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Carceller H, Hidalgo MR, Escartí MJ, Nacher J, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, García-García F. The impact of sex on gene expression in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:59. [PMID: 39068467 PMCID: PMC11282642 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by altered perception, mood, and behavior that profoundly impacts patients and society despite its relatively low prevalence. Sex-based differences have been described in schizophrenia epidemiology, symptomatology and outcomes. Different studies explored the impact of schizophrenia in the brain transcriptome, however we lack a consensus transcriptomic profile that considers sex and differentiates specific cerebral regions. METHODS We performed a systematic review on bulk RNA-sequencing studies of post-mortem brain samples. Then, we fulfilled differential expression analysis on each study and summarized their results with regions-specific meta-analyses (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) and a global all-studies meta-analysis. Finally, we used the consensus transcriptomic profiles to functionally characterize the impact of schizophrenia in males and females by protein-protein interaction networks, enriched biological processes and dysregulated transcription factors. RESULTS We discovered the sex-based dysregulation of 265 genes in the prefrontal cortex, 1.414 genes in the hippocampus and 66 genes in the all-studies meta-analyses. The functional characterization of these gene sets unveiled increased processes related to immune response functions in the prefrontal cortex in male and the hippocampus in female schizophrenia patients and the overexpression of genes related to neurotransmission and synapses in the prefrontal cortex of female schizophrenia patients. Considering a meta-analysis of all brain regions available, we encountered the relative overexpression of genes related to synaptic plasticity and transmission in females and the overexpression of genes involved in organizing genetic information and protein folding in male schizophrenia patients. The protein-protein interaction networks and transcription factors activity analyses supported these sex-based profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our results report multiple sex-based transcriptomic alterations in specific brain regions of schizophrenia patients, which provides new insight into the role of sex in schizophrenia. Moreover, we unveil a partial overlapping of inflammatory processes in the prefrontal cortex of males and the hippocampus of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Carceller
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
| | - Marta R Hidalgo
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Principe Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - María José Escartí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISC III, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria de la Iglesia-Vayá
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain
| | - Francisco García-García
- Joint unit in Biomedical Imaging FISABIO-CIPF, Head of Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region, Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, 46012, València, Spain.
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Principe Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera Street, 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain.
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2
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Martins D, Abbasi M, Egas C, Arrais JP. Detecting outliers in case-control cohorts for improving deep learning networks on Schizophrenia prediction. J Integr Bioinform 2024; 0:jib-2023-0042. [PMID: 39004922 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate genetic and clinical aspects of Schizophrenia, a complex mental disorder with uncertain etiology. Deep Learning (DL) holds promise for analyzing large genomic datasets to uncover new risk factors. However, based on reports of non-negligible misdiagnosis rates for SCZ, case-control cohorts may contain outlying genetic profiles, hindering compelling performances of classification models. The research employed a case-control dataset sourced from the Swedish populace. A gene-annotation-based DL architecture was developed and employed in two stages. First, the model was trained on the entire dataset to highlight differences between cases and controls. Then, samples likely to be misclassified were excluded, and the model was retrained on the refined dataset for performance evaluation. The results indicate that SCZ prevalence and misdiagnosis rates can affect case-control cohorts, potentially compromising future studies reliant on such datasets. However, by detecting and filtering outliers, the study demonstrates the feasibility of adapting DL methodologies to large-scale biological problems, producing results more aligned with existing heritability estimates for SCZ. This approach not only advances the comprehension of the genetic background of SCZ but also opens doors for adapting DL techniques in complex research for precision medicine in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins
- Centre for Informatics and Systems, Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant - Transfer Technology Association, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Joel P Arrais
- Centre for Informatics and Systems, Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Mana L, Schwartz-Pallejà M, Vila-Vidal M, Deco G. Overview on cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders: From impaired microcircuits to dysconnectivity. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:132-143. [PMID: 38788432 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia's cognitive deficits, often overshadowed by positive symptoms, significantly contribute to the disorder's morbidity. Increasing attention highlights these deficits as reflections of neural circuit dysfunction across various cortical regions. Numerous connectivity alterations linked to cognitive symptoms in psychotic disorders have been reported, both at the macroscopic and microscopic level, emphasizing the potential role of plasticity and microcircuits impairment during development and later stages. However, the heterogeneous clinical presentation of cognitive impairment and diverse connectivity findings pose challenges in summarizing them into a cohesive picture. This review aims to synthesize major cognitive alterations, recent insights into network structural and functional connectivity changes and proposed mechanisms and microcircuit alterations underpinning these symptoms, particularly focusing on neurodevelopmental impairment, E/I balance, and sleep disturbances. Finally, we will also comment on some of the most recent and promising therapeutic approaches that aim to target these mechanisms to address cognitive symptoms. Through this comprehensive exploration, we strive to provide an updated and nuanced overview of the multiscale connectivity impairment underlying cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mana
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain.
| | - M Schwartz-Pallejà
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Eurecat, Technology Center of Catalonia, Multimedia Technologies, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Vila-Vidal
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Computational Biology and Complex Systems Group, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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4
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O'Donovan SM, Shan D, Wu X, Choi JH, McCullumsmith RE. Dysregulated Transcript Expression but Not Function of the Glutamate Transporter EAAT2 in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae092. [PMID: 38825587 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental illness with complex pathology, including abnormalities in the glutamate system. Glutamate is rapidly removed from the synapse by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Changes in the expression and localization of the primary glutamate transporter EAAT2 are found in the brain in central nervous system (CNS) disorders including SCZ. We hypothesize that neuronal expression and function of EAAT2 are increased in the frontal cortex in subjects diagnosed with SCZ. STUDY DESIGN EAAT2 protein expression and glutamate transporter function were assayed in synaptosome preparations from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of SCZ subjects and age- and sex-matched nonpsychiatrically ill controls. EAAT2 splice variant transcript expression was assayed in enriched populations of neurons and astrocytes from the DLPFC. Pathway analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets was carried out to identify biological changes associated with EAAT2 perturbation in different cell types. RESULTS We found no significant changes in EAAT2 protein expression or glutamate uptake in the DLPFC in SCZ subjects compared with controls (n = 10/group). Transcript expression of EAAT2 and signaling molecules associated with EAAT2b trafficking (CaMKIIa and DLG1) were significantly altered in enriched populations of astrocytes and pyramidal neurons (P < .05) in SCZ (n = 16/group). These changes were not associated with antipsychotic medications. Pathway analysis also identified cell-type-specific enrichment of biological pathways associated with perturbation of astrocyte (immune pathways) and neuronal (metabolic pathways) EAAT2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data support the growing body of evidence for the role of dysregulation of the glutamate system in the pathophysiology of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Promedica Neuroscience Institute, Toledo, OH, USA
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5
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Uliana DL, Lisboa JRF, Gomes FV, Grace AA. The excitatory-inhibitory balance as a target for the development of novel drugs to treat schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116298. [PMID: 38782077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The intricate balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain plays a crucial role in normative information processing. Dysfunctions in the E/I balance have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). In particular, abnormalities in GABAergic signaling, specifically in parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, have been consistently observed in SCZ pathophysiology. PV interneuron function is vital for maintaining an ideal E/I balance, and alterations in PV interneuron-mediated inhibition contribute to circuit deficits observed in SCZ, including hippocampus hyperactivity and midbrain dopamine system overdrive. While current antipsychotic medications primarily target D2 dopamine receptors and are effective primarily in treating positive symptoms, novel therapeutic strategies aiming to restore the E/I balance could potentially mitigate not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. This could involve, for instance, increasing the inhibitory drive onto excitatory neurons or decreasing the putative enhanced pyramidal neuron activity due to functional loss of PV interneurons. Compounds targeting the glycine site at glutamate NMDA receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on PV interneurons that can increase PV interneuron drive, as well as drugs that increase the postsynaptic action of GABA, such as positive allosteric modulators of α5-GABA-A receptors, and decrease glutamatergic output, such as mGluR2/3 agonists, represent promising approaches. Preventive strategies aiming at E/I balance also represent a path to reduce the risk of transitioning to SCZ in high-risk individuals. Therefore, compounds with novel mechanisms targeting E/I balance provide optimism for more effective and tailored interventions in the management of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L Uliana
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joao Roberto F Lisboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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McLean RT, Buist E, St Clair D, Wei J. Autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors are increased in archived serum samples from patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:8-13. [PMID: 38508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the levels of IgG against neurotransmitter receptors are increased in patients with schizophrenia. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies of schizophrenia confirmed that 108 loci harbouring over 300 genes were associated with schizophrenia. Although the functional implications of genetic variants are unclear, theoretical functional alterations of these genes could be replicated by the presence of autoantibodies. This study examined the levels of plasma IgG antibodies against four neurotransmitter receptors, CHRM4, GRM3, CHRNA4 and CHRNA5, using an in-house ELISA in 247 patients with schizophrenia and 344 non-psychiatric controls. Four peptides were designed based on in silico analysis with computational prediction of HLA-DRB1 restricted and B-cell epitopes. The relationship between plasma IgG levels and psychiatric symptoms, as defined by the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness and Affective Illness (OPCRIT), were examined. The results showed that the levels of plasma IgG against peptides derived from CHRM4 and CHRNA4 were significantly increased in patients with schizophrenia compared with control subjects, but there was no significant association of plasma IgG levels with any symptom domain or any specific symptoms. These preliminary results suggest that CHRM4 and CHRNA4 may be novel targets for autoantibody responses in schizophrenia, although the pathogenic relationship between increased serum autoantibody levels and schizophrenia symptoms remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas McLean
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Buist
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK; New Craigs Hospital, Inverness, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
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7
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Gogos A, Sbisa A, van den Buuse M. Disruption of NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of PPI in the maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia is restored by 17β-estradiol and raloxifene. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:432-440. [PMID: 38642484 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy is known to increase the risk of development of schizophrenia in the offspring. Sex steroid hormone analogues have been proposed as potential antipsychotic treatments but the mechanisms of action involved remain unclear. Estrogen has been shown to alter N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding in the brain. We therefore studied the effect of chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol, its isomer, 17α-estradiol, and the selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, on MIA-induced psychosis-like behaviour and the effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801. Pregnant rats were treated with saline or the viral mimetic, poly(I:C), on gestational day 15. Adult female offspring were tested for changes in baseline prepulse inhibition (PPI) and the effects of acute treatment with MK-801 on PPI and locomotor activity. Poly(I:C) offspring had significantly lower baseline PPI compared to control offspring, and this effect was prevented by 17β-estradiol and raloxifene, but not 17α-estradiol. MK-801 reduced PPI in control offspring but had no effect in poly(I:C) offspring treated with vehicle. Chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol and raloxifene restored the effect of MK-801 on PPI. There were no effects of MIA or estrogenic treatment on MK-801 induced locomotor hyperactivity. These results show that MIA affects baseline PPI as well as NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of PPI in female rats, and strengthen the view that estrogenic treatment may have antipsychotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gogos
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa Sbisa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Fu L, Luo Y, Niu L, Lin Y, Chen X, Zhang J, Tang W, Chen Y, Jiao Y. M 1/M 4 receptors as potential therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia: A comprehensive study. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 105:117728. [PMID: 38640587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although activating mAChRs holds potential in addressing the full range of schizophrenia symptoms, clinical application of many non-selective mAChR agonists in cognitive deficits, positive and negative symptoms is hindered by peripheral side effects (gastrointestinal disturbances and cardiovascular effects) and dosage restrictions. Ligands binding to the allosteric sites of mAChRs, particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes, demonstrate activity in improving cognitive function and amelioration of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, enhancing our understanding of schizophrenia. The article aims to critically examine current design concepts and clinical advancements in synthesizing and designing small molecules targeting M1/M4, providing theoretical insights and empirical support for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsheng Fu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Longyan Niu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xingru Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Weifang Tang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
| | - Yu Jiao
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China..
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9
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Marín O. Parvalbumin interneuron deficits in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 82:44-52. [PMID: 38490084 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons represent one of the most abundant subclasses of cortical interneurons. Owing to their specific electrophysiological and synaptic properties, PV+ interneurons are essential for gating and pacing the activity of excitatory neurons. In particular, PV+ interneurons are critically involved in generating and maintaining cortical rhythms in the gamma frequency, which are essential for complex cognitive functions. Deficits in PV+ interneurons have been frequently reported in postmortem studies of schizophrenia patients, and alterations in gamma oscillations are a prominent electrophysiological feature of the disease. Here, I summarise the main features of PV+ interneurons and review clinical and preclinical studies linking the developmental dysfunction of cortical PV+ interneurons with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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10
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Powers A, Angelos P, Bond A, Farina E, Fredericks C, Gandhi J, Greenwald M, Hernandez-Busot G, Hosein G, Kelley M, Mourgues C, Palmer W, Rodriguez-Sanchez J, Seabury R, Toribio S, Vin R, Weleff J, Benrimoh D. A computational account of the development and evolution of psychotic symptoms. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2404.10954v1. [PMID: 38699166 PMCID: PMC11065053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions are often investigated in fully-formed illness, well after symptoms emerge. These investigations have yielded key insights, but are not well-positioned to reveal the dynamic forces underlying symptom formation itself. Understanding symptom development over time would allow us to identify steps in the pathophysiological process leading to psychosis, shifting the focus of psychiatric intervention from symptom alleviation to prevention. We propose a model for understanding the emergence of psychotic symptoms within the context of an adaptive, developing neural system. We will make the case for a pathophysiological process that begins with cortical hyperexcitability and bottom-up noise transmission, which engenders inappropriate belief formation via aberrant prediction error signaling. We will argue that this bottom-up noise drives learning about the (im)precision of new incoming sensory information because of diminished signal-to-noise ratio, causing an adaptive relative over-reliance on prior beliefs. This over-reliance on priors predisposes to hallucinations and covaries with hallucination severity. An over-reliance on priors may also lead to increased conviction in the beliefs generated by bottom-up noise and drive movement toward conversion to psychosis. We will identify predictions of our model at each stage, examine evidence to support or refute those predictions, and propose experiments that could falsify or help select between alternative elements of the overall model. Nesting computational abnormalities within longitudinal development allows us to account for hidden dynamics among the mechanisms driving symptom formation and to view established symptomatology as a point of equilibrium among competing biological forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Powers
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip Angelos
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexandria Bond
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Farina
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolyn Fredericks
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jay Gandhi
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maximillian Greenwald
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Hosein
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Megan Kelley
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Catalina Mourgues
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - William Palmer
- Yale University Department of Psychology, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Rashina Seabury
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Silmilly Toribio
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raina Vin
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy Weleff
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Benrimoh
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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11
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Casey C, Fullard JF, Sleator RD. Unravelling the genetic basis of Schizophrenia. Gene 2024; 902:148198. [PMID: 38266791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal development is a highly regulated mechanism that is central to organismal function in animals. In humans, disruptions to this process can lead to a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, including Schizophrenia (SCZ). SCZ has a significant genetic component, whereby an individual with an SCZ affected family member is eight times more likely to develop the disease than someone with no family history of SCZ. By examining a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets, large-scale 'omics' studies aim to delineate the relationship between genetic variation and abnormal cellular activity in the SCZ brain. Herein, we provide a brief overview of some of the key omics methods currently being used in SCZ research, including RNA-seq, the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (3C) approaches (e.g., Hi-C), as well as single-cell/nuclei iterations of these methods. We also discuss how these techniques are being employed to further our understanding of the genetic basis of SCZ, and to identify associated molecular pathways, biomarkers, and candidate drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Casey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland; Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - John F Fullard
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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Okada N, Yahata N, Koshiyama D, Morita K, Sawada K, Kanata S, Fujikawa S, Sugimoto N, Toriyama R, Masaoka M, Koike S, Araki T, Kano Y, Endo K, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Nishida A, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Edden RAE, Sawa A, Kasai K. Longitudinal trajectories of anterior cingulate glutamate and subclinical psychotic experiences in early adolescence: the impact of bullying victimization. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:939-950. [PMID: 38182806 PMCID: PMC11176069 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies reported decreased glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in non-treatment-resistant schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. However, ACC glutamatergic changes in subjects at high-risk for psychosis, and the effects of commonly experienced environmental emotional/social stressors on glutamatergic function in adolescents remain unclear. In this study, adolescents recruited from the general population underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the pregenual ACC using a 3-Tesla scanner. We explored longitudinal data on the association of combined glutamate-glutamine (Glx) levels, measured by MRS, with subclinical psychotic experiences. Moreover, we investigated associations of bullying victimization, a risk factor for subclinical psychotic experiences, and help-seeking intentions, a coping strategy against stressors including bullying victimization, with Glx levels. Finally, path analyses were conducted to explore multivariate associations. For a contrast analysis, gamma-aminobutyric acid plus macromolecule (GABA+) levels were also analyzed. Negative associations were found between Glx levels and subclinical psychotic experiences at both Times 1 (n = 219, mean age 11.5 y) and 2 (n = 211, mean age 13.6 y), as well as for over-time changes (n = 157, mean interval 2.0 y). Moreover, effects of bullying victimization and bullying victimization × help-seeking intention interaction effects on Glx levels were found (n = 156). Specifically, bullying victimization decreased Glx levels, whereas help-seeking intention increased Glx levels only in bullied adolescents. Finally, associations among bullying victimization, help-seeking intention, Glx levels, and subclinical psychotic experiences were revealed. GABA+ analysis revealed no significant results. This is the first adolescent study to reveal longitudinal trajectories of the association between glutamatergic function and subclinical psychotic experiences and to elucidate the effect of commonly experienced environmental emotional/social stressors on glutamatergic function. Our findings may deepen the understanding of how environmental emotional/social stressors induce impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission that could be the underpinning of liability for psychotic experiences in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koshiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kingo Sawada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Center for Research on Counseling and Support Services, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sho Kanata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Noriko Sugimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rie Toriyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mio Masaoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- The University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Futago 5-1-1, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-8507, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kano
- Department Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Genetic Medicine, and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Lenka A, Sundaravadivel P, Christopher R, Arumugham SS, Hegde S, Yadav R, Pal PK. HOMER1 Polymorphism and Parkinson's Disease-Psychosis: Is there an Association? Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2024; 27:178-182. [PMID: 38751916 PMCID: PMC11093156 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1038_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Homer1, a postsynaptic protein coded by the HOMER1 gene, presumably has a role in homeostatic plasticity that dampens neuronal responsiveness when the input activity is too high. HOMER1 polymorphism has been studied in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to investigate if polymorphisms of the HOMER1 gene are associated with psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD-P). Methods One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 100 healthy controls were enrolled consecutively in a PD-P biomarker study at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. Of the 100 PD patients, 50 had psychosis (PD-P) and 50 did not have psychosis (PD-NP). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of HOMER1 (rs4704559 and rs4704560) were analyzed from the DNA isolated from peripheral blood. The allele and genotype frequencies in the PD-P and PD-NP groups were compared. Results Analysis of HOMER1 rs4704560 revealed a significant difference in both genotype and allele levels between PD-P and PD-NP groups. There was an overrepresentation of T-allele (42% vs. 16%; P < 0.001) and TT genotype (24% vs. 6%; P < 0.001) in the PD-P group compared to PD-NP group. There was no significant difference between PD-P and PD-NP groups when various genotypes and allele frequencies related to HOMER1 rs4704559 were compared. Conclusion PD-P is probably associated with overrepresentation of T-allele of HOMER1 rs4704560, and larger studies are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Pandarisamy Sundaravadivel
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shyam S. Arumugham
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Stanca S, Rossetti M, Bokulic Panichi L, Bongioanni P. The Cellular Dysfunction of the Brain-Blood Barrier from Endothelial Cells to Astrocytes: The Pathway towards Neurotransmitter Impairment in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1250. [PMID: 38279249 PMCID: PMC10816922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an articulated psychiatric syndrome characterized by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Our intention is to present a pathogenetic model combining SCZ alterations and the main cellular actors of the blood-brain barrier (BBB): endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes. The homeostasis of the BBB is preserved by the neurovascular unit which is constituted by ECs, astrocytes and microglia, neurons, and the extracellular matrix. The role of the BBB is strictly linked to its ability to preserve the biochemical integrity of brain parenchyma integrity. In SCZ, there is an increased BBB permeability, demonstrated by elevated levels of albumin and immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid, and this is the result of an intrinsic endothelial impairment. Increased BBB permeability would lead to enhanced concentrations of neurotoxic and neuroactive molecules in the brain. The pathogenetic involvement of astrocytes in SCZ reverberates its consequences on BBB, together with the impact on its permeability and selectivity represented by the EC and pericyte damage occurring in the psychotic picture. Understanding the strict interaction between ECs and astrocytes, and its consequent impact on cognition, is diriment not only for comprehension of neurotransmitter dyshomeostasis in SCZ, but also for focusing on other potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stanca
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Rossetti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leona Bokulic Panichi
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Bongioanni
- NeuroCare Onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Kalinovic R, Pascariu A, Vlad G, Nitusca D, Sălcudean A, Sirbu IO, Marian C, Enatescu VR. Involvement of the Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Schizophrenia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:85. [PMID: 38256919 PMCID: PMC10818502 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of GPCRs has been associated with schizophrenia, and their expression may induce morphological changes in brain regions responsible for schizophrenia and disease-specific behavioral changes. The articles included in this review were selected using keywords and databases of scientific research websites. The expressions of GPRs have different involvements in schizophrenia, some increase the risk while others provide protection, and they may also be potential targets for new treatments. Proper evaluation of these factors is essential to have a better therapeutic response with a lower rate of chronicity and thus improve the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluka Kalinovic
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Andrei Pascariu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Gabriela Vlad
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Diana Nitusca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Sălcudean
- Discipline of Sociobiology, Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Radu Enatescu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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16
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Zhuo C, Zhang Q, Wang L, Ma X, Li R, Ping J, Zhu J, Tian H, Jiang D. Insulin Resistance/Diabetes and Schizophrenia: Potential Shared Genetic Factors and Implications for Better Management of Patients with Schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:33-44. [PMID: 38097908 PMCID: PMC10811033 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychotic disorder with co-occurring conditions, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is well established that T2D and its precursors (i.e., insulin resistance) are more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia who are treated with antipsychotics, as well as in antipsychotic-naïve patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis, compared with the general population. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the increased susceptibility, shared genetics, and possible cause-effect relationship between schizophrenia and T2D remain largely unknown. The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize important studies, including Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses that have integrated genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as results from in vitro models, in vivo models, and observational studies of patients with schizophrenia. Both GWAS and MR studies have found that schizophrenia and T2D/insulin resistance share genetic risk factors, and this may mediate a connection between peripheral or brain insulin resistance and T2D with cognition impairment and an increased risk of developing prediabetes and T2D in schizophrenia. Moreover, accumulating evidence supports a causal role for insulin resistance in schizophrenia and emphasizes the importance of a genetic basis for susceptibility to T2D in patients with schizophrenia before they receive psychotic treatment. The present findings and observations may have clinical implications for the development of better strategies to treat patients with schizophrenia, with both pharmacological (i.e., samidorphan, empagliflozin) and/or nonpharmacological (i.e., lifestyle changes) approaches. Additionally, this review may benefit the design of future studies by physicians and clinical investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Sensory Information Processing Abnormalities in Schizophrenia (SIPAS_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, No. 1 Zhongshan Road, Hebei District, Tianjin, 300140, China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organs Damage in Patients with Metal Disorder (MODMD_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300140, China.
- Laboratory of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China.
- GWAS Center of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sensory Information Processing Abnormalities in Schizophrenia (SIPAS_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, No. 1 Zhongshan Road, Hebei District, Tianjin, 300140, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organs Damage in Patients with Metal Disorder (MODMD_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300140, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Laboratory of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Laboratory of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Laboratory of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jing Ping
- GWAS Center of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- GWAS Center of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Sensory Information Processing Abnormalities in Schizophrenia (SIPAS_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, No. 1 Zhongshan Road, Hebei District, Tianjin, 300140, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiple Organs Damage in Patients with Metal Disorder (MODMD_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300140, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- GWAS Center of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Howes OD, Bukala BR, Beck K. Schizophrenia: from neurochemistry to circuits, symptoms and treatments. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:22-35. [PMID: 38110704 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a leading cause of global disability. Current pharmacotherapy for the disease predominantly uses one mechanism - dopamine D2 receptor blockade - but often shows limited efficacy and poor tolerability. These limitations highlight the need to better understand the aetiology of the disease to aid the development of alternative therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the latest meta-analyses and other findings on the neurobiology of prodromal, first-episode and chronic schizophrenia, and the link to psychotic symptoms, focusing on imaging evidence from people with the disorder. This evidence demonstrates regionally specific neurotransmitter alterations, including higher glutamate and dopamine measures in the basal ganglia, and lower glutamate, dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in cortical regions, particularly the frontal cortex, relative to healthy individuals. We consider how dysfunction in cortico-thalamo-striatal-midbrain circuits might alter brain information processing to underlie psychotic symptoms. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for developing new, mechanistically based treatments and precision medicine for psychotic symptoms, as well as negative and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Bernard R Bukala
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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18
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Kim H, Baek SH, Kim JW, Ryu S, Lee JY, Kim JM, Chung YC, Kim SW. Inflammatory markers of symptomatic remission at 6 months in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 37794014 PMCID: PMC10550944 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of various mental illnesses including schizophrenia. We investigated peripheral inflammatory cytokines as a biomarker for predicting symptomatic remission in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The study included 224 patients aged 15-60 years who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorder with a treatment duration ≤6 months. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured. Psychotic symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general functioning were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Personal and Social Performance scale, respectively. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was also recorded. We investigated the factors associated with remission for each sex in logistic regression analysis. In total, 174 patients achieved remission at the 6-month follow-up (females, 83.5%; males, 70.9%). Remission was associated with older age and lower BDI scores in male patients and with lower TNF-α levels and shorter DUP in female patients. Our findings suggest that peripheral inflammatory cytokines may impede early symptomatic remission in female patients with schizophrenia. In addition, depressive symptoms in males and long DUP in females may be poor prognostic factors for early remission in patients with first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honey Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea.
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19
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Fradley R, Goetghebeur P, Miller D, Burley R, Almond S, Gruart I Massó A, Delgado García JM, Zhu B, Howley E, Neill JC, Grayson B, Gaskin P, Carlton M, Gray I, Serrats J, Davies CH. Luvadaxistat: A Novel Potent and Selective D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor Improves Cognitive and Social Deficits in Rodent Models for Schizophrenia. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3027-3041. [PMID: 37289348 PMCID: PMC10471729 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunctionality is a well-studied hypothesis for schizophrenia pathophysiology, and daily dosing of the NMDA receptor co-agonist, D-serine, in clinical trials has shown positive effects in patients. Therefore, inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) has the potential to be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. TAK-831 (luvadaxistat), a novel, highly potent inhibitor of DAAO, significantly increases D-serine levels in the rodent brain, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. This study shows luvadaxistat to be efficacious in animal tests of cognition and in a translational animal model for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. This is demonstrated when luvadaxistat is dosed alone and in conjunction with a typical antipsychotic. When dosed chronically, there is a suggestion of change in synaptic plasticity as seen by a leftward shift in the maximum efficacious dose in several studies. This is suggestive of enhanced activation of NMDA receptors in the brain and confirmed by modulation of long-term potentiation after chronic dosing. DAAO is highly expressed in the cerebellum, an area of increasing interest for schizophrenia, and luvadaxistat was shown to be efficacious in a cerebellar-dependent associative learning task. While luvadaxistat ameliorated the deficit seen in sociability in two different negative symptom tests of social interaction, it failed to show an effect in endpoints of negative symptoms in clinical trials. These results suggest that luvadaxistat potentially could be used to improve cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia, which is not well addressed with current antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fradley
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Miller
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah Almond
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Bin Zhu
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eimear Howley
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jo C Neill
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ben Grayson
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Philip Gaskin
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Carlton
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Gray
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jordi Serrats
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Ceri H Davies
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Feuer KL, Peng X, Yovo CK, Avramopoulos D. DPYSL2/CRMP2 isoform B knockout in human iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons confirms its role in mTOR signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4353-4362. [PMID: 37479784 PMCID: PMC11138811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The DPYSL2/CRMP2 gene encodes a microtubule-stabilizing protein crucial for neurogenesis and is associated with numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. DPYSL2 generates multiple RNA and protein isoforms, but few studies have differentiated between them. We previously reported an association of a functional variant in the DPYSL2-B isoform with schizophrenia (SCZ) and demonstrated in HEK293 cells that this variant reduced the length of cellular projections and created transcriptomic changes that captured schizophrenia etiology by disrupting mTOR signaling-mediated regulation. In the present study, we follow up on these results by creating, to our knowledge, the first models of endogenous DPYSL2-B knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neurons. CRISPR/Cas9-faciliated knockout of DPYSL2-B in iPSCs followed by Ngn2-induced differentiation to glutamatergic neurons showed a reduction in DPYSL2-B/CRMP2-B RNA and protein with no observable impact on DPYSL2-A/CRMP2-A. The average length of dendrites in knockout neurons was reduced up to 58% compared to controls. Transcriptome analysis revealed disruptions in pathways highly relevant to psychiatric disease including mTOR signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, immune function, calcium signaling, and cholesterol biosynthesis. We also observed a significant enrichment of the differentially expressed genes in SCZ-associated loci from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our findings expand our previous results to neuronal cells, clarify the functions of the human DPYSL2-B isoform and confirm its involvement in molecular pathologies shared between many psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra L Feuer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xi Peng
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian K Yovo
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Todd J, Salisbury D, Michie PT. Why mismatch negativity continues to hold potential in probing altered brain function in schizophrenia. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2023; 2:e144. [PMID: 38867817 PMCID: PMC11114358 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The brain potential known as mismatch negativity (MMN) is one of the most studied indices of altered brain function in schizophrenia. This review looks at what has been learned about MMN in schizophrenia over the last three decades and why the level of interest and activity in this field of research remains strong. A diligent consideration of available evidence suggests that MMN can serve as a biomarker in schizophrenia, but perhaps not the kind of biomarker that early research supposed. This review concludes that MMN measurement is likely to be most useful as a monitoring and response biomarker enabling tracking of an underlying pathology and efficacy of interventions, respectively. The role of, and challenges presented by, pre-clinical models is discussed as well as the merits of different methodologies that can be brought to bear in pursuing a deeper understanding of pathophysiology that might explain smaller MMN in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Todd
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Dean Salisbury
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
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22
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Kositsyn YM, de Abreu MS, Kolesnikova TO, Lagunin AA, Poroikov VV, Harutyunyan HS, Yenkoyan KB, Kalueff AV. Towards Novel Potential Molecular Targets for Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119482. [PMID: 37298431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and schizophrenia are two highly prevalent and severely debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Both conventional antidepressant and antipsychotic pharmacotherapies are often inefficient clinically, causing multiple side effects and serious patient compliance problems. Collectively, this calls for the development of novel drug targets for treating depressed and schizophrenic patients. Here, we discuss recent translational advances, research tools and approaches, aiming to facilitate innovative drug discovery in this field. Providing a comprehensive overview of current antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs, we also outline potential novel molecular targets for treating depression and schizophrenia. We also critically evaluate multiple translational challenges and summarize various open questions, in order to foster further integrative cross-discipline research into antidepressant and antipsychotic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy M Kositsyn
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny 197758, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Neuroscience Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 115184, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Vivarium, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Alexey A Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Poroikov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Hasmik S Harutyunyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Konstantin B Yenkoyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny 197758, Russia
- Neuroscience Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 115184, Russia
- Vivarium, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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23
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Peeters LD, Wills LJ, Cuozzo AM, Ivanich KL, Brown RW. Reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference in a transgenerational model of drug abuse vulnerability in psychosis: Impact of BDNF on the saliency of drug associations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06379-7. [PMID: 37160431 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are often accompanied by high rates of cigarette smoking, reduced quit success, and high relapse rates, negatively affecting patient outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying altered relapse-like behaviors in psychosis are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study analyzed changes in extinction and reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) and resulting changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a novel heritable rodent model of psychosis, demonstrating increased dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity, to explore mechanisms contributing to changes in relapse-like behaviors. METHODS Male and female offspring of two neonatal quinpirole-treated (1 mg/kg quinpirole from postnatal day (P)1-21; QQ) and two neonatal saline-treated (SS) Sprague-Dawley rats (F1 generation) were tested on an extended CPP paradigm to analyze extinction and nicotine-primed reinstatement. Brain tissue was analyzed 60 min after the last nicotine injection for BDNF response in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the infralimbic (IfL) and prelimbic (PrL) cortices. RESULTS F1 generation QQ offspring demonstrated delayed extinction and more robust reinstatement compared to SS control animals. In addition, QQ animals demonstrated an enhanced BDNF response to nicotine in the VTA, IfL and Prl cortices compared to SS offspring. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate altered relapse-like behavior in a heritable rodent model with relevance to comorbid drug abuse and psychosis. This altered pattern of behavior is hypothesized to be related to elevated activity-dependent BDNF in brain areas associated with drug reinforcement during conditioning that persists through the extinction phase, rendering aberrantly salient drug associations resistant to extinction and enhancing relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren D Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Liza J Wills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Anthony M Cuozzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Kira L Ivanich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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24
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Adraoui FW, Douw L, Martens GJM, Maas DA. Connecting Neurobiological Features with Interregional Dysconnectivity in Social-Cognitive Impairments of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097680. [PMID: 37175387 PMCID: PMC10177877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric disorder affecting about 1% of the world's population. Social-cognitive impairments in SZ prevent positive social interactions and lead to progressive social withdrawal. The neurobiological underpinnings of social-cognitive symptoms remain poorly understood, which hinders the development of novel treatments. At the whole-brain level, an abnormal activation of social brain regions and interregional dysconnectivity within social-cognitive brain networks have been identified as major contributors to these symptoms. At the cellular and subcellular levels, an interplay between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction is thought to underly SZ pathology. However, it is not clear how these molecular processes are linked with interregional dysconnectivity in the genesis of social-cognitive symptoms. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between macroscale (connectivity analyses) and microscale (molecular and cellular mechanistic) knowledge by proposing impaired myelination and the disinhibition of local microcircuits as possible causative biological pathways leading to dysconnectivity and abnormal activity of the social brain. Furthermore, we recommend electroencephalography as a promising translational technique that can foster pre-clinical drug development and discuss attractive drug targets for the treatment of social-cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W Adraoui
- Biotrial, Preclinical Pharmacology Department, 7-9 rue Jean-Louis Bertrand, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Linda Douw
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Donders Centre for Neuroscience (DCN), Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NeuroDrug Research Ltd., 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien A Maas
- Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Boelelaan, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Hojlo MA, Ghebrelul M, Genetti CA, Smith R, Rockowitz S, Deaso E, Beggs AH, Agrawal PB, Glahn DC, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Brownstein CA. Children with Early-Onset Psychosis Have Increased Burden of Rare GRIN2A Variants. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:779. [PMID: 37107537 PMCID: PMC10138040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents with early-onset psychosis (EOP) have more rare genetic variants than individuals with adult-onset forms of the illness, implying that fewer EOP participants are needed for genetic discovery. The Schizophrenia Exome Sequencing Meta-analysis (SCHEMA) study predicted that 10 genes with ultra-rare variation were linked to adult-onset schizophrenia. We hypothesized that rare variants predicted "High" and "Moderate" by the Variant Effect Predictor Algorithm (abbreviated as VEPHMI) in these 10 genes would be enriched in our EOP cohort. METHODS We compared rare VEPHMI variants in individuals with EOP (N = 34) with race- and sex-matched controls (N = 34) using the sequence kernel association test (SKAT). RESULTS GRIN2A variants were significantly increased in the EOP cohort (p = 0.004), with seven individuals (20% of the EOP cohort) carrying a rare VEPHMI variant. The EOP cohort was then compared to three additional control cohorts. GRIN2A variants were significantly increased in the EOP cohort for two of the additional control sets (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02), and trending towards significance for the third (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Despite a small sample size, GRIN2A VEPHMI variant burden was increased in a cohort of individuals with EOP in comparison to controls. GRIN2A variants have been associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders including adult-onset psychotic spectrum disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia. This study supports the role of GRIN2A in EOP and emphasizes its role in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Hojlo
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Merhawi Ghebrelul
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casie A. Genetti
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Smith
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shira Rockowitz
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Research Computing, Information Technology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma Deaso
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan H. Beggs
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Holtz Children’s Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine A. Brownstein
- Early Psychosis Investigation Center (EPICenter), Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Shmakova AA, Semina EV, Neyfeld EA, Tsygankov BD, Karagyaur MN. [An analysis of the relationship between genetic factors and the risk of schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:26-36. [PMID: 36843456 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312302126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain poorly understood, but it has been established that the contribution of heredity to the development of the disease is about 80-85%. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the search for specific genetic variants associated with the development of schizophrenia. The review discusses the results of modern large-scale studies aimed at searching for genetic associations with schizophrenia: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the search for rare variants (mutations or copy number variations, CNV), including the use of whole exome sequencing. We synthesize data on currently known genes that are significantly associated with schizophrenia and discuss their biological functions in order to identify the main molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shmakova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine - Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Neyfeld
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - M N Karagyaur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine - Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Links of platelet glutamate and glutathione metabolism with attenuated positive and negative symptoms in depressed patients at clinical high risk for psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:157-168. [PMID: 35292857 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the study is to reveal clinical and biological correlations in patients with adolescent depression and attenuated psychotic symptoms. Activity of platelet enzymes involved in glutamate-, glutathione- and energy metabolism was evaluated in control group and in the patients, because these systems are suspected as related to pathogenesis of psychosis. Adolescents (78 men, 16-25 years old) hospitalized with the first acute depressive state composed two groups: with prevalence of attenuated psychotic positive or negative symptoms (Gr1 and Gr2, 48 and 30 patients, respectively). Control group comprised 20 mentally healthy men of 19-25 years old. Gr1 differed significantly from Gr2 in scores by the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) for positive symptoms, p < 0.001, for disorganization symptoms, p < 0.003, and for total SOPS score, p < 0.001, before the treatment started. When patients from either Gr1 or Gr2 were compared with the control group, significantly decreased baseline activities of platelet glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were found (p < 0.0001). Different correlations were found between baseline enzymatic activities in Gr1 and Gr2: GDH activity correlated with GR activity in Gr1 (R = 0.37), and with GST activity in Gr2 (R = 0.70). Significant correlations were found only in Gr2 between the delta of scores by SOPS negative symptoms (SOPS-N) under treatment and baseline GDH, GST, and GR activities (R = - 0.36, R = - 0.60, and R = 0.38, respectively). The found correlations of the baseline enzymatic activity levels with the value of the decrease (delta) in SOPS-N scores under the treatment represent interest for the prediction of the pharmacotherapy efficiency.
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28
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Cation-Chloride Cotransporters KCC2 and NKCC1 as Therapeutic Targets in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031344. [PMID: 36771011 PMCID: PMC9920462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases including Alzheimer's, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Down syndrome and epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, are conditions that affect not only individuals but societies on a global scale. Current therapies offer a means for small symptomatic relief, but recently there has been increasing demand for therapeutic alternatives. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic signaling system has been investigated for developing new therapies as it has been noted that any dysfunction or changes to this system can contribute to disease progression. Expression of the K-Cl-2 (KCC2) and N-K-C1-1 (NKCC1) cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) has recently been linked to the disruption of GABAergic activity by affecting the polarity of GABAA receptor signaling. KCC2 and NKCC1 play a part in multiple neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, making them a target of interest for potential therapies. This review explores current research suggesting the pathophysiological role and therapeutic importance of KCC2 and NKCC1 in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
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29
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Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter, with adsorbed organic and inorganic contaminants, to which exposure is lifelong. Epidemiological studies increasingly associate air pollution with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, findings supported by experimental animal models. This breadth of neurotoxicity across these central nervous system diseases and disorders likely reflects shared vulnerability of their inflammatory and oxidative stress-based mechanisms and a corresponding ability to produce brain metal dyshomeo-stasis. Future research to define the responsible contaminants of air pollution underlying this neurotoxicity is critical to understanding mechanisms of these diseases and disorders and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA;
| | - Alyssa Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA;
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA;
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Haaf M, Curic S, Rauh J, Steinmann S, Mulert C, Leicht G. Opposite Modulation of the NMDA Receptor by Glycine and S-Ketamine and the Effects on Resting State EEG Gamma Activity: New Insights into the Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031913. [PMID: 36768234 PMCID: PMC9916476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA-receptor hypofunction is increasingly considered to be an important pathomechanism in schizophrenia. However, to date, it has not been possible to identify patients with relevant NMDA-receptor hypofunction who would respond to glutamatergic treatments. Preclinical models, such as the ketamine model, could help identify biomarkers related to NMDA-receptor function that respond to glutamatergic modulation, for example, via activation of the glycine-binding site. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of opposing modulation of the NMDA receptor on gamma activity (30-100 Hz) at rest, the genesis of which appears to be highly dependent on NMDA receptors. The effects of subanesthetic doses of S-ketamine and pretreatment with glycine on gamma activity at rest were examined in twenty-five healthy male participants using 64-channel electroencephalography. Psychometric scores were assessed using the PANSS and the 5D-ASC. While S-ketamine significantly increased psychometric scores and gamma activity at the scalp and in the source space, pretreatment with glycine did not significantly attenuate any of these effects when controlled for multiple comparisons. Our results question whether increased gamma activity at rest constitutes a suitable biomarker for the target engagement of glutamatergic drugs in the preclinical ketamine model. They might further point to a differential role of NMDA receptors in gamma activity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Haaf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)40-741059514
| | - Stjepan Curic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Rauh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Steinmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Leicht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Holter KM, Pierce BE, Gould RW. Metabotropic glutamate receptor function and regulation of sleep-wake cycles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:93-175. [PMID: 36868636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are the most abundant family of G-protein coupled receptors and are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Alterations in glutamate homeostasis, including dysregulations in mGlu receptor function, have been indicated as key contributors to multiple CNS disorders. Fluctuations in mGlu receptor expression and function also occur across diurnal sleep-wake cycles. Sleep disturbances including insomnia are frequently comorbid with neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative conditions. These often precede behavioral symptoms and/or correlate with symptom severity and relapse. Chronic sleep disturbances may also be a consequence of primary symptom progression and can exacerbate neurodegeneration in disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and CNS disorders; disrupted sleep may serve as both a cause and a consequence of the disorder. Importantly, comorbid sleep disturbances are rarely a direct target of primary pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders even though improving sleep can positively impact other symptom clusters. This chapter details known roles of mGlu receptor subtypes in both sleep-wake regulation and CNS disorders focusing on schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, AD, and substance use disorder (cocaine and opioid). In this chapter, preclinical electrophysiological, genetic, and pharmacological studies are described, and, when possible, human genetic, imaging, and post-mortem studies are also discussed. In addition to reviewing the important relationships between sleep, mGlu receptors, and CNS disorders, this chapter highlights the development of selective mGlu receptor ligands that hold promise for improving both primary symptoms and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Holter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Bethany E Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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32
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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33
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Role of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in psychosis and the modulatory effects of cannabinoids. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105942. [PMID: 36473591 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a serine/threonine kinase that has emerged as a key regulator of neurotransmission in complex cognitive processes. Its expression is altered in treated schizophrenia patients, and cannabinoids modulate CDK5 levels in the brain of rodents. However, the role of this kinase, and its interaction with cannabis use in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients is still not known. Hence, we studied the expression changes of CDK5 and its signaling partner, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in olfactory neuroepithelial (ON) cells of FEP patients with (FEP/c) and without (FEP/nc) prior cannabis use, and in a dual-hit mouse model of psychosis. In this model, adolescent mice were exposed to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (CB1R) WIN-55,212-2 (WIN: 1 mg/kg) during 21 days, and to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blocker phencyclidine (PCP: 10 mg/kg) during 10 days. FEP/c showed less social functioning deficits, lower CDK5 and higher PSD95 levels than FEP/nc. These changes correlated with social skills, but not cognitive deficits. Consistently, exposure of ON cells from FEP/nc patients to WIN in vitro reduced CDK5 levels. Convergent results were obtained in mice, where PCP by itself induced more sociability deficits, and PSD95/CDK5 alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus than exposure to PCP-WIN. In addition, central blockade of CDK5 activity with roscovitine in PCP-treated mice restored both sociability impairments and PSD95 levels. We provide translational evidence that increased CDK5 could be an early indicator of psychosis associated with social deficits, and that this biomarker is modulated by prior cannabis use.
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Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonism as a new treatment strategy for schizophrenia and related disorders. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:60-74. [PMID: 36369028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a major health burden, highlighting the need for new treatment approaches. We consider the potential for targeting the trace amine (TA) system. We first review genetic, preclinical, and clinical evidence for the role of TAs in the aetiopathology of schizophrenia. We then consider how the localisation and function of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) position it to modulate key brain circuits for the disorder. Studies in rodents using Taar1 knockout (TAAR1-KO) and overexpression models show that TAAR1 agonism inhibits midbrain dopaminergic and serotonergic activity, and enhances prefrontal glutamatergic function. TAAR1 agonists also reduce hyperactivity, attenuate prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and social withdrawal, and improve cognitive measures in animal models. Finally, we consider findings from clinical trials of TAAR1 agonists and how this approach may address psychotic and negative symptoms, tolerability issues, and other unmet needs in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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35
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Glutamatergic dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:500. [PMID: 36463316 PMCID: PMC9719533 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA-R hypofunction model of schizophrenia started with the clinical observation of the precipitation of psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia exposed to PCP or ketamine. Healthy volunteers exposed to acute low doses of ketamine experienced mild psychosis but also negative and cognitive type symptoms reminiscent of the full clinical picture of schizophrenia. In rodents, acute systemic ketamine resulted in a paradoxical increase in extracellular frontal glutamate as well as of dopamine. Similar increase in prefrontal glutamate was documented with acute ketamine in healthy volunteers with 1H-MRS. Furthermore, sub-chronic low dose PCP lead to reductions in frontal dendritic tree density in rodents. In post-mortem ultrastructural studies in schizophrenia, a broad reduction in dendritic complexity and somal volume of pyramidal cells has been repeatedly described. This most likely accounts for the broad, subtle progressive cortical thinning described with MRI in- vivo. Additionally, prefrontal reductions in the obligatory GluN1 subunit of the NMDA-R has been repeatedly found in post-mortem tissue. The vast 1H-MRS literature in schizophrenia has documented trait-like small increases in glutamate concentrations in striatum very early in the illness, before antipsychotic treatment (the same structure where increased pre-synaptic release of dopamine has been reported with PET). The more recent genetic literature has reliably detected very small risk effects for common variants involving several glutamate-related genes. The pharmacological literature has followed two main tracks, directly informed by the NMDA-R hypo model: agonism at the glycine site (as mostly add-on studies targeting negative and cognitive symptoms); and pre-synaptic modulation of glutamatergic release (as single agents for acute psychosis). Unfortunately, both approaches have failed so far. There is little doubt that brain glutamatergic abnormalities are present in schizophrenia and that some of these are related to the etiology of the illness. The genetic literature directly supports a non- specific etiological role for glutamatergic dysfunction. Whether NMDA-R hypofunction as a specific mechanism accounts for any important component of the illness is still not evident. However, a glutamatergic model still has heuristic value to guide future research in schizophrenia. New tools to jointly examine brain glutamatergic, GABA-ergic and dopaminergic systems in-vivo, early in the illness, may lay the ground for a next generation of clinical trials that go beyond dopamine D2 blockade.
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36
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Dogra S, Putnam J, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 as a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173493. [PMID: 36402243 PMCID: PMC9729465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and abnormalities in the glutamatergic system underlie various CNS disorders. As metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3 receptor) regulates glutamatergic transmission in various brain areas, emerging literature suggests that targeting mGlu3 receptors can be a novel approach to the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. For example, mGlu3 receptor negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) induce rapid antidepressant-like effects in both acute and chronic stress models. Activation of mGlu3 receptors can enhance cognition in the rodents modeling schizophrenia-like pathophysiology. The mGlu3 receptors expressed in the astrocytes induce neuroprotective effects. Although polymorphisms in GRM3 have been shown to be associated with addiction, there is not significant evidence about the efficacy of mGlu3 receptor ligands in rodent models of addiction. Collectively, drugs targeting mGlu3 receptors may provide an alternative approach to fill the unmet clinical need for safer and more efficacious therapeutics for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dogra
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason Putnam
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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37
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Zeppillo T, Schulmann A, Macciardi F, Hjelm BE, Föcking M, Sequeira PA, Guella I, Cotter D, Bunney WE, Limon A, Vawter MP. Functional impairment of cortical AMPA receptors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:25-37. [PMID: 32513544 PMCID: PMC7718399 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that some of the behavioral alterations observed in schizophrenia (SZ) may be mechanistically linked to synaptic dysfunction of glutamatergic signaling. Recent genetic and proteomic studies suggest alterations of cortical glutamate receptors of the AMPA-type (AMPARs), which are the predominant ligand-gated ionic channels of fast transmission at excitatory synapses. The impact of gene and protein alterations on the electrophysiological activity of AMPARs is not known in SZ. In this proof of principle work, using human postmortem brain synaptic membranes isolated from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we combined electrophysiological analysis from microtransplanted synaptic membranes (MSM) with transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and label-free proteomics data in 10 control and 10 subjects diagnosed with SZ. We observed in SZ a reduction in the amplitude of AMPARs currents elicited by kainate, an agonist of AMPARs that blocks the desensitization of the receptor. This reduction was not associated with protein abundance but with a reduction in kainate's potency to activate AMPARs. Electrophysiologically-anchored dataset analysis (EDA) was used to identify synaptosomal proteins that linearly correlate with the amplitude of the AMPARs responses, gene ontology functional annotations were then used to determine protein-protein interactions. Protein modules associated with positive AMPARs current increases were downregulated in SZ, while protein modules that were upregulated in SZ were associated with decreased AMPARs currents. Our results indicate that transcriptomic and proteomic alterations, frequently observed in the DLPFC in SZ, converge at the synaptic level producing a functional electrophysiological impairment of AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Zeppillo
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, B.R.A.I.N., Centre for Neuroscience, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anton Schulmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA; Current address: National Institute of Mental Health, Human Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - P Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ilaria Guella
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Cotter
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA.
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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38
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Girdhar K, Rahman S, Dong P, Fullard JF, Roussos P. The Neuroepigenome: Implications of Chemical and Physical Modifications of Genomic DNA in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:443-449. [PMID: 35750513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness with a substantial genetic component. To unfold the complex etiology of schizophrenia, it is important to understand the interplay between genetic and nongenetic factors. Genetic factors involve variation in the DNA sequences of protein-coding genes, which directly contribute to phenotypic traits, and variation in noncoding sequences, which comprise 98% of the genome and contain DNA elements known to play a role in regulating gene expression. The epigenome refers to the chemical modifications on both DNA and the structural proteins that package DNA into the nucleus, which together regulate gene expression in specific cell types, conditions, and developmental stages. The dynamic nature of the epigenome makes it an ideal tool to investigate the relationship between inherited genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and altered gene regulation throughout the course of brain development. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the role of epigenetic marks and their three-dimensional nuclear organization in the developmental trajectory of distinct brain cell types to decipher the complex gene regulatory mechanisms that are disrupted in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Girdhar
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samir Rahman
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John F Fullard
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Disease Neurogenomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
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Dopamine, Psychosis, and Symptom Fluctuation: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091713. [PMID: 36141325 PMCID: PMC9498563 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized since the 1960s that the etiology of schizophrenia is linked to dopamine. In the intervening 60 years, sophisticated brain imaging techniques, genetic/epigenetic advances, and new experimental animal models of schizophrenia have transformed schizophrenia research. The disease is now conceptualized as a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder expressed phenotypically in four symptom domains: positive, negative, cognitive, and affective. The aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to review recent research into schizophrenia etiology, (b) to review papers that elicited subjective evidence from patients as to triggers and repressors of symptoms such as auditory hallucinations or paranoid thoughts, and (c) to address the potential role of dopamine in schizophrenia in general and, in particular, in the fluctuations in schizophrenia symptoms. The review also includes new discoveries in schizophrenia research, pointing to the involvement of both striatal neurons and glia, signaling pathway convergence, and the role of stress. It also addresses potential therapeutic implications. We conclude with the hope that this paper opens up novel avenues of research and new possibilities for treatment.
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Relevance of interactions between dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3583-3591. [PMID: 35681081 PMCID: PMC9712151 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmission are strongly implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. While most studies focus on contributions of neurons that release only DA or glutamate, neither DA nor glutamate models alone recapitulate the full spectrum of schizophrenia pathophysiology. Similarly, therapeutic strategies limited to either system cannot effectively treat all three major symptom domains of schizophrenia: positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests extensive interactions between the DA and glutamate systems and more effective treatments may therefore require the targeting of both DA and glutamate signaling. This offers the possibility that disrupting DA-glutamate circuitry between these two systems, particularly in the striatum and forebrain, culminate in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Yet, the mechanisms behind these interactions and their contributions to schizophrenia remain unclear. In addition to circuit- or system-level interactions between neurons that solely release either DA or glutamate, here we posit that functional alterations involving a subpopulation of neurons that co-release both DA and glutamate provide a novel point of integration between DA and glutamate systems, offering a key missing link in our understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying DA/glutamate co-release from these neurons may therefore shed new light on schizophrenia pathophysiology and lead to more effective therapeutics.
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41
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Gordillo D, da Cruz JR, Chkonia E, Lin WH, Favrod O, Brand A, Figueiredo P, Roinishvili M, Herzog MH. The EEG multiverse of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3816-3826. [PMID: 36030389 PMCID: PMC10068296 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on schizophrenia typically focuses on one paradigm for which clear-cut differences between patients and controls are established. Great efforts are made to understand the underlying genetical, neurophysiological, and cognitive mechanisms, which eventually may explain the clinical outcome. One tacit assumption of these "deep rooting" approaches is that paradigms tap into common and representative aspects of the disorder. Here, we analyzed the resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) of 121 schizophrenia patients and 75 controls. Using multiple signal processing methods, we extracted 194 EEG features. Sixty-nine out of the 194 EEG features showed a significant difference between patients and controls, indicating that these features detect an important aspect of schizophrenia. Surprisingly, the correlations between these features were very low. We discuss several explanations to our results and propose that complementing "deep" with "shallow" rooting approaches might help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Gordillo
- Corresponding author: Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brand
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Institute for Systems and Robotics – Lisboa, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Free University of Tbilisi, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, Ivane Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, 0160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sobolewski M, Conrad K, Marvin E, Eckard M, Goeke CM, Merrill AK, Welle K, Jackson BP, Gelein R, Chalupa D, Oberdörster G, Cory-Slechta DA. The potential involvement of inhaled iron (Fe) in the neurotoxic effects of ultrafine particulate matter air pollution exposure on brain development in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:56. [PMID: 35945578 PMCID: PMC9364598 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in epidemiological studies. In our studies in mice, developmental exposures to ambient ultrafine particulate (UFP) matter either postnatally or gestationally results in neurotoxic consequences that include brain metal dyshomeostasis, including significant increases in brain Fe. Since Fe is redox active and neurotoxic to brain in excess, this study examined the extent to which postnatal Fe inhalation exposure, might contribute to the observed neurotoxicity of UFPs. Mice were exposed to 1 µg/m3 Fe oxide nanoparticles alone, or in conjunction with sulfur dioxide (Fe (1 µg/m3) + SO2 (SO2 at 1.31 mg/m3, 500 ppb) from postnatal days 4-7 and 10-13 for 4 h/day. RESULTS Overarching results included the observations that Fe + SO2 produced greater neurotoxicity than did Fe alone, that females appeared to show greater vulnerability to these exposures than did males, and that profiles of effects differed by sex. Consistent with metal dyshomeostasis, both Fe only and Fe + SO2 exposures altered correlations of Fe and of sulfur (S) with other metals in a sex and tissue-specific manner. Specifically, altered metal levels in lung, but particularly in frontal cortex were found, with reductions produced by Fe in females, but increases produced by Fe + SO2 in males. At PND14, marked changes in brain frontal cortex and striatal neurotransmitter systems were observed, particularly in response to combined Fe + SO2 as compared to Fe only, in glutamatergic and dopaminergic functions that were of opposite directions by sex. Changes in markers of trans-sulfuration in frontal cortex likewise differed in females as compared to males. Residual neurotransmitter changes were limited at PND60. Increases in serum glutathione and Il-1a were female-specific effects of combined Fe + SO2. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings suggest a role for the Fe contamination in air pollution in the observed neurotoxicity of ambient UFPs and that such involvement may be different by chemical mixture. Translation of such results to humans requires verification, and, if found, would suggest a need for regulation of Fe in air for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sobolewski
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Elena Marvin
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Matthew Eckard
- grid.262333.50000000098205004Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142 USA
| | - Calla M. Goeke
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Alyssa K. Merrill
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Kevin Welle
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Proteomics Core, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Brian P. Jackson
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Robert Gelein
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - David Chalupa
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Deborah A. Cory-Slechta
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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43
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Bauminger H, Gaisler-Salomon I. Beyond NMDA Receptors: Homeostasis at the Glutamate Tripartite Synapse and Its Contributions to Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8617. [PMID: 35955750 PMCID: PMC9368772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are core symptoms of schizophrenia but remain poorly addressed by dopamine-based antipsychotic medications. Glutamate abnormalities are implicated in schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits. While the role of the NMDA receptor has been extensively studied, less attention was given to other components that control glutamate homeostasis. Glutamate dynamics at the tripartite synapse include presynaptic and postsynaptic components and are tightly regulated by neuron-astrocyte crosstalk. Here, we delineate the role of glutamate homeostasis at the tripartite synapse in schizophrenia-related cognitive dysfunction. We focus on cognitive domains that can be readily measured in humans and rodents, i.e., working memory, recognition memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. We describe tasks used to measure cognitive function in these domains in humans and rodents, and the relevance of glutamate alterations in these domains. Next, we delve into glutamate tripartite synaptic components and summarize findings that implicate the relevance of these components to specific cognitive domains. These collective findings indicate that neuron-astrocyte crosstalk at the tripartite synapse is essential for cognition, and that pre- and postsynaptic components play a critical role in maintaining glutamate homeostasis and cognitive well-being. The contribution of these components to cognitive function should be considered in order to better understand the role played by glutamate signaling in cognition and develop efficient pharmacological treatment avenues for schizophrenia treatment-resistant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Bauminger
- School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Inna Gaisler-Salomon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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de Oliveira Figueiredo EC, Calì C, Petrelli F, Bezzi P. Emerging evidence for astrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. Glia 2022; 70:1585-1604. [PMID: 35634946 PMCID: PMC9544982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder whose heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background influences early brain development, and whose precise etiology is still poorly understood. Schizophrenia is not characterized by gross brain pathology, but involves subtle pathological changes in neuronal populations and glial cells. Among the latter, astrocytes critically contribute to the regulation of early neurodevelopmental processes, and any dysfunctions in their morphological and functional maturation may lead to aberrant neurodevelopmental processes involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptogenesis, and glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. Studies of the mechanisms regulating astrocyte maturation may therefore improve our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corrado Calì
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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45
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Waldman L, Richardson B, Hamilton J, Thanos P. Chronic Oral Olanzapine Treatment but not Haloperidol Decreases [ 3H] MK-801 Binding in the Rat Brain Independent of Dietary Conditions. Neurosci Lett 2022; 781:136657. [PMID: 35483503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol and olanzapine are first and second-generation antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications approved to treat schizophrenia. Glutamate signaling is known to play an important role in the manifestation of schizophrenia symptoms, as phencyclidine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, replicates and exasperates these symptoms. While initial reports show that neuroleptic treatments can impact aspects of NMDAR expression, there is little attention on the interaction between neuroleptics and dietary conditions. Thus, we examined the impact of chronic haloperidol and olanzapine treatment under both normal and high-fat dietary conditions on NMDAR expression. Adult male rats were treated for 28-days with either oral vehicle, haloperidol (1.5mg/kg), or olanzapine (10mg/kg), and fed either a standard control diet or a high-fat diet. In-vitro receptor autoradiography binding was performed using [3H] MK-801 as a measure of NMDAR expression. Results showed that olanzapine, irrespective of the diet, significantly decreased [3H] MK-801 binding within the cingulate cortex, substantia nigra, insular cortex, piriform cortex, ectorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex, the forelimb region of the somatosensory cortex, and all quadrants of the caudate-putamen. In contrast, haloperidol treatment did not impact [3H] MK-801 binding, and we also report no effect of diet on [3H] MK-801 binding. These data suggest that the effects seen in olanzapine treatment are not mediated by diet, nor does a 28-day chronic high-fat diet alter [3H] MK-801 binding. Furthermore, these data also importantly support that combined consumption of a high-fat diet and pharmacological treatments are not immediately detrimental to NMDARs and contribute to the expansive literature of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Waldman
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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46
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The glutamate/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) model of schizophrenia at 35: On the path from syndrome to disease. Schizophr Res 2022; 242:56-61. [PMID: 35125283 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Singh T, Poterba T, Curtis D, Akil H, Al Eissa M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bigdeli TB, Breen G, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Bunney WE, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley WF, Chapman SB, Chen WJ, Churchhouse C, Craddock N, Cusick CM, DeLisi L, Dodge S, Escamilla MA, Eskelinen S, Fanous AH, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Francioli L, Gabriel SB, Gage D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Ganna A, Genovese G, Glahn DC, Grove J, Hall MH, Hämäläinen E, Heyne HO, Holi M, Hougaard DM, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Hwu HG, Kahn RS, Kang HM, Karczewski KJ, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Lee FS, Lehrer DS, Lescai F, Malaspina D, Marder SR, McCarroll SA, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Milani L, Morley CP, Morris DW, Mortensen PB, Myers RM, Nordentoft M, O'Brien NL, Olivares AM, Ongur D, Ouwehand WH, Palmer DS, Paunio T, Quested D, Rapaport MH, Rees E, Rollins B, Satterstrom FK, Schatzberg A, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Sharp SI, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sobell JL, Solomonson M, Stahl EA, Stevens CR, Suvisaari J, Tiao G, Watson SJ, Watts NA, Blackwood DH, Børglum AD, Cohen BM, Corvin AP, Esko T, Freimer NB, Glatt SJ, Hultman CM, McQuillin A, Palotie A, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pulver AE, St Clair D, Tsuang MT, Vawter MP, Walters JT, Werge TM, Ophoff RA, Sullivan PF, Owen MJ, Boehnke M, O'Donovan MC, Neale BM, Daly MJ. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:509-516. [PMID: 35396579 PMCID: PMC9805802 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare coding variation has historically provided the most direct connections between gene function and disease pathogenesis. By meta-analysing the whole exomes of 24,248 schizophrenia cases and 97,322 controls, we implicate ultra-rare coding variants (URVs) in 10 genes as conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia (odds ratios of 3-50, P < 2.14 × 10-6) and 32 genes at a false discovery rate of <5%. These genes have the greatest expression in central nervous system neurons and have diverse molecular functions that include the formation, structure and function of the synapse. The associations of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit GRIN2A and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GRIA3 provide support for dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as a mechanistic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We observe an overlap of rare variant risk among schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders1, epilepsy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders2, although different mutation types are implicated in some shared genes. Most genes described here, however, are not implicated in neurodevelopment. We demonstrate that genes prioritized from common variant analyses of schizophrenia are enriched in rare variant risk3, suggesting that common and rare genetic risk factors converge at least partially on the same underlying pathogenic biological processes. Even after excluding significantly associated genes, schizophrenia cases still carry a substantial excess of URVs, which indicates that more risk genes await discovery using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy Poterba
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline M Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynn DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saana Eskelinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurent Francioli
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MIRECC, JP Peters VA Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Lescai
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Palmer
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Grace Tiao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James T Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Dogra S, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as emerging targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:275-285. [PMID: 35246479 PMCID: PMC9092465 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence of glutamatergic abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenia patients has led to efforts to target various components of glutamatergic signaling as potential new approaches for schizophrenia. Exciting research suggests that metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors could provide a fundamentally new approach for better symptomatic relief in schizophrenia patients. In preclinical studies, the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have efficacy in animal models relevant for all symptom domains in schizophrenia. Interestingly, biased pure mGlu5 receptor PAMs that do not potentiate coupling of mGlu5 receptors to NMDA receptors lack neurotoxic effects associated with mGlu5 PAMs that enhance coupling to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or have allosteric agonist activity (ago-PAMs). This provides a better therapeutic profile for treating schizophrenia-like symptoms. Additionally, the mGlu1 receptor PAMs modulate dopamine release in the striatum, which may contribute to their antipsychotic-like effects. Besides group I mGlu (mGlu1 and mGlu5) receptors, agonists of mGlu2/3 receptor also induce robust antipsychotic-like and pro-cognitive effects in rodents and may be effective in treating symptoms of schizophrenia in a selective group of patients. Additionally, mGlu2/4 receptor heterodimers modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex at selective synapses activated in schizophrenia and, therefore, hold potential as novel antipsychotics. Excitingly, the mGlu3 receptor activation can enhance cognition in rodents suggesting that mGlu3 receptor agonist/PAM could provide a novel approach for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Collectively, the development of mGlu receptor-specific ligands may provide an alternative approach to meet the clinical need for safer and efficacious therapeutics for schizophrenia. Significance Statement The currently available antipsychotic medications do not show significant efficacy for treating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Emerging preclinical and clinical literature suggests that pharmacological targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptors could potentially provide an alternative approach for designing safer and efficacious therapeutics for treating schizophrenia.
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Liddle PF, Liddle EB. Imprecise Predictive Coding Is at the Core of Classical Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:818711. [PMID: 35308615 PMCID: PMC8928728 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.818711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia place emphasis on delusions and hallucinations, whereas the classical descriptions of schizophrenia by Kraepelin and Bleuler emphasized disorganization and impoverishment of mental activity. Despite the availability of antipsychotic medication for treating delusions and hallucinations, many patients continue to experience persisting disability. Improving treatment requires a better understanding of the processes leading to persisting disability. We recently introduced the term classical schizophrenia to describe cases with disorganized and impoverished mental activity, cognitive impairment and predisposition to persisting disability. Recent evidence reveals that a polygenic score indicating risk for schizophrenia predicts severity of the features of classical schizophrenia: disorganization, and to a lesser extent, impoverishment of mental activity and cognitive impairment. Current understanding of brain function attributes a cardinal role to predictive coding: the process of generating models of the world that are successively updated in light of confirmation or contradiction by subsequent sensory information. It has been proposed that abnormalities of these predictive processes account for delusions and hallucinations. Here we examine the evidence provided by electrophysiology and fMRI indicating that imprecise predictive coding is the core pathological process in classical schizophrenia, accounting for disorganization, psychomotor poverty and cognitive impairment. Functional imaging reveals aberrant brain activity at network hubs engaged during encoding of predictions. We discuss the possibility that frequent prediction errors might promote excess release of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, thereby accounting for the occurrence of episodes of florid psychotic symptoms including delusions and hallucinations in classical schizophrenia. While the predictive coding hypotheses partially accounts for the time-course of classical schizophrenia, the overall body of evidence indicates that environmental factors also contribute. We discuss the evidence that chronic inflammation is a mechanism that might link diverse genetic and environmental etiological factors, and contribute to the proposed imprecision of predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Liddle
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging for Mental Health, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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50
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Luttenbacher I, Phillips A, Kazemi R, Hadipour AL, Sanghvi I, Martinez J, Adamson MM. Transdiagnostic role of glutamate and white matter damage in neuropsychiatric disorders: A Systematic Review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 147:324-348. [PMID: 35151030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ) have been considered distinct categories of diseases despite their overlapping characteristics and symptomatology. We aimed to provide an in-depth review elucidating the role of glutamate/Glx and white matter (WM) abnormalities in these disorders from a transdiagnostic perspective. The PubMed online database was searched for studies published between 2010 and 2021. After careful screening, 401 studies were included. The findings point to decreased levels of glutamate in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in both SZ and BD, whereas Glx is elevated in the Hippocampus in SZ and MDD. With regard to WM abnormalities, the Corpus Callosum and superior Longitudinal Fascicle were the most consistently identified brain regions showing decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) across all the reviewed disorders, except GAD. Additionally, the Uncinate Fasciculus displayed decreased FA in all disorders, except OCD. Decreased FA was also found in the inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus, Thalamic Radiation, and Corona Radiata in SZ, BD, and MDD. Decreased FA in the Fornix and Corticospinal Tract were found in BD and SZ patients. The Cingulum and Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule exhibited decreased FA in MDD and SZ patients. The results suggest a gradual increase in severity from GAD to SZ defined by the number of brain regions with WM abnormality which may be partially caused by abnormal glutamate levels. WM damage could thus be considered a potential marker of some of the main neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Luttenbacher
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Angela Phillips
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed L Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Isha Sanghvi
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian Martinez
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maheen M Adamson
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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