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Britt TW, Pirrallo RG, Rosopa PJ, Hirsh E, Moschella P, Bessey A, Klinefelter Z, Barrows C, Reddy K, Faulkner M, Fowler LA. Perceived Work Demands and Emergency Department Crowding as Predictors of Objective Stress Among Emergency Physicians: A Shift-Level Approach. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:654-658. [PMID: 38664952 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand shift-level determinants of emergency physician (EP) burnout, relationships were tested between EP shift demands, stress, and fatigue. METHOD EP ( n = 16) were assessed over 114 shifts that occurred before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Salivary cortisol (an indicator of stress) and self-reported fatigue were collected prior to and following each shift. An objective crowding score (National Emergency Department Overcrowding Scale) per shift was calculated. Shift demands were assessed at the end of each shift. RESULTS Multilevel models revealed that shift demands, National Emergency Department Overcrowding Scale, and the pandemic were related to higher levels of end-of-shift cortisol, but not fatigue. Cortisol levels were higher for shifts with a higher number of demands, greater crowding, and during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Shift demands predicted objective indicators of stress, but not self-reported fatigue. Interventions are needed to decrease stress and shift demands to reduce EP burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Britt
- From the Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina (T.W.B., P.J.R., A.B., Z.K., C.B., K.R.); University of South Caroline School of Medicine-Greenville, South Carolina (R.G.P., E.H., P.M., M.F.); and Wake Forest University School of Medicine-Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina (L.A.F.)
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Ok J, Park S, Jung YH, Kim TI. Wearable and Implantable Cortisol-Sensing Electronics for Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211595. [PMID: 36917076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released from the body in response to stress. Although a moderate level of cortisol secretion can help the body maintain homeostasis, excessive secretion can cause various diseases, such as depression and anxiety. Conventional methods for cortisol measurement undergo procedures that limit continuous monitoring, typically collecting samples of bodily fluids, followed by separate analysis in a laboratory setting that takes several hours. Thus, recent studies demonstrate wearable, miniaturized sensors integrated with electronic modules that enable wireless real-time analysis. Here, the primary focus is on wearable and implantable electronic devices that continuously measure cortisol concentration. Diverse types of cortisol-sensing techniques, such as antibody-, DNA-aptamer-, and molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors, as well as wearable and implantable devices that aim to continuously monitor cortisol in a minimally invasive fashion are discussed. In addition to the cortisol monitors that directly measure stress levels, other schemes that indirectly measure stress, such as electrophysiological signals and sweat are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in stress monitoring and management electronics are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Tsapekos D, Strawbridge R, Cella M, Goldsmith K, Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Swidzinski S, Marwaha S, Grey L, Newton E, Shackleton J, Harrison PJ, Browning M, Harmer C, Hartland H, Cousins D, Barton S, Wykes T, Young AH. Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar (CRiB2): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing efficacy and mechanisms of cognitive remediation therapy compared to treatment as usual. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:842. [PMID: 37968619 PMCID: PMC10652583 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of people with bipolar disorder (BD) experience persistent cognitive difficulties associated with impairments in psychosocial functioning and a poorer disorder course. Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive remediation (CR), a psychological intervention with established efficacy in people with schizophrenia, can also benefit people with BD. Following a proof-of-concept trial showing that CR is feasible and potentially beneficial for people with BD, we are conducting an adequately powered trial in euthymic people with BD to 1) determine whether an individual, therapist-supported, computerised CR can reduce cognitive difficulties and improve functional outcomes; and 2) explore how CR exerts its effects. METHODS CRiB2 is a two-arm, assessor-blind, multi-site, randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing CR to treatment-as-usual (TAU). Participants are people with a diagnosis of BD, aged between 18 and 65, with no neurological or current substance use disorder, and currently euthymic. 250 participants will be recruited through primary, secondary, tertiary care, and the community. Participants will be block-randomised (1:1 ratio, stratified by site) to continue with their usual care (TAU) or receive a 12-week course of therapy and usual care (CR + TAU). The intervention comprises one-on-one CR sessions with a therapist supplemented with independent cognitive training for 30-40 h in total. Outcomes will be assessed at 13- and 25-weeks post-randomisation. Efficacy will be examined by intention-to-treat analyses estimating between-group differences in primary (i.e., psychosocial functioning at week 25 measured with the Functional Assessment Short Test) and secondary outcomes (i.e., measures of cognition, mood, patient-defined goals, and quality of life). Global cognition, metacognitive skills, affect fluctuation, and salivary cortisol levels will be evaluated as putative mechanisms of CR through mediation models. DISCUSSION This study will provide a robust evaluation of efficacy of CR in people with BD and examine the putative mechanisms by which this therapy works. The findings will contribute to determining the clinical utility of CR and potential mechanisms of action. TRIAL REGISTRATION Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar 2 (CRiB2): ISRCTN registry: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10362331 . Registered 04 May 2022. Overall trial status: Ongoing; Recruitment status: Recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Tsapekos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - Kimberley Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michail Kalfas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Rosie H Taylor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Samuel Swidzinski
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Libby Grey
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Newton
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie Shackleton
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Cousins
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Barton
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
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Lehrke J, Lauff S, Mücher J, Friedrich MG, Boos M. Effects of the Noise Reduction and Communication Management Headset System SLOS on Noise and Stress of Medical Laboratory Workers. Lab Med 2023; 54:e161-e169. [PMID: 37218381 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the Silent Laboratory Optimization System (SLOS), a technical-noise reduction and communication-management system, on noise load and stress among medical-laboratory workers. METHODS We conducted a quasiexperimental field study (20 days with SLOS as the experimental condition, and 20 days without SLOS as the control condition) in a within-subjects design. Survey data from 13 workers were collected before and after the shift. Also, a survey was conducted after the control and experimental conditions, respectively. Noise was measured in dBA and as a subjective assessment. Stress was operationalized via a stress composite score (STAI and Perkhofer Stress Scale), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), an exhaustion score (Leipziger StimmungsBogen in German [LSB]), and salivary cortisol values in µg/L. RESULTS SLOS users perceived significantly less noise (V = 76.5; P =.003). Multilevel models revealed a stress reduction with the SLOS on the composite score, compared with a stress increase in the control condition (F[1, 506.99] = 6.00; P = .01). A lower PSS score (F[1,13] = 4.67; P = .05) and a lower exhaustion level (F[1, 508.72] = 9.057; P = .003) in the experimental condition were found, whereas no differences in cortisol (F[1,812.58.6] = 0.093; P = .76) were revealed. CONCLUSION The workers showed reduced noise perception and stress across all criteria except cortisol when using SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lehrke
- Georg-Elias-Mueller-Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sören Lauff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan Mücher
- Georg-Elias-Mueller-Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin G Friedrich
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Margarete Boos
- Georg-Elias-Mueller-Institute of Psychology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Kolbe R, Madathil S, Marin L, Seth R, Faraj N, Allison P, Quiñonez C, Glogauer M, Siqueira W, Siqueira M. Salivary Cortisol and Anxiety in Canadian Dentists over 1 Year of COVID-19. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1114-1121. [PMID: 37317840 PMCID: PMC10273046 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231178726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The dental profession has endured unprecedented disruption amid COVID-19. Novel stressors have included a high risk of occupational exposure to COVID-19, financial losses, and stricter infection prevention and control requirements. The present study investigated the longitudinal impact of COVID-19 on the stress and anxiety levels of a cohort of Canadian dentists (N = 222) between September 2020 and October 2021. Salivary cortisol was selected as a biomarker of mental stress, and 10 sets of monthly saliva samples (2,131 in total) were self-collected, sent to our laboratory in prepaid courier envelopes, and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To assess COVID-19 anxiety, 9 monthly online questionnaires were administered, comprising a general COVID-19 anxiety instrument and 3 items regarding the impact of dentistry-related factors. Bayesian log-normal mixed effect models were fitted to estimate the longitudinal trajectory of salivary cortisol levels and their association with the disease burden of COVID-19 in Canada. After accounting for age, sex, vaccination status, and the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion, a modest positive association was found between dentists' salivary cortisol levels and the count of COVID-19 cases in Canada (96% posterior probability). Similarly, the self-reported impact of dentistry-related factors, such as fear of getting COVID-19 from a patient or coworker, was greatest during peaks of COVID-19 waves in Canada; however, general COVID-19 anxiety decreased consistently throughout the study period. Interestingly, at all collection points, the majority of participants were not concerned about personal protective equipment. Overall, participants reported relatively low rates of psychological distress symptoms in relation to COVID-19, a result that should be reassuring for the dental community. Our findings strongly suggest a link between self-reported and biochemical measurements of stress and anxiety in Canadian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.J. Kolbe
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - S.A. Madathil
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - L.M. Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - R. Seth
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - N. Faraj
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - P.J. Allison
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - C. Quiñonez
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W.L. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M.F. Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Mariko H, Uban KA. The implications of socioeconomic factors on salivary bioscience methodological variables in a large pediatric multi-site study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1088043. [PMID: 37427258 PMCID: PMC10327643 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1088043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Salivary bioscience has found increased utilization within pediatric research, given the non-invasive nature of self-collecting saliva for measuring biological markers. With this growth in pediatric utility, more understanding is needed of how social-contextual factors, such as socioeconomic factors or status (SES), influence salivary bioscience in large multi-site studies. Socioeconomic factors have been shown to influence non-salivary analyte levels across childhood and adolescent development. However, less is understood about relationships between these socioeconomic factors and salivary collection methodological variables (e.g., time of saliva collection from waking, time of day of saliva collection, physical activity prior to saliva collection, and caffeine intake prior to saliva collection). Variability in salivary methodological variables between participants may impact the levels of analytes measured in a salivary sample, thus serving as a potential mechanism for non-random systematic biases in analytes. Methods Our objective is to examine relationships between socioeconomic factors and salivary bioscience methodological variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study© cohort of children aged 9-10 years old (n = 10,567 participants with saliva samples). Results We observed significant associations between household socioeconomic factors (poverty status, education) and salivary collection methodological variables (time since waking, time of day of sampling, physical activity, and caffeine intake). Moreover, lower levels of household poverty and education were significantly associated with more sources of potential bias in salivary collection methodological variables (e.g., longer times since waking, collections later in the day, higher odds of caffeine consumption, and lower odds of physical activity). Consistent associations were not observed with neighborhood socioeconomic factors and salivary methodological variables. Discussion Previous literature demonstrates associations between collection methodological variables and measurements of salivary analyte levels, particularly with analytes that are more sensitive to circadian rhythms, pH levels, or rigorous physical activity. Our novel findings suggest that unintended distortions in measured salivary analyte values, potentially resulting from the non-random systematic biases in salivary methodology, need to be intentionally incorporated into analyses and interpretation of results. This is particularly salient for future studies interested in examining underlying mechanisms of childhood socioeconomic health inequities in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Mariko
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kristina A. Uban
- Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Grigoropoulou M, Attilakos A, Charalampopoulos A, Fessatou S, Vamvakas E, Dimopoulou A, Zavras N. Measuring Children's Stress via Saliva in Surgical and Endoscopic Procedures and Its Measurement Intention in the Community: Reality-Future Prospects. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050853. [PMID: 37238401 DOI: 10.3390/children10050853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Children who undergo surgical or endoscopic procedures display high levels of stress, and various means are applied to reduce their anxiety. Salivary cortisol (S Cortisol) and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) are often used as a valid biomarker of stress. The primary purpose of the study was the investigation of stress levels through S Cortisol and S amylase after intervention in surgical or endoscopic procedures (gastroscopy-colonoscopy). The secondary outcomes were the investigation of the intention to adopt new methods of saliva sampling. We collected saliva samples from children subjected to invasive medical procedures, with the aim of applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as an intervention means to provide information and education to both parents and children undergoing stressful situations, and assess its efficacy in reducing stress levels. We also aimed at acquiring a better understanding of the acceptability of noninvasive biomarker collection in community settings. (2) Methods: The sample of this prospective study comprised 81 children who underwent surgical or endoscopic procedures at the Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece and 90 parents. The sample was divided into two groups. The first, 'Group Unexplained', was not provided any information or education about the procedures, while the second, 'Group Explained', was informed and educated based on TPB. Thereafter, 8-10 weeks after intervention, the Theory of Planned Behavior questions were re-completed by the 'Group Explained'. (3) Results: Significant differences were detected in cortisol and amylase values between the two groups postoperatively after applying the TPB intervention. Saliva cortisol was reduced by 8.09 ng/mL in the 'Group Explained' while in the 'Group Unexplained' it was reduced by 4.45 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Salivary amylase values decreased by 9.69 ng/mL in the 'Group Explained' after the intervention phase of the study, while in the 'Group Unexplained' they increased by 35.04 ng/mL (p < 0.001). The regression explains 40.3% (baseline) and 28.5% (follow-up) of parental intention. The predictive factor of parental intention (baseline) is attitude (p < 0.001) and follow-up is behavioral control (p < 0.028) and attitude (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Providing proper education and information for parents has a positive effect on reducing children's stress levels. Changing parental attitudes towards saliva collection plays the most important role, since a positive attitude can influence intention and ultimately participation in these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Achilleas Attilakos
- Department of Pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Anestis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Fessatou
- Department of Pediatrics, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vamvakas
- Second Critical Care Department, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zavras
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
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Klusmann H, Luecking N, Engel S, Blecker MK, Knaevelsrud C, Schumacher S. Menstrual cycle-related changes in HPA axis reactivity to acute psychosocial and physiological stressors - a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 150:105212. [PMID: 37149074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sex disparities are evident in the biological response to acute stressors, with a suggested influence of ovarian hormones on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates differences in HPA axis reactivity to acute psychosocial or physiological stressors between menstrual cycle phases. A systematic literature search of six databases resulted in 12 longitudinal studies (n = 182) examining HPA axis reactivity in healthy, naturally-cycling, non-breastfeeding participants aged between 18 and 45 years in at least two cycle phases. The quality of cortisol and menstrual cycle assessment was rated and a descriptive synthesis and meta-analysis of HPA axis reactivity between two broader and five more precise cycle phases was conducted. Three studies provided sufficient data for the meta-analysis and showed a significant, small-sized effect, indicating higher cortisol reactivity in the luteal than in the follicular cycle phase. More primary studies with high-quality menstrual cycle and cortisol assessment are needed. The review did not receive funding and was pre-registered (PROSPERO; CRD42020181632).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Klusmann
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Noemi Luecking
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sinha Engel
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Meike Katharina Blecker
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sarah Schumacher
- Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Schwendenerstraße 27, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Health, HMU Health and Medical University, Olympischer Weg 1, 14471 Potsdam, Germany.
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The association between the cortisol and cortisone awakening responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 152:106075. [PMID: 36933271 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is often assessed in the saliva and considered to be representative of serum cortisol. However, free cortisol is rapidly converted into cortisone as it passes from the serum into the saliva. Because of this enzymatic conversion, the salivary cortisone awakening response (EAR) may be more closely related to serum cortisol dynamics than the salivary CAR. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the EAR and CAR in saliva and compare it to the serum CAR. METHODS Male participants (n = 12) had an intravenous catheter placed for serial serum sampling and completed two overnight laboratory sessions, wherein participants slept in the laboratory and saliva and serum samples were collected every 15 min after volitional awakening the following morning. Serum was assayed for total cortisol and saliva for cortisol and cortisone. The CAR and EAR was assessed in saliva and the CAR in serum via mixed-effects growth models and common awakening response indices (area under the curve [AUC] relative to the ground [AUCG] and relative to the increase [AUCI], and change scores [Δ]). RESULTS There was a distinct rise in salivary cortisone following awakening demonstrating the presence of a discernable EAR (βQuadratic = -41.18, [95%CI = -68.90 to -13.46], p < 0.004, Conditional R2 = 0.641). Two EAR indices (AUCG: p < 0.001 and AUCI: p = 0.030) were associated with the corresponding serum CAR indices. CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time a distinct cortisone awakening response. The results suggest the EAR may be more closely related to serum cortisol dynamics during the post-awakening period, and thus, may be a biomarker of interest in addition to the CAR for assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning.
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Oppelt MP, Foltyn A, Deuschel J, Lang NR, Holzer N, Eskofier BM, Yang SH. ADABase: A Multimodal Dataset for Cognitive Load Estimation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:340. [PMID: 36616939 PMCID: PMC9823940 DOI: 10.3390/s23010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Driver monitoring systems play an important role in lower to mid-level autonomous vehicles. Our work focuses on the detection of cognitive load as a component of driver-state estimation to improve traffic safety. By inducing single and dual-task workloads of increasing intensity on 51 subjects, while continuously measuring signals from multiple modalities, based on physiological measurements such as ECG, EDA, EMG, PPG, respiration rate, skin temperature and eye tracker data, as well as behavioral measurements such as action units extracted from facial videos, performance metrics like reaction time and subjective feedback using questionnaires, we create ADABase (Autonomous Driving Cognitive Load Assessment Database) As a reference method to induce cognitive load onto subjects, we use the well-established n-back test, in addition to our novel simulator-based k-drive test, motivated by real-world semi-autonomously vehicles. We extract expert features of all measurements and find significant changes in multiple modalities. Ultimately we train and evaluate machine learning algorithms using single and multimodal inputs to distinguish cognitive load levels. We carefully evaluate model behavior and study feature importance. In summary, we introduce a novel cognitive load test, create a cognitive load database, validate changes using statistical tests, introduce novel classification and regression tasks for machine learning and train and evaluate machine learning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian P. Oppelt
- Department Digital Health Systems, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab (MaD Lab), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Foltyn
- Department Sensory Perception and Analytics, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica Deuschel
- Department Sensory Perception and Analytics, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine R. Lang
- Department Digital Health Systems, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Holzer
- Department Sensory Perception and Analytics, Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bjoern M. Eskofier
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab (MaD Lab), Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Seung Hee Yang
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Speech Processing Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Jimenez AG, Calderaro L, Clark S, Elacqua D, Hazen E, Lam V, Leightheiser GS. Can dogs serve as stress mediators to decrease salivary cortisol levels in a population of liberal arts college undergraduate students? Explore (NY) 2022; 19:283-289. [PMID: 35989236 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone cortisol can be used to measure physiological stress in humans. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis synthesizes cortisol, and a negative feedback cycle regulates cortisol depending on an individual's stress level and/or circadian rhythm. Chronic stress of college undergraduate students is associated with various adverse health effects, including anxiety and depression. Reports suggest that stress levels have risen dramatically in recent years, particularly among university students dealing with intense academic loads in addition to COVID-19 pandemic-related uncertainty. The increasing rate of mental illness on college campuses necessitates the study of mediators potentially capable of lowering stress, and thus cortisol levels. Research on mediation techniques and coping mechanisms have gained traction to address the concerning levels of stress, including the employment of human-animal interaction sessions on college campuses. In this study, human-canine interaction as a stress mediation strategy for undergraduate students was investigated. We measured salivary cortisol levels in 73 college undergraduate students during a 60-min interaction period with a dog to determine whether human-canine interactions are effective in lowering cortisol levels and potentially reducing chronic stress typical of undergraduate students. Our results indicate that a human-canine interaction for 60 min is an effective method for significantly reducing salivary cortisol and stress levels among undergraduate college students. These findings support the expansion of animal visitation programs on college campuses to help students manage stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Calderaro
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | - Sophia Clark
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | - David Elacqua
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | - Emily Hazen
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
| | - Vanessa Lam
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
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12
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Rajaee M, Karson SN, McCullough AM. Teachers on the margins: How low-income public schools burden our teachers. Work 2022; 72:949-965. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Teachers experience high work-related stress, which can lead to missed workdays and lower quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this exploratory pilot study was to assess occupational and environmental stressors in public school districts by income level to examine the influence these stressors have on teachers perceived stress and biological stress response. METHODS: Fifty-nine teachers were recruited from four school districts in Michigan (three low-income and one high-income). Participants completed a self-administered survey on teaching stressors, health, and demographics. Stress response was measured through blood pressure, heart rate, and salivary cortisol. Six salivary cortisol measurements were collected for each participant; three in the afternoon and three in the evening. Each teacher’s classroom and school underwent an environmental assessment on quality and proximity to environmental hazards. RESULTS: Teachers at low-income school districts had significantly higher afternoon cortisol levels, lower self-reported health, higher body mass index, higher perceived teaching stressors, and worked at schools within one km of a greater number of environmentally-contaminated sites, in comparison to their high-income school district counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This research aims to inform future interventions that could lessen occupational and environmental stressors for teachers, improve teacher health outcomes and retention, and impact student success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgon Rajaee
- Department of Public and Environmental Wellness, School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Samantha N. Karson
- Department of Public and Environmental Wellness, School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Ashley M. McCullough
- Department of Public and Environmental Wellness, School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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13
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Can dogs reduce stress levels in school children? effects of dog-assisted interventions on salivary cortisol in children with and without special educational needs using randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269333. [PMID: 35704561 PMCID: PMC9200172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged or excessive stress negatively affects learning, behavior and health across the lifespan. To alleviate adverse effects of stress in school children, stressors should be reduced, and support and effective interventions provided. Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) have shown beneficial effects on health and wellbeing, however, robust knowledge on stress mediation in children is lacking. Despite this, AAIs are increasingly employed in settings world-wide, including schools, to reduce stress and support learning and wellbeing. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate dog-assisted interventions as a mediator of stress in school children with and without special educational needs (SEN) over the school term. Interventions were carried out individually and in small groups twice a week for 20 minutes over the course of 4 weeks. We compared physiological changes in salivary cortisol in a dog intervention group with a relaxation intervention group and a no treatment control group. We compared cortisol level means before and after the 4 weeks of interventions in all children as well as acute cortisol in mainstream school children. Dog interventions lead to significantly lower stress in children with and without special educational needs compared to their peers in relaxation or no treatment control groups. In neurotypical children, those in the dog interventions showed no baseline stress level increases over the school term. In addition, acute cortisol levels evidenced significant stress reduction following the interventions. In contrast, the no treatment control group showed significant rises in baseline cortisol levels from beginning to end of school term. Increases also occurred in the relaxation intervention group. Children with SEN showed significantly decreased cortisol levels after dog group interventions. No changes occurred in the relaxation or no treatment control groups. These findings provide crucial evidence that dog interventions can successfully attenuate stress levels in school children with important implications for AAI implementation, learning and wellbeing.
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Wadsworth ME, Ahlkvist JA, Jones DE, Pham H, Rajagopalan A, Genaro B. Targeting the Proximal Mechanisms of Stress Adaptation in Early Adolescence to Prevent Mental Health Problems in Youth in Poverty. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:344-359. [PMID: 35671231 PMCID: PMC9896509 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2073235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used a randomized clinical trial design to evaluate the success with which The Building a Strong Identity and Coping Skills intervention (BaSICS) engaged the proximal mechanisms of poverty-related stress's impact on the psychosocial functioning and mental health of young adolescents living in high poverty contexts. METHOD 129 youth from very low-income families were randomized to receive the 32-hour group-based intervention or no-treatment control - 16 of these families withdrew before the intervention groups began. The remaining 113 youth aged 11-12 (53% assigned to intervention; 54% female; 40% Hispanic, 63% Black, 20% White) participated in the study, which included four assessment waves: pretest, posttest, 6-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up assessments. Primary control, secondary control, and disengagement coping were assessed via a combination of parent and youth reports as well as via interviews and questionnaires. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) reactivity was assessed via salivary cortisol responses occurring during a lab-based stress induction (Trier Social Stress Test). RESULTS Multilevel regression models with repeated measures nested within subjects revealed that in comparison to controls, intervention youth had sustained significant increases in their knowledge about primary control coping (e.g., problem solving, emotion modulation), knowledge and utilization of secondary control (e.g., cognitive restructuring) coping, as well as decreased reliance on disengagement coping. These were accompanied by decreased cortisol reactivity in intervention versus control youth. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that BaSICS engages several proximal mechanisms of poverty-related stress' impact on early adolescent mental health - coping skills and HPA reactivity - during the neurodevelopmentally plastic pubertal period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarl A. Ahlkvist
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Damon E. Jones
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Holly Pham
- Psychology Department, The Pylvania State University
| | | | - Breana Genaro
- Psychology Department, The Pylvania State University
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Longitudinal effects of maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and Reminiscing and Emotion Training on children's diurnal cortisol regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:868-884. [PMID: 32665044 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942000019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in children's physiological stress systems is a key process linking early adversity to poor health and psychopathology. Thus, interventions that improve children's stress physiology may help prevent deleterious health outcomes. Reminiscing and Emotion Training (RET) is a brief relational intervention designed to improve maternal caregiving support by enhancing maltreating mothers' capacity to reminisce with their young children. This study evaluated associations between maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and the RET intervention with changes in children's diurnal cortisol regulation across the 1 year following the intervention, and the extent to which improvements in maternal elaborative reminiscing differed between intervention groups and mediated change in children's physiological functioning. Participants were 237 children (aged 36 to 86 months) and their mothers. Results indicated that the RET intervention was associated with significant positive change in elaborative reminiscing, which was sustained over time. Mothers' elaboration immediately after the intervention served as a mediator of RET's effects on improvements in children's diurnal cortisol regulation (steeper diurnal slopes) from baseline to 1 year following intervention. This suggests RET is effective in facilitating physiological regulation among maltreated children.
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Tammayan M, Jantaratnotai N, Pachimsawat P. Differential responses of salivary cortisol, amylase, and chromogranin A to academic stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256172. [PMID: 34383867 PMCID: PMC8360508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers have been widely used to help diagnose stress, anxiety, and/or depression. This study aimed to compare the responses of three commonly investigated salivary stress biomarkers that represent the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity (cortisol; sCort) and the sympathetic activity (alpha-amylase; sAA and chromogranin A; sCgA), using academic oral presentation as a model of stress. Twenty postgraduate dental students attended the seminar class as presenter and audience. The presenters' performances were evaluated by the instructors suggesting more stress than the audience. The saliva was collected two times: before attending class and after an academic presentation (for presenters) or during the class (for audience). The pulse rates (PR) were also recorded. The results showed that the levels of all three biomarkers, as well as PR, were significantly higher in the presenter group compared with the audience group; however, the changes were most prominent with sCort and sAA (99.56 ± 12.76% for sCort, 93.48 ± 41.29% for sAA, 16.86 ± 6.42% for sCgA, and 15.06 ± 3.41% for PR). When compared between pre-post presentation, the levels of sCgA were not different, while those of sCort and sAA were significantly increased. These results suggest more sensitive reactivity to academic stress of sCort and sAA compared with sCgA and that the response of sCgA did not necessarily follow sAA pattern even though both are claimed to reflect the sympathetic activity. More studies are needed to elucidate the roles of sCgA in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Tammayan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Praewpat Pachimsawat
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Steel RP, Bishop NC, Taylor IM. The effect of autonomous and controlled motivation on self-control performance and the acute cortisol response. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13915. [PMID: 34365645 PMCID: PMC9286572 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autonomously regulated self-control typically does not reduce over time as much, compared with self-control underpinned by controlled motivation. The proposed study tested whether an acute stress response is implicated in this process. Utilizing a framework grounded in self-determination theory, this study examined whether participants' motivational regulation would influence repeated self-control performance and acute stress levels, measured by the stress hormone cortisol. A single-blind randomized experimental design incorporating two motivational conditions (autonomous regulation and controlled regulation) tested these hypotheses. Participants (female = 28; male = 11; Mage = 22.33) performed three sequential self-control tasks; a modified Stroop task followed by two "wall sit" postural persistence tasks. Salivary cortisol was measured at baseline and after each of the wall sits. A repeated measures ANCOVA unexpectedly revealed that participants in the controlled regulation condition recorded greater wall sit performance in the first and second wall sits, compared with the autonomous condition. A repeated measures ANCOVA also revealed a significant quadratic interaction for cortisol. Controlled regulation was associated with an increase, and autonomous regulation condition a decrease, in cortisol that subsided at timepoint two. Results imply autonomous motivation facilitates an adaptive stress response. Performance on the self-control tasks was contrary to expectations, but may reflect short-term performance benefits of controlled motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Steel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ian M Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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18
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Studying caregiver-infant co-regulation in dynamic, diverse cultural contexts: A call to action. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 64:101586. [PMID: 34118652 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers and infants co-regulate their physiology, emotions, and behavior in a way that is dynamically responsive to each other and the contexts in which they live. This paper is an introduction and call to action for researchers interested in understanding how to study caregiver-infant interactions in the home and diverse cultural contexts, including marginalized communities. We argue that research will be more valid, culturally relevant, and tapped-in to the daily lives of caregivers and infants if there is partnership and collaboration with the caregivers in the design of the questions, data collection and analysis, and distribution of the findings. We recommend dynamically assessing emotions, behaviors, and physiology using repeated sampling methods including ecological momentary assessments (EMA), salivary bioscience, and actigraphy. We aim to extend current practices of studying caregiver-infant co-regulation by measuring fluctuations of daily life and considering sociocultural factors that shape naturalistic caregiver-infant interactions. Using methodological advancements and community-based participatory research approaches can enable developmental scientists to measure life as it is actually lived.
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19
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Smyth N, Milani M, Thorn L, Flynn M, Golding JF, Evans P, Clow A. Smaller Cortisol Awakening Responses Are Associated with Greater Visual Dependence in Postural Control. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060723. [PMID: 34204685 PMCID: PMC8231619 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are known links between the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and systems responsible for regulating posture. Our aim was to explore directly, for the first time, whether an aspect of circadian HPA axis activity (the cortisol awakening response: CAR) was associated with greater visual dependency in postural control. For measurement of the CAR, electronically monitored saliva samples were collected by participants following morning awakening in their home environment. On the afternoons of the same days, postural sway was measured in the laboratory by exposing participants to static (control) and moving visual stimuli whilst standing still and upright on a force platform. Visual dependence was assessed as the increase in postural sway (path length) during exposure to the moving compared with the static condition. The 44 measurement days were derived from four days for each of eleven healthy participants (mean ± SD age: 51.18 ± 3.3 years). As expected, postural sway was greater when exposed to moving versus static cues. Mixed regression modelling showed that participants with smaller four day average CARs had greater deterioration in postural sway when presented with moving stimuli. These data are the first to document associations between the CAR and visual dependency in postural sway.
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20
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Steel RP, Bishop NC, Taylor IM. The Relationship Between Multidimensional Motivation and Endocrine-Related Responses: A Systematic Review. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:614-638. [PMID: 33513308 PMCID: PMC8114335 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620958008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional motivational theories postulate that the type of motivation is as important as the quantity of motivation, with implications for human functioning and well-being. An extensive amount of research has explored how constructs contained within these theories relate to the activation of the endocrine system. However, research is fragmented across several theories, and determining the current state of the science is complicated. In line with contemporary trends for theoretical integration, this systematic review aims to evaluate the association between multidimensional motivational constructs and endocrine-related responses to determine which theories are commonly used and what inferences can be made. Forty-one studies were identified incorporating five distinct motivation theories and multiple endocrine-related responses. There was evidence across several theories that high-quality motivation attenuated the cortisol response in evaluative environments. There was also evidence that motivational needs for power and affiliation were associated with lower and higher levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, respectively. The need for power may play a role in increasing testosterone when winning a contest; however, this evidence was not conclusive. Overall, this review can shape the future integration of motivational theories by characterizing the nature of physiological responses to motivational processes and examining the implications for well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian M. Taylor
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University
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21
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Roberts C, McWade B. Messengers of stress: Towards a cortisol sociology. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021; 43:895-909. [PMID: 34056738 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, Timmermans and Haas called for a 'sociology of disease' to develop and challenge the sociology of health and illness. A sociology of disease, they argued, would take seriously the biological and physiological processes of disease in theorising health and illness. Building on two decades of Science and Technology Studies and feminist work on biological actors such as hormones and genes, we propose a 'cortisol sociology' to push further at this argument. As a 'messenger of stress', cortisol is key to understanding human and non-human health as a biosocial phenomenon. We argue that sociologists should engage with cortisol through critical yet open-minded reading of the relevant science and critical triangulation studies, and by tracking cortisol's movements from science into public worlds of biosensing and self-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Roberts
- School of Sociology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brigit McWade
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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22
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Suyin Chalmin-Pui L, Roe J, Griffiths A, Smyth N, Heaton T, Clayden A, Cameron R. "It made me feel brighter in myself"- The health and well-being impacts of a residential front garden horticultural intervention. LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 2021; 205:103958. [PMID: 33012932 PMCID: PMC7525452 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Residential gardens make up 30% of urban space in the UK, yet unlike many other green space typologies, their role in the health and well-being agenda has largely been overlooked. A horticultural intervention introduced ornamental plants to 38 previously bare front gardens (≈ 10 m2) within an economically deprived region of North England, UK. Measures of perceived stress and diurnal cortisol profiles (as an indicator of health status) were taken pre- and post-intervention (over 3 months). Residents reported significant decreases in perceived stress post-intervention. This finding was aligned with a higher proportion of 'healthy' diurnal cortisol patterns post-intervention, suggesting better health status in those individuals. All residents derived one or more reported socio-cultural benefits as a result of the front garden plantings, although overall scores for subjective well-being did not increase to a significant level. Further qualitative data suggested that the gardens were valued for enhancing relaxation, increasing positive emotions, motivation, and pride of place. The results indicate that adding even small quantities of ornamental plants to front gardens within deprived urban communities had a positive effect on an individual's stress regulation and some, but not all, aspects of subjective well-being. The research highlights the importance of residential front gardens to human health and well-being, and thus their contribution to the wider debates around city densification, natural capital and urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Suyin Chalmin-Pui
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Jenny Roe
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Alistair Griffiths
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Nina Smyth
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Timothy Heaton
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Andy Clayden
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Ross Cameron
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Design and Health, University of Virginia, USA
- Science Team, Royal Horticultural Society, UK
- School of Social Sciences, Psychology, University of Westminster, UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
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Strehli I, Burns RD, Bai Y, Ziegenfuss DH, Block ME, Brusseau TA. Mind-Body Physical Activity Interventions and Stress-Related Physiological Markers in Educational Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010224. [PMID: 33396730 PMCID: PMC7795448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mind–Body Physical Activity (MBPA) in educational settings is one possible preventive strategy for ameliorating stress-related physiological health parameters. The objectives of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the literature with meta-analyses on the effects of MBPA on stress-related physiological health markers in primary, secondary, and higher education students. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, the search for peer-reviewed articles published in English was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Criteria for inclusion consisted of empirical studies targeting the student population (primary, secondary, higher education), studies examining the effectiveness of an MBPA intervention, studies including a control or comparison group (pre-test/post-test studies excluded), studies targeting physiological marker outcomes such as heart rate, blood glucose, cortisol, and blood pressure, and finally, studies examining interventions implemented within educational settings. Twenty-six interventions were eligible for the review and quantitative synthesis, which comprised a total of 1625 participants, with 783 students serving within the control/comparison group. There were statistically significant and large pooled effects for MBPA effectiveness for lowering heart rate (Hedges’ g = −1.71, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −2.43, −0.98), cortisol (Hedges’ g = −1.32, 95% CI: −2.50, −0.16), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Hedges’ g = −1.04, 95% CI: −1.53, −0.58). These effects tended to be stronger in older students compared to younger students. Most analyses were characterized as having high heterogeneity and only 10 of the 26 studies were characterized as good quality (38.4%). MBPA interventions may have a positive impact on specific physiological health markers in students, especially in students within higher education. However, higher-quality research is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Strehli
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (I.S.); (R.D.B.); (Y.B.); (D.H.Z.)
| | - Ryan D. Burns
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (I.S.); (R.D.B.); (Y.B.); (D.H.Z.)
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (I.S.); (R.D.B.); (Y.B.); (D.H.Z.)
| | - Donna H. Ziegenfuss
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (I.S.); (R.D.B.); (Y.B.); (D.H.Z.)
| | - Martin E. Block
- Department of Kinesiology, Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Timothy A. Brusseau
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (I.S.); (R.D.B.); (Y.B.); (D.H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Wood C, Flynn M, Law R, Naufahu J, Smyth N. The effect of the visual exercise environment on the response to psychological stress: a pilot study. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:716-729. [PMID: 32476469 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1770231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Performing physical activity whilst exposed to nature can improve health. However, there is little evidence of its impact on stress outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the visual exercise environment on the response to a psychosocial stressor. Methods: Eighteen participants were randomized to one of three conditions: i. nature; ii. built or; iii. control condition. Participants exercised for 30 min on a treadmill at 50% of their VO2max whilst viewing a video of either a natural or built environment or a blank screen. Following the exercise, participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a standardized laboratory stressor. Salivary samples were collected before, during and after the TSST to calculate cortisol reactivity and recovery. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of viewing condition on cortisol reactivity [F (2, 11) = 4.686, p = .034; n 2 p = .460]; with significantly lower reactivity in the built compared to the nature condition (p = .027, d = 1.73). There was no effect of condition on cortisol recovery (p = .137; n 2 p = .257). Conclusions: In the context of the adverse health impact of lower (i.e., blunted) cortisol responding, these findings could indicate a negative impact of the built environment on stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Wood
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - M Flynn
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - R Law
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - J Naufahu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - N Smyth
- School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Wadsworth ME, McDonald A, Joos CM, Ahlkvist JA, Perzow SED, Tilghman-Osborne EM, Creavey K, Brelsford GM. Reducing the Biological and Psychological Toxicity of Poverty-related Stress: Initial Efficacy of the BaSICS Intervention for Early Adolescents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 65:305-319. [PMID: 31602689 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study tests the initial efficacy of the Building a Strong Identity and Coping Skills (BaSICS) intervention, a selective prevention of internalizing problems program for early adolescents exposed to high levels of poverty-related stress. Eighty-four early adolescents (Mage = 11.36 years) residing in very low-income neighborhoods were randomized to receive the 16-session intervention (n = 44) or to an assessment-only control condition (n = 40). BaSICS teaches coping skills, social identity development, and collective social action to empower youth with the ability to connect with members of their communities and cope with poverty-related stress in positive and collaborative ways. Pretest-posttest analyses showed that intervention adolescents acquired problem-solving and cognitive-restructuring skills and reduced their reliance on avoidant coping. In addition, HPA reactivity was significantly reduced in the intervention youth, but not controls. Finally, intervention youth's internalizing and somatic symptoms as reported by both youth and their parents, showed significant reductions over time, whereas control youth had no such changes. Results provide strong support for this approach to strength-building and symptom reduction in a population of early adolescents exposed to poverty-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Celina M Joos
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Smyth N, Rossi E, Wood C. Effectiveness of stress-relieving strategies in regulating patterns of cortisol secretion and promoting brain health. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 150:219-246. [PMID: 32204833 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress leads to ill-health and disease, and with today's fast-pace western society, engaging in strategies to relieve stress is crucial for good health across the life-course. Activities such as focusing on positive characteristics, art/music therapies, mindfulness, yoga and engaging with nature and/or physical activity have been shown to reduce stress and enhance well-being. It is thought that patterns of cortisol secretion, which are regulated by the brain, are a key mediator of stress-disease and well-being-health links. Measurement of cortisol in saliva is a non-invasive and ecologically valid tool for detecting early changes in brain health, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of strategies in relieving stress and improving brain health as well as monitoring stress-related brain changes. This chapter will review the evidence that engaging in stress-relieving strategies promotes regulation and/or restoration of patterns of cortisol secretion. If such strategies are found to be effective in healthy populations, they could potentially inform ways of promoting brain health and the prevention or delay of clinical disorders involving disorders in the brain (e.g., Parkinson's disease) and symptoms experienced with such disorders. To inform this field of research, recommendations are provided for the use of salivary cortisol as a marker of early monitoring of brain health and effectiveness of stress-alleviating interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Smyth
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England.
| | - Elena Rossi
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England
| | - Carly Wood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, England
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27
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Hibel LC, Nuttall AK, Valentino K. Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:28-41. [PMID: 31909507 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data were drawn from an ongoing study of preschoolers (N = 221). Mothers self-reported experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting practices, and collected three saliva samples (waking, midday, and bedtime) on themselves and their child on 2 consecutive days. Saliva samples were later assayed for cortisol. Bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed IPV to indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol through positive parenting. Specifically, greater exposure to IPV was associated with reduced positive parenting and subsequently heightened child waking cortisol levels. IPV did not indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol via autonomy supporting parenting or maternal diurnal cortisol. These findings suggest a possible pathway by which mother's experience of IPV indirectly influences child physiological regulation via maternal positive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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28
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Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive window on the brain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 150:1-16. [PMID: 32204827 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The validation of accurate and meaningful assessment of cortisol in saliva samples has proved revolutionary in stress research. Its many advantages have expanded the scope of investigation from traditional laboratory and clinical settings to include multidisciplinary and community-based research. These developments have given rise to a wealth insight into the links between stress and health. Here we highlight the potential of salivary cortisol as both a product and mediator of brain function, instrumental in disturbing brain health. However, the subtleties of salivary cortisol as a measure can be underestimated, leading to misinterpretation of findings. These issues are explored, with a particular emphasis on necessary methodological rigor. Notwithstanding great promise, there is undeniably more to learn so we conclude by making recommendations for future research including use of salivary cortisol in the development of integrative predictive models of stress-related risk factors and resilience across the life course.
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Hibel LC, Nuttall AK, Valentino K. Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019:S0736-5748(19)30127-3. [PMID: 31770570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data were drawn from an ongoing study of preschoolers (N = 221). Mothers self-reported experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting practices, and collected three saliva samples (waking, midday, and bedtime) on themselves and their child on two consecutive days. Saliva samples were later assayed for cortisol. Bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed IPV to indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol through positive parenting. Specifically, greater exposure to IPV was associated with reduced positive parenting and subsequently heightened child waking cortisol levels. IPV did not indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol via autonomy supporting parenting or maternal diurnal cortisol. These findings suggest a possible pathway by which mother's experience of IPV indirectly influences child physiological regulation via maternal positive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA.
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30
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Hibel LC, Mercado E, Valentino K. Child Maltreatment and Mother-Child Transmission of Stress Physiology. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:340-352. [PMID: 30700154 PMCID: PMC6710153 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519826295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the attunement and transmission of mother-child diurnal cortisol among maltreating (N = 165) and nonmaltreating (N = 83) mothers and their preschool-aged children. Over half of the families had a substantiated child maltreatment case with the mother as the perpetrator. Mothers collected three saliva samples (waking, midday, and bedtime) on themselves and their child on two consecutive days, which were later assayed for cortisol. This design allows for the examination of concurrent attunement, as well as cross-lagged transmission, across the day. Results from actor-partner interdependence models revealed significant differences in mother-child cortisol attunement and transmission between the maltreating and nonmaltreating groups. Specifically, only maltreating mothers transmitted cortisol to their children and were attuned at first waking; only nonmaltreating dyads were attuned at midday. Implications of these results for sociocultural models of stress physiology and for our understanding of how child maltreatment affects diurnal cortisol regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Evelyn Mercado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556
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31
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Baldwin S, Bennell C, Andersen JP, Semple T, Jenkins B. Stress-Activity Mapping: Physiological Responses During General Duty Police Encounters. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2216. [PMID: 31636582 PMCID: PMC6788355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Policing is a highly stressful and dangerous profession that involves a complex set of environmental, psychosocial, and health risks. The current study examined autonomic stress responses experienced by 64 police officers, during general duty calls for service (CFS) and interactions with the public. Advancing previous research, this study utilized GPS and detailed operational police records as objective evidence of specific activities throughout a CFS. These data were then used to map officers' heart rate to both the phase of a call (e.g., dispatch, enroute) and incident factors (e.g., call priority, use-of-force). Furthermore, physical movement (i.e., location and inertia) was tracked and assisted in differentiating whether cardiovascular reactivity was due to physical or psychological stress. Officer characteristics, including years of service and training profiles, were examined to conduct a preliminary exploration of whether experience and relevant operational skills training impacted cardiovascular reactivity. Study results provide foundational evidence that CFS factors, specifically the phase of the call (i.e., arrival on scene, encountering a subject) and incident factors (i.e., call priority, weapons, arrest, use-of-force), influence physiological stress responses, which may be associated with short-term performance impairments and long-term health outcomes. Implications of research findings for operational policing, police training, and health research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Bennell
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Judith P. Andersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Tori Semple
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bryce Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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32
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Kuo PX, Saini EK, Tengelitsch E, Volling BL. Is one secure attachment enough? Infant cortisol reactivity and the security of infant-mother and infant-father attachments at the end of the first year. Attach Hum Dev 2019; 21:426-444. [PMID: 30836833 PMCID: PMC6779037 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2019.1582595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Attachment security is theorized to shape stress reactivity, but extant work has failed to find consistent links between attachment security to mothers and infant cortisol reactivity. We examined family configurations of infant-mother and infant-father attachment security in relation to infant cortisol reactivity. One-year old infants (N = 180) participated in the Strange Situation with mothers and fathers in two counterbalanced lab visits, one month apart (12 and 13 months). Infants with secure attachments only to their fathers and not their mothers had higher cortisol levels than infants with a secure attachment to mother and also exhibited a blunted cortisol response (high at baseline and then a decrease after stress). Results suggest that a secure attachment to father may not be enough to reduce infant stress reactivity when the infant-mother attachment is insecure, and future research is needed to uncover the family dynamics that underlie different family configurations of attachment security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty X Kuo
- a Department of Psychology & William J. Shaw Center for Children and Families, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN , USA
| | - Ekjyot K Saini
- b Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | | | - Brenda L Volling
- d Department of Psychology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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33
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Smyth N, Flynn M, Rajcani J, F Hucklebridge M, Thorn L, Wood C, Golding J, Evans P, Clow A. Attenuated cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress is associated with greater visual dependency in postural control. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:185-190. [PMID: 30856424 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite known anatomical links between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the vestibular system, there are no studies on the relationship between postural control and HPA axis function. Visual dependence in postural control, often measured by increased postural sway on exposure to visual motion, is an indication of altered visual-vestibular integration with greater weighting towards visual cues for balance. Visual dependence is more common in older age and a range of vestibular and non-vestibular health conditions. The relationship between visual dependence in postural control was investigated in relation to cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress (using the Trier Social Stress Test for groups: TSST-G), as an index of HPA axis function, in healthy young females. In those who exhibited a cortisol response (>2 nmol/l), a negative relationship between stress-induced cortisol reactivity and visual dependence in postural control was observed, since those with the largest cortisol response showed less visual motion induced postural sway (measured by force platform). This finding in healthy females indicates that subtle non-clinical differences in vestibular function are associated with dysregulated HPA axis activity as indicated by lower cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress. It adds to the growing body of evidence linking blunted cortisol reactivity to stress to poor homeostatic regulation and potential negative health and behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Smyth
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - M Flynn
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - J Rajcani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Comenius University, Gondova 2, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M F Hucklebridge
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - L Thorn
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - C Wood
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - J Golding
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - P Evans
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - A Clow
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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Oskis A, Smyth N, Flynn M, Clow A. Repressors exhibit lower cortisol reactivity to group psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:33-40. [PMID: 30639935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Repressors are well-known to monitor potential psychosocial threats to their self-esteem and self-concept. In research, repressors are traditionally categorised as those scoring low on trait anxiety and high on defensiveness (as measured by social desirability scales). Examining repressors' cortisol reactivity to a group socio-evaluative laboratory stressor could be an important way to extend work on the classic 'repressor dissociation', which proposes that this group experience higher levels of physiological stress, but lower levels of subjective affect, during stressful situations. Research however has focused mainly on repressors' higher, more risk-prone levels of autonomic, rather than hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), reactivity to stressful stimuli. We assessed cortisol reactivity using a group-based acute psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test for groups (TSST-G), which required participants to individually perform public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks in front of up to six other group members, as well as an evaluative panel of judges. Seventy-seven healthy young females (mean age ± SD: 20.2 ± 3.2 years) took part, of which 64 met the conventional criterion for a response to the TSST-G (<15.5% increase from baseline sample). The Stress-Arousal Checklist was completed pre- and post-TSST-G. Participants also completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The latter two measures were used to provide a categorisation of repressive coping style. Participants identified as repressive copers exhibited significantly lower cortisol reactivity during the TSST-G. Repressors also self-reported less subjective stress. These findings provide some evidence against the notion of the repressor dissociation and are discussed in terms of how cortisol hyporeactivity may be a pathway through which repressive coping adversely affects health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oskis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - N Smyth
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - M Flynn
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - A Clow
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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Goldey KL, Crockett EE, Boyette-Davis J. Spit-Tacular Science: Collaborating With Undergraduates on Publishable Research With Salivary Biomarkers. Front Psychol 2019; 10:562. [PMID: 30949095 PMCID: PMC6437038 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Goldey
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Erin E Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Boyette-Davis
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX, United States
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36
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Liu CH, Doan SN. Innovations in biological assessments of chronic stress through hair and nail cortisol: Conceptual, developmental, and methodological issues. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:465-476. [PMID: 30740655 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Much of the existing research on biological mechanisms underlying the stress experience has focused largely on moment-to-moment stress, rather than on chronic stress, an arguably more powerful predictor of long-term outcomes. Recent methodological innovations have paved the way for new lines of research on chronic stress, with promising implications for developmental researchers and for those who study health and adversity. In particular, there are increasing studies that have focused on chronic stress assessments by relying on cortisol derived from hair and nails as a biomarker for chronic stress. In this paper, we provide an overview of their use, describe how hair and nail cortisol ought to be conceptualized differently across the lifespan, how developmental factors may impact its interpretation, and the circumstances under which its use may be more methodologically sensible. The purpose of this review is to provoke further discussion and encourage careful research designs that utilize hair and nail cortisol for understanding the effects of chronic stress exposure from the early developmental period, across adverse contexts, and in association with psychological and physical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H Liu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stacey N Doan
- Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA
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37
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Hermann R, Biallas B, Predel HG, Petrowski K. Physical versus psychosocial stress: effects on hormonal, autonomic, and psychological parameters in healthy young men. Stress 2019; 22:103-112. [PMID: 30345865 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1514384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a time-efficient training system, high intensity interval training (HIIT) is well known for several beneficial effects. However, the literature on the stress-generating effects of HIIT shows a research deficit. A standardized comparable stressor and different kinds of stress-parameters are needed for quantifying the results. The present study examined the hormonal, autonomic, and psychological stress outcomes of HIIT compared to a standardized psychosocial stressor and tested the cross-stressor-adaptation (CSA) hypothesis which implies a stress-buffering effect at a good fitness level. In a sample of 32 healthy young males (24.31 ± 3.35 years of age) stress was induced with a multiple Wingate (WG), as a HIIT all-out performance test, involving four 30 sec all-out exercise bouts. In addition, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), which consists of a mock job interview and mental arithmetic performance, was used for stress induction. Cortisol, heart rate variability (HRV), and stress-related questionnaires were assessed before, during, and after stress induction. Both the Wingate as well as the TSST led to a highly significant change in time and stressor for cortisol and HRV. Furthermore, a significantly higher delta during Wingate was identified. In part, the TSST had a significantly higher impact on the psychological measurements than the WG. In contrast to the literature, this study was not able to confirm the stress-buffering effect of the CSA hypothesis. These findings prove the stressful effect of HIIT. The prevention of negative health effects needs to be taken into consideration in sports training methods and programs as well as in stress-related research Lay summary By using a well-estimated psychosocial stressor for comparison and several stress parameters, this study is able to show the strong stress-generating effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Interestingly, subjective stress perception differed from objective stress response. This research is an important step towards understanding stress-related disorders in elite sport and making recommendations for reducing autonomic as well as hormonal stress in high intensity sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Hermann
- a Department of Preventive Research , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Bianca Biallas
- a Department of Preventive Research , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- b Department of Cardiology and Sports Medicine , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- c Department of Psychology and Psychotherapie , University of Witten/Herdecke , Witten , Germany
- d Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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Artemiou E, Gilbert GE, Callanan A, Marchi S, Bergfelt DR. Mind-body therapies: an intervention to reduce work-related stress in veterinary academia. Vet Rec 2018; 183:596. [PMID: 30282662 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating perceived stress and mindfulness awareness support mind-body therapy (MBT) effectiveness in reducing stress and anxiety and, thus, has potential to decrease work-related stress. A pre/postexperimental design involved 30 faculty and staff working at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis, who experienced a two-day MBT intervention programme. An additional 16 faculty and staff not involved in MBT who went about their daily work schedules served as contemporary controls. Demographics, Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), 16 Personality Factor (16PF) Openness to Change subscale and saliva cortisol concentrations were analysed. Control participants reported significantly perceived less stress (PSS-10: M=13; sd=1.4) than intervention participants (M=20; sd=6.6) during pretest. However, at post-test the intervention group reported a significant decrease in perceived stress (M=11; sd=6.0). MAAS pretest results indicated the intervention group displayed a lower average score (M=54; sd=15.3) than control participants (M=68; sd=2.0). Post-MAAS intervention scores showed improvements in mindfulness (M=63; sd=15.3). Correlations between the 16PF Openness to Change subscale and MAAS were r=0.03 and r=-0.17 for the intervention and control groups, respectively. Mean concentrations of saliva cortisol indicated a larger and significant decline in cortisol for the intervention group both during day 1 (P=0.0001) and day 2 (P=0.0008). In conclusion, these preliminary results provide support that MBTs in veterinary academia can improve psychological and physiological aspects of personal wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Artemiou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Gregory E Gilbert
- Learning Sciences, Adtalem Global Education, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA.,Center for Teaching and Learning, Ross University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
| | - Anne Callanan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Silvia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Don R Bergfelt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Winer JP, Powers SI, Pietromonaco PR, Schreck MC. Childhood family adversity and adult cortisol response: The role of observed marital conflict behavior. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2018; 32:793-803. [PMID: 30188170 PMCID: PMC8252991 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Childhood family adversity predicts adult interpersonal behavior and physiological responses to interpersonal stress. Additionally, negative marital behaviors (e.g., hostility and distress maintaining attributions) predict maladaptive stress responses and mental health problems, whereas positive marital behaviors (e.g., acceptance and relationship enhancing attributions) predict adaptive physiological and psychological outcomes. The present study examined potential marital behavior mediators and moderators of the link between childhood adversity and cortisol responses to conflict. In a sample of 218 different-sex newlywed couples, we examined (a) actors' marital conflict behaviors as candidate mediators of the link between childhood adversity and cortisol responses to marital conflict discussions, and (b) partners' marital conflict behaviors as candidate moderators of the relation between childhood adversity and cortisol responses to marital discussions. Path analysis using actor-partner interdependence modeling did not confirm mediation. Instead, wives' childhood family adversity directly predicted husbands' attenuated cortisol responses, and wives' negative behavior predicted wives' attenuated cortisol responses. As hypothesized, wives' negative behaviors moderated the association between husbands' childhood family adversity and husbands' cortisol in response to conflict; husbands showed higher cortisol if they had experienced greater family adversity and if their wives displayed more negative behavior. Results suggest that childhood family adversity may carry forward to shape adult cortisol responses to conflict and highlights the importance of wives' negative behavior for both husbands and wives. These findings add to the family psychology literature by further clarifying how the interaction of stressful childhood experiences and conflict behaviors in marriage are associated with adult physiological responses to conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally I Powers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Paula R Pietromonaco
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Meghan C Schreck
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School
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Dimolareva M, Gee NR, Pfeffer K, Maréchal L, Pennington K, Meints K. Measuring Cortisol in the Classroom with School-Aged Children-A Systematic Review and Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15051025. [PMID: 29783677 PMCID: PMC5982064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The collection of salivary cortisol has been chosen as one of the least intrusive, easiest to collect, analyze, and store methods of obtaining information on physiological changes. It is, however, not clear what the best practice is when collecting salivary cortisol from children within the school setting. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the feasibility of cortisol collection in schools for future research and to make recommendations for best practice. The review included 25 peer-reviewed articles from seven databases. The hypotheses of the included studies vary, but they all use cortisol as a diurnal, baseline, or acute measure, or to measure the effect of an intervention. Two methods of salivary cortisol collection were preferred by most of the research, i.e., passive drool or cotton Salivettes. The review has concluded that cortisol is a physiological marker that can be successfully measured in school-based research. However, there are discrepancies across studies when evaluating the collection guidelines, protocols, and instructions to participants as well as transparency of the success rate of obtaining all samples. Recommendations are made for future research to address and avoid such discrepancies and improve cross-study comparisons by implementing standard protocol guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirena Dimolareva
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, 8 Brayford Wharf, Lincoln LN5 7AT, UK.
| | - Nancy R Gee
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA.
- WALTHAM™ Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Karen Pfeffer
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, 8 Brayford Wharf, Lincoln LN5 7AT, UK.
| | - Laëtitia Maréchal
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, 8 Brayford Wharf, Lincoln LN5 7AT, UK.
| | - Kyla Pennington
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, 8 Brayford Wharf, Lincoln LN5 7AT, UK.
| | - Kerstin Meints
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, 8 Brayford Wharf, Lincoln LN5 7AT, UK.
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Protecting the child while preserving the relationship: Using baby's relational withdrawal to gauge the effect of parental visitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196685. [PMID: 29723234 PMCID: PMC5933754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of children's interactions with parents in the context of out-of-home placements is receiving much-needed cross-disciplinary attention. However, the paucity of instruments that can reliably represent young children's experiences of such interactions precludes a nuanced evaluation of their impact on wellbeing and development. In response to this empirical gap, the present study investigates children's relational withdrawal as a clinically salient, easily observable and conceptually valid measure of infants' and toddlers' responses to parents. Relational withdrawal, challenging behaviors and salivary cortisol were assessed before, during and after parental visits. Conceptually, the findings suggest that observations of relational withdrawal correlate meaningfully with measure of neurobiological reactivity. Clinically, three profiles of cross-variable responses in children appeared, distinguishing between groups that experience increased, decreased or unchanged levels of stress in response to parental visits. Taken together, the findings lend empirical support to systematic observations of relational withdrawal to bolster evaluations of young children's experience of parental visitation during out-of-home placements.
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Raffington L, Schmiedek F, Heim C, Shing YL. Cognitive control moderates parenting stress effects on children's diurnal cortisol. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191215. [PMID: 29329340 PMCID: PMC5766146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated associations between parenting stress in parents and self-reported stress in children with children's diurnal cortisol secretion and whether these associations are moderated by known stress-regulating capacities, namely child cognitive control. Salivary cortisol concentrations were assessed from awakening to evening on two weekend days from 53 6-to-7-year-old children. Children completed a cognitive control task and a self-report stress questionnaire with an experimenter, while parents completed a parenting stress inventory. Hierarchical, linear mixed effects models revealed that higher parenting stress was associated with overall reduced cortisol secretion in children, and this effect was moderated by cognitive control. Specifically, parenting stress was associated with reduced diurnal cortisol levels in children with lower cognitive control ability and not in children with higher cognitive control ability. There were no effects of self-reported stress in children on their cortisol secretion, presumably because 6-to-7-year-old children cannot yet self-report on stress experiences. Our results suggest that higher cognitive control skills may buffer the effects of parenting stress in parents on their children's stress regulation in middle childhood. This could indicate that training cognitive control skills in early life could be a target to prevent stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Raffington
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Schmiedek
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Heim
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Elfering A, Grebner S, Ganster DC, Berset M, Kottwitz MU, Semmer NK. Cortisol on Sunday as indicator of recovery from work: Prediction by observer ratings of job demands and control. WORK AND STRESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2017.1417337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Elfering
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CISA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Grebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C. Ganster
- College of Business, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Martial Berset
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- FHNW School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Maria U. Kottwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert K. Semmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research, Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CISA, Geneva, Switzerland
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Valentino K, De Alba A, Hibel LC, Fondren K, McDonnell CG. Adherence to Diurnal Cortisol Sampling Among Mother-Child Dyads From Maltreating and Nonmaltreating Families. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2017; 22:286-294. [PMID: 28819984 PMCID: PMC6836868 DOI: 10.1177/1077559517725208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in evaluating whether interventions for child maltreatment can improve and/or prevent child physiological dysregulation via measurement of diurnal cortisol. The assessment of diurnal cortisol typically involves the home-based collection of saliva multiple times per day, bringing forth important methodological considerations regarding adherence to collection instructions. To date, there has been no data regarding adherence to home collection of diurnal cortisol among maltreating families. The current study provides data on adherence to in-home sampling of salivary cortisol among 166 maltreating and demographically similar nonmaltreating mother-child dyads using electronic monitoring devices (Medication Event Monitoring System caps). Mothers collected saliva samples on themselves and their children 3 times per day (waking, midday, and evening) for 2 consecutive days. Analyses reveal that although maltreating families were more likely to be nonadherent to the collection protocol on their initial attempt, with additional support and resampling, maltreating and nonmaltreating families were comparable on most measures of adherence. Suggestions for best practices, including the use of electronic monitoring devices, for diurnal cortisol collection with maltreating families are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley De Alba
- 2 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah C Hibel
- 2 Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Fondren
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Wood CJ, Clow A, Hucklebridge F, Law R, Smyth N. Physical fitness and prior physical activity are both associated with less cortisol secretion during psychosocial stress. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 31:135-145. [PMID: 29037088 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1390083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence linking fitness and decreased psychosocial stress comes from studies of athletes and typically relies upon self-report measures. Furthermore, there is little evidence regarding the impact of physical activity (PA) prior to a stressor. The aims of this study were to determine whether fitness and prior PA influence cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress. METHODS Seventy-five non-athletic participants took part in a submaximal walk prior to the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G). During the walk, fitness was assessed using heart rate (HR). A further 89 participants took part in the TSST-G without the walk. Stress responsiveness was assessed using salivary cortisol collected at 10-min intervals on seven occasions. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that average walking HR accounted for 9% of the variance in cortisol secretion (P = .016), where a higher HR was associated with higher cortisol secretion. Between-subjects ANCOVA revealed that the walking group had a significantly lower cortisol secretion than the non-walking group (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that fitter individuals have reduced cortisol secretion during psychosocial stress. They also indicate that prior PA can reduce cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress and are suggestive of a role of PA in reducing the impact of stress on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Wood
- a Department of Life Sciences , University of Westminster , London , UK
| | - Angela Clow
- b Department of Psychology , University of Westminster , London , UK
| | - Frank Hucklebridge
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Westminster , London , UK
| | - Robin Law
- b Department of Psychology , University of Westminster , London , UK
| | - Nina Smyth
- b Department of Psychology , University of Westminster , London , UK
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Boggero IA, Hostinar CE, Haak EA, Murphy MLM, Segerstrom SC. Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: Meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:207-230. [PMID: 28870447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol levels rise immediately after awakening and peak approximately 30-45min thereafter. Psychosocial functioning influences this cortisol awakening response (CAR), but there is considerable heterogeneity in the literature. The current study used p-curve and meta-analysis on 709 findings from 212 studies to test the evidential value and estimate effect sizes of four sets of findings: those associating worse psychosocial functioning with higher or lower cortisol increase relative to the waking period (CARi) and to the output of the waking period (AUCw). All four sets of findings demonstrated evidential value. Psychosocial predictors explained 1%-3.6% of variance in CARi and AUCw responses. Based on these effect sizes, cross-sectional studies assessing CAR would need a minimum sample size of 617-783 to detect true effects with 80% power. Depression was linked to higher AUCw and posttraumatic stress to lower AUCw, whereas inconclusive results were obtained for predictor-specific effects on CARi. Suggestions for future CAR research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Boggero
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Camelia E Hostinar
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 103 Young Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Eric A Haak
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Michael L M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Suzanne C Segerstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
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Ryan R, Clow A, Spathis A, Smyth N, Barclay S, Fallon M, Booth S. Salivary diurnal cortisol profiles in patients suffering from chronic breathlessness receiving supportive and palliative care services: A cross-sectional study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 79:134-145. [PMID: 28284169 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic breathlessness is a common source of psychological and physical stress in patients with advanced or progressive disease, suggesting that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may be prevalent. The aim of this study was to measure the salivary diurnal cortisol profile in patients receiving supportive and palliative care for a range of malignant and non-malignant conditions and to compare the profile of those experiencing moderate-to-severe disability due to breathlessness against that of patients with mild/no breathlessness and that of healthy controls. Saliva samples were collected over two consecutive weekdays at 3, 6, and 12h after awakening in 49 patients with moderate-to-severe breathlessness [Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea grade ≥3], 11 patients with mild/no breathlessness (MRC dyspnoea grade ≤2), and 50 healthy controls. Measures of breathlessness, stress, anxiety, depression, wellbeing and sleep were examined concomitantly. The diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) was calculated for each participant by regressing log-transformed cortisol values against collection time. Mean DCS was compared across groups using ANCOVA. Individual slopes were categorised into one of four categories: consistent declining, consistent flat, consistent ascending and inconsistent. Controlling for age, gender and socioeconomic status, the mean DCS was significantly flatter in patients with moderate-to-severe breathlessness compared to patients with mild/no breathlessness and healthy controls [F (2, 103)=45.64, p<0.001]. Furthermore, there was a higher prevalence of flat and ascending cortisol profiles in patients with moderate-to-severe breathlessness (23.4%) compared to healthy controls (0%). The only variable which correlated significantly with DCS was MRC dyspnoea grade (rs=0.29, p<0.05). These findings suggest that patients with moderate-to-severe breathlessness have evidence of HPA axis dysregulation and that this dysregulation may be related to the functional disability imposed by breathlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richella Ryan
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Palliative Care Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hill's Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela Clow
- Psychophysiology and Stress Group, University of Westminster, Department of Psychology, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Spathis
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Palliative Care Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hill's Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Smyth
- Psychophysiology and Stress Group, University of Westminster, Department of Psychology, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barclay
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Fallon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre (IGMM), The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Booth
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Palliative Care Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hill's Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Idris FP, Wan Y, Zhang X, Punyadeera C. Within-Day Baseline Variation in Salivary Biomarkers in Healthy Men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:74-80. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firman Prathama Idris
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yunxia Wan
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Adaptive Appraisals of Anxiety Moderate the Association between Cortisol Reactivity and Performance in Salary Negotiations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167977. [PMID: 27992484 PMCID: PMC5161466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests that stress can be harmful in high-stakes contexts such as negotiations. However, few studies actually measure stress physiologically during negotiations, nor do studies offer interventions to combat the potential negative effects of heightened physiological responses in negotiation contexts. In the current research, we offer evidence that the negative effects of cortisol increases on negotiation performance can be reduced through a reappraisal of anxiety manipulation. We experimentally induced adaptive appraisals by randomly assigning 97 male and female participants to receive either instructions to appraise their anxiety as beneficial to the negotiation or no specific instructions on how to appraise the situation. We also measured participants' cortisol responses prior to and following the negotiation. Results revealed that cortisol increases were positively related to negotiation performance for participants who were told to view anxiety as beneficial, and not detrimental, for negotiation performance (appraisal condition). In contrast, cortisol increases were negatively related to negotiation performance for participants given no instructions on appraising their anxiety (control condition). These findings offer a means through which to combat the potentially deleterious effects of heightened cortisol reactivity on negotiation outcomes.
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Smyth N, Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, Clow A, Evans P. Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:380-386. [PMID: 27750142 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is typically measured in the domestic setting. Moderate sample timing inaccuracy has been shown to result in erroneous CAR estimates and such inaccuracy has been shown partially to explain inconsistency in the CAR literature. The need for more reliable measurement of the CAR has recently been highlighted in expert consensus guidelines where it was pointed out that less than 6% of published studies provided electronic-monitoring of saliva sampling time in the post-awakening period. Analyses of a merged data-set of published studies from our laboratory are presented. To qualify for selection, both time of awakening and collection of the first sample must have been verified by electronic-monitoring and sampling commenced within 15min of awakening. Participants (n=128) were young (median age of 20 years) and healthy. Cortisol values were determined in the 45min post-awakening period on 215 sampling days. On 127days, delay between verified awakening and collection of the first sample was less than 3min ('no delay' group); on 45days there was a delay of 4-6min ('short delay' group); on 43days the delay was 7-15min ('moderate delay' group). Cortisol values for verified sampling times accurately mapped on to the typical post-awakening cortisol growth curve, regardless of whether sampling deviated from desired protocol timings. This provides support for incorporating rather than excluding delayed data (up to 15min) in CAR analyses. For this population the fitted cortisol growth curve equation predicted a mean cortisol awakening level of 6nmols/l (±1 for 95% CI) and a mean CAR rise of 6nmols/l (±2 for 95% CI). We also modelled the relationship between real delay and CAR magnitude, when the CAR is calculated erroneously by incorrectly assuming adherence to protocol time. Findings supported a curvilinear hypothesis in relation to effects of sample delay on the CAR. Short delays of 4-6min between awakening and commencement of saliva sampling resulted in an overestimated CAR. Moderate delays of 7-15min were associated with an underestimated CAR. Findings emphasize the need to employ electronic-monitoring of sampling accuracy when measuring the CAR in the domestic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Smyth
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Lisa Thorn
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Frank Hucklebridge
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Angela Clow
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Phil Evans
- Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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