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Chang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Ma N, Xie J, Zhang J. Fruit Quality Analysis and Flavor Comprehensive Evaluation of Cherry Tomatoes of Different Colors. Foods 2024; 13:1898. [PMID: 38928838 PMCID: PMC11202461 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cherry tomatoes are popular vegetables worldwide owing to their variety of colors and nutrients. However, an integrated evaluation of color and flavor has rarely been reported. This study examined the differences among red, brown, yellow, and green cherry tomatoes grown in the Jiuquan area. A comprehensive analysis of the flavor quality of these tomatoes, including sensory evaluation, electronic nose analysis, nutritional and flavor quality measurements, targeted metabolomics, and chemometrics, was conducted. Red tomatoes had the highest lycopene content, and green tomatoes had the highest soluble protein and vitamin C content. In cherry tomatoes, K is the most abundant macro element and Fe and Zn are the most abundant trace elements. Brown cherry tomatoes had significantly higher K, P, Mg, Cu and Fe contents than other colored tomatoes, and red tomatoes had significantly higher Zn content than other cherry tomatoes (218.8-724.3%). Yellow cherry tomatoes had the highest soluble sugar content, followed by red, brown and green tomatoes. A total of 20 amino acids of tomatoes were simultaneously determined by LC-MS. Yellow cherry tomatoes have the highest content of essential amino acids, aromatic amino acids and sweetness amino acids. Red tomatoes have the highest levels of non-essential and sourness amino acid contents. An analysis of 30 flavor indicators revealed that yellow tomatoes had the best flavor, followed by red, brown, and green tomatoes. Our work lays the foundation for future research on color and flavor formation in cherry tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.C.); (X.Z.); (C.W.); (N.M.); (J.X.)
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Zhou J, Zhou S, Chen B, Sangsoy K, Luengwilai K, Albornoz K, Beckles DM. Integrative analysis of the methylome and transcriptome of tomato fruit ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) induced by postharvest handling. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae095. [PMID: 38840937 PMCID: PMC11151332 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Tomato fruit ripening is triggered by the demethylation of key genes, which alters their transcriptional levels thereby initiating and propagating a cascade of physiological events. What is unknown is how these processes are altered when fruit are ripened using postharvest practices to extend shelf-life, as these practices often reduce fruit quality. To address this, postharvest handling-induced changes in the fruit DNA methylome and transcriptome, and how they correlate with ripening speed, and ripening indicators such as ethylene, abscisic acid, and carotenoids, were assessed. This study comprehensively connected changes in physiological events with dynamic molecular changes. Ripening fruit that reached 'Turning' (T) after dark storage at 20°C, 12.5°C, or 5°C chilling (followed by 20°C rewarming) were compared to fresh-harvest fruit 'FHT'. Fruit stored at 12.5°C had the biggest epigenetic marks and alterations in gene expression, exceeding changes induced by postharvest chilling. Fruit physiological and chronological age were uncoupled at 12.5°C, as the time-to-ripening was the longest. Fruit ripening to Turning at 12.5°C was not climacteric; there was no respiratory or ethylene burst, rather, fruit were high in abscisic acid. Clear differentiation between postharvest-ripened and 'FHT' was evident in the methylome and transcriptome. Higher expression of photosynthetic genes and chlorophyll levels in 'FHT' fruit pointed to light as influencing the molecular changes in fruit ripening. Finally, correlative analyses of the -omics data putatively identified genes regulated by DNA methylation. Collectively, these data improve our interpretation of how tomato fruit ripening patterns are altered by postharvest practices, and long-term are expected to help improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
| | - Sitian Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bixuan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
- Germains Seed Technology, 8333 Swanston Lane, Gilroy, CA 95020, USA
| | - Kamonwan Sangsoy
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Kietsuda Luengwilai
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Karin Albornoz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
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Tian S, Yang Y, Fang B, Uddin S, Liu X. The CrMYB33 transcription factor positively coordinate the regulation of both carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in the peel of citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 209:108540. [PMID: 38518398 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Citrus, cultivated extensively across the globe, possesses considerable economic importance and nutritional value. With the degradation of chlorophyll and accumulation of carotenoids, mature citrus fruits develop an orange-yellow peel, enhancing fruit value and consumer preference. MYB transcription factors (TFs) exert a significant role in diverse plant developmental processes and investigating their involvement in fruit coloration is crucial for developing new cultivars. This work aimed to characterize a citrus TF, CrMYB33, whose expression was found to be positively correlated with carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening. The interference of CrMYB33 expression in citrus fruit resulted in inhibition of carotenoid accumulation, down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, and a slower rate of chlorophyll degradation. Conversely, overexpression of CrMYB33 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhanced chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, resulting in a deeper red coloration of the fruits. Furthermore, the transcription of associated genes was upregulated in CrMYB33-overexpressing tomato fruits. Additional assays reveal that CrMYB33 exhibits direct links and activation of the promoters of lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYb2), and β-carotene hydroxylases 2 (CrBCH2), both crucial genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, it was found to inhibit chlorophyllase (CrCLH), a gene essential in chlorophyll degradation. These findings provide insight into the observed changes in LCYb2, BCH2, and CLH expression in the transgenic lines under investigation. In conclusion, our study revealed that CrMYB33 modulates carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in citrus fruits through transcriptionally activating genes involved in metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Saleem Uddin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Zhang X, Wang D, Zhao P, Sun Y, Fang RX, Ye J. Near-infrared light and PIF4 promote plant antiviral defense by enhancing RNA interference. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100644. [PMID: 37393430 PMCID: PMC10811336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying phototherapy and light treatment, which utilize various wavelength spectra of light, including near-infrared (NIR), to cure human and plant diseases, is obscure. Here we revealed that NIR light confers antiviral immunity by positively regulating PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4)-activated RNA interference (RNAi) in plants. PIF4, a central transcription factor involved in light signaling, accumulates to high levels under NIR light in plants. PIF4 directly induces the transcription of two essential components of RNAi, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6) and ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1), which play important roles in resistance to both DNA and RNA viruses. Moreover, the pathogenic determinant βC1 protein, which is evolutionarily conserved and encoded by betasatellites, interacts with PIF4 and inhibits its positive regulation of RNAi by disrupting PIF4 dimerization. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of PIF4-mediated plant defense and provide a new perspective for the exploration of NIR antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rong-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liu Y, Singh SK, Pattanaik S, Wang H, Yuan L. Light regulation of the biosynthesis of phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids in plants. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1055. [PMID: 37853112 PMCID: PMC10584869 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of specialized metabolites (SM), including phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids, is stimulated by many environmental factors including light. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in light-stimulated SM biosynthesis at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels of regulation. While several excellent recent reviews have primarily focused on the impacts of general environmental factors, including light, on biosynthesis of an individual class of SM, here we highlight the regulation of three major SM biosynthesis pathways by light-responsive gene expression, microRNA regulation, and posttranslational modification of regulatory proteins. In addition, we present our future perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Sitakanta Pattanaik
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, 201602, Songjiang, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Zhu K, Chen H, Mei X, Lu S, Xie H, Liu J, Chai L, Xu Q, Wurtzel ET, Ye J, Deng X. Transcription factor CsMADS3 coordinately regulates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in Citrus hesperidium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:519-536. [PMID: 37224514 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrus, 1 of the largest fruit crops with global economic and nutritional importance, contains fruit known as hesperidium with unique morphological types. Citrus fruit ripening is accompanied by chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, which are indispensably linked to color formation and the external appearance of citrus fruits. However, the transcriptional coordination of these metabolites during citrus fruit ripening remains unknown. Here, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor CsMADS3 in Citrus hesperidium that coordinates chlorophyll and carotenoid pools during fruit ripening. CsMADS3 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, and its expression is induced during fruit development and coloration. Overexpression of CsMADS3 in citrus calli, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and citrus fruits enhanced carotenoid biosynthesis and upregulated carotenogenic genes while accelerating chlorophyll degradation and upregulating chlorophyll degradation genes. Conversely, the interference of CsMADS3 expression in citrus calli and fruits inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation and downregulated the transcription of related genes. Further assays confirmed that CsMADS3 directly binds and activates the promoters of phytoene synthase 1 (CsPSY1) and chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2), 2 key genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and STAY-GREEN (CsSGR), a critical chlorophyll degradation gene, which explained the expression alterations of CsPSY1, CsLCYb2, and CsSGR in the above transgenic lines. These findings reveal the transcriptional coordination of chlorophyll and carotenoid pools in the unique hesperidium of Citrus and may contribute to citrus crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Heping Xie
- The Experimental Station of Loose-skin Mandarins in Yichang, Agricultural Technical Service Center of Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei 443100, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016-16 4309, USA
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Lab for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Chen C, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yang M, Dai S, Meng Q, Lv W, Zhuang K. ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 regulates β-carotene and ascorbic acid accumulation in tomatoes during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2067-2080. [PMID: 36891812 PMCID: PMC10315317 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3/ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKEs (EIN3/EILs) are important ethylene response factors during fruit ripening. Here, we discovered that EIL2 controls carotenoid metabolism and ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In contrast to the red fruits presented in the wild type (WT) 45 d after pollination, the fruits of CRISPR/Cas9 eil2 mutants and SlEIL2 RNA interference lines (ERIs) showed yellow or orange fruits. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data for the ERI and WT ripe fruits revealed that SlEIL2 is involved in β-carotene and AsA accumulation. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) are the typical components downstream of EIN3 in the ethylene response pathway. Through a comprehensive screening of ERF family members, we determined that SlEIL2 directly regulates the expression of 4 SlERFs. Two of these, SlERF.H30 and SlERF.G6, encode proteins that participate in the regulation of LYCOPENE-β-CYCLASE 2 (SlLCYB2), encoding an enzyme that mediates the conversion of lycopene to carotene in fruits. In addition, SlEIL2 transcriptionally repressed L-GALACTOSE 1-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE 3 (SlGPP3) and MYO-INOSITOL OXYGENASE 1 (SlMIOX1) expression, which resulted in a 1.62-fold increase of AsA via both the L-galactose and myoinositol pathways. Overall, we demonstrated that SlEIL2 functions in controlling β-carotene and AsA levels, providing a potential strategy for genetic engineering to improve the nutritional value and quality of tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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Sharma A, Samtani H, Sahu K, Sharma AK, Khurana JP, Khurana P. Functions of Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIFs) in the regulation of plant growth and development: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125234. [PMID: 37290549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors play important roles in governing plant responses upon changes in their ambient conditions. Any fluctuation in the supply of critical requirements for plants, such as optimum light, temperature, and water leads to the reprogramming of gene-signaling pathways. At the same time, plants also evaluate and shift their metabolism according to the various stages of development. Phytochrome-Interacting Factors are one of the most important classes of transcription factors that regulate both developmental and external stimuli-based growth of plants. This review focuses on the identification of PIFs in various organisms, regulation of PIFs by various proteins, functions of PIFs of Arabidopsis in diverse developmental pathways such as seed germination, photomorphogenesis, flowering, senescence, seed and fruit development, and external stimuli-induced plant responses such as shade avoidance response, thermomorphogenesis, and various abiotic stress responses. Recent advances related to the functional characterization of PIFs of crops such as rice, maize, and tomato have also been incorporated in this review, to ascertain the potential of PIFs as key regulators to enhance the agronomic traits of these crops. Thus, an attempt has been made to provide a holistic view of the function of PIFs in various processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarye Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Harsha Samtani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Karishma Sahu
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Jitendra Paul Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Liu Z, Mao L, Yang B, Cui Q, Dai Y, Li X, Chen Y, Dai X, Zou X, Ou L, Yang S. A multi-omics approach identifies bHLH71-like as a positive regulator of yellowing leaf pepper mutants exposed to high-intensity light. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad098. [PMID: 37426880 PMCID: PMC10323627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Light quality and intensity can have a significant impact on plant health and crop productivity. Chlorophylls and carotenoids are classes of plant pigments that are responsible for harvesting light energy and protecting plants from the damaging effects of intense light. Our understanding of the role played by plant pigments in light sensitivity has been aided by light-sensitive mutants that change colors upon exposure to light of variable intensity. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic, metabolomic, and hormone analyses on a novel yellowing mutant of pepper (yl1) to shed light on the molecular mechanism that regulates the transition from green to yellow leaves in this mutant upon exposure to high-intensity light. Our results revealed greater accumulation of the carotenoid precursor phytoene and the carotenoids phytofluene, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin in yl1 compared with wild-type plants under high light intensity. A transcriptomic analysis confirmed that enzymes involved in zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis were upregulated in yl1 upon exposure to high-intensity light. We also identified a single basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, bHLH71-like, that was differentially expressed and positively correlated with light intensity in yl1. Silencing of bHLH71-like in pepper plants suppressed the yellowing phenotype and led to reduced accumulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin. We propose that the yellow phenotype of yl1 induced by high light intensity could be caused by an increase in yellow carotenoid pigments, concurrent with a decrease in chlorophyll accumulation. Our results also suggest that bHLH71-like functions as a positive regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoubin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lianzhen Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bozhi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qingzhi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yunhua Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xueqiao Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Yisong Chen
- Institute of Vegetables, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Xiongze Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Education, Ministry for Germplasm Innovation and Breeding New Varieties of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
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Zhuge Y, Sheng H, Zhang M, Fang J, Lu S. Grape phytochrome-interacting factor VvPIF1 negatively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing VvPSY expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111693. [PMID: 37001696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play important roles in light-mediated secondary metabolism; however, the roles of PIFs in grape fruit carotenogenesis remain unclear. Here, by identifying the PIF family genes in grapes, we focused on the role of VvPIF1 in carotenoid metabolism. During grape berry development, VvPIF1 expression was negatively correlated with carotenoid accumulation and the transcription of phytoene synthase 1/2 (VvPSY1/2), which encodes the major flux-controlling enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis. Light significantly repressed VvPIF1 expression, but induced the expression of carotenogenic genes including VvPSY1/2. VvPIF1 functioned as a nucleus-localized protein and interacted with the light photoreceptor VvphyB. Overexpression of VvPIF1 resulted in the downregulation of the endogenous PIF1 gene, which may unexpectedly induce carotenoid accumulation and PSY expression in tobacco leaves. The transgenic grape leaves and tomato fruits with high VvPIF1 expression produced a significant decrease in carotenoid concentrations, with suppressed transcription of PSY and other carotenogenic genes. Further biochemical assays demonstrated that VvPIF1 bound directly to the promoters of VvPSY1/2 to inhibit their transcription. Collectively, we conclude that VvPIF1 negatively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by repressing VvPSY expression in grapes. These findings shed light on the role and mode of action of PIFs in the carotenoid regulatory network of grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Zhuge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Xia H, Lin Z, He Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Deng H, Li M, Xie Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Lv X, Deng Q, Luo X, Tang Y, Lin L, Liang D. AcMADS32 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in kiwifruit by activating AcBCH1/2 expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124928. [PMID: 37224896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruits provide abundant carotenoid nutrients for humans, whereas the understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of carotenoids in fruits is still limited. Here, we identified a transcription factor AcMADS32 in kiwifruit, which was highly expressed in the fruit, correlated with carotenoid content and localized in the nucleus. The silencing expression of AcMADS32 significantly reduced the content of β-carotene and zeaxanthin and expression of β-carotene hydroxylase gene AcBCH1/2 in kiwifruit, while transient overexpression increased the accumulation of zeaxanthin, suggesting that AcMADS32 was an activator involved in the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid in fruit. When AcMADS32 was further stably transformed into kiwifruit, the content of total carotenoid and components in the leaves of transgenic lines significantly increased, and the expression level of carotenogenic genes was up-regulated. Moreover, Y1H and dual luciferase reporter experiments confirmed that AcMADS32 directly bound the AcBCH1/2 promoter and activated its expression. Through Y2H assays, AcMADS32 can interact with other MADS transcription factor AcMADS30, AcMADS64 and AcMADS70. These findings will contribute to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying carotenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zunzhen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Minzhang Li
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qunxian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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12
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Diao Q, Tian S, Cao Y, Yao D, Fan H, Zhang Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals association of carotenoid metabolism pathway with fruit color in melon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5004. [PMID: 36973323 PMCID: PMC10043268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractFlesh color is an important quality of melon (Cucumis melo L.) and is determined mainly by carotenoid content, awarding them with colors, aromas, and nutrients. enhancing the nutritional and health benefits of fruits and vegetables for humans. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of two melon inbred line “B-14” (orange-flesh) and “B-6” (white-flesh) at three developmental stages. We observed that the β-carotene content of inbred line “B-6” (14.232 μg/g) was significantly lower than that of inbred line “B-14” (0.534 μg/g). RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two inbred lines at different stages; the DEGs were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases (KEGG). We identified 33 structural DEGs in different developmental periods of the two lines that were related to carotenoid metabolism. Among them, PSY, Z-ISO, ZDS, CRTISO, CCD4, VDE1, and NCED2 were highly correlated with carotenoid content. Thus, this study provides a basis for molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis and flesh color in melon fruit.
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13
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Teixeira A, Noronha H, Frusciante S, Diretto G, Gerós H. Biosynthesis of Chlorophyll and Other Isoprenoids in the Plastid of Red Grape Berry Skins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1873-1885. [PMID: 36652329 PMCID: PMC9896546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite current knowledge showing that fruits like tomato and grape berries accumulate different components of the light reactions and Calvin cycle, the role of green tissues in fruits is not yet fully understood. In mature tomato fruits, chlorophylls are degraded and replaced by carotenoids through the conversion of chloroplasts in chromoplasts, while in red grape berries, chloroplasts persist at maturity and chlorophylls are masked by anthocyanins. To study isoprenoid and lipid metabolism in grape skin chloroplasts, metabolites of enriched organelle fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and the expression of key genes was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in berry skins and leaves. Overall, the results indicated that chloroplasts of the grape berry skins, as with leaf chloroplasts, share conserved mechanisms of synthesis (and degradation) of important components of the photosynthetic machinery. Some of these components, such as chlorophylls and their precursors, and catabolites, carotenoids, quinones, and lipids have important roles in grape and wine sensory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Teixeira
- Centre
of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Henrique Noronha
- Centre
of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development
(ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development
(ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre
of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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14
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Zhou T, Li R, Yu Q, Wang J, Pan J, Lai T. Proteomic Changes in Response to Colorless nonripening Mutation during Tomato Fruit Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3570. [PMID: 36559681 PMCID: PMC9782875 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SlSPL-CNR is a multifunctional transcription factor gene that plays important roles in regulating tomato fruit ripening. However, the molecular basis of SlSPL-CNR in the regulatory networks is not exactly clear. In the present study, the biochemical characteristics and expression levels of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis in Colorless nonripening (Cnr) natural mutant were determined. The proteomic changes during the ripening stage were also uncovered by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis. Results indicated that both the lycopene content and soluble solid content (SSC) in Cnr fruit were lower than those in wild-type AC fruit. Meanwhile, pH, flavonoid content, and chlorophyll content were higher in Cnr fruit. Expressions of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis were also downregulated or delayed in Cnr fruit. Furthermore, 1024 and 1234 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were respectively identified for the breaker and 10 days postbreaker stages. Among them, a total of 512 proteins were differentially expressed at both stages. In addition, the functions of DEPs were classified by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Results would lay the groundwork for wider explorations of the regulatory mechanism of SlSPL-CNR on tomato fruit ripening.
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15
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Reichel P, Munz S, Hartung J, Kotiranta S, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impacts of Different Light Spectra on CBD, CBDA and Terpene Concentrations in Relation to the Flower Positions of Different Cannabis Sativa L. Strains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2695. [PMID: 36297719 PMCID: PMC9612076 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants, but plant breeding and cultivation are restricted by country-specific regulations. The plant has gained interest due to its medically important secondary metabolites, cannabinoids and terpenes. Besides biotic and abiotic stress factors, secondary metabolism can be manipulated by changing light quality and intensity. In this study, three morphologically different cannabis strains were grown in a greenhouse experiment under three different light spectra with three real light repetitions. The chosen light sources were as follows: a CHD Agro 400 ceramic metal-halide lamp with a sun-like broad spectrum and an R:FR ratio of 2.8, and two LED lamps, a Solray (SOL) and an AP67, with R:FR ratios of 13.49 and 4, respectively. The results of the study indicated that the considered light spectra significantly influenced CBDA and terpene concentrations in the plants. In addition to the different light spectra, the distributions of secondary metabolites were influenced by flower positions. The distributions varied between strains and indicated interactions between morphology and the chosen light spectra. Thus, the results demonstrate that secondary metabolism can be artificially manipulated by the choice of light spectrum, illuminant and intensity. Furthermore, the data imply that, besides the cannabis strain selected, flower position can have an impact on the medicinal potencies and concentrations of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Reichel
- Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Munz
- Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Hartung
- Biostatistics, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stiina Kotiranta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Lira BS, Oliveira MJ, Shiose L, Vicente MH, Souza GPC, Floh EIS, Purgatto E, Nogueira FTS, Freschi L, Rossi M. SlBBX28 positively regulates plant growth and flower number in an auxin-mediated manner in tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:253-268. [PMID: 35798935 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SlBBX28 is a positive regulator of auxin metabolism and signaling, affecting plant growth and flower number in tomato B-box domain-containing proteins (BBXs) comprise a family of transcription factors that regulate several processes, such as photomorphogenesis, flowering, and stress responses. For this reason, attention is being directed toward the functional characterization of these proteins, although knowledge in species other than Arabidopsis thaliana remains scarce. Particularly in the tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, only three out of 31 SlBBX proteins have been functionally characterized to date. To deepen the understanding of the role of these proteins in tomato plant development and yield, SlBBX28, a light-responsive gene, was constitutively silenced, resulting in plants with smaller leaves and fewer flowers per inflorescence. Moreover, SlBBX28 knockdown reduced hypocotyl elongation in darkness-grown tomato. Analyses of auxin content and responsiveness revealed that SlBBX28 promotes auxin-mediated responses. Altogether, the data revealed that SlBBX28 promotes auxin production and signaling, ultimately leading to proper hypocotyl elongation, leaf expansion, and inflorescence development, which are crucial traits determining tomato yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silvestre Lira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lumi Shiose
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Henrique Vicente
- Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Tyagi K, Sunkum A, Rai M, Yadav A, Sircar S, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Seeing the unseen: a trifoliate (MYB117) mutant allele fortifies folate and carotenoids in tomato fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:38-54. [PMID: 35899408 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), mutations in the gene encoding the R2R3-MYB117 transcription factor elicit trifoliate leaves and initiate the formation of axillary meristems; however, their effects on fruit ripening remain unexplored. The fruits of a new trifoliate (tf) mutant (tf-5) were firmer and had higher °Brix values and higher folate and carotenoid contents. The transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome profiling of tf-5 reflected a broad-spectrum change in cellular homeostasis. The tf-5 allele enhanced the fruit firmness by suppressing cell wall softening-related proteins. tf-5 fruit displayed a substantial increase in amino acids, particularly γ-aminobutyric acid, with a parallel reduction in aminoacyl-tRNA synthases. The increased lipoxygenase protein and transcript levels seemingly elevated jasmonic acid levels. In addition, increased abscisic acid hydrolase transcript levels coupled with reduced precursor supply lowered abscisic acid levels. The upregulation of carotenoids was mediated by modulation of methylerythreitol and plastoquinone pathways and increased the levels of carotenoid isomerization proteins. The upregulation of folate in tf-5 was connoted by the increase in the precursor p-aminobenzoic acid and transcript levels of several folate biosynthesis genes. The reduction in pterin-6-carboxylate levels and γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity indicated that reduced folate degradation in tf-5 increased folate levels. Our study delineates that in addition to leaf development, MYB117 also influences fruit metabolism. The tf-5 allele can be used to increase γ-aminobutyric acid, carotenoid, and folate levels in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anusha Sunkum
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Meenakshi Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Amita Yadav
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sanchari Sircar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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18
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Tomes S, Thrimawithana AH, Elborough C, Bhargava N, Rebstock R, Sutherland P, Ireland H, Allan AC, Espley RV. Overexpression of PSY1 increases fruit skin and flesh carotenoid content and reveals associated transcription factors in apple ( Malus × domestica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967143. [PMID: 36186009 PMCID: PMC9520574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid metabolic pathway is still emerging and here, we have misexpressed a key biosynthetic gene in apple to highlight potential transcriptional regulators of this pathway. We overexpressed phytoene synthase (PSY1), which controls the key rate-limiting biosynthetic step, in apple and analyzed its effects in transgenic fruit skin and flesh using two approaches. Firstly, the effects of PSY overexpression on carotenoid accumulation and gene expression was assessed in fruit at different development stages. Secondly, the effect of light exclusion on PSY1-induced fruit carotenoid accumulation was examined. PSY1 overexpression increased carotenoid content in transgenic fruit skin and flesh, with beta-carotene being the most prevalent carotenoid compound. Light exclusion by fruit bagging reduced carotenoid content overall, but carotenoid content was still higher in bagged PSY fruit than in bagged controls. In tissues overexpressing PSY1, plastids showed accelerated chloroplast to chromoplast transition as well as high fluorescence intensity, consistent with increased number of chromoplasts and carotenoid accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of other carotenoid pathway genes was elevated in PSY fruit, suggesting a feed-forward regulation of carotenogenesis when this enzyme step is mis-expressed. Transcriptome profiling of fruit flesh identified differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) that also were co-expressed with carotenoid pathway genes. A comparison of differentially expressed genes from both the developmental series and light exclusion treatment revealed six candidate TFs exhibiting strong correlation with carotenoid accumulation. This combination of physiological, transcriptomic and metabolite data sheds new light on plant carotenogenesis and TFs that may play a role in regulating apple carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Caitlin Elborough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
- BioLumic Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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González‐Casado S, López‐Gámez G, Martín‐Belloso O, Elez‐Martínez P, Soliva‐Fortuny R. Pulsed light of near-infrared and visible light wavelengths induces the accumulation of carotenoids in tomato fruits during post-treatment time. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3913-3924. [PMID: 35983588 PMCID: PMC9805007 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed light (PL) is proposed as a novel strategy for the food industry to enhance the antioxidant potential of fruits and vegetables for industrial uses. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of postharvest PL treatments of different spectral ranges on the carotenoid concentration as well as quality attributes of tomatoes during post-treatment time. Doses of wide-spectrum light (180-1100 nm), full-spectrum without ultraviolet (UV)-C wavelengths (305-1100 nm), and visible (VIS) + near-infrared light (NIR) (400-1100 nm) were compared. Total carotenoids, lycopene, and chlorophyll contents were spectrophotometrically assessed just after treatments and 1, 5, and 10 days post-treatment. PL treatments accelerated the accumulation of both total carotenoids and lycopene concentrations in tomato fruits. Nevertheless, the efficacy of PL depended on the applied spectral range. Tomato subjected to VIS + NIR treatment exhibited the greatest enhancement in total carotenoids (31 %) and lycopene (35 %) content at day 5 post-treatment and quality attributes were not affected. Conversely, UV-light exposure did not enhance carotenoid concentrations. These results evidenced that VIS + NIR treatments induced a faster accumulation of carotenoids without negatively affecting tomato quality attributes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The integration of visible and near-infrared (VIS + NIR) light filters in pulsed light (PL) processing allows enhancing the accumulation of bioactive compounds in tomato tissues in a sustainable way, which can be processed to obtain derived products (e.g., juices, purees) with health-promoting properties. PL technology is characterized by a lack of residual compounds and the absence of applying chemicals potentially harmful to humans. Industries can attract the attention of consumers through their application, which allows offering this added value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria López‐Gámez
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Lleida—Agrotecnio‐CeRCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Olga Martín‐Belloso
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Lleida—Agrotecnio‐CeRCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Pedro Elez‐Martínez
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Lleida—Agrotecnio‐CeRCA CenterLleidaSpain
| | - Robert Soliva‐Fortuny
- Department of Food TechnologyUniversity of Lleida—Agrotecnio‐CeRCA CenterLleidaSpain
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20
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Transcription Factor CmNAC34 Regulated CmLCYB-Mediated β-Carotene Accumulation during Oriental Melon Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179805. [PMID: 36077205 PMCID: PMC9455964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ripened oriental melon (Cucumis melo) with orange-colored flesh is rich in β-carotene. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is the synthetic enzyme that directly controls the massive accumulation of β-carotene. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the CmLCYB-mediated β-carotene accumulation in oriental melon is fairly unknown. Here, we screened and identified a transcription factor, CmNAC34, by combining bioinformatics analysis and yeast one-hybrid screen with CmLCYB promoter. CmNAC34 was located in the nucleus and acted as a transcriptional activator. The expression profile of CmNAC34 was consistent with that of CmLCYB during the fruit ripening. Additionally, the transient overexpression of CmNAC34 in oriental melon fruit promoted the expression of CmLCYB and enhanced β-carotene concentration, while transient silence of CmNAC34 in fruit was an opposite trend, which indicated CmNAC34 could modulate CmLCYB-mediated β-carotene biosynthesis in oriental melon. Finally, the yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis assay, and luciferase reporter (LUC) assay indicated that CmNAC34 could bind to the promoter of CmLCYB and positively regulated the CmLCYB transcription level. These findings suggested that CmNAC34 acted as an activator to regulate β-carotene accumulation by directly binding the promoter of CmLCYB, which provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid metabolism during the development and ripening of oriental melon.
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21
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Fernández-Cancelo P, Iglesias-Sanchez A, Torres-Montilla S, Ribas-Agustí A, Teixidó N, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Giné-Bordonaba J. Environmentally driven transcriptomic and metabolic changes leading to color differences in "Golden Reinders" apples. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:913433. [PMID: 35979073 PMCID: PMC9377453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.913433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple is characterized by its high adaptation to diverse growing environments. However, little is still known about how different environments can regulate at the metabolic or molecular level specific apple quality traits such as the yellow fruit peel color. In this study, changes in carotenoids and chlorophylls, antioxidants as well as differences in the transcriptome were investigated by comparing the peel of "Golden Reinders" apples grown at different valley and mountain orchards. Mountain environment favored the development of yellow color, which was not caused by an enhanced accumulation of carotenoids but rather by a decrease in the chlorophyll content. The yellow phenotype was also associated to higher expression of genes related to chloroplast functions and oxidative stress. Time-course analysis over the last stages of apple development and ripening, in fruit from both locations, further revealed that the environment differentially modulated isoprenoids and phenylpropanoid metabolism and pointed out a key role for H2O2 in triggering apple peel degreening. Overall, the results presented herein provide new insights into how different environmental conditions regulate pigment and antioxidant metabolism in apple leading to noticeable differences in the apple peel color.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariadna Iglesias-Sanchez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Neus Teixidó
- Postharvest Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Giné-Bordonaba
- Postharvest Programme, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Lleida, Spain
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22
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Cordeiro AM, Andrade L, Monteiro CC, Leitão G, Wigge PA, Saibo NJM. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS: a promising tool to improve crop productivity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3881-3897. [PMID: 35429385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light is a key determinant for plant growth, development, and ultimately yield. Phytochromes, red/far-red photoreceptors, play an important role in plant architecture, stress tolerance, and productivity. In the model plant Arabidopsis, it has been shown that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs; bHLH transcription factors) act as central hubs in the integration of external stimuli to regulate plant development. Recent studies have unveiled the importance of PIFs in crops. They are involved in the modulation of plant architecture and productivity through the regulation of cell division and elongation in response to different environmental cues. These studies show that different PIFs have overlapping but also distinct functions in the regulation of plant growth. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PIFs regulate plant development is crucial to improve crop productivity under both optimal and adverse environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of PIFs acting as integrators of light and other signals in different crops, with particular focus on the role of PIFs in responding to different environmental conditions and how this can be used to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis Andrade
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Catarina C Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Philip A Wigge
- Leibniz-Institut für Gemüse- und Zierpflanzenbau, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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23
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Meng F, Li Y, Li S, Chen H, Shao Z, Jian Y, Mao Y, Liu L, Wang Q. Carotenoid biofortification in tomato products along whole agro-food chain from field to fork. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Light Induces Carotenoid Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, Accumulation of Pigment Content, and Expression of the Small Heat Shock Protein in Apple Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116153. [PMID: 35682835 PMCID: PMC9181450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coloration of the apple fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) depends on pigment content. Light stimulus activates a broad range of photosynthesis-related genes, including carotenoids. The effect of light on two red commercial apple cultivars, ‘Summer Prince’ and ‘Arisoo’ at the juvenile stage were examined. Apple fruits were either bagged to reduce light irradiation or were exposed to direct, enhanced sunlight (reflected). The pigment content and the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes in the peel and flesh of apple fruits were significantly different between the shaded and the reflected parts. These parameters were also different in the two cultivars, highlighting the contribution of the genetic background. Further, a combination of light and transient overexpression of carotenogenic genes increased fruit coloration and pigment content in the variety ‘RubyS’. Western blot analysis showed the expression of small heat shock proteins (smHSP) in lysates extracted from the reflected part of the fruits but not in the bagged fruits, indicating the activation of smHSP in response to heat generated by the reflected light. Therefore, the synergy between the genes and the environment dictates the color of apple fruits.
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25
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Bianchetti R, Bellora N, de Haro LA, Zuccarelli R, Rosado D, Freschi L, Rossi M, Bermudez L. Phytochrome-Mediated Light Perception Affects Fruit Development and Ripening Through Epigenetic Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870974. [PMID: 35574124 PMCID: PMC9096621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome (PHY)-mediated light and temperature perception has been increasingly implicated as important regulator of fruit development, ripening, and nutritional quality. Fruit ripening is also critically regulated by chromatin remodeling via DNA demethylation, though the molecular basis connecting epigenetic modifications in fruits and environmental cues remains largely unknown. Here, to unravel whether the PHY-dependent regulation of fruit development involves epigenetic mechanisms, an integrative analysis of the methylome, transcriptome and sRNAome of tomato fruits from phyA single and phyB1B2 double mutants was performed in immature green (IG) and breaker (BK) stages. The transcriptome analysis showed that PHY-mediated light perception regulates more genes in BK than in the early stages of fruit development (IG) and that PHYB1B2 has a more substantial impact than PHYA in the fruit transcriptome, in both analyzed stages. The global profile of methylated cytosines revealed that both PHYA and PHYB1B2 affect the global methylome, but PHYB1B2 has a greater impact on ripening-associated methylation reprogramming across gene-rich genomic regions in tomato fruits. Remarkably, promoters of master ripening-associated transcription factors (TF) (RIN, NOR, CNR, and AP2a) and key carotenoid biosynthetic genes (PSY1, PDS, ZISO, and ZDS) remained highly methylated in phyB1B2 from the IG to BK stage. The positional distribution and enrichment of TF binding sites were analyzed over the promoter region of the phyB1B2 DEGs, exposing an overrepresentation of binding sites for RIN as well as the PHY-downstream effectors PIFs and HY5/HYH. Moreover, phyA and phyB1B2 mutants showed a positive correlation between the methylation level of sRNA cluster-targeted genome regions in gene bodies and mRNA levels. The experimental evidence indicates that PHYB1B2 signal transduction is mediated by a gene expression network involving chromatin organization factors (DNA methylases/demethylases, histone-modifying enzymes, and remodeling factors) and transcriptional regulators leading to altered mRNA profile of ripening-associated genes. This new level of understanding provides insights into the orchestration of epigenetic mechanisms in response to environmental cues affecting agronomical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bianchetti
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Bellora
- Institute of Nuclear Technologies for Health (Intecnus), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Luis A. de Haro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafael Zuccarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Rosado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Bermudez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Castelar, Argentina
- Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Yang G, Zhang C, Dong H, Liu X, Guo H, Tong B, Fang F, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Lin L, Yin R. Activation and negative feedback regulation of SlHY5 transcription by the SlBBX20/21-SlHY5 transcription factor module in UV-B signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2038-2055. [PMID: 35188198 PMCID: PMC9048894 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other plants, the photoreceptor UV-RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 regulates plant UV-B photomorphogenesis by modulating the transcription of many genes, the majority of which depends on the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). HY5 transcription is induced and then rapidly attenuated by UV-B. However, neither the transcription factors that activate HY5 transcription nor the mechanism for its attenuation during UV-B signaling is known. Here, we report that the tomato B-BOX (BBX) transcription factors SlBBX20 and SlBBX21 interact with SlHY5 and bind to the SlHY5 promoter to activate its transcription. UV-B-induced SlHY5 expression and SlHY5-controlled UV-B responses are normal in slbbx20 and slbbx21 single mutants, but strongly compromised in the slbbx20 slbbx21 double mutant. Surprisingly, UV-B responses are also compromised in lines overexpressing SlBBX20 or SlBBX21. Both SlHY5 and SlBBX20 bind to G-box1 in the SlHY5 promoter. SlHY5 outcompetes SlBBX20 for binding to the SlHY5 promoter in vitro, and inhibits the association of SlBBX20 with the SlHY5 promoter in vivo. Overexpressing 35S:SlHY5-FLAG in the WT background inhibits UV-B-induced endogenous SlHY5 expression. Together, our results reveal the critical role of the SlBBX20/21-SlHY5 module in activating the expression of SlHY5, the gene product of which inhibits its own gene transcription under UV-B, forming an autoregulatory negative feedback loop that balances SlHY5 transcription in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Yang
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huaxi Dong
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huicong Guo
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Boqin Tong
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyang Zhao
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunji Yu
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Lin
- Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Zhou X, Rao S, Wrightstone E, Sun T, Lui ACW, Welsch R, Li L. Phytoene Synthase: The Key Rate-Limiting Enzyme of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:884720. [PMID: 35498681 PMCID: PMC9039723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.884720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the first committed step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and is a major rate-limiting enzyme of carotenogenesis. PSY is highly regulated by various regulators and factors to modulate carotenoid biosynthesis in response to diverse developmental and environmental cues. Because of its critical role in controlling the total amount of synthesized carotenoids, PSY has been extensively investigated and engineered in plant species. However, much remains to be learned on its multifaceted regulatory control and its catalytic efficiency for carotenoid enrichment in crops. Here, we present current knowledge on the basic biology, the functional evolution, the dynamic regulation, and the metabolic engineering of PSY. We also discuss the open questions and gaps to stimulate additional research on this most studied gene/enzyme in the carotenogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emalee Wrightstone
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Andy Cheuk Woon Lui
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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28
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Huang X, Hu L, Kong W, Yang C, Xi W. Red light-transmittance bagging promotes carotenoid accumulation of grapefruit during ripening. Commun Biol 2022; 5:303. [PMID: 35379890 PMCID: PMC8980019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light, a crucial environmental signal, is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites. To understand the mechanism by which light influences carotenoid metabolism, grapefruits were bagged with four types of light-transmitting bags that altered the transmission of solar light. We show that light-transmitting bagging induced changes in carotenoid metabolism during fruit ripening. Compared with natural light, red light (RL)-transmittance treatment significantly increases the total carotenoid content by 62%. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), ‘blue’ and ‘turquoise’ modules are remarkably associated with carotenoid metabolism under different light treatment (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis identifies transcription factors (TFs) bHLH128, NAC2-like/21/72, MYB-like, AGL11/AGL61, ERF023/062, WRKY20, SBPlike-7/13 as being involved in the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in response to RL. Under RL treatment, these TFs regulate the accumulation of carotenoids by directly modulating the expression of carotenogenic genes, including GGPPS2, PDS, Z-ISO, ZDS2/7, CRTISO3, CYP97A, CHYB, ZEP2, CCD1-2. Based on these results, a network of the regulation of carotenoid metabolism by light in citrus fruits is preliminarily proposed. These results show that RL treatments have great potential to improve coloration and nutritional quality of citrus fruits. Grapefruits ripened in red light-transmitting bags have 62% more carotenoid content than those ripened in natural light, leading to better coloration and higher nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Huang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Linping Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenbin Kong
- Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Can Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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29
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Yuan Y, Ren S, Liu X, Su L, Wu Y, Zhang W, Li Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Fu R, Bouzayen M, Liu M, Zhang Y. SlWRKY35 positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by activating the MEP pathway in tomato fruit. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:164-178. [PMID: 35048386 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital phytonutrients widely recognised for their health benefits. Therefore, it is vital to thoroughly investigate the metabolic regulatory network underlying carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation to open new leads towards improving their contents in vegetables and crops. The outcome of our study defines SlWRKY35 as a positive regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. SlWRKY35 can directly activate the expression of the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (SlDXS1) gene to reprogramme metabolism towards the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, leading to enhanced carotenoid accumulation. We also show that the master regulator SlRIN directly regulates the expression of SlWRKY35 during tomato fruit ripening. Compared with the SlLCYE overexpression lines, coexpression of SlWRKY35 and SlLCYE can further enhance lutein production in transgenic tomato fruit, indicating that SlWRKY35 represents a potential target towards designing innovative metabolic engineering strategies for carotenoid derivatives. In addition to providing new insights into the metabolic regulatory network associated with tomato fruit ripening, our data define a new tool for improving fruit content in specific carotenoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Siyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liyang Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilisation of Tropical Bioresource, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 572208, China
| | - Yidan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hsihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- GBF, University of Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, 31320, France
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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30
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Li X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang A, You CX. Regulation of fleshy fruit ripening: From transcription factors to epigenetic modifications. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac013. [PMID: 35147185 PMCID: PMC9035223 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits undergo a complex ripening process, developing organoleptic fruit traits that attract herbivores and maximize seed dispersal. Ripening is the terminal stage of fruit development and involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes. In fleshy fruits, ripening always involves a drastic color change triggered by the accumulation of pigments and degradation of chlorophyll, softening caused by cell wall remodeling, and flavor formation as acids and sugars accumulate alongside volatile compounds. The mechanisms underlying fruit ripening rely on the orchestration of ripening-related transcription factors, plant hormones, and epigenetic modifications. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the transcription factors that regulate ripening in conjunction with ethylene and environmental signals (light and temperature) in the model plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other fleshy fruits. We emphasize the critical roles of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modification as well as RNA m6A modification, which has been studied intensively. This detailed review was compiled to provide a comprehensive description of the regulatory mechanisms of fruit ripening and guide new strategies for its effective manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
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31
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Tang J, Li Y, Liu Z, Wei M, Shi Q, Yang F. Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms of Red-light on Carotenoids Biosynthesis in Tomato Fruit. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carotenoids are the main pigments responsible of the coloration and account for the major antioxidant activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit. Significant increments in total carotenoids and lycopene levels were observed in tomato fruit illuminated by red-light relative to white light in previous studies, but the mechanism of carotenoids biosynthesis regulated by red-light is still unclear. In the present study, the influence of red-light on carotenoids biosynthesis in postharvest tomato fruit was conducted using targeted metabolomics and transcriptomic methods. A total of 25 differentially accumulated carotenoids and 1939 differentially expressed genes were isolated and identified. The results illustrated that the content of phytoene and lycopene were considerably higher in fruit treated with red-light than those with white light at 12 h. These differentially expressed genes are mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant circadian. Moreover, from the results of co-expression network analysis, 15 transcription factors from red-light treated fruit were screened, of these, transcription factors of SlERF4, SlbHLH93 and SlIAA29, which involves in signal transduction of light and hormones, respectively, that may also play important roles in carotenoids biosynthesis regulated by red-light in tomato fruit. It is concluded that red-light enhanced carotenoids biosynthesis in postharvest tomato fruit and the mechanisms of enhanced carotenoids biosynthesis were not only associated with the direct regulation by red-light signaling, but also with the indirect regulation by hormonal signaling.
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Pradeepkumara N, Sharma PK, Munshi AD, Behera TK, Bhatia R, Kumari K, Singh J, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Arora A, Rai A, Kumar D, Bhattacharya RC, Dey SS. Fruit transcriptional profiling of the contrasting genotypes for shelf life reveals the key candidate genes and molecular pathways regulating post-harvest biology in cucumber. Genomics 2022; 114:110273. [PMID: 35092817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber fruits are perishable in nature and become unfit for market within 2-3 days of harvesting. A natural variant, DC-48 with exceptionally high shelf life was developed and used to dissect the genetic architecture and molecular mechanism for extended shelf life through RNA-seq for first time. A total of 1364 DEGs were identified and cell wall degradation, chlorophyll and ethylene metabolism related genes played key role. Polygalacturunase (PG), Expansin (EXP) and xyloglucan were down regulated determining fruit firmness and retention of fresh green colour was mainly attributed to the low expression level of the chlorophyll catalytic enzymes (CCEs). Gene regulatory networks revealed the hub genes and cross-talk associated with wide variety of the biological processes. Large number of SSRs (21524), SNPs (545173) and InDels (126252) identified will be instrumental in cucumber improvement. A web genomic resource, CsExSLDb developed will provide a platform for future investigation on cucumber post-harvest biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pradeepkumara
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - A D Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - T K Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Reeta Bhatia
- Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Kumari
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jogendra Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - R C Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - S S Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Kapoor L, Simkin AJ, George Priya Doss C, Siva R. Fruit ripening: dynamics and integrated analysis of carotenoids and anthocyanins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:27. [PMID: 35016620 PMCID: PMC8750800 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits are vital food resources as they are loaded with bioactive compounds varying with different stages of ripening. As the fruit ripens, a dynamic color change is observed from green to yellow to red due to the biosynthesis of pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Apart from making the fruit attractive and being a visual indicator of the ripening status, pigments add value to a ripened fruit by making them a source of nutraceuticals and industrial products. As the fruit matures, it undergoes biochemical changes which alter the pigment composition of fruits. RESULTS The synthesis, degradation and retention pathways of fruit pigments are mediated by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. Manipulation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms during fruit ripening suggests ways to enhance the desired pigments in fruits by biotechnological interventions. Here we report, in-depth insight into the dynamics of a pigment change in ripening and the regulatory mechanisms in action. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the role of pigments as an asset to a ripened fruit as they augment the nutritive value, antioxidant levels and the net carbon gain of fruits; pigments are a source for fruit biofortification have tremendous industrial value along with being a tool to predict the harvest. This report will be of great utility to the harvesters, traders, consumers, and natural product divisions to extract the leading nutraceutical and industrial potential of preferred pigments biosynthesized at different fruit ripening stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leepica Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Kim D, Son JE. Adding Far-Red to Red, Blue Supplemental Light-Emitting Diode Interlighting Improved Sweet Pepper Yield but Attenuated Carotenoid Content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938199. [PMID: 35800615 PMCID: PMC9253827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental interlighting is commonly used in modern greenhouses to improve light deficiency, but the light spectrum affects fruit quality and color change. This study aimed to analyze the effect of interlighting with red, blue, and additional far-red light on the fruit qualities and carotenoid contents of red and yellow sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Three light treatments were applied: natural light (NL), NL with red + blue LED interlighting (71 μmol m-2 s-1) (RB), and RB with far-red light (55 μmol m-2 s-1) (RBFR). Ascorbic acid, free sugars, and individual carotenoid content were quantified with HPLC analysis. Fruits were sampled on 2020.11.14 (Group 1) and 2021.01.03 (Group 2) from the plants grown under average light intensities of 335.9 and 105.6 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. In the overall period, total yields in RB and RBFR were 22 and 33% higher than those in NL in red fruits and 2 and 21% higher in yellow fruits, respectively. In both colored fruits, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugar, and carotenoid content were higher in RB and RBFR than NL. In Group 1, ascorbic acid and total soluble sugar were significantly different between RB and RBFR only in red fruits. In Group 2, ascorbic acids in red and yellow fruits were 9 and 3% higher in RBFR than RB but total soluble sugars were 4 and 2% lower, respectively. Carotenoid contents in red and yellow fruits were 3.0- and 2.1-fold higher in RB and 2.0- and 1.4-fold higher in RBFR than those in NL, respectively. In this study, interlighting had a significant impact on fruit quality in Group 2, mainly due to the increase in the ratio of interlighting to total light by seasonal changes. In particular, red and yellow fruit yields were 9% and 19% higher in RBFR than RB, but carotenoid contents were 26 to 9% lower, respectively. This result exhibited that additional far-red lighting has a trade-off relationship between fruit yield and carotenoid content. Thus, it is necessary to provide an adequate light spectrum according to a specific cultivation purpose, such as improving yield or accumulating plastids in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpil Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Eek Son
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jung Eek Son,
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35
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Gong J, Zeng Y, Meng Q, Guan Y, Li C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Cheng Y, Wang P. Red light-induced kumquat fruit coloration is attributable to increased carotenoid metabolism regulated by FcrNAC22. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6274-6290. [PMID: 34125891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play vital roles in the coloration of plant tissues and organs, particularly fruits; however, the regulation of carotenoid metabolism in fruits during ripening is largely unknown. Here, we show that red light promotes fruit coloration by inducing accelerated degreening and carotenoid accumulation in kumquat fruits. Transcriptome profiling revealed that a NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC2) family transcription factor, FcrNAC22, is specifically induced in red light-irradiated fruits. FcrNAC22 localizes to the nucleus, and its gene expression is up-regulated as fruits change color. Results from dual luciferase, yeast one-hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that FcrNAC22 directly binds to, and activates the promoters of three genes encoding key enzymes in the carotenoid metabolic pathway. Moreover, FcrNAC22 overexpression in citrus and tomato fruits as well as in citrus callus enhances expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes, accelerates plastid conversion into chromoplasts, and promotes color change. Knock down of FcrNAC22 expression in transiently transformed citrus fruits attenuates fruit coloration induced by red light. Taken together, our results demonstrate that FcrNAC22 is an important transcription factor that mediates red light-induced fruit coloration via up-regulation of carotenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Barja MV, Ezquerro M, Beretta S, Diretto G, Florez-Sarasa I, Feixes E, Fiore A, Karlova R, Fernie AR, Beekwilder J, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Several geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase isoforms supply metabolic substrates for carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:255-272. [PMID: 33590894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as a precursor for many plastidial isoprenoids, including carotenoids. Phytoene synthase (PSY) converts GGPP into phytoene, the first committed intermediate of the carotenoid pathway. Here we used biochemical, molecular, and genetic tools to characterise the plastidial members of the GGPPS family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their interaction with PSY isoforms. The three tomato GGPPS isoforms found to localise in plastids (SlG1, 2 and 3) exhibit similar kinetic parameters. Gene expression analyses showed a preferential association of individual GGPPS and PSY isoforms when carotenoid biosynthesis was induced during root mycorrhization, seedling de-etiolation and fruit ripening. SlG2, but not SlG3, physically interacts with PSY proteins. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas9 mutants defective in SlG3 showed a stronger impact on carotenoid levels and derived metabolic, physiological and developmental phenotypes compared with those impaired in SlG2. Double mutants defective in both genes could not be rescued. Our work demonstrates that the bulk of GGPP production in tomato chloroplasts and chromoplasts relies on two cooperating GGPPS paralogues, unlike other plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice or pepper, which produce their essential plastidial isoprenoids using a single GGPPS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Barja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel Ezquerro
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elisenda Feixes
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- BU Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain
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37
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Almeida J, Perez-Fons L, Fraser PD. A transcriptomic, metabolomic and cellular approach to the physiological adaptation of tomato fruit to high temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2211-2229. [PMID: 32691430 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures can negatively influence plant growth and development. Besides yield, the effects of heat stress on fruit quality traits remain poorly characterised. In tomato, insights into how fruits regulate cellular metabolism in response to heat stress could contribute to the development of heat-tolerant varieties, without detrimental effects on quality. In the present study, the changes occurring in wild type tomato fruits after exposure to transient heat stress have been elucidated at the transcriptome, cellular and metabolite level. An impact on fruit quality was evident as nutritional attributes changed in response to heat stress. Fruit carotenogenesis was affected, predominantly at the stage of phytoene formation, although altered desaturation/isomerisation arose during the transient exposure to high temperatures. Plastidial isoprenoid compounds showed subtle alterations in their distribution within chromoplast sub-compartments. Metabolite profiling suggests limited effects on primary/intermediary metabolism but lipid remodelling was evident. The heat-induced molecular signatures included the accumulation of sucrose and triacylglycerols, and a decrease in the degree of membrane lipid unsaturation, which influenced the volatile profile. Collectively, these data provide valuable insights into the underlying biochemical and molecular adaptation of fruit to heat stress and will impact on our ability to develop future climate resilient tomato varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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38
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Liu R, Song J, Liu S, Chen C, Zhang S, Wang J, Xiao Y, Cao B, Lei J, Zhu Z. Genome-wide identification of the Capsicum bHLH transcription factor family: discovery of a candidate regulator involved in the regulation of species-specific bioactive metabolites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:262. [PMID: 34098881 PMCID: PMC8183072 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) serve crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development and typically participate in biological processes by interacting with other TFs. Capsorubin and capsaicinoids are found only in Capsicum, which has high nutritional and economic value. However, whether bHLH family genes regulate capsorubin and capsaicinoid biosynthesis and participate in these processes by interacting with other TFs remains unknown. RESULTS In this study, a total of 107 CabHLHs were identified from the Capsicum annuum genome. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these CabHLH proteins were classified into 15 groups by comparing the CabHLH proteins with Arabidopsis thaliana bHLH proteins. The analysis showed that the expression profiles of CabHLH009, CabHLH032, CabHLH048, CabHLH095 and CabHLH100 found in clusters C1, C2, and C3 were similar to the profile of carotenoid biosynthesis in pericarp, including zeaxanthin, lutein and capsorubin, whereas the expression profiles of CabHLH007, CabHLH009, CabHLH026, CabHLH063 and CabHLH086 found in clusters L5, L6 and L9 were consistent with the profile of capsaicinoid accumulation in the placenta. Moreover, CabHLH007, CabHLH009, CabHLH026 and CabHLH086 also might be involved in temperature-mediated capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays demonstrated that CabHLH007, CabHLH009, CabHLH026, CabHLH063 and CabHLH086 could interact with MYB31, a master regulator of capsaicinoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive and systematic analysis of CabHLH TFs provides useful information that contributes to further investigation of CabHLHs in carotenoid and capsaicinoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Jiali Song
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Shaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shuanglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Yanhui Xiao
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Bihao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jianjun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Zhangsheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Department of Biology, Peking University-Southern University of Science and Technology Joint Institute of Plant and Food Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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39
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Li S, Chen K, Grierson D. Molecular and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Fleshy Fruit Ripening. Cells 2021; 10:1136. [PMID: 34066675 PMCID: PMC8151651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying the control of fleshy fruit ripening and quality. Recent research on tomato shows that ethylene, acting through transcription factors, is responsible for the initiation of tomato ripening. Several other hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR), promote ripening by upregulating ethylene biosynthesis genes in different fruits. Changes to histone marks and DNA methylation are associated with the activation of ripening genes and are necessary for ripening initiation. Light, detected by different photoreceptors and operating through ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5), also modulates ripening. Re-evaluation of the roles of 'master regulators' indicates that MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR, Nor-like1 and other MADS and NAC genes, together with ethylene, promote the full expression of genes required for further ethylene synthesis and change in colour, flavour, texture and progression of ripening. Several different types of non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating expression of ripening genes, but further clarification of their diverse mechanisms of action is required. We discuss a model that integrates the main hormonal and genetic regulatory interactions governing the ripening of tomato fruit and consider variations in ripening regulatory circuits that operate in other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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40
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Andersen TB, Llorente B, Morelli L, Torres‐Montilla S, Bordanaba‐Florit G, Espinosa FA, Rodriguez‐Goberna MR, Campos N, Olmedilla‐Alonso B, Llansola‐Portoles MJ, Pascal AA, Rodriguez‐Concepcion M. An engineered extraplastidial pathway for carotenoid biofortification of leaves. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1008-1021. [PMID: 33314563 PMCID: PMC8131046 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic plastidial isoprenoids highly valued as nutrients and natural pigments. A correct balance of chlorophylls and carotenoids is required for photosynthesis and therefore highly regulated, making carotenoid enrichment of green tissues challenging. Here we show that leaf carotenoid levels can be boosted through engineering their biosynthesis outside the chloroplast. Transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that high extraplastidial production of carotenoids requires an enhanced supply of their isoprenoid precursors in the cytosol, which was achieved using a deregulated form of the main rate-determining enzyme of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Constructs encoding bacterial enzymes were used to convert these MVA-derived precursors into carotenoid biosynthetic intermediates that do not normally accumulate in leaves, such as phytoene and lycopene. Cytosolic versions of these enzymes produced extraplastidial carotenoids at levels similar to those of total endogenous (i.e. chloroplast) carotenoids. Strategies to enhance the development of endomembrane structures and lipid bodies as potential extraplastidial carotenoid storage systems were not successful to further increase carotenoid contents. Phytoene was found to be more bioaccessible when accumulated outside plastids, whereas lycopene formed cytosolic crystalloids very similar to those found in the chromoplasts of ripe tomatoes. This extraplastidial production of phytoene and lycopene led to an increased antioxidant capacity of leaves. Finally, we demonstrate that our system can be adapted for the biofortification of leafy vegetables such as lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B. Andersen
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science PlatformSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Luca Morelli
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | - Fausto A. Espinosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Narciso Campos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia MolecularUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelona08028Spain
| | | | | | - Andrew A. Pascal
- CEA, CNRSInstitute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Manuel Rodriguez‐Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBarcelonaSpain
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
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41
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Yuan P, Umer MJ, He N, Zhao S, Lu X, Zhu H, Gong C, Diao W, Gebremeskel H, Kuang H, Liu W. Transcriptome regulation of carotenoids in five flesh-colored watermelons (Citrullus lanatus). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:203. [PMID: 33910512 PMCID: PMC8082968 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit flesh color in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a great index for evaluating the appearance quality and a key contributor influencing consumers' preferences. But the molecular mechanism of this intricate trait remains largely unknown. Here, the carotenoids and transcriptome dynamics during the fruit development of cultivated watermelon with five different flesh colors were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 13 carotenoids and 16,781 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1295 transcription factors (TFs), were detected in five watermelon genotypes during the fruit development. The comprehensive accumulation patterns of carotenoids were closely related to flesh color. A number of potential structural genes and transcription factors were found to be associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway using comparative transcriptome analysis. The differentially expressed genes were divided into six subclusters and distributed in different GO terms and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis and predicted the hub genes in six main modules determining carotenoid contents. Cla018406 (a chaperone protein dnaJ-like protein) may be a candidate gene for β-carotene accumulation and highly expressed in orange flesh-colored fruit. Cla007686 (a zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein) was highly expressed in the red flesh-colored watermelon, maybe a key regulator of lycopene accumulation. Cla003760 (membrane protein) and Cla021635 (photosystem I reaction center subunit II) were predicted to be the hub genes and may play an essential role in yellow flesh formation. CONCLUSIONS The composition and contents of carotenoids in five watermelon genotypes vary greatly. A series of candidate genes were revealed through combined analysis of metabolites and transcriptome. These results provide an important data resource for dissecting candidate genes and molecular basis governing flesh color formation in watermelon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Yuan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Jawad Umer
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Zhu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsheng Gong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Diao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Li J, Lu Y, Chen H, Wang L, Wang S, Guo X, Cheng X. Effect of photoperiod on vitamin E and carotenoid biosynthesis in mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts. Food Chem 2021; 358:129915. [PMID: 33933965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Light affects the accumulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in many crops. This study investigated the impact of photoperiods on the metabolic regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts considering their dietary health benefits. Mung beans were germinated under three different photoperiods: constant light, semilight and constant dark. Results revealed that the semilight photoperiod was optimum for vitamin E and carotenoid accumulation in mung bean sprouts. DXS was activated in the constant dark and was inhibited by constant light. GGPPS and HPT were sensitive to semilight photoperiod in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway, playing dominant roles in vitamin E accumulation. The PSY, LCYE, LUT5, LUT1 and ZE genes, which are associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, were activated under semilight treatment and significantly regulated the accumulation of carotenoids. This knowledge improves knowledge on light-mediated regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xuzhen Cheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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43
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Wang W, Wang P, Li X, Wang Y, Tian S, Qin G. The transcription factor SlHY5 regulates the ripening of tomato fruit at both the transcriptional and translational levels. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:83. [PMID: 33790264 PMCID: PMC8012583 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light plays a critical role in plant growth and development, but the mechanisms through which light regulates fruit ripening and nutritional quality in horticultural crops remain largely unknown. Here, we found that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a master regulator in the light signaling pathway, is required for normal fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Loss of function of tomato HY5 (SlHY5) impairs pigment accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis. Transcriptome profiling identified 2948 differentially expressed genes, which included 1424 downregulated and 1524 upregulated genes, in the Slhy5 mutants. In addition, genes involved in carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene signaling were revealed as direct targets of SlHY5 by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Surprisingly, the expression of a large proportion of genes encoding ribosomal proteins was downregulated in the Slhy5 mutants, and this downregulation pattern was accompanied by a decrease in the abundance of ribosomal proteins. Further analysis demonstrated that SlHY5 affected the translation efficiency of numerous ripening-related genes. These data indicate that SlHY5 regulates fruit ripening both at the transcriptional level by targeting specific molecular pathways and at the translational level by affecting the protein translation machinery. Our findings unravel the regulatory mechanisms of SlHY5 in controlling fruit ripening and nutritional quality and uncover the multifaceted regulation of gene expression by transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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44
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Quian-Ulloa R, Stange C. Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1184. [PMID: 33530294 PMCID: PMC7866012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts' development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
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45
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Rey F, Zacarías L, Rodrigo MJ. Carotenoids, Vitamin C, and Antioxidant Capacity in the Peel of Mandarin Fruit in Relation to the Susceptibility to Chilling Injury during Postharvest Cold Storage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121296. [PMID: 33348913 PMCID: PMC7766470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) is a postharvest disorder occurring in the fruit of cold-sensitive Citrus species during storage at low temperatures. This study investigated the involvement of carotenoids and vitamin C, two major antioxidants of citrus peel, and the antioxidant capacity in the CI susceptibility of mandarin fruit. To that end, the fruit of three commercial varieties, Fortune, Nova, and Nadorcott, with significant differences in CI susceptibility, were selected. By on-tree fruit bagging, carotenoids and vitamin C contents were modified, and a differential effect of each cultivar on CI was observed. Carotenoid analysis in the peel revealed a strong negative correlation between total carotenoid concentration (TCC) at harvest, and specifically of β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, and CI index at the end of storage. In contrast, vitamin C content was significantly and positively correlated with CI susceptibility. The antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH• and FRAP reflected the contribution of vitamin C to the antioxidant system, while the SOAC assay correlated positively with TTC, β-cryptoxanthin, and violaxanthin. Collectively, the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids at harvest, as efficient singlet oxygen quenchers, suggests a protective role against the development of CI in mandarin fruit, while vitamin C is not likely playing a critical role.
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46
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Ubiquitination of phytoene synthase 1 precursor modulates carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. Commun Biol 2020; 3:730. [PMID: 33273697 PMCID: PMC7713427 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments that are indispensable to plants and humans, whereas the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis by post-translational modification remains elusive. Here, we show that a tomato E3 ubiquitin ligase, Plastid Protein Sensing RING E3 ligase 1 (PPSR1), is responsible for the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. PPSR1 exhibits self-ubiquitination activity and loss of PPSR1 function leads to an increase in carotenoids in tomato fruit. PPSR1 affects the abundance of 288 proteins, including phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1), the key rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. PSY1 contains two ubiquitinated lysine residues (Lys380 and Lys406) as revealed by the global analysis and characterization of protein ubiquitination. We provide evidence that PPSR1 interacts with PSY1 precursor protein and mediates its degradation via ubiquitination, thereby affecting the steady-state level of PSY1 protein. Our findings not only uncover a regulatory mechanism for controlling carotenoid biosynthesis, but also provide a strategy for developing carotenoid-enriched horticultural crops. Wang et al. report on the role of a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, Plastid Protein Sensing RING E3 ligase 1 (PPSR1), during tomato fruit ripening and find that it interacts with phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) precursor protein and mediates its degradation via ubiquitination. This affects the steady-state level of PSY1 protein, the key rate-limiting enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. This study may provide a strategy for developing carotenoid-enriched horticultural crops.
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47
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Lira BS, Oliveira MJ, Shiose L, Wu RTA, Rosado D, Lupi ACD, Freschi L, Rossi M. Light and ripening-regulated BBX protein-encoding genes in Solanum lycopersicum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19235. [PMID: 33159121 PMCID: PMC7648751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Light controls several aspects of plant development through a complex signalling cascade. Several B-box domain containing proteins (BBX) were identified as regulators of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling photomorphogenesis. However, the knowledge about the role of this protein family in other physiological processes and species remains scarce. To fill this gap, here BBX protein encoding genes in tomato genome were characterised. The robust phylogeny obtained revealed how the domain diversity in this protein family evolved in Viridiplantae and allowed the precise identification of 31 tomato SlBBX proteins. The mRNA profiling in different organs revealed that SlBBX genes are regulated by light and their transcripts accumulation is directly affected by the chloroplast maturation status in both vegetative and fruit tissues. As tomato fruits develops, three SlBBXs were found to be upregulated in the early stages, controlled by the proper chloroplast differentiation and by the PHYTOCHROME (PHY)-dependent light perception. Upon ripening, other three SlBBXs were transcriptionally induced by RIPENING INHIBITOR master transcriptional factor, as well as by PHY-mediated signalling and proper plastid biogenesis. Altogether, the results obtained revealed a conserved role of SlBBX gene family in the light signalling cascade and identified putative members affecting tomato fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silvestre Lira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Lumi Shiose
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Raquel Tsu Ay Wu
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Daniele Rosado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brasil.
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48
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Alves FRR, Lira BS, Pikart FC, Monteiro SS, Furlan CM, Purgatto E, Pascoal GB, Andrade SCDS, Demarco D, Rossi M, Freschi L. Beyond the limits of photoperception: constitutively active PHYTOCHROME B2 overexpression as a means of improving fruit nutritional quality in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2027-2041. [PMID: 32068963 PMCID: PMC7540714 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor engineering has recently emerged as a means for improving agronomically beneficial traits in crop species. Despite the central role played by the red/far-red photoreceptor phytochromes (PHYs) in controlling fruit physiology, the applicability of PHY engineering for increasing fleshy fruit nutritional content remains poorly exploited. In this study, we demonstrated that the fruit-specific overexpression of a constitutively active GAF domain Tyr252 -to-His PHYB2 mutant version (PHYB2Y252H ) significantly enhances the accumulation of multiple health-promoting antioxidants in tomato fruits, without negative collateral consequences on vegetative development. Compared with the native PHYB2 overexpression, PHYB2Y252H -overexpressing lines exhibited more extensive increments in transcript abundance of genes associated with fruit plastid development, chlorophyll biosynthesis and metabolic pathways responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant compounds. Accordingly, PHYB2Y252H -overexpressing fruits developed more chloroplasts containing voluminous grana at the green stage and overaccumulated carotenoids, tocopherols, flavonoids and ascorbate in ripe fruits compared with both wild-type and PHYB2-overexpressing lines. The impacts of PHYB2 or PHYB2Y252H overexpression on fruit primary metabolism were limited to a slight promotion in lipid biosynthesis and reduction in sugar accumulation. Altogether, these findings indicate that mutation-based adjustments in PHY properties represent a valuable photobiotechnological tool for tomato biofortification, highlighting the potential of photoreceptor engineering for improving quality traits in fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Rocha Rodrigues Alves
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade Federal de GoiásGoiásGOBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição ExperimentalUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Grazieli Benedetti Pascoal
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição ExperimentalUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Curso de Graduação em NutriçãoUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaMinas GeraisMGBrazil
| | | | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
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49
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Lara MV, Bonghi C, Famiani F, Vizzotto G, Walker RP, Drincovich MF. Stone Fruit as Biofactories of Phytochemicals With Potential Roles in Human Nutrition and Health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:562252. [PMID: 32983215 PMCID: PMC7492728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.562252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites present in fruit are key components contributing to sensory attributes like aroma, taste, and color. In addition, these compounds improve human nutrition and health. Stone fruits are an important source of an array of secondary metabolites that may reduce the risk of different diseases. The first part of this review is dedicated to the description of the main secondary organic compounds found in plants which include (a) phenolic compounds, (b) terpenoids/isoprenoids, and (c) nitrogen or sulfur containing compounds, and their principal biosynthetic pathways and their regulation in stone fruit. Then, the type and levels of bioactive compounds in different stone fruits of the Rosaceae family such as peach (Prunus persica), plum (P. domestica, P. salicina and P. cerasifera), sweet cherries (P. avium), almond kernels (P. dulcis, syn. P. amygdalus), and apricot (P. armeniaca) are presented. The last part of this review encompasses pre- and postharvest treatments affecting the phytochemical composition in stone fruit. Appropriate management of these factors during pre- and postharvest handling, along with further characterization of phytochemicals and the regulation of their synthesis in different cultivars, could help to increase the levels of these compounds, leading to the future improvement of stone fruit not only to enhance organoleptic characteristics but also to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valeria Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Robert P. Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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50
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Llorente B, Torres-Montilla S, Morelli L, Florez-Sarasa I, Matus JT, Ezquerro M, D'Andrea L, Houhou F, Majer E, Picó B, Cebolla J, Troncoso A, Fernie AR, Daròs JA, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into carotenoid-rich plastids reveals mechanistic basis of natural chromoplast development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21796-21803. [PMID: 32817419 PMCID: PMC7474630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004405117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells, undergo physiological and morphological changes to fulfill distinct biological functions. In particular, the differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts results in an enhanced storage capacity for carotenoids with industrial and nutritional value such as beta-carotene (provitamin A). Here, we show that synthetically inducing a burst in the production of phytoene, the first committed intermediate of the carotenoid pathway, elicits an artificial chloroplast-to-chromoplast differentiation in leaves. Phytoene overproduction initially interferes with photosynthesis, acting as a metabolic threshold switch mechanism that weakens chloroplast identity. In a second stage, phytoene conversion into downstream carotenoids is required for the differentiation of chromoplasts, a process that involves a concurrent reprogramming of nuclear gene expression and plastid morphology for improved carotenoid storage. We hence demonstrate that loss of photosynthetic competence and enhanced production of carotenoids are not just consequences but requirements for chloroplasts to differentiate into chromoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Salvador Torres-Montilla
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Morelli
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, 46908 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ezquerro
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio D'Andrea
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fakhreddine Houhou
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eszter Majer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Picó
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Troncoso
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, UMR-CNRS 7025, CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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