participants (ages 9-13) wore instrumented helmets for practices and games to measure the amount of HIE sustained over one season. Pre- and post-season neuropsychological tests were completed. Test score changes were calculated adjusting for practice effects and regression to the mean and used as the dependent variables. Regression models were calculated with HIE variables predicting neuropsychological test score changes. RESULTS For the full sample, a small effect was found with season average rotational values predicting changes in list-learning such that HIE was related to negative score change: standardized beta (β) = -.147, t(205) = -2.12, and p = .035. When analyzed by age clusters (9-10, 11-13) and adding participant weight to models, the R2 values increased. Splitting groups by weight (median split), found heavier members of the 9-10 cohort with significantly greater change than lighter members. Additionaly, significantly more participants had clinically meaningful negative changes: X2 = 10.343, p = .001. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in the 9-10 age cluster, the average seasonal level of HIE had inverse, negative relationships with cognitive change over one season that was not found in the older group. The mediation effects of age and weight have not been explored previously and appear to contribute to the effects of HIE on cognition in youth football players.
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Zhang H, Hao S, Lee A, Eickhoff SB, Pecheva D, Cai S, Meaney M, Chong YS, Broekman BFP, Fortier MV, Qiu A. Do intrinsic brain functional networks predict working memory from childhood to adulthood? Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 41:4574-4586. [PMID: 33463860 PMCID: PMC7555072 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is defined as the ability to maintain a representation online to guide goal‐directed behavior. Its capacity in early childhood predicts academic achievements in late childhood and its deficits are found in various neurodevelopmental disorders. We employed resting‐state fMRI (rs‐fMRI) of 468 participants aged from 4 to 55 years and connectome‐based predictive modeling (CPM) to explore the potential predictive power of intrinsic functional networks to WM in preschoolers, early and late school‐age children, adolescents, and adults. We defined intrinsic functional networks among brain regions identified by activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis on existing WM functional studies (ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks) and intrinsic functional networks generated based on the whole brain (whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks). We employed the CPM on these networks to predict WM in each age group. The CPM using the ALE‐based and whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks predicted WM of individual adults, while the prediction power of the ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks was superior to that of the whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks. Nevertheless, the CPM using the whole‐brain but not the ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks predicted WM in adolescents. And, the CPM using neither the ALE‐based nor whole‐brain networks predicted WM in any of the children groups. Our findings showed the trend of the prediction power of the intrinsic functional networks to cognition in individuals from early childhood to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuji Hao
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Annie Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Diliana Pecheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirong Cai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Centre, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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The developmental trajectories of executive function from adolescence to old age. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1382. [PMID: 33446798 PMCID: PMC7809200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions demonstrate variable developmental and aging profiles, with protracted development into early adulthood and declines in older age. However, relatively few studies have specifically included middle-aged adults in investigations of age-related differences in executive functions. This study explored the age-related differences in executive function from late childhood through to old age, allowing a more informed understanding of executive functions across the lifespan. Three hundred and fifty participants aged 10 to 86 years-old completed a battery of tasks assessing the specific roles of inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. Results highlighted continued improvement in working memory capacity across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by declines in both working memory and inhibitory control, beginning from as early as 30-40 years old and continuing into older age. Analyses of planning abilities showed continued improvement across adolescence and into young adulthood, followed by a decline in abilities across adulthood, with a small (positive) change in older age. Interestingly, a dissociation was found for cognitive flexibility; switch costs decreased, yet mixing costs increased across the lifespan. The results provide a description of the developmental differences in inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, above any effects of IQ or SES, and highlight the importance of including middle-aged adults in studies seeking to establish a more comprehensive picture of age-related differences in executive function.
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Zelazo PD, Lourenco SF, Frank MC, Elison JT, Heaton RK, Wellman HM, Slotkin J, Kharitonova M, Reznick JS. Measurement of Cognition for the National Children's Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:603126. [PMID: 34136435 PMCID: PMC8200393 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.603126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Children's Study Cognitive Health Domain Team developed detailed plans for assessing cognition longitudinally from infancy to early adulthood. These plans identify high-priority aspects of cognition that can be measured efficiently and effectively, and we believe they can serve as a model for future large-scale longitudinal research. For infancy and toddlerhood, we proposed several paradigms that collectively allowed us to assess six broad cognitive constructs: (1) executive function skills, (2) episodic memory, (3) language, (4) processing speed, (5) spatial and numerical processing, and (6) social cognition. In some cases, different trial sequences within a paradigm allow for the simultaneous assessment of multiple cognitive skills (e.g., executive function skills and processing speed). We define each construct, summarize its significance for understanding developmental outcomes, discuss the feasibility of its assessment throughout development, and present our plan for measuring specific skills at different ages. Given the need for well-validated, direct behavioral measures of cognition that can be used in large-scale longitudinal studies, especially from birth to age 3 years, we also initiated three projects focused on the development of new measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip David Zelazo
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stella F Lourenco
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael C Frank
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jed T Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Henry M Wellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jerry Slotkin
- Center for Health Research and Translation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | | | - J Steven Reznick
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Moore TM, Kaczkurkin AN, Durham EL, Jeong HJ, McDowell MG, Dupont RM, Applegate B, Tackett JL, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Kardan O, Akcelik GN, Stier AJ, Rosenberg MD, Hedeker D, Berman MG, Lahey BB. Criterion validity and relationships between alternative hierarchical dimensional models of general and specific psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 129:677-688. [PMID: 32672986 PMCID: PMC7541771 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 129(7) of Journal of Abnormal Psychology (see record 2020-72912-001). In the article (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000601), an acknowledgment is missing from the author note. The missing acknowledgement is included in the erratum.] Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and 1 specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooks Applegate
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research and Technology, Western Michigan University
| | | | | | - Omid Kardan
- Departments of Psychology and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
| | - Gaby N Akcelik
- Departments of Psychology and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
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Thompson MD, Martin RC, Grayson LP, Ampah SB, Cutter G, Szaflarski JP, Bebin EM. Cognitive function and adaptive skills after a one-year trial of cannabidiol (CBD) in a pediatric sample with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111:107299. [PMID: 32759071 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive derivative of cannabis. Studies indicate that it is safe and effective in treating certain types of epilepsy. The present study examined the presence of adverse or beneficial cognitive or functional adaptive effects associated with CBD in the treatment of children, adolescents, and teenagers with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) as part of an ongoing prospective, open-label safety study. METHODS Participants (N = 38) between the age of 3 and 19 years with TRE were enrolled in an open-label study of a pharmaceutical formulation of CBD (Epidiolex®; GW Research Ltd.) as an add-on treatment. In addition to baseline physical, neurological, and laboratory testing, cognitive assessment was completed prior to initiating CBD and after one year, both using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). Many participants were unable to complete the NIHTB-CB because of the magnitude of their cognitive impairment (n = 24), and in these cases, the participant's caregiver was asked to complete the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System - Second Edition (ABAS-II) as a measure of functional adaptive skills. RESULTS There were no statistically significant changes in cognitive function, as measured by the NIHTB-CB, in those participants who were able to complete such testing, but there was a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in some cognitive domains. For participants who were unable to complete formal standardized cognitive testing because of the magnitude of their cognitive impairment, their functional adaptive skills, as measured by the ABAS-II, were unchanged after a one-year trial of CBD. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that CBD, as an add-on drug for TRE in a pediatric sample, does not appear to cause adverse effects (AEs) involving cognition or adaptive function over one year of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Thompson
- Children's of Alabama, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Roy C Martin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Leslie P Grayson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Steve B Ampah
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biostatistics, 1665 University Boulevard #327, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Gary Cutter
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biostatistics, 1665 University Boulevard #327, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - E Martina Bebin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurology, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Adeli E, Zhao Q, Zahr NM, Goldstone A, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM. Deep learning identifies morphological determinants of sex differences in the pre-adolescent brain. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117293. [PMID: 32841716 PMCID: PMC7780846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of data-driven deep learning to identify sex differences in developing brain structures of pre-adolescents has heretofore not been accomplished. Here, the approach identifies sex differences by analyzing the minimally processed MRIs of the first 8144 participants (age 9 and 10 years) recruited by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The identified pattern accounted for confounding factors (i.e., head size, age, puberty development, socioeconomic status) and comprised cerebellar (corpus medullare, lobules III, IV/V, and VI) and subcortical (pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, putamen) structures. While these have been individually linked to expressing sex differences, a novel discovery was that their grouping accurately predicted the sex in individual pre-adolescents. Another novelty was relating differences specific to the cerebellum to pubertal development. Finally, we found that reducing the pattern to a single score not only accurately predicted sex but also correlated with cognitive behavior linked to working memory. The predictive power of this score and the constellation of identified brain structures provide evidence for sex differences in pre-adolescent neurodevelopment and may augment understanding of sex-specific vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disorders and presage sex-linked learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Adeli
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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