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Li J, Huang C, Zhang C, Wang H, Song L, Wang B. Underestimated contribution of open biomass burning to terpenoid emissions revealed by a novel hourly dynamic inventory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172764. [PMID: 38670379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, contributing significantly to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol. However, the accurate quantification of terpenoid emissions from biomass burning is currently lacking, leading to underestimated air quality impacts. This study developed a near real-time hourly open biomass burning (OBB) emission inventory named OBEIC, which incorporated geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite fire radiative power. The OBEIC inventory provided emission estimates of 69 terpenoids, categorized into four groups, at an hourly resolution. Monoterpenes were the dominant contributors to the total emissions, accounting for 58 % of the total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Notably, only 24 % of the total monoterpenes emitted from OBB were accounted for by α-pinene and β-pinene, indicating the importance of quantifying emissions of other monoterpene species such as limonene and camphene. Additionally, oxygenated terpenoids, which were previously overlooked, contribute to 20 % of total terpenoid emissions from OBB. Diurnally, the emissions of terpenoids were primarily concentrated during the daytime (61 %); however, this study revealed the significance of nighttime emissions (39 %) as well. When compared to the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, OBB made substantial contributions to nighttime isoprene (99.8 %), monoterpene (66.8 %), and sesquiterpene (61.7 %) emissions where OBB occurs (in 3 km range), suggesting its significant role in nighttime secondary pollutant formation. The methodology developed in this study has the potential to reduce uncertainties in OBB emissions estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Caibao Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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2
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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3
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Mangotra A, Singh SK. Volatile organic compounds: A threat to the environment and health hazards to living organisms - A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 382:51-69. [PMID: 38242502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the organic compounds having a minimum vapor pressure of 0.13 kPa at standard temperature and pressure (293 K, 101 kPa). Being used as a solvent for organic and inorganic compounds, they have a wide range of applications. Most of the VOCs are non-biodegradable and very easily become component of the environment and deplete its purity. It also deteriorates the water quality index of the water bodies, impairs the physiology of living beings, enters the food chain by bio-magnification and degrades, decomposes and manipulates the physiology of living organisms. To unveil the adverse impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their rapid eruption and interference in the living world, a review has been designed. This review presents an insight into the currently available VOCs, their sources, applications, sampling methods, analytic procedures, imposition on the health of aquatic and terrestrial communities and their contamination of the environment. Elaboration has been done on representation of toxicological effects of VOCs on vertebrates, invertebrates, and birds. Subsequently, the role of environmental agencies in the protection of environment has also been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Mangotra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Singh
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
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Rezaie N, Pallozzi E, Ciccioli P, Calfapietra C, Fares S. Temperature dependence of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from litters collected in two Mediterranean ecosystems determined before the flaming phase of biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122703. [PMID: 37804903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Fire represents a major threat to Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems because of the high temperatures reached during summer. While massive loads of organic, inorganic compounds and particulate matter are known to be emitted into the atmosphere from forest wildfires, less is known about the emission from vegetation surrounding fires where air temperatures higher than 100 °C can be reached. Little information exists on the emission from dead vegetation accumulated as litter over forest soils, from which fires often starts. In this study, the response of litter to heatwaves generated by nearby fires was investigated under controlled conditions. Litter samples collected in a Mediterranean maquis and a Holm oak stand during summer were placed in an enclosure flushed with a continuous flow of air, the temperature of the enclosure was progressively risen to 125 °C, until some smog developed but no flaming occurred. The gas from the enclosure was analysed for the content of CO2, H2O, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) to assess the dependence of emission from the air temperature. VOC emission was continuously determined by Proton-Transfer-Reaction mass spectrometry with time of flight (PTR-TOF-MS). Data obtained were complemented with those obtained by collecting VOC on traps that were later analysed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results provided useful information to understand the emission mechanism of VOC and other gases from dead vegetation present in the litter of two Mediterranean ecosystems, both dominated by evergreen vegetation species. The study demonstrated that low molecular weight VOC and aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) produced mostly by thermal oxidation of the wood biopolymers are emitted in addition to isoprenoids typically associated to storage organs and photosynthetic pathway. Moreover, our results support parameterization of litter VOC emission processes in air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), CNR Research Area of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano TR, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institutes for agricultural and forestry systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), National Research Council (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy.
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5
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Babu G, Das A, Chakrabarty A, Chowdhury G, Goswami M. Criegee Intermediate-Mediated Oxidation of Dimethyl Disulfide: Effect of Formic Acid and Its Atmospheric Relevance. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8415-8426. [PMID: 37782474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation-reduction reactions of disulfides are important in both chemistry and biology. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the smallest reduced sulfur species with a disulfide bond, is emitted in significant quantities from natural sources and contributes to the formation of aerosols and hazardous haze. Although atmospheric removal of DMDS via the reactions with OH or NO3 radicals and photolysis is known, the reactions of DMDS with other atmospheric oxidants are yet to be explored. Herein, using quantum chemical calculations, we explored the reactions of DMDS with CH2OO (formaldehyde oxide) and other methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates. The various reaction pathways evaluated were found to have positive energy barriers. However, in the presence of formic acid, a direct oxygen-transfer pathway leading to the corresponding sulfoxide (CH3SS(O)CH3) was found to proceed through a submerged transition state below the separated reactants. Calculations for the methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates, particularly for anti-CH3CHOO, show a significant increase in the rate of the direct oxygen-transfer reaction when catalyzed by formic acid. The presence of formic acid also alters the mechanism and reduces the enthalpic barrier of a second pathway, forming thioformaldehyde and hydroperoxide without any rate enhancement. Our data indicated that, although Criegee intermediates are unlikely to be an important atmospheric sink of DMDS under normal conditions, in regions rich in DMDS and formic acid, the formic acid-catalyzed Criegee intermediate-mediated oxidation of DMDS via the direct oxygen-transfer pathway could lead to organic sulfur compounds contributing to atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Babu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, KA 560012, India
| | - Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, UP 201314, India
| | | | - Mausumi Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
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6
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Kar B, Rajakumar B. Cl atoms-initiated degradation of 1-Chlorobutane and 2-Chlorobutane: Kinetics, product analysis and atmospheric implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139664. [PMID: 37506889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The relative rate method was employed to investigate the kinetics of the Cl-initiated reactions of 1-chlorobutane (1-CB) and 2-chlorobutane (2-CB) over 263-363 K, and the measured rate coefficients at room temperature are (1.04 ± 0.24) × 10-10 and (5.84 ± 0.27) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The Arrhenius equations for the title reactions were derived to be k1-CB + Cl (T = 263-363 K) = (2.77 ± 0.72) × 10-11 exp [(422 ± 79)/T] and k2-CB + Cl (T = 263-363 K) = (1.40 ± 0.32) × 10-11 exp [(415 ± 70)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The products were analysed qualitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the reaction mechanism was proposed for the reactions. The rate coefficients for the title reactions were calculated computationally over the temperature range of 200-400 K using canonical variational transition state theory with appropriate tunnelling corrections at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,2p)//BHandHLYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory to complement our experimentally measured kinetic parameters. The experimental and theoretical data obtained were used to evaluate the impact of the studied molecules in the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnupriya Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Balla Rajakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India; Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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7
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Liu D, Xu S, Lang Y, Hou S, Wei L, Pan X, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kawamura K, Fu P. Size distributions of molecular markers for biogenic secondary organic aerosol in urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121569. [PMID: 37028792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To understand the source, formation, and seasonality of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), a nine-stage cascade impactor was utilized to collect size-segregated particulate samples from April 2017 to January 2018 in Beijing, China. BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene were measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Isoprene and monoterpene SOA tracers exhibited significant seasonal variations, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. Dominance of 2-methyltetrols (isoprene SOA tracers) with a good correlation with levoglucosan (a biomass burning tracer), which was combined with the detection of methyltartaric acids (possible indicators for aged isoprene) in summer, implies possible biomass burning and long-range transport. In contrast, sesquiterpene SOA tracer (β-caryophyllinic acid) was dominant in winter and was probably associated with the local burning of biomass. Bimodal size distributions were observed for most isoprene SOA tracers, consistent with previous laboratory experiments and field studies showing that they can be formed not only in the aerosol phase but also in the gas phase. Monoterpene SOA tracers cis-pinonic acid and pinic acid showed a coarse-mode peak (5.8-9.0 μm) in four seasons due to their volatile nature. Sesquiterpene SOA tracer β-caryophyllinic acid showed a unimodal pattern with a major fine-mode peak (1.1-2.1 μm), which is linked to local biomass burning. The tracer-yield method was used to quantify the contributions of isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene to secondary organic carbon (SOC) and SOA. The highest isoprene SOC and SOA concentrations occurred in summer (2.00 μgC m-3 and 4.93 μg m-3, respectively), contributing to 1.61% of OC and 5.22% of PM2.5, respectively. These results suggest that BSOA tracers are promising tracers for understanding the source, formation, and seasonality of BSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shaofeng Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunchao Lang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Belkessa N, Serhane Y, Bouzaza A, Khezami L, Assadi AA. Gaseous ethylbenzene removal by photocatalytic TiO 2 nanoparticles immobilized on glass fiber tissue under real conditions: evaluation of reactive oxygen species contribution to the photocatalytic process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35745-35756. [PMID: 36538222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) using a TiO2 catalyst is an effective technique to remove gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, a lab-scale continuous reactor is used to investigate the photocatalytic performance toward ethylbenzene (EB) vapor removal over TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on glass fiber tissue. The role of the reactive species in the removal of EB and the degradation pathway were studied. Firstly, the effect of key operating parameters such as EB concentration (13, 26, 60 mg/m3), relative humidity levels (From 5 to 80%), gas carrier composition (dry air + EB, O2 + EB and N2 + EB) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation wavelength (UV-A 365 nm, UV-C 254 nm) were explored. Then, using superoxide dismutase and tert-butanol as trapping agents, the real contribution of superoxide radical anion (O2.-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH.) to EB removal was quantified. The results show that (i) small water vapor content enhances the EB degradation; (ii) the reaction atmosphere plays an important role in the photocatalytic process; and (iii) oxygen atmosphere/UV-C radiation shows the highest EB degradation percentage. The use of radical scavengers confirms the major contribution of the hydroxyl radical to the photocatalytic mechanism with 75% versus 25% for superoxide radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer Belkessa
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut Des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Youcef Serhane
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut Des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Abdelkrim Bouzaza
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut Des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lotfi Khezami
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, 11432, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymen Amin Assadi
- Univ Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut Des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France.
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9
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Pasquini D, Gori A, Pollastrini M, Alderotti F, Centritto M, Ferrini F, Brunetti C. Effects of drought-induced holm oak dieback on BVOCs emissions in a Mediterranean forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159635. [PMID: 36280081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is impairing tree physiology and growth, causing an increase in tree dieback in many Mediterranean forests. These desiccation phenomena are leading to changes in land cover and plant community composition. Mediterranean plants are capable to emit large amount of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs), whose emission and biosynthesis is strongly affected by environmental conditions. This study evaluates the seasonal changes in understory species composition in two forest stands in Southern Tuscany characterized by different levels of Quercus ilex L. crown defoliation (low and high defoliation, LD and HD) and the relationship with BVOCs emissions over three years. We found significant changes in the understory plant community following Q. ilex crown defoliation and mortality, observing an increment in the number of shrubs both in HD and LD stands. The environmental sampling of BVOCs fully reflected the changes in vegetation cover and composition, with a reduction in the amount of monoterpene emissions due to the increasing rates of defoliation and mortality of Q. ilex trees. Our results suggest that terpene emissions from Mediterranean forests would be modified by an increase of Q. ilex dieback, with important consequences for functioning of this forest ecosystem and its atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pasquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - A Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - M Pollastrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - F Alderotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - M Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - F Ferrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy; VALUE Laboratory on Green, Health & Wellbeing, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - C Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
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10
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Haque MM, Verma SK, Deshmukh DK, Kunwar B, Kawamura K. Seasonal characteristics of biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers in a deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136785. [PMID: 36257396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We collected total suspended particulate (TSP) samples from January 2010 to December 2010 at Sapporo deciduous forest to understand the oxidation processes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique was applied to determine biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) in the TSP samples. We found the predominance of the isoprene SOA (iSOA) tracers (20.6 ng m-3) followed by α/β-pinene SOA (pSOA) tracers (8.25 ng m-3) and β-caryophyllene SOA (cSOA) tracer (1.53 ng m-3) in the forest aerosols. The results showed large isoprene fluxes and relatively high levels of oxidants in the forest atmosphere. The iSOA and pSOA tracers showed a clear seasonal trend with summer and autumn maxima and winter and spring minima. Their seasonal trends were mainly controlled by BVOCs emission from the local broadleaf deciduous forest. Additionally, the regional level of isoprene emissions from the oceanic sources may also be contributed during summertime aerosols. cSOA tracer showed high concentrations in the winter and spring, possibly due to an additional contribution of biomass burning (BB) aerosols from the local or regional BB activities. The biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC) was contributed mainly by the oxidation products of isoprene (136 ngC m-3) followed by β-caryophyllene (63.0 ngC m-3) and α/β-pinene (35.9 ngC m-3). The mass concentration ratio (0.92) of pinonic acid + pinic acid and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid ((PNA + PA)/3-MBTCA) indicates the photochemical transformation of first-generation oxidation products to the higher generation oxidation products. The average ratios of isoprene to α/β-pinene (1.64) and β-caryophyllene (18.6) oxidation products suggested a large difference in the emissions of isoprene and α/β-pinene compared to β-caryophyllene. The cSOA tracers in the forest aerosols are also contributed by BB during the winter and spring. Positive matrix factorization analyses of the BSOA tracers confirmed that organic aerosols of deciduous forests are mostly related to isoprene emissions. This study suggests that isoprene is a more significant precursor for the BSOA than α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in a broadleaf deciduous forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mozammel Haque
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Santosh Kumar Verma
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; State Forensic Science Laboratory, Home Department, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, 492-001, India
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695-002, India; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Bhagawati Kunwar
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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11
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li K, Huo Y, Zhang Y. Trace gas emissions from laboratory combustion of leaves typically consumed in forest fires in Southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157282. [PMID: 35835195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are becoming increasingly severe and frequent due to global climate change. Trace gases emitted from forest fires significantly affect atmospheric chemistry and climate change on a regional and global scale. Forest fires occur frequently in Southwest China, but systematic studies on trace gas emissions from forest fires in Southwest China are rare. Leaves of seven typical vegetation fuels based on their prominence in forest fires consumption in Southwest China were burned in a self-designed combustion device and the emission factors of eighteen trace gases (greenhouse gases, non-methane organic gases, nitrogenous gases, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide) at specific combustion stages (flaming and smoldering) were determined by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The emission factors data presented were compared with previous studies and can aid in the construction of an emission inventory. Pine needle combustion released a greater amount of methane in the smoldering stage than other broadleaf combustion. Peak values of emission factors for methane and non-methane organic gas are emitted by the smoldering of vegetation (Pinus kesiya and Pinus yunnanensis), which is endemic to forest fires in Southwest China. The emission factor for oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in the smoldering stage is greater than the flaming stage. This work established the relationship between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) with emission factors of hydrocarbons (except acetylene) and OVOCs. The results show that exponential fitting is more suitable than linear fitting for the seven leaf fuels (four broadleaf and three coniferous). However, the emission factors from the combustion of three coniferous fuels relative to all fuels are linear with MCE. Findings demonstrated that different combustion stages and fuel types have significant impacts on the emission factors, which also highlighted the importance of studying regional emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Kaili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yinuo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
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Fulazzaky MA, Ismail I, Harlen H, Sukendi S, Roestamy M, Siregar YI. Evaluation of change in the peat soil properties affected by different fire severities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:783. [PMID: 36098855 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tropical peatland ecosystems of Indonesia provide direct economic benefits to local communities and act to maintain local weather patterns. The impact of burning tropical peat swamp forests of land clearing for palm oil plantations can have significant consequences on the change in the characteristics of peat soil. The aim of this study was to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties of peat soils by field and laboratory testing and analysis to understand changes in the nature and characteristics of peatlands at four locations in the Pelalawan Regency of Riau Province. The results showed that the effect of burning peat swamp forests can lead to a change in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the peat soils. Soil permeability and the soil microbial population can significantly decrease with increasing fire severity. The effect of different fire severities on the characteristics of peat soil is verified to contribute to advanced management of the tropical peatland in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Djuanda, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor, 16720, Indonesia.
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Ibrahim Ismail
- Postgraduate School of Environmental Science, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah Pekanbaru 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Harlen Harlen
- Faculty of Economics, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Sukendi Sukendi
- Faculty of Economics, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Martin Roestamy
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Djuanda, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor, 16720, Indonesia
| | - Yusni Ikhwan Siregar
- Faculty of Fishery and Marine, Universitas Riau, Jalan Pattimura No. 9, Gobah, 28125, Riau, Indonesia
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Zulkifli MFH, Hawari NSSL, Latif MT, Hamid HHA, Mohtar AAA, Idris WMRW, Mustaffa NIH, Juneng L. Volatile organic compounds and their contribution to ground-level ozone formation in a tropical urban environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134852. [PMID: 35533940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the trends of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and their potential contribution to O3 formation. The hourly data (August 2017 to July 2018) for 29 VOCs were obtained from three Malaysian Department of Environment continuous air quality monitoring stations with different urban backgrounds (Shah Alam, Cheras, Seremban). The Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was calculated based on the individual Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) and VOC concentrations. The results showed that the highest mean total VOC concentrations were recorded at Cheras (148 ± 123 μg m-3), within the Kuala Lumpur urban environment, followed by Shah Alam (124 ± 116 μg m-3) and Seremban (86.4 ± 89.2 μg m-3). VOCs such as n-butane, ethene, ethane and toluene were reported to be the most abundant species at all the selected stations, with overall mean concentrations of 16.6 ± 11.9 μg m-3, 12.1 ± 13.3 μg m-3, 10.8 ± 11.9 μg m-3 and 9.67 ± 9.00 μg m-3, respectively. Alkenes (51.3-59.1%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (26.4-33.5%) have been identified as the major contributors to O3 formation in the study areas based on the overall VOC measurements. Relative humidity was found to influence the concentrations of VOCs more than other meteorological parameters. Overall, this study will contribute to further understanding of the distribution of VOCs and their contribution to O3 formation, particularly in the tropical urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizul Hilmi Zulkifli
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Air Division, Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Water, 62574, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Anis Asma Ahmad Mohtar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Razi Wan Idris
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liew Juneng
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
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Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: A proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928379. [PMID: 35967306 PMCID: PMC9373925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, has been linked to human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the environment. Chronic inflammation due to immune breakdown and malfunctioning of the immune system has been projected to play a major role in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disorders. Macrophages, major phagocytes involved in the regulation of chronic inflammation, are a major target of VOC. Excessive and prolonged activation of immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) and overexpression of the master pro-inflammatory constituents [cytokine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, together with other mediators (interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and interferon-gamma)] have been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory responses. The function and efficiency of the immune system resulting in immunostimulation and immunosuppression are a result of exogenous and endogenous factors. An autoimmune disorder is a by-product of the overproduction of these inflammatory mediators. Additionally, an excess of these toxicants helps in promoting autoimmunity through alterations in DNA methylation in CD4 T cells. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the possible role of VOC exposure in the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Onyebuchi Ogbodo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Vivan Arazu
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Chisom Iguh
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ngozichukwuka Julie Onwodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Tobechukwu Christian Ezike,
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Drivers of Flammability of Eucalyptus globulus Labill Leaves: Terpenes, Essential Oils, and Moisture Content. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean climate regions have become more vulnerable to fire due to the extreme weather conditions and numerous Eucalyptus globulus plantation areas. The aim of this study is to analyze the fire hazard related to E. globulus in a forest fire scenario, based on the contrast of thermochemical parameters and their relationship with chemical properties, considering the predominant exotic forest species (E. globulus, Pinus radiata, Acacia dealbata, and Acacia melanoxylon) present in the Valparaiso region, Chile. The results revealed that although all of the studied species were highly flammable, E. globulus was extremely flammable, as its leaves contain high concentrations of essential oils, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which can generate a flammable atmosphere due to their low flashpoint and the strong negative influence shown between the essential oils, volatile terpenes, and limonene concentration. Moreover, the heat of combustion of E. globulus was positively correlated with its high essential oil contents. Finally, all of the studied species had low flashpoints and high heating values; therefore, they are predisposed to ignite in the presence of a heat source, releasing high amounts of energy during combustion, which contributes to the risk of the formation and spread of canopy fires among these tree formations.
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16
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Yang C, Hong Z, Chen J, Xu L, Zhuang M, Huang Z. Characteristics of secondary organic aerosols tracers in PM 2.5 in three central cities of the Yangtze river delta, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133637. [PMID: 35063553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are important atmospheric pollutants that affect air quality, radiation, and human health. In this study, 14 typical SOA tracers were measured in PM2.5 collected from three central cities of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in the winter of 2014 and the summer of 2015. Among the determined SOA tracers, α/β-pinene SOA tracers contributed 55.9%, followed by isoprene SOA tracers (33.7%), anthropogenic benzene SOA tracer (6.4%) and β-caryophyllene SOA tracer (4.0%). There was no significant difference in the concentration of individual SOA tracers among the three cities (p > 0.05), indicating a high degree of regional consistency. The concentrations of isoprene, α/β-pinene, and toluene SOA tracers were significantly higher in summer than in winter. A correlation of SOA tracers with temperature implies that the isoprene and α/β-pinene SOA tracers in summer were greatly boosted by plant emissions and the high DHOPA in summer could be attributed to evaporation of paint and solvent. In contrast, the elevated β-caryophyllene SOA tracer in winter was likely associated with active biomass burning. Furthermore, we observed a close correlation of summer isoprene and α/β-pinene SOA tracers with sulfate only in Shanghai, which verifies that biogenic SOA formation was facilitated by high concentration of sulfate. The ratios of MGA/MTLs and P/M were applied to reveal the impact of NOx on SOA formation and the aging degree of SOA, respectively. The MGA/MTLs ratios were comparable for the three cities, but much higher than the background value of this region as expected. The P/M ratios suggest that the aging degree of SOA in the YRD region was generally low, but the winter SOA were fresher than the summer SOA. Our research helps to understand pollution characteristics of SOA tracers in the urban agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Mazhan Zhuang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, 361021, China
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17
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Can Forest Fires Be an Important Factor in the Reduction in Solar Power Production in India? REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The wildfires over the central Indian Himalayan region have attracted the significant attention of environmental scientists. Despite their major and disastrous effects on the environment and air quality, studies on the forest fires’ impacts from a renewable energy point of view are lacking for this region. Therefore, for the first time, we examine the impact of massive forest fires on the reduction in solar energy production over the Indian subcontinent via remote sensing techniques. For this purpose, we used data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIPSO), the Satellite Application Facility on support to Nowcasting/Very Short-Range Forecasting Meteosat Second Generation (SAFNWC/MSG) in conjunction with radiative transfer model (RTM) simulation, in addition to 1-day aerosol forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The energy production during the first quarter of 2021 was found to reach 650 kWh/m2 and the revenue generated was about INR (Indian rupee) 79.5 million. During the study period, the total attenuation due to aerosols and clouds was estimated to be 116 and 63 kWh/m2 for global and beam horizontal irradiance (GHI and BHI), respectively. The financial loss due to the presence of aerosols was found to be INR 8 million, with the corresponding loss due to clouds reaching INR 14 million for the total Indian solar plant’s capacity potential (40 GW). This analysis of daily energy and financial losses can help the grid operators in planning and scheduling power generation and supply during the period of fires. The findings of the present study will drastically increase the awareness among the decision makers in India about the indirect effects of forest fires on renewable energy production, and help promote the reduction in carbon emissions and greenhouse gases in the air, along with the increase in mitigation processes and policies.
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Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Ursini CL, Maiello R, Del Frate V, Ferrante R, Mabilia R, Pizzo B, Grossi B, Ciccioli P, Ciccioli P, Iavicoli S. New formaldehyde-free adhesives for wood manufacturing: In vitro evaluation of potential toxicity of fine dust collected during wood sawing using a new experimental model to simulate occupational inhalation exposure. Toxicology 2021; 466:153085. [PMID: 34968639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde mainly emitted from wood adhesives, finishing materials, paint for furniture represents, together with wood dust, a potential carcinogenic risk for wood workers. Aims of this multidisciplinary study are to investigate the possibility of replacing urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in the wood industry with organic and/or inorganic-based glues to obtain a final less toxic product and to evaluate the potential toxicity of wood glued with such new adhesives. For this purpose we selected poplar wood to test an organic new adhesive HBP (Hemp Based Protein), a mixture of hemp flour and cross-linker PAE (polyaminoamide epichlorohydrin), and spruce wood to test an inorganic adhesive geopolymer K-PSS (potassium-polysiloxosialate) plus polyvinyl acetate. For the poplar wood, we also used a commercial panel glued with UF for comparison. We reproduced occupational inhalation exposure during sawing activities of mentioned woods, collected and characterized the wood dusts emitted during sawing and evaluated in vitro their potential cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects. We used human lung cells (A549) exposed for 24 h to 20 and 100 µg/mL of collected PM2.5 wood dust. We found that both the new adhesives wood dusts induced a slightly higher apoptotic effect than untreated natural wood dusts particularly in spruce wood. Only geopolymer K-PSS wood dust induced membrane damage at the highest concentration and direct and oxidative DNA damage that could be explained by the different chemical composition and the lower particle sizes in respect to organic HBP adhesive wood dust. We found slight induction of IL6 release, not influenced by K-PSS treatment, at the highest concentration in spruce wood. For poplar wood, IL-6 and IL-8 induction was found particularly for untreated and UF-treated wood at the highest concentration, where hemp adhesive treatment induced lower inflammation while at lower concentration similar slight cytokine induction was found for all tested wood dusts. This preliminary study shows that natural adhesives used to replace UF adhesives represent an interesting alternative, particularly the organic hemp-based adhesive showing very low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Scienze Bio Agroalimentari (CNR-DISBA), Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Pizzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Bernardo Grossi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (CNR-ISB), Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ciccioli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (CNR-ISB), Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Ganteaume A, Romero B, Fernandez C, Ormeño E, Lecareux C. Volatile and semi-volatile terpenes impact leaf flammability: differences according to the level of terpene identification. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Simms LA, Borras E, Chew BS, Matsui B, McCartney MM, Robinson SK, Kenyon N, Davis CE. Environmental sampling of volatile organic compounds during the 2018 Camp Fire in Northern California. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 103:135-147. [PMID: 33743896 PMCID: PMC9303056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during wildfires is imperative for environmental and health risk assessment. The use of gas sampling devices mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to chemically sample air during wildfires is of great interest because these devices move freely about their environment, allowing for more representative air samples and the ability to sample areas dangerous or unreachable by humans. This work presents chemical data from air samples obtained in Davis, CA during the most destructive wildfire in California's history - the 2018 Camp Fire - as well as the deployment of our sampling device during a controlled experimental fire while fixed to a UAV. The sampling mechanism was an in-house manufactured micro-gas preconcentrator (µPC) embedded onto a compact battery-operated sampler that was returned to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Compounds commonly observed in wildfires were detected during the Camp Fire using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, and o-xylene), benzaldehyde, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene. Concentrations of BTEX were calculated and we observed that benzene and toluene were highest with average concentrations of 4.7 and 15.1 µg/m3, respectively. Numerous fire-related compounds including BTEX and aldehydes such as octanal and nonanal were detected upon experimental fire ignition, even at a much smaller sampling time compared to samples taken during the Camp Fire. Analysis of the air samples taken both stationary during the Camp Fire and mobile during an experimental fire show the successful operation of our sampler in a fire environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Simms
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eva Borras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bradley S Chew
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruno Matsui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen K Robinson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Institute for Space Research, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicholas Kenyon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4150V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 2132 Bainer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Yi Y, Meng J, Hou Z, Wang G, Zhou R, Li Z, Li Y, Chen M, Liu X, Li H, Yan L. Contrasting compositions and sources of organic aerosol markers in summertime PM 2.5 from urban and mountainous regions in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144187. [PMID: 33418249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical compositions and sources of organic aerosols (OAs) have been extensively investigated at the summit of Mt. Tai in the North China Plain (NCP), their vertical distributions and characterizations in the Mt. Tai region is not well known. To better understand the vertical variations of OAs in the urban and mountainous atmosphere, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously on a daytime/nighttime basis at two sites of different altitudes (Taian urban site: 20 m above ground; the summit of Mt. Tai: 1534 m a.s.l.) during the summer of 2016. The concentrations of all the determined chemical compounds (e.g., OC, EC, inorganic ions, saccharides, n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) except for biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers decreased with the increase in sampling height, indicating the relatively larger contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to OAs at the lower heights. The relatively low concentration levels of biomass burning tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and the insignificant correlations of levoglucosan with carbonaceous species demonstrated a negligible effect of biomass burning on the mountaintop atmosphere. The enhanced concentrations of BSOA tracers were observed with the increase of height, largely due to the more intensive secondary oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the stronger radiation conditions at the summit. The daytime concentrations of carbonaceous species, primary sugars, sugar alcohols, PAHs and low molecular weight n-alkanes were significantly higher than those in nighttime at Mt. Tai, suggesting that these chemical compounds at the summit of Mt.Tai aerosols were transported from the ground surface by valley breezes in daytime. There was no correlation between BSOA tracers and relative humidity (RH) or liquid water content (LWC) at both the sites, because both the high RH and LWC can suppress the acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA due to the dilution of the aerosol acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongji Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
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22
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S, Tiwari S, Jain VK. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in an urban area of eastern central India: Seasonal variation, size distribution and source characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110802. [PMID: 33516684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient aerosols were collected at an urban site of eastern central India from monsoon to summer 2016-17 for the characterization of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA). The BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in size-distributed aerosols were studied. Concentrations of total SOAI (Isoprene secondary organic aerosols) were found more abundant than α/β-pinene in summer, while contradictory trends were found in the winter season, where SOAM (monoterpene derived SOA) and SOAS (sesquiterpenes derived SOA) were dominated. Size-distribution study revealed that most of the BSOA were formed in the aerosol phase and dominated in fine mode, except cis-pinonic acid. They were formed in the gaseous phase and partitioned onto the aerosol phase. The alkaline nature of mineral dust particles that triggered the adsorption of gaseous species onto pre-existing particles could be the reason for bimodal size distribution with major coarse mode peak and miner fine mode peak. Temporal variations suggest that the BSOA must be derived from terrestrial vegetation and biomass burning. The isoprene SOC (secondary organic carbon) contributed 0.91%, 1.38%, 0.88% and 1.04% to OC during winter, summer, post-monsoon and monsoon season, respectively. The isoprene SOC in fine mode was found to be higher than the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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23
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127771. [PMID: 32799139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The review initiates with current state of information on the atmospheric reaction mechanism of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and its fate in the atmosphere. The plants release BVOCs, i.e., isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) upon oxidation. These oxidation reactions are primarily influenced by solar radiations along with other meteorological parameters viz.; temperature and relative humidity, therefore, the chemistry behind SOA formation is different during day than the night time. The review throws light upon the day and nighttime formation mechanism of SOA, recent advancements in the analytical techniques available for the measurements, and its impact on the environment. Studies have revealed that day time SOA formation is dominated by OH and O3, however, NOx initiated SOA production is dominated during night. The formation mechanism addresses that the gaseous products of VOCs are firstly formed and then partitioned over the pre-existing particles. New particle formation and biomass-derived aerosols are found to be responsible for enhanced SOA formation. 2-Dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (2D-GC/MS) is observed to be best for the analysis of organic aerosols. Radiative forcing (RF) SOA is observed to be a useful parameter to evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA and reviewed studies have shown mean RF in the ranges of -0.27 to +0.20 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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24
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Xu Y, Chen Y, Gao J, Zhu S, Ying Q, Hu J, Wang P, Feng L, Kang H, Wang D. Contribution of biogenic sources to secondary organic aerosol in the summertime in Shaanxi, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126815. [PMID: 32957269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A revised Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with updated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and a more detailed description of SOA formation from isoprene (ISOP) oxidation was applied to study the spatial distribution of SOA, its components and precursors in Shaanxi in July of 2013. The emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were generated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), of which ISOP and monoterpene (MONO) were the top two, with 1.73 × 109 mol and 1.82 × 108 mol, respectively. The spatial distribution of BVOCs emission was significantly correlated with the vegetation coverage distribution. ISOP and its intermediate semi-volatile gases were up to ∼7.0 and ∼1.4 ppb respectively in the ambient. SOA was generally 2-6 μg/m3, of which biogenic SOA (BSOA) accounted for as high as 84% on average. There were three main BVOCs Precursors including ISOP (58%) and MONO (8%) emit in the studied domain, and ISOP (9%) transported. The Guanzhong Plain had the highest BSOA concentrations of 3-5 μg/m3, and the North Shaanxi had the lowest of 2-3 μg/m3. More than half of BSOA was due to reactive surface uptake of ISOP epoxide (0.2-0.7 μg/m3, ∼19%), glyoxal (GLY) (0.2-0.5 μg/m3, ∼11%) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) (0.4-1.4 μg/m3, ∼32%), while the remaining was due to the traditional equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile components (0.1-1.2 μg/m3, ∼25%) and oligomerization (0.2-0.4 μg/m3, ∼12%). Overall, SOA formed from ISOP contributed 1-3 μg/m3 (∼80%) to BSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingsi Gao
- Engineering Technology Development Center of Urban Water Recycling, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haibin Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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25
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Zhang-Turpeinen H, Kivimäenpää M, Aaltonen H, Berninger F, Köster E, Köster K, Menyailo O, Prokushkin A, Pumpanen J. Wildfire effects on BVOC emissions from boreal forest floor on permafrost soil in Siberia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134851. [PMID: 32000328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the effects of climate change on boreal forest will be more frequent forest wildfires and permafrost thawing. These will increase the availability of soil organic matter (SOM) for microorganisms, change the ground vegetation composition and ultimately affect the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which impact atmospheric chemistry and climate. BVOC emissions from boreal forest floor have been little characterized in southern boreal region, and even less so in permafrost soil, which underlies most of the northern boreal region. Here, we report the long-term effects of wildfire on forest floor BVOC emission rates along a wildfire chronosequence in a Larix gmelinii forest in central Siberia. We determined forest floor BVOC emissions from forests exposed to wildfire 1, 23 and > 100 years ago. We studied how forest wildfires and the subsequent succession of ground vegetation, as well as changes in the availability of SOM along with the deepened and recovered active layer, influence BVOC emission rates. The forest floor acted as source of a large number of BVOCs in all forest age classes. Monoterpenes were the most abundant BVOC group in all age classes. The total BVOC emission rates measured from the 23- and >100-year-old areas were ca. 2.6 times higher than the emissions from the 1-year-old area. Lower emissions were related to a decrease in plant coverage and microbial decomposition of SOM after wildfire. Our results showed that forest wildfires play an important indirect role in regulating the amount and composition of BVOC emissions from post-fire originated boreal forest floor. This could have a substantial effect on BVOC emissions if the frequency of forest wildfires increases in the future as a result of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Zhang-Turpeinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Heidi Aaltonen
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Berninger
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Egle Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kajar Köster
- Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Jukka Pumpanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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Hatch LE, Jen CN, Kreisberg NM, Selimovic V, Yokelson RJ, Stamatis C, York RA, Foster D, Stephens SL, Goldstein AH, Barsanti KC. Highly Speciated Measurements of Terpenoids Emitted from Laboratory and Mixed-Conifer Forest Prescribed Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9418-9428. [PMID: 31318536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires in the western United States are projected to increase in frequency, duration, and size. Characterized by widespread and diverse conifer forests, burning within this region may lead to significant terpenoid emissions. Terpenoids constitute a major class of highly reactive secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors, with significant structure-dependent variability in reactivity and SOA-formation potential. In this study, highly speciated measurements of terpenoids emitted from laboratory and prescribed fires were achieved using two-dimensional gas chromatography. Nearly 100 terpenoids were measured in smoke samples from 71 fires, with high variability in the dominant compounds. Terpenoid emissions were dependent on plant species and tissues. Canopy/needle-derived emissions dominated in the laboratory fires, whereas woody-tissue-derived emissions dominated in the prescribed fires. Such differences likely have implications for terpenoid emissions from high vs low intensity fires and suggest that canopy-dominant laboratory fires may not accurately represent terpenoid emissions from prescribed fires or wildland fires that burn with low intensity. Predicted SOA formation was sensitive to the diversity of emitted terpenoids when compared to assuming a single terpene surrogate. Given the demonstrated linkages between fuel type, fire terpenoid emissions, and the subsequent implications for plume chemistry, speciated measurements of terpenoids in smoke derived from diverse ecosystems and fire regimes may improve air quality predictions downwind of wildland fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Hatch
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nathan M Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics, Incorporated , Berkeley , California 94710 , United States
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Christos Stamatis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Robert A York
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
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27
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Liu Y, Li X, Tang G, Wang L, Lv B, Guo X, Wang Y. Secondary organic aerosols in Jinan, an urban site in North China: Significant anthropogenic contributions to heavy pollution. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 80:107-115. [PMID: 30952328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) are an important component of particulates, but whether biogenic SOAs (BSOAs) or anthropogenic SOAs (ASOAs) are the dominant contributors to haze pollution remains poorly characterized. In this study, particulate samples were collected from September 2014 to August 2015 at an urban site in Jinan, which is the capital of Shandong Province and a typical city in the North China Plain. The PM2.5 samples were analyzed for BSOA (isoprene (SOAI) and monoterpenes (SOAM)) and ASOA (aromatic (SOAA)) tracers. The concentrations of the SOAA tracer (1.1 ± 1.0 ng/m3) were lowest, and those of SOAI tracers (41.8 ± 86.2 ng/m3) were highest, with the concentrations of SOAM tracers (19.4 ± 9.9 ng/m3) being intermediate. The SOAI tracers were more abundant in the summer and less abundant in the winter. Both SOAI and SOAM increased with increasing ozone level but decreased with increasing NOx level. Correlation analysis revealed a good correlation between 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid and levoglucosan levels in three seasons. These results suggested that biomass burning activities occurring in the NCP can enhance the emissions of aromatics and should be controlled, especially in the autumn and winter. SOA tracers were classified according to pollution degree, and the results showed that as pollution increases, the contributions of SOAA increase. These results indicate that reducing anthropogenic emissions is necessary to prevent SOA pollution, especially during heavy pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Jinan Environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xueqing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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28
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Hong Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xu L, Liu T, Xiao H, Hong Y, Chen J, Li M, Deng J, Wu X, Hu B, Chen X. Secondary organic aerosol of PM 2.5 in a mountainous forest area in southeastern China: Molecular compositions and tracers implication. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:496-503. [PMID: 30414579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays an important role in global climate change and air quality. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm) samples were collected at a mountainous forest site (Mt. Wuyi) in southeastern China between November 2015 and July 2016. Fourteen PM2.5-bound SOA tracers, including isoprene, α/β‑pinene, β‑caryophyllene, and toluene, were measured using the gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry method. The total concentrations of the isoprene, α/β‑pinene, β‑caryophyllene, and toluene SOA tracers were 45.28 ± 65.52, 30.66 ± 24.44, 5.99 ± 7.25, and 0.62 ± 0.72 ng m-3, respectively. The isoprene SOA tracers exhibited the highest concentration (145.97 ± 53.78 ng m-3) and accounted for 76 ± 9% of the total concentration of SOA tracers in summer. In fall-winter, the mass fraction of 2‑methylglyceric acid was significantly enhanced because of the lower temperature and higher NOx level. As later-generation products of α/β‑pinene tracers, high proportions of 3‑hydroxyglutaric acid and 3‑methyl‑1,2,3 butanetricarboxylic acid were observed on Mt. Wuyi, suggesting that the aerosols were highly oxidized. Biomass burning events affected by local and regional sources were identified by analyzing typical SOA tracers. Significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.74) was found between the β‑caryophyllene tracer and levoglucosan. The average concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) as estimated from SOA tracers was 1.46 μgC m-3. The isoprene SOC accounted for 70% of the total SOC in summer, whereas the β‑caryophyllene SOC was the predominant component in winter. Meanwhile, the estimated toluene SOC accounted for 11.6% of the total SOC during the study period. The study helps understanding the characteristics and the formation of SOA in a mountainous forest area of southeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Baoye Hu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Chen
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou 350003, China
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Yuan Q, Lai S, Song J, Ding X, Zheng L, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zheng J, Yue D, Zhong L, Niu X, Zhang Y. Seasonal cycles of secondary organic aerosol tracers in rural Guangzhou, Southern China: The importance of atmospheric oxidants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:884-893. [PMID: 29793196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers of isoprene (SOAI), monoterpenes (SOAM), sesquiterpenes (SOAS) and aromatics (SOAA) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured at a Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional site for one year. The characteristics including their seasonal cycles and the factors influencing their formation in this region were studied. The seasonal patterns of SOAI, SOAM and SOAS tracers were characterized over three enhancement periods in summer (I), autumn (II) and winter (III), while the elevations of SOAA tracer (i.e., 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, DHOPA) were observed in Periods II and III. We found that SOA formed from different biogenic precursors could be driven by several factors during a one-year seasonal cycle. Isoprene emission controlled SOAI formation throughout the year, while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions facilitated SOAM and SOAS formation in summer rather than in other seasons. The influence of atmospheric oxidants (Ox) was found to be an important factor of the formation of SOAM tracers during the enhancement periods in autumn and winter. The formation of SOAS tracer was influenced by the precursor emissions in summer, atmospheric oxidation in autumn and probably also by biomass burning in both summer and winter. In this study, we could not see the strong contribution of biomass burning to DHOPA as suggested by previous studies in this region. Instead, good correlations between observed DHOPA and Ox as well as [NO2][O3] suggest the involvement of both ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the formation of DHOPA. The results showed that regional air pollution may not only increase the emissions of aromatic precursors but also can greatly promote the formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuju Zhong
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Jatropha curcas, L. Pruning Residues for Energy: Characteristics of an Untapped By-Product. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, L.) is an energy crop mainly cultivated for the oil-seed, and the oil is usually used as bio-fuel. However, few studies have reported information about the utilization of the wood as a fuel for boiler heating systems. With 2500 jatropha trees per hectare, it is possible to produce about 3 t·ha−1·y−1 of woody biomass from pruning. In addition, jatropha trees are commonly cut down to a height of 45 cm once every 10 years, with a production of 80 t·ha−1 of dry matter of woody biomass. The use of this biomass has not yet been investigated. During the European project JatroMed, woody biomass from jatropha pruning was collected in Morocco. Chemical and physical characteristics of the wood were conducted according to UNI EN ISO standards. The following jatropha wood characteristics have been analyzed: Moisture and ash contents, the ash melting point, heating value, and concentrations of C, H, N, and S. This research focused on the evaluation of the potential use of jatropha pruning for energy production, and the results represent critical data that is useful for future studies and business potential.
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Pallozzi E, Lusini I, Cherubini L, Hajiaghayeva RA, Ciccioli P, Calfapietra C. Differences between a deciduous and a conifer tree species in gaseous and particulate emissions from biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:457-467. [PMID: 29207297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean ecosystem, wildfires are very frequent and the predicted future with a probable increase of fires could drastically modify the vegetation scenarios. Vegetation fires are an important source of gases and primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere. In this paper, we present gaseous and particulate emissions data from the combustion of different plant tissues (needles/leaves, branches and needle/leaf litter), obtained from one conifer (Pinus halepensis) and one deciduous broadleaf tree (Quercus pubescens). Both species are commonly found throughout the Mediterranean area, often subject to wildfires. Experiments were carried out in a combustion chamber continuously sampling emissions throughout the different phases of a fire (pre-ignition, flaming and smoldering). We identified and quantified 83 volatile organic compounds including important carcinogens that can affect human health. CO and CO2 were the main gaseous species emitted, benzene and toluene were the dominant aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl-vinyl-ketone and methyl-ethyl-ketone were the most abundant measured oxygenated volatile organic compounds. CO2 and methane emissions peaked during the flaming phase, while the peak of CO emissions occurred during the smoldering phase. Overall, needle/leaf combustion released a greater amount of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere than the combustion of branches and litter. There were few differences between emissions from the combustion of the two tree species, except for some compounds. The combustion of P. halepensis released a great amount of monoterpenes as α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, sabinene, 3-carene, terpinolene and camphene that are not emitted from the combustion of Q. pubescens. The combustion of branches showed the longest duration of flaming and peak of temperature. Data presented appear crucial for modeling with the intent of understanding the loss of C during different phases of fire and how different typologies of biomass can affect wildfires and their speciation emissions profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lusini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Lucia Cherubini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Ramilla A Hajiaghayeva
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-technological Institute, RUDN University, 117198, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies (IMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, CZ, Italy.
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32
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UETA I, FUJIKAWA H, FUJIMURA K, YOSHIMURA T, NARUKAMI S, MOCHIZUKI S, SASAKI T, MAEDA T. Analysis of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using a Solid-Phase Extraction-Type Collection Device. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tsuneaki MAEDA
- Professionals' Network in Advanced Instrumentation Society (PAI-NET)
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33
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Assessment of Flammability of Moroccan Forest Fuels: New Approach to Estimate the Flammability Index. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pflieger M, Kroflič A. Acute toxicity of emerging atmospheric pollutants from wood lignin due to biomass burning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 338:132-139. [PMID: 28549272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) is an important atmospheric pollutant. It is the major component of wood lignin and is essentially emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning. Its aging in the tropospheric aqueous phase leads to the generation of the following ring-retaining transformation products, also during nighttime: 4-nitroguaiacol, 6-nitroguaiacol, and dinitroguaiacol. This study presents the first toxicological data of guaiacol and its nitro derivatives and reveals their harmful potential for the ecosystem. Applying V. fischeri bioluminescence acute toxicity test, EC50 values range from 16.7 to 103mgL-1 after a 30-min incubation period, which classifies all investigated compounds as 'harmful' according to the European legislation. The investigation of environmentally relevant mixtures did not show significant joint actions between the four studied compounds. Therefore, their concentration addition can be considered for ecotoxicological purposes. However, a synergistic effect between guaiacol and a minor unidentified first-generation product of its aqueous-phase aging was observed and should be taken into account when assessing the reaction mixture toxicity. These results stress the need for further toxicological testing, including organisms of different trophic levels, to better evaluate the environmental hazard of guaiacol and especially its nitro derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Pflieger
- Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Della Rocca G, Hernando C, Madrigal J, Danti R, Moya J, Guijarro M, Pecchioli A, Moya B. Possible land management uses of common cypress to reduce wildfire initiation risk: a laboratory study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 159:68-77. [PMID: 26046989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of flammability is required in order to improve knowledge about vegetation fire risk. Study of the flammability of different plant species is essential for the Mediterranean area, where most ecosystems are adapted to natural fire but vulnerable to recurrent human-induced fires, which are the main cause of forest degradation. However, the methods used to evaluate vegetation flammability have not yet been standardized. Cupressus sempervirens is a native or naturalized forest tree species in the Mediterranean area that is able to tolerate prolonged drought and high temperatures. The aim of this study was to characterize the flammability of C. sempervirens var. horizontalis at particle level by using different bench-scale calorimetry techniques (mass loss calorimeter, epiradiator and oxygen bomb) to determine the main flammability descriptors (ignitability, sustainability, combustibility and consumability) in live crown and litter samples. Our findings indicate that this variety of cypress is relatively resistant to ignition because of the high ash content, the high critical heat flux, the high time to ignition displayed by both crown and litter samples and the ability of the leaves to maintain a high water content during the summer. We also discuss the possibility of exploiting some morphological, functional and ecological traits of the species to construct a barrier system (with selected varieties of cypress) as a promising complementary land management tool to reduce the fire spread and intensity in a Mediterranean context.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Della Rocca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - C Hernando
- INIA - CIFOR, Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Crta. A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Sustainable Forest Management Institute, UVa-INIA, Spain.
| | - J Madrigal
- INIA - CIFOR, Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Crta. A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Sustainable Forest Management Institute, UVa-INIA, Spain.
| | - R Danti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - J Moya
- Monumental Trees Department, Imelsa - Valencia Provincial Council, C/ Conde Trenor 9, 46003, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Guijarro
- INIA - CIFOR, Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Crta. A Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Sustainable Forest Management Institute, UVa-INIA, Spain.
| | - A Pecchioli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - B Moya
- Monumental Trees Department, Imelsa - Valencia Provincial Council, C/ Conde Trenor 9, 46003, Valencia, Spain
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Loreto F, Dicke M, Schnitzler JP, Turlings TCJ. Plant volatiles and the environment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1905-8. [PMID: 24811745 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants represent the largest part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released into our atmosphere. Plant volatiles are formed through many biochemical pathways, constitutively and after stress induction. In recent years, our understanding of the functions of these molecules has made constant and rapid progress. From being considered in the past as a mere waste of carbon, BVOCs have now emerged as an essential element of an invisible language that is perceived and exploited by the plants' enemies, the enemies of plant enemies, and neighbouring plants. In addition, BVOCs have important functions in protecting plants from abiotic stresses. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of BVOC in direct and indirect defences are driving further attention to these emissions. This special issue gathers some of the latest and most original research that further expands our knowledge of BVOC. BVOC emissions and functions in (1) unexplored terrestrial (including the soil) and marine environments, (2) in changing climate conditions, and (3) under anthropic pressures, or (4) in complex trophic communities are comprehensively reviewed. Stepping up from scientific awareness, the presented information shows that the manipulation and exploitation of BVOC is a realistic and promising strategy for agricultural applications and biotechnological exploitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185, Roma, Italy
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