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Webster AN, Becker JJ, Li C, Schwalbe DC, Kerspern D, Karolczak EO, Godschall EN, Belmont-Rausch DM, Pers TH, Lutas A, Habib N, Güler AD, Krashes MJ, Campbell JN. Molecular Connectomics Reveals a Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Sensitive Neural Circuit for Satiety. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.31.564990. [PMID: 37961449 PMCID: PMC10635031 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.564990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide and other agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) are effective weight loss drugs, but how they suppress appetite remains unclear. One potential mechanism is by activating neurons which inhibit hunger-promoting Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus (Arc). To identify these afferents, we developed a method combining rabies-based connectomics with single-nuclei transcriptomics. Applying this method to AgRP neurons predicted at least 21 afferent subtypes in the mouse mediobasal and paraventricular hypothalamus. Among these are Trh+ Arc neurons, inhibitory neurons which express the Glp1r gene and are activated by the GLP-1RA liraglutide. Activating Trh+ Arc neurons inhibits AgRP neurons and feeding in an AgRP neuron-dependent manner. Silencing Trh+ Arc neurons causes over-eating and weight gain and attenuates liraglutide's effect on body weight. Our results demonstrate a widely applicable method for molecular connectomics, comprehensively identify local inputs to AgRP neurons, and reveal a circuit through which GLP-1RAs suppress appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N. Webster
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Jordan J. Becker
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Chia Li
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Dana C. Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Damien Kerspern
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Eva O. Karolczak
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Lutas
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Naomi Habib
- Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Krashes
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - John N. Campbell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
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2
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Mohr SM, Dai Pra R, Platt MP, Feketa VV, Shanabrough M, Varela L, Kristant A, Cao H, Merriman DK, Horvath TL, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. Hypothalamic hormone deficiency enables physiological anorexia in ground squirrels during hibernation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5803. [PMID: 38987241 PMCID: PMC11236985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hibernators survive prolonged periods of cold and resource scarcity by temporarily modulating normal physiological functions, but the mechanisms underlying these adaptations are poorly understood. The hibernation cycle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) lasts for 5-7 months and comprises weeks of hypometabolic, hypothermic torpor interspersed with 24-48-h periods of an active-like interbout arousal (IBA) state. We show that ground squirrels, who endure the entire hibernation season without food, have negligible hunger during IBAs. These squirrels exhibit reversible inhibition of the hypothalamic feeding center, such that hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons exhibit reduced sensitivity to the orexigenic and anorexigenic effects of ghrelin and leptin, respectively. However, hypothalamic infusion of thyroid hormone during an IBA is sufficient to rescue hibernation anorexia. Our results reveal that thyroid hormone deficiency underlies hibernation anorexia and demonstrate the functional flexibility of the hypothalamic feeding center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mohr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Rafael Dai Pra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Maryann P Platt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Viktor V Feketa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Glia-Neuron Interactions in the Control of Hunger. Achucarro_Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ashley Kristant
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Haoran Cao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dana K Merriman
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Laboratory of Glia-Neuron Interactions in the Control of Hunger. Achucarro_Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Huang KP, Acosta AA, Ghidewon MY, McKnight AD, Almeida MS, Nyema NT, Hanchak ND, Patel N, Gbenou YSK, Adriaenssens AE, Bolding KA, Alhadeff AL. Dissociable hindbrain GLP1R circuits for satiety and aversion. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07685-6. [PMID: 38987598 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The most successful obesity therapeutics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists, cause aversive responses such as nausea and vomiting1,2, effects that may contribute to their efficacy. Here, we investigated the brain circuits that link satiety to aversion, and unexpectedly discovered that the neural circuits mediating these effects are functionally separable. Systematic investigation across drug-accessible GLP1R populations revealed that only hindbrain neurons are required for the efficacy of GLP1-based obesity drugs. In vivo two-photon imaging of hindbrain GLP1R neurons demonstrated that most neurons are tuned to either nutritive or aversive stimuli, but not both. Furthermore, simultaneous imaging of hindbrain subregions indicated that area postrema (AP) GLP1R neurons are broadly responsive, whereas nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) GLP1R neurons are biased towards nutritive stimuli. Strikingly, separate manipulation of these populations demonstrated that activation of NTSGLP1R neurons triggers satiety in the absence of aversion, whereas activation of APGLP1R neurons triggers strong aversion with food intake reduction. Anatomical and behavioural analyses revealed that NTSGLP1R and APGLP1R neurons send projections to different downstream brain regions to drive satiety and aversion, respectively. Importantly, GLP1R agonists reduce food intake even when the aversion pathway is inhibited. Overall, these findings highlight NTSGLP1R neurons as a population that could be selectively targeted to promote weight loss while avoiding the adverse side effects that limit treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Misgana Y Ghidewon
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron D McKnight
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nisha Patel
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alice E Adriaenssens
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin A Bolding
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Elfers CT, Chichura KS, Ashlaw EF, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Doyle RP, Roth CL. Reductions of food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese rats following chronic treatment with a monomeric peptide multiagonist. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1782-1790. [PMID: 38861891 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While therapies based on endogenous gut peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been compelling therapeutic agents for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), only a few have achieved long-term weight loss and all have shown significant side-effects, including nausea/malaise and gastrointestinal ailments. OBJECTIVE As the pathophysiology of obesity is driven by dysregulation of multiple, inter-related, pathways, we tested a novel peptide targeting multiple receptors of complementary neurocircuits regulating the controls of energy balance. METHODS Response to daily injections of GEP44, a GLP-1R and neuropeptide Y1R and Y2R receptor (Y1R/Y2R) triple agonist was tested vs. the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide (LIRA) in diet-induced obese (DIO) male and female rats. Glucose tolerance tests after intraperitoneal injection of glucose (IPGTT) were performed at baseline and after 14-d of treatment in GEP44 treated rats. Other metabolic parameters were assessed in blood at the end of a 28-d intervention. RESULTS Upon conclusion at 28-d, body weight reduction compared to vehicle was -15.6%/-11.9% in response to GEP44, vs. -9.7%/-5.1% after LIRA, males, and females, respectively. Significant reductions of cumulative food intake occurred over 28-d in female rats treated with GEP44 (-30%; p < 0.0001), vs. LIRA (-10%), and in male rats GEP44 (-39%; p < 0.0001), vs. LIRA (-20%; p = 0.003). In IPGTTs, a similar stimulation glucose induced insulin secretion was noted in rats treated with GEP44 and LIRA. CONCLUSION The strong reductions of body weight in response to long-term applications of the triple agonist GEP44 confirms the therapeutic potential of targeting multiple receptors for achieving more robust and potentially more sustained improvement of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle WA 98101, USA
| | - Kylie S Chichura
- Syracuse University, Department of Chemistry, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; Alltrna, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily F Ashlaw
- Syracuse University, Department of Chemistry, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Department of Medicine, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - George G Holz
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Department of Medicine, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Syracuse University, Department of Chemistry, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Department of Medicine, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle WA 98101, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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5
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Merkel R, Hernandez N, Weir V, Zhang Y, Rich MT, Crist RC, Reiner BC, Schmidt HD. An endogenous GLP-1 circuit engages VTA GABA neurons to regulate mesolimbic dopamine neurons and attenuate cocaine seeking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599574. [PMID: 38979354 PMCID: PMC11230186 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies show that systemic administration of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist is sufficient to attenuate the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, an animal model of relapse. However, the neural mechanisms mediating these effects and the role of endogenous central GLP-1 signaling in cocaine seeking remain unknown. Here, we show that voluntary cocaine taking decreased plasma GLP-1 levels in rats and that chemogenetic activation of GLP-1-producing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) decreased cocaine reinstatement. Single nuclei transcriptomics and FISH studies revealed GLP-1Rs are expressed primarily on GABA neurons in the VTA. Using in vivo fiber photometry, we found that the efficacy of a systemic GLP-1R agonist to attenuate cocaine seeking was associated with increased activity of VTA GABA neurons and decreased activity of VTA dopamine neurons. Together, these findings suggest that targeting central GLP-1 circuits may be an effective strategy toward reducing cocaine relapse and highlight a novel functional role of GABAergic GLP-1R-expressing midbrain neurons in drug seeking.
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6
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Yau K, Kuah R, Cherney DZI, Lam TKT. Obesity and the kidney: mechanistic links and therapeutic advances. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:321-335. [PMID: 38351406 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but there is evidence for a bidirectional relationship wherein the kidney also acts as a key regulator of body weight. In this Review, we highlight the mechanisms implicated in obesity-related CKD, and outline how the kidney might modulate feeding and body weight through a growth differentiation factor 15-dependent kidney-brain axis. The favourable effects of bariatric surgery on kidney function are discussed, and medical therapies designed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus that lower body weight and preserve kidney function independent of glycaemic lowering, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, incretin-based therapies and metformin, are also reviewed. In summary, we propose that kidney function and body weight are related in a bidirectional fashion, and that this interrelationship affects human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Perez-Leighton C, Kerr B, Scherer PE, Baudrand R, Cortés V. The interplay between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 regulates food intake and feeding behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:653-674. [PMID: 38072002 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional, endocrine, and neurological signals converge in multiple brain centres to control feeding behaviour and food intake as part of the allostatic regulation of energy balance. Among the several neuroendocrine systems involved, the leptin, glucocorticoid, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) systems have been extensively researched. Leptin is at the top hierarchical level since its complete absence is sufficient to trigger severe hyperphagia. Glucocorticoids are key regulators of the energy balance adaptation to stress and their sustained excess leads to excessive adiposity and metabolic perturbations. GLP1 participates in metabolic adaptation to food intake, regulating insulin secretion and satiety by parallel central and peripheral signalling systems. Herein, we review the brain and peripheral targets of these three hormone systems that integrate to regulate food intake, feeding behaviour, and metabolic homeostasis. We examine the functional relationships between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 at the central and peripheral levels, including the cross-regulation of their circulating levels and their cooperative or antagonistic actions at different brain centres. The pathophysiological roles of these neuroendocrine systems in dysregulated intake are explored in the two extremes of body adiposity - obesity and lipodystrophy - and eating behaviour disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Bredford Kerr
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina-CEBICEM, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - René Baudrand
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
- Centro Translacional de Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Departmento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
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8
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Gruber T, Lechner F, Krieger JP, García-Cáceres C. Neuroendocrine gut-brain signaling in obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38821753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the rise and fall of several, largely unsuccessful, therapeutic attempts to bring the escalating obesity pandemic to a halt. Looking back to look ahead, the field has now put its highest hopes in translating insights from how the gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicates with the brain to calibrate behavior, physiology, and metabolism. A major focus of this review is to summarize the latest advances in comprehending the neuroendocrine aspects of this so-called 'gut-brain axis' and to explore novel concepts, cutting-edge technologies, and recent paradigm-shifting experiments. These exciting insights continue to refine our understanding of gut-brain crosstalk and are poised to promote the development of additional therapeutic avenues at the dawn of a new era of antiobesity therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gruber
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA; Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Lechner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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9
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Possa-Paranhos IC, Butts J, Pyszka E, Nelson C, Cho D, Sweeney P. Neuroanatomical dissection of the MC3R circuitry regulating energy rheostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590573. [PMID: 38712101 PMCID: PMC11071362 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Although mammals resist both acute weight loss and weight gain, the neural circuitry mediating bi-directional defense against weight change is incompletely understood. Global constitutive deletion of the melanocortin-3-receptor (MC3R) impairs the behavioral response to both anorexic and orexigenic stimuli, with MC3R knockout mice demonstrating increased weight gain following anabolic challenges and increased weight loss following anorexic challenges (i.e. impaired energy rheostasis). However, the brain regions mediating this phenotype remain incompletely understood. Here, we utilized MC3R floxed mice and viral injections of Cre-recombinase to selectively delete MC3R from medial hypothalamus (MH) in adult mice. Behavioral assays were performed on these animals to test the role of MC3R in MH in the acute response to orexigenic and anorexic challenges. Complementary chemogenetic approaches were used in MC3R-Cre mice to localize and characterize the specific medial hypothalamic brain regions mediating the role of MC3R in energy homeostasis. Finally, we performed RNAscope in situ hybridization to map changes in the mRNA expression of MC3R, POMC, and AgRP following energy rheostatic challenges. Our results demonstrate that MC3R deletion in MH increased feeding and weight gain following acute high fat diet feeding in males, and enhanced the anorexic effects of semaglutide, in a sexually dimorphic manner. Additionally, activation of DMH MC3R neurons increased energy expenditure and locomotion. Together, these results demonstrate that MC3R mediated effects on energy rheostasis result from the loss of MC3R signaling in the medial hypothalamus of adult animals and suggest an important role for DMH MC3R signaling in energy rheostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Butts
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
| | - Emma Pyszka
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Christina Nelson
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Dajin Cho
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
| | - Patrick Sweeney
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
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10
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Martinez de Morentin PB, Gonzalez JA, Dowsett GKC, Martynova Y, Yeo GSH, Sylantyev S, Heisler LK. A brainstem to hypothalamic arcuate nucleus GABAergic circuit drives feeding. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1646-1656.e4. [PMID: 38518777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is principally driven by the consumption of more calories than the body requires. It is therefore essential that the mechanisms underpinning feeding behavior are defined. Neurons within the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) receive direct information from the digestive system and project to second-order regions in the brain to regulate food intake. Although γ-aminobutyric acid is expressed in the DVC (GABADVC), its function in this region has not been defined. In order to discover the unique gene expression signature of GABADVC cells, we used single-nucleus RNA sequencing (Nuc-seq), and this revealed 19 separate clusters. We next probed the function of GABADVC cells and discovered that the selective activation of GABADVC neurons significantly controls food intake and body weight. Optogenetic interrogation of GABADVC circuitry identified GABADVC → hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) projections as appetite suppressive without creating aversion. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that GABADVC → ARC stimulation inhibits hunger-promoting neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons via GABA release. Adopting an intersectional genetics strategy, we clarify that the GABADVC → ARC circuit curbs food intake. These data identify GABADVC as a new modulator of feeding behavior and body weight and a controller of orexigenic NPY neuron activity, thereby providing insight into the neural underpinnings of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Martinez de Morentin
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - J Antonio Gonzalez
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Georgina K C Dowsett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yuliia Martynova
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sergiy Sylantyev
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; Odesa National Mechnikov University, Biological Department, 2 Shampansky Ln., Odesa 65015, Ukraine.
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road W, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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11
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Lavoie O, Turmel A, Mattoon P, Desrosiers WJ, Plamondon J, Michael NJ, Caron A. Hypothalamic GABAergic Neurons Expressing Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein 1 (CRABP1) Are Sensitive to Metabolic Status and Liraglutide in Male Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:681-697. [PMID: 38631315 PMCID: PMC11232952 DOI: 10.1159/000538716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Owing to their privileged anatomical location, neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) play critical roles in sensing and responding to metabolic signals such as leptin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In addition to the well-known proopiomelanocortin (POMC)- and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons, subpopulations of GABAergic neurons are emerging as key regulators of energy balance. However, the precise identity of these metabolic neurons is still elusive. Here, we identified and characterized the molecular signature of a novel population of GABAergic neurons of the ARC expressing Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (Crabp1). METHODS Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques, we investigated the expression of Crabp1 across the mouse brain and characterized the molecular identity of Crabp1ARC neurons. We also determined whether Crabp1ARC neurons are sensitive to fasting, leptin, and GLP1R agonism by assessing cFOS immunoreactivity as a marker of neuronal activity. RESULTS Crabp1ARC neurons represent a novel GABAergic neuronal population robustly enriched in the ARC and are distinct from the prototypical melanocortin neurons. Crabp1ARC neurons overlap with three subpopulations of yet uncharacterized ARC neurons expressing Htr3b, Tbx19, and Tmem215. Notably, Crabp1ARC neurons express receptors for metabolic hormones and their activity is modulated by the nutritional state and GLP1R agonism. CONCLUSION Crabp1ARC neurons represent a novel heterogeneous population of GABAergic neurons sensitive to metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lavoie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Turmel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Paige Mattoon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Julie Plamondon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
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12
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Buller S, Blouet C. Brain access of incretins and incretin receptor agonists to their central targets relevant for appetite suppression and weight loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E472-E480. [PMID: 38381398 PMCID: PMC11193531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00250.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
New incretin-based pharmacotherapies provide efficient and safe therapeutic options to curb appetite and produce weight loss in patients with obesity. Delivered systemically, these molecules produce pleiotropic metabolic benefits, but the target sites mediating their weight-suppressive action are located within the brain. Recent research has increased our understanding of the neural circuits and behavioral mechanisms involved in the anorectic and metabolic consequences of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based weight loss strategies, yet little is known about how these drugs access their functional targets in the brain to produce sustained weight loss. The majority of brain cells expressing incretin receptors are located behind the blood-brain barrier, shielded from the circulation and fluctuations in the availability of peripheral signals, which is a major challenge for the development of CNS-targeted therapeutic peptides. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with increased half-life and enhanced therapeutic benefit do not cross the blood-brain barrier, yet they manage to access discrete brain sites relevant to the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this review, we give a brief overview of the different routes for peptide hormones to access the brain. We then examine the evidence informing the routes employed by incretins and incretin receptor agonists to access brain targets relevant for their appetite and weight-suppressive actions. We highlight existing controversies and suggest future directions to further establish the functionally relevant access routes for GLP-1-based weight loss compounds, which might guide the development and selection of the future generation of incretin receptor polypharmacologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buller
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clemence Blouet
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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McMorrow HE, Lorch CM, Hayes NW, Fleps SW, Frydman JA, Xia JL, Samms RJ, Beutler LR. Incretin hormones and pharmacomimetics rapidly inhibit AgRP neuron activity to suppress appetite. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585583. [PMID: 38562891 PMCID: PMC10983981 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Analogs of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) have become mainstays of obesity and diabetes management. However, both the physiologic role of incretin hormones in the control of appetite and the pharmacologic mechanisms by which incretin-mimetic drugs suppress caloric intake remain incompletely understood. Hunger-promoting AgRP-expressing neurons are an important hypothalamic population that regulates food intake. Therefore, we set out to determine how incretins analogs affect their activity in vivo. Using fiber photometry, we observed that both GIP receptor (GIPR) and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism acutely inhibit AgRP neuron activity in fasted mice and reduce the response of AgRP neurons to food. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation of AgRP neurons partially attenuated incretin-induced feeding suppression, suggesting that AgRP neuron inhibition is necessary for the full appetite-suppressing effects of incretin-based therapeutics. Finally, we found that GIP but not GLP-1 is necessary for nutrient-mediated AgRP neuron inhibition, representing a novel physiologic role for GIP in maintaining energy balance. Taken together, these findings reveal neural mechanisms underlying the efficacy of incretin-mimetic obesity therapies. Understanding these drugs' mechanisms of action is crucial for the development of next-generation obesity pharmacotherapies with an improved therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E McMorrow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carolyn M Lorch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikolas W Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefan W Fleps
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Frydman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jessica L Xia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ricardo J Samms
- Diabetes, Obesity and Complications Therapeutic Area, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lisa R Beutler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Lead contact
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14
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Mohr SM, Pra RD, Platt MP, Feketa VV, Shanabrough M, Varela L, Kristant A, Cao H, Merriman DK, Horvath TL, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. Hypothalamic hormone deficiency enables physiological anorexia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.15.532843. [PMID: 38559054 PMCID: PMC10979886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernators survive prolonged periods of cold and resource scarcity by temporarily modulating normal physiological functions, but the mechanisms underlying these adaptations are poorly understood. The hibernation cycle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) lasts for 5-7 months and comprises weeks of hypometabolic, hypothermic torpor interspersed with 24-48-hour periods of an active-like interbout arousal (IBA) state. We show that ground squirrels, who endure the entire hibernation season without food, have negligible hunger during IBAs. These squirrels exhibit reversible inhibition of the hypothalamic feeding center, such that hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons exhibit reduced sensitivity to the orexigenic and anorexigenic effects of ghrelin and leptin, respectively. However, hypothalamic infusion of thyroid hormone during an IBA is sufficient to rescue hibernation anorexia. Our results reveal that thyroid hormone deficiency underlies hibernation anorexia and demonstrate the functional flexibility of the hypothalamic feeding center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mohr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rafael Dai Pra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maryann P. Platt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Viktor V. Feketa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain 48940
| | - Ashley Kristant
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Haoran Cao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dana K. Merriman
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain 48940
| | - Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elena O. Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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15
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Dedic N, Wang L, Hajos-Korcsok E, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Roostalu U, Vickers SP, Wu S, Anacker C, Synan C, Jones PG, Milanovic S, Hopkins SC, Bristow LJ, Koblan KS. TAAR1 agonists improve glycemic control, reduce body weight and modulate neurocircuits governing energy balance and feeding. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101883. [PMID: 38237896 PMCID: PMC10839149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic Syndrome, which can be induced or exacerbated by current antipsychotic drugs (APDs), is highly prevalent in schizophrenia patients. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that agonists at trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) have potential as a new treatment option for schizophrenia. Intriguingly, preclinical tudies have also identified TAAR1 as a novel regulator of metabolic control. Here we evaluated the effects of three TAAR1 agonists, including the clinical development candidate ulotaront, on body weight, metabolic parameters and modulation of neurocircuits implicated in homeostatic and hedonic feeding. METHODS Effects of TAAR1 agonists (ulotaront, RO5166017 and/or RO5263397) on body weight, food intake and/or metabolic parameters were investigated in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Body weight effects were also determined in a rat and mouse model of olanzapine-, and corticosterone-induced body weight gain, respectively. Glucose tolerance was assessed in lean and diabetic db/db mice and fasting plasma glucose and insulin examined in DIO mice. Effects on gastric emptying were evaluated in lean mice and rats. Drug-induced neurocircuit modulation was evaluated in mice using whole-brain imaging of c-fos protein expression. RESULTS TAAR1 agonists improved oral glucose tolerance by inhibiting gastric emptying. Sub-chronic administration of ulotaront in rats fed a HFD produced a dose-dependent reduction in body weight, food intake and liver triglycerides compared to vehicle controls. In addition, a more rapid reversal of olanzapine-induced weight gain and food intake was observed in HFD rats switched to ulotaront or RO5263397 treatment compared to those switched to vehicle. Chronic ulotaront administration also reduced body weight and improved glycemic control in DIO mice, and normalized corticosterone-induced body weight gain in mice. TAAR1 activation increased neuronal activity in discrete homeostatic and hedonic feeding centers located in the dorsal vagal complex and hypothalamus with concurrent activation of several limbic structures. CONCLUSION The current data demonstrate that TAAR1 agonists, as a class, not only lack APD-induced metabolic liabilities but can reduce body weight and improve glycemic control in rodent models. The underlying mechanisms likely include TAAR1-mediated peripheral effects on glucose homeostasis and gastric emptying as well as central regulation of energy balance and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA.
| | - Lien Wang
- Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Serena Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), Columbia University, NY, New York City, USA
| | - Christoph Anacker
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), Columbia University, NY, New York City, USA
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16
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Tschöp MH, Friedman JM. Seeking satiety: From signals to solutions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4453. [PMID: 37992155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Remedies for the treatment of obesity date to Hippocrates, when patients with obesity were directed to "reduce food and avoid drinking to fullness" and begin "running during the night." Similar recommendations have been repeated ever since, despite the fact that they are largely ineffective. Recently, highly effective therapeutics were developed that may soon enable physicians to manage body weight in patients with obesity in a manner similar to the way that blood pressure is controlled in patients with hypertension. These medicines have grown out of a revolution in our understanding of the molecular and neural control of appetite and body weight, reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich and Technical University Munich, Munich, 85758 Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
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17
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Le TDV, Liu D, Besing GLK, Raghavan R, Ellis BJ, Ceddia RP, Collins S, Ayala JE. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation stimulates PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor and this contributes to the weight loss effect of liraglutide. eLife 2023; 12:e80944. [PMID: 37930356 PMCID: PMC10691799 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical target of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), Protein Kinase A (PKA), has been shown to stimulate mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) by phosphorylating the mTOR-regulating protein Raptor at Ser791 following β-adrenergic stimulation. The objective of these studies is to test whether GLP-1R agonists similarly stimulate mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 and whether this contributes to the weight loss effect of the therapeutic GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. We measured phosphorylation of the mTORC1 signaling target ribosomal protein S6 in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing GLP-1R (CHO-Glp1r) treated with liraglutide in combination with PKA inhibitors. We also assessed liraglutide-mediated phosphorylation of the PKA substrate RRXS*/T* motif in CHO-Glp1r cells expressing Myc-tagged wild-type (WT) Raptor or a PKA-resistant (Ser791Ala) Raptor mutant. Finally, we measured the body weight response to liraglutide in WT mice and mice with a targeted knock-in of PKA-resistant Ser791Ala Raptor. Liraglutide increased phosphorylation of S6 and the PKA motif in WT Raptor in a PKA-dependent manner but failed to stimulate phosphorylation of the PKA motif in Ser791Ala Raptor in CHO-Glp1r cells. Lean Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss but not setmelanotide-induced (melanocortin-4 receptor-dependent) weight loss. Diet-induced obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were not resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss; however, there was weight-dependent variation such that there was a tendency for obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice of lower relative body weight to be resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss compared to weight-matched controls. Together, these findings suggest that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 contributes to liraglutide-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao DV Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Dianxin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Gai-Linn K Besing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Ritika Raghavan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Blair J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
| | - Ryan P Ceddia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Sheila Collins
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleUnited States
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18
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Grams KJ, Neumueller SE, Mouradian GC, Burgraff NJ, Hodges MR, Pan L, Forster HV. Mild and moderate chronic hypercapnia elicit distinct transcriptomic responses of immune function in cardiorespiratory nuclei. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:487-503. [PMID: 37602394 PMCID: PMC11178267 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00038.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypercapnia (CH) is a hallmark of respiratory-related diseases, and the level of hypercapnia can acutely or progressively become more severe. Previously, we have shown time-dependent adaptations in steady-state physiology during mild (arterial Pco2 ∼55 mmHg) and moderate (∼60 mmHg) CH in adult goats, including transient (mild CH) or sustained (moderate CH) suppression of acute chemosensitivity suggesting limitations in adaptive respiratory control mechanisms as the level of CH increases. Changes in specific markers of glutamate receptor plasticity, interleukin-1ß, and serotonergic modulation within key nodes of cardiorespiratory control do not fully account for the physiological adaptations to CH. Here, we used an unbiased approach (bulk tissue RNA sequencing) to test the hypothesis that mild or moderate CH elicits distinct gene expression profiles in important brain stem regions of cardiorespiratory control, which may explain the contrasting responses to CH. Gene expression profiles from the brain regions validated the accuracy of tissue biopsy methodology. Differential gene expression analyses revealed greater effects of CH on brain stem sites compared with the medial prefrontal cortex. Mild CH elicited an upregulation of predominantly immune-related genes and predicted activation of immune-related pathways and functions. In contrast, moderate CH broadly led to downregulation of genes and predicted inactivation of cellular pathways related to the immune response and vascular function. These data suggest that mild CH leads to a steady-state activation of neuroinflammatory pathways within the brain stem, whereas moderate CH drives the opposite response. Transcriptional shifts in immune-related functions may underlie the cardiorespiratory network's capability to respond to acute, more severe hypercapnia when in a state of progressively increased CH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mild chronic hypercapnia (CH) broadly upregulated immune-related genes and a predicted activation of biological pathways related to immune cell activity and the overall immune response. In contrast, moderate CH primarily downregulated genes related to major histocompatibility complex signaling and vasculature function that led to a predicted inactivation of pathways involving the immune response and vascular endothelial function. The severity-dependent effect on immune responses suggests that neuroinflammation has an important role in CH and may be important in the maintenance of proper ventilatory responses to acute and chronic hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstyn J Grams
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Suzanne E Neumueller
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lawrence Pan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Hubert V Forster
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Fortin SM, Chen JC, Petticord MC, Ragozzino FJ, Peters JH, Hayes MR. The locus coeruleus contributes to the anorectic, nausea, and autonomic physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0980. [PMID: 37729419 PMCID: PMC10511187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the therapeutic potential and reducing the side effects of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists used to treat obesity require complete characterization of the central mechanisms that mediate both the food intake-suppressive and illness-like effects of GLP-1R signaling. Our studies, in the rat, demonstrate that GLP-1Rs in the locus coeruleus (LC) are pharmacologically and physiologically relevant for food intake control. Furthermore, agonism of LC GLP-1Rs induces illness-like behaviors, and antagonism of LC GLP-1Rs can attenuate GLP-1R-mediated nausea. Electrophysiological and behavioral pharmacology data support a role for LC GLP-1Rs expressed on presynaptic glutamatergic terminals in the control of feeding and malaise. Collectively, our work establishes the LC as a site of action for GLP-1 signaling and extends our understanding of the GLP-1 signaling mechanism necessary for the development of improved obesity pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jack C. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marisa C. Petticord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Forrest J. Ragozzino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - James H. Peters
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Тюренков ИН, Файбисович ТИ, Бакулин ДА. [Synergistic effects of GABA and hypoglycemic drugs]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2023; 69:61-69. [PMID: 37694868 PMCID: PMC10520901 DOI: 10.14341/probl13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of premature death and disability. Despite a significant number of drugs, the effectiveness of therapy aimed at normalizing the level of glycemia and preventing complications does not fully satisfy doctors and patients. Therefore, the search for new approaches for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications continues. Significant resources are used to develop new drugs, but recently the possibility of using «old» widely available drugs with newly discovered pleiotropic properties has been substantiated. These may include preparations of gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) and agents that directly or indirectly activate GABAergic transmission, which have a pronounced pancreatic protective effect, which has been widely discussed in foreign literature over the past 10-15 years. However, there are few such publications in the domestic literature.It has been established that the content of GABA in β-cells in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is reduced and this correlates with the severity of the disease. Genetic suppression of GABA receptors causes a significant decrease in the mass of β-cells and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which confirms the importance of GABA in ensuring glucose homeostasis and the advisability of replenishing the GABA deficiency in DM with its additional administration. It has been established that in animals with DM, GABA suppresses apoptosis and stimulates the regeneration of β-cells, increases β-cell mass and insulin production.Experimental data have been obtained indicating a synergistic effect of GABA when combined with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, when a more pronounced pancreoprotective effect is observed, due to decrease in oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, increase in the level of Klotho protein, Nrf-2 activity and antioxidant defense enzymes, suppression of NF-kB activity and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, all this leads to a decrease in apoptosis and death of β-cells, an increase in β-cell mass, insulin production and, at the same time, a decrease in glucagon levels and insulin resistance.The review substantiates the feasibility of using GABA and drugs with a positive GABAeric effect in combination with new generation antidiabetic agents: GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors in order to increase their antidiabetic potential.The search was carried out in the databases Pubmed, eLibrary, Medline. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. The search was carried out from 2000 to 2022, but the review presents the results studies published mainly in the last 3 years, due to the requirements of the journal for the maximum amount of work and the number of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Д. А. Бакулин
- Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет
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21
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Hanssen R, Rigoux L, Kuzmanovic B, Iglesias S, Kretschmer AC, Schlamann M, Albus K, Edwin Thanarajah S, Sitnikow T, Melzer C, Cornely OA, Brüning JC, Tittgemeyer M. Liraglutide restores impaired associative learning in individuals with obesity. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1352-1363. [PMID: 37592007 PMCID: PMC10447249 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Survival under selective pressure is driven by the ability of our brain to use sensory information to our advantage to control physiological needs. To that end, neural circuits receive and integrate external environmental cues and internal metabolic signals to form learned sensory associations, consequently motivating and adapting our behaviour. The dopaminergic midbrain plays a crucial role in learning adaptive behaviour and is particularly sensitive to peripheral metabolic signals, including intestinal peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In a single-blinded, randomized, controlled, crossover basic human functional magnetic resonance imaging study relying on a computational model of the adaptive learning process underlying behavioural responses, we show that adaptive learning is reduced when metabolic sensing is impaired in obesity, as indexed by reduced insulin sensitivity (participants: N = 30 with normal insulin sensitivity; N = 24 with impaired insulin sensitivity). Treatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide normalizes impaired learning of sensory associations in men and women with obesity. Collectively, our findings reveal that GLP-1 receptor activation modulates associative learning in people with obesity via its central effects within the mesoaccumbens pathway. These findings provide evidence for how metabolic signals can act as neuromodulators to adapt our behaviour to our body's internal state and how GLP-1 receptor agonists work in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hanssen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lionel Rigoux
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Iglesias
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina C Kretschmer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Albus
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamara Sitnikow
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Corina Melzer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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22
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Chuong V, Farokhnia M, Khom S, Pince CL, Elvig SK, Vlkolinsky R, Marchette RC, Koob GF, Roberto M, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide reduces alcohol drinking and modulates central GABA neurotransmission. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170671. [PMID: 37192005 PMCID: PMC10371247 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system is involved in the neurobiology of addictive behaviors, and GLP-1 analogues may be used for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Here, we examined the effects of semaglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, on biobehavioral correlates of alcohol use in rodents. A drinking-in-the-dark procedure was used to test the effects of semaglutide on binge-like drinking in male and female mice. We also tested the effects of semaglutide on binge-like and dependence-induced alcohol drinking in male and female rats, as well as acute effects of semaglutide on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from central amygdala (CeA) and infralimbic cortex (ILC) neurons. Semaglutide dose-dependently reduced binge-like alcohol drinking in mice; a similar effect was observed on the intake of other caloric/noncaloric solutions. Semaglutide also reduced binge-like and dependence-induced alcohol drinking in rats. Semaglutide increased sIPSC frequency in CeA and ILC neurons from alcohol-naive rats, suggesting enhanced GABA release, but had no overall effect on GABA transmission in alcohol-dependent rats. In conclusion, the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide decreased alcohol intake across different drinking models and species and modulated central GABA neurotransmission, providing support for clinical testing of semaglutide as a potentially novel pharmacotherapy for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Chuong
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR), NIH, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR), NIH, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophia Khom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire L. Pince
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR), NIH, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophie K. Elvig
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - George F. Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leandro F. Vendruscolo
- Stress and Addiction Neuroscience Unit, NIDA IRP and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR), NIH, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Chichura KS, Elfers CT, Salameh TS, Kamat V, Chepurny OG, McGivney A, Milliken BT, Holz GG, Applebey SV, Hayes MR, Sweet IR, Roth CL, Doyle RP. A peptide triple agonist of GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors promotes glycemic control and weight loss. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9554. [PMID: 37308546 PMCID: PMC10261008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long-term sustained weight loss and glycemic normalization after obesity surgery include changes in gut hormone levels, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that two peptide biased agonists (GEP44 and GEP12) of the GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (GLP-1R, Y1-R, and Y2-R, respectively) elicit Y1-R antagonist-controlled, GLP-1R-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in both rat and human pancreatic islets, thus revealing the counteracting effects of Y1-R and GLP-1R agonism. These agonists also promote insulin-independent Y1-R-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissue ex vivo and more profound reductions in food intake and body weight than liraglutide when administered to diet-induced obese rats. Our findings support a role for Y1-R signaling in glucoregulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of simultaneous receptor targeting to achieve long-term benefits for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Varun Kamat
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sarah V Applebey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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24
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Hammoud R, Drucker DJ. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:201-216. [PMID: 36509857 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) exhibit incretin activity, meaning that they potentiate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The emergence of GIP receptor (GIPR)-GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) co-agonists has fostered growing interest in the actions of GIP and GLP1 in metabolically relevant tissues. Here, we update concepts of how these hormones act beyond the pancreas. The actions of GIP and GLP1 on liver, muscle and adipose tissue, in the control of glucose and lipid homeostasis, are discussed in the context of plausible mechanisms of action. Both the GIPR and GLP1R are expressed in the central nervous system, wherein receptor activation produces anorectic effects enabling weight loss. In preclinical studies, GIP and GLP1 reduce atherosclerosis. Furthermore, GIPR and GLP1R are expressed within the heart and immune system, and GLP1R within the kidney, revealing putative mechanisms linking GIP and GLP1R agonism to cardiorenal protection. We interpret the clinical and mechanistic data obtained for different agents that enable weight loss and glucose control for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively, by activating or blocking GIPR signalling, including the GIPR-GLP1R co-agonist tirzepatide, as well as the GIPR antagonist-GLP1R agonist AMG-133. Collectively, we update translational concepts of GIP and GLP1 action, while highlighting gaps, areas of uncertainty and controversies meriting ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Hammoud
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Zhu R, Tian P, Zhang H, Wang G, Chen W. Gut microbiome-brain interactions in anorexia nervosa: Potential mechanisms and regulatory strategies. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109315. [PMID: 36356938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder characterised by malnutrition, fear of weight gain, and body image disturbances. The aetiology of AN is complex, and may involve environmental factors, genetic factors, and biochemical factors, with the latter meaning that AN may be closely associated with neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones related to appetite and emotional regulation. In addition, an increasing number of studies have shown there is a link between the intestinal microbiota and psychiatric disorders, such as depression. However, few studies and reviews have focused on AN and gut microbes. Accordingly, in this review, we examine the potential pathogenesis of AN in terms of changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and their effects on AN. The neurobiological function of the nervous system in relation to AN are also been mentioned. Furthermore, we suggest future research directions for this field, and note that probiotics may be developed for use as dietary supplements to help alleviate AN in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Peijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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26
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Zhou F, Jiang L, Guo J, Fan Y, Pan Q, Li T, Sun X, Li P. Degree of obesity and gastrointestinal adverse reactions influence the weight loss effect of liraglutide in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231161516. [PMID: 36950020 PMCID: PMC10026133 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231161516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liraglutide can effectively reduce the weight of patients with type 2 diabetes. Nonetheless, its weight loss effect was highly heterogeneous in different patients in the clinical practice. Objective To identify the factors most associated with the weight loss effect of liraglutide in obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes with poorly controlled oral medication in northeast China. Design A prospective study. Methods A prospective study was performed in subjects with type 2 diabetes who were taking oral medication and had a body mass index (BMI) of ⩾24 kg/m2. Liraglutide was administered for at least 12 weeks, while the original hypoglycemic regimen was kept unchanged (Phase I). Later, liraglutide treatment was continued or stopped as necessary or as subjects thought fit in the 13-52 weeks that followed (Phase II), and the potential factors affecting the effect of weight loss of liraglutide were analyzed. Results Of the 127 recruited subjects, 90 had comprehensive follow-up data at week 12. In Phase I, the subjects' blood sugar levels and weight decreased significantly(P < 0.001). Among all the significant factors, the gastrointestinal adverse reactions score (GARS) was more correlated with BMI change (ΔBMI; r = 0.43) and waist circumference change (ΔWC; r = 0.32) than the baseline BMI (BMI0) and WC (WC0). At week 12, linear regression showed that BMI0 independently affected ΔBMI and ΔWC, whereas WC0 only affected ΔWC. The GARS was significantly associated with ΔBMI and ΔWC, and this association continued until week 52, even after most subjects had discontinued liraglutide treatment. Conclusion The degree of obesity and gastrointestinal adverse reactions were the most promising predictors of weight loss in liraglutide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital
of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Northeast International Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiamei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital
of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Fan
- Department of General Medicine, Shanxi
Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital
of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital
of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoshi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital
of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Bakker W, Imbernon M, Salinas CG, Moro Chao DH, Hassouna R, Morel C, Martin C, Leger C, Denis RG, Castel J, Peter A, Heni M, Maetzler W, Nielsen HS, Duquenne M, Schwaninger M, Lundh S, Johan Hogendorf WF, Gangarossa G, Secher A, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Pedersen TÅ, Prevot V, Luquet S. Acute changes in systemic glycemia gate access and action of GLP-1R agonist on brain structures controlling energy homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111698. [PMID: 36417883 PMCID: PMC9715912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) long-acting analogs and insulin are often used in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Both insulin and GLP-1 receptors are expressed in metabolically relevant brain regions, suggesting a cooperative action. However, the mechanisms underlying the synergistic actions of insulin and GLP-1R agonists remain elusive. In this study, we show that insulin-induced hypoglycemia enhances GLP-1R agonists entry in hypothalamic and area, leading to enhanced whole-body fat oxidation. Mechanistically, this phenomenon relies on the release of tanycyctic vascular endothelial growth factor A, which is selectively impaired after calorie-rich diet exposure. In humans, low blood glucose also correlates with enhanced blood-to-brain passage of insulin, suggesting that blood glucose gates the passage other energy-related signals in the brain. This study implies that the preventing hyperglycemia is important to harnessing the full benefit of GLP-1R agonist entry in the brain and action onto lipid mobilization and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wineke Bakker
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Corresponding author
| | - Monica Imbernon
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Casper Gravesen Salinas
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Image Analysis & Computer Graphics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Rim Hassouna
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chloe Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Leger
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Raphael G.P. Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manon Duquenne
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sofia Lundh
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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Single nucleus transcriptomic analysis of rat nucleus accumbens reveals cell type-specific patterns of gene expression associated with volitional morphine intake. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:374. [PMID: 36075888 PMCID: PMC9458645 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid exposure is known to cause transcriptomic changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, no studies to date have investigated cell type-specific transcriptomic changes associated with volitional opioid taking. Here, we use single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) to comprehensively characterize cell type-specific alterations of the NAc transcriptome in rats self-administering morphine. One cohort of male Brown Norway rats was injected with acute morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. A second cohort of rats was allowed to self-administer intravenous morphine (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) for 10 consecutive days. Each morphine-experienced rat was paired with a yoked saline control rat. snRNAseq libraries were generated from NAc punches and used to identify cell type-specific gene expression changes associated with volitional morphine taking. We identified 1106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the acute morphine group, compared to 2453 DEGs in the morphine self-administration group, across 27 distinct cell clusters. Importantly, we identified 1329 DEGs that were specific to morphine self-administration. DEGs were identified in novel clusters of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and D1R- and D2R-expressing medium spiny neurons in the NAc. Cell type-specific DEGs included Rgs9, Celf5, Oprm1, and Pde10a. Upregulation of Rgs9 and Celf5 in D2R-expressing neurons was validated by RNAscope. Approximately 85% of all oligodendrocyte DEGs, nearly all of which were associated with morphine taking, were identified in two subtypes. Bioinformatic analyses identified cell type-specific upstream regulatory mechanisms of the observed transcriptome alterations and downstream signaling pathways, including both novel and previously identified molecular pathways. These findings show that volitional morphine taking is associated with distinct cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in the rat NAc and highlight specific striatal cell populations and novel molecular substrates that could be targeted to reduce compulsive opioid taking.
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Tanycytes control hypothalamic liraglutide uptake and its anti-obesity actions. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1054-1063.e7. [PMID: 35716660 PMCID: PMC7613793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liraglutide, an anti-diabetic drug and agonist of the glucagon-like peptide one receptor (GLP1R), has recently been approved to treat obesity in individuals with or without type 2 diabetes. Despite its extensive metabolic benefits, the mechanism and site of action of liraglutide remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that liraglutide is shuttled to target cells in the mouse hypothalamus by specialized ependymoglial cells called tanycytes, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Selectively silencing GLP1R in tanycytes or inhibiting tanycytic transcytosis by botulinum neurotoxin expression not only hampers liraglutide transport into the brain and its activation of target hypothalamic neurons, but also blocks its anti-obesity effects on food intake, body weight and fat mass, and fatty acid oxidation. Collectively, these striking data indicate that the liraglutide-induced activation of hypothalamic neurons and its downstream metabolic effects are mediated by its tanycytic transport into the mediobasal hypothalamus, strengthening the notion of tanycytes as key regulators of metabolic homeostasis.
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegeneration: Neurovascular Unit in the Spotlight. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132023. [PMID: 35805109 PMCID: PMC9265397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in brain energy metabolism and proteopathic stress are implicated in age-related degenerative neuronopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As the currently available drug regimens largely aim to mitigate cognitive decline and/or motor symptoms, there is a dire need for mechanism-based therapies that can be used to improve neuronal function and potentially slow down the underlying disease processes. In this context, a new class of pharmacological agents that achieve improved glycaemic control via the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor has attracted significant attention as putative neuroprotective agents. The experimental evidence supporting their potential therapeutic value, mainly derived from cellular and animal models of AD and PD, has been discussed in several research reports and review opinions recently. In this review article, we discuss the pathological relevance of derangements in the neurovascular unit and the significance of neuron–glia metabolic coupling in AD and PD. With this context, we also discuss some unresolved questions with regard to the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists on the neurovascular unit (NVU), and provide examples of novel experimental paradigms that could be useful in improving our understanding regarding the neuroprotective mode of action associated with these agents.
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Zhang L, Koller J, Gopalasingam G, Qi Y, Herzog H. Central NPFF signalling is critical in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2022; 62:101525. [PMID: 35691527 PMCID: PMC9234230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) group peptides belong to the evolutionary conserved RF-amide peptide family. While they have been assigned a role as pain modulators, their roles in other aspects of physiology have received much less attention. NPFF peptides and their receptor NPFFR2 have strong and localized expression within the dorsal vagal complex that has emerged as the key centre for regulating glucose homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the role of the NPFF system in the control of glucose metabolism and the histochemical and molecular identities of NPFF and NPFFR2 neurons. METHODS We examined glucose metabolism in Npff-/- and wild type (WT) mice using intraperitoneal (i.p.) glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. Body composition and glucose tolerance was further examined in mice after 1-week and 3-week of high-fat diet (HFD). Using RNAScope double ISH, we investigated the neurochemical identity of NPFF and NPFFR2 neurons in the caudal brainstem, and the expression of receptors for peripheral factors in NPFF neurons. RESULTS Lack of NPFF signalling in mice leads to improved glucose tolerance without significant impact on insulin excursion after the i.p. glucose challenge. In response to an i.p. bolus of insulin, Npff-/- mice have lower glucose excursions than WT mice, indicating an enhanced insulin action. Moreover, while HFD has rapid and potent detrimental effects on glucose tolerance, this diet-induced glucose intolerance is ameliorated in mice lacking NPFF signalling. This occurs in the absence of any significant impact of NPFF deletion on lean or fat masses, suggesting a direct effect of NPFF signalling on glucose metabolism. We further reveal that NPFF neurons in the subpostrema area (SubP) co-express receptors for peripheral factors involved in glucose homeostasis regulation such as insulin and GLP1. Furthermore, Npffr2 is expressed in the glutamatergic NPFF neurons in the SubP, and in cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), indicating that central NPFF signalling is likely modulating vagal output to innervated peripheral tissues including those important for glucose metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS NPFF signalling plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. NPFF neurons in the SubP are likely to receive peripheral signals and mediate the control of whole-body glucose homeostasis via centrally vagal pathways. Targeting NPFF and NPFFR2 signalling may provide a new avenue for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia.
| | - Julia Koller
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia
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Linagliptin, a Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, Reduces Physical and Behavioral Effects of Morphine Withdrawal. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082478. [PMID: 35458676 PMCID: PMC9028142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Recent data indicate that receptors for GLP-1 peptide are involved in the activity of the mesolimbic system. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, linagliptin, on morphine dependence in mice. (2) Methods: Morphine dependence in mice was obtained by administration of increasing doses of morphine for eight consecutive days, twice a day. On the 9th day of the experiment, the naloxone-induced (2 mg/kg, ip) morphine withdrawal signs (jumping) were assessed. Moreover, behavioral effects of short-term (60 h after morphine discontinuation) and long-term (14 days after morphine discontinuation) morphine withdrawal were observed. In terms of behavioral effects, the depressive effect in the forced swim test and anxiety in the elevated plus maze test were investigated. Locomotor activity of mice was also studied. (3) Results: The administration of linagliptin (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) for 8 consecutive days before morphine injections significantly diminished the number of naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal signs (jumping) in mice. In addition, the cessation of morphine administration induced depressive behavior in mice which were observed during short- and long-term morphine withdrawal. Linagliptin administered during morphine withdrawal significantly reduced the depressive behavior in studied mice. Furthermore, the short-term morphine withdrawal evoked anxiety which also was reduced by linagliptin in mice. (4) Conclusions: The present study reveals that GLP-1 receptors are involved in morphine dependence. What is more, linagliptin might be a valuable drug in attenuating the physical symptoms of morphine dependence. It might be also a useful drug in reducing emotional disturbances which may develop during the morphine withdrawal period.
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Woodward ORM, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Lewis JE. Gut peptide regulation of food intake - evidence for the modulation of hedonic feeding. J Physiol 2022; 600:1053-1078. [PMID: 34152020 DOI: 10.1113/jp280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people living with obesity has tripled worldwide since 1975 with serious implications for public health, as obesity is linked to a significantly higher chance of early death from associated comorbidities (metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer). As obesity is a consequence of food intake exceeding the demands of energy expenditure, efforts are being made to better understand the homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms governing food intake. Gastrointestinal peptides are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient and energy intake, and modulate food intake either via afferent nerves, including the vagus nerve, or directly within the central nervous system, predominantly gaining access at circumventricular organs. Enteroendocrine hormones modulate homeostatic control centres at hypothalamic nuclei and the dorso-vagal complex. Additional roles of these peptides in modulating hedonic food intake and/or preference via the neural systems of reward are starting to be elucidated, with both peripheral and central peptide sources potentially contributing to central receptor activation. Pharmacological interventions and gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity elevate enteroendocrine hormone levels and also alter food preference. Hence, understanding of the hedonic mechanisms mediated by gut peptide action could advance development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla R M Woodward
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jo E Lewis
- Wellcome Trust - MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Parent MB, Higgs S, Cheke LG, Kanoski SE. Memory and eating: A bidirectional relationship implicated in obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:110-129. [PMID: 34813827 PMCID: PMC8816841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between memory and eating in humans and rodents. In humans, amnesia is associated with impaired processing of hunger and satiety cues, disrupted memory of recent meals, and overconsumption. In healthy participants, meal-related memory limits subsequent ingestive behavior and obesity is associated with impaired memory and disturbances in the hippocampus. Evidence from rodents suggests that dorsal hippocampal neural activity contributes to the ability of meal-related memory to control future intake, that endocrine and neuropeptide systems act in the ventral hippocampus to provide cues regarding energy status and regulate learned aspects of eating, and that consumption of hypercaloric diets and obesity disrupt these processes. Collectively, this evidence indicates that diet-induced obesity may be caused and/or maintained, at least in part, by a vicious cycle wherein excess intake disrupts hippocampal functioning, which further increases intake. This perspective may advance our understanding of how the brain controls eating, the neural mechanisms that contribute to eating-related disorders, and identify how to treat diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B. Parent
- Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303-5030, United States,Corresponding author: Marise B. Parent, , Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30303-5030, USA. Fax: 404-413-5446
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, BI5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy G. Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB United Kingdom
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, United States
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Dong M, Wen S, Zhou L. The Relationship Between the Blood-Brain-Barrier and the Central Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2583-2597. [PMID: 36035518 PMCID: PMC9417299 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s375559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are growing problems worldwide and are associated with a range of acute and chronic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. Novel anti-diabetic medications designed to treat T2DM, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), exert beneficial effects on metabolism and the cardiovascular system. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. GLP-1RAs induce anorexic effects by inhibiting the central regulation of food intake to reduce body weight. Central/peripheral administration of GLP-1RAs inhibits food intake, accompanied by an increase in c-Fos expression in neurons within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), amygdala, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) and arcuate nucleus (ARC), induced by the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, GLP-1RAs need to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert their pharmacological effects. In addition, studies revealed that SGLT-2is could reduce the risk of chronic heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes. SGLT-2 is extensively expressed throughout the CNS, and c-Fos expression was also observed within 2 hours of administration of SGLT-2is in mice. Recent clinical studies reported that SGLT-2is improved hypertension and atrial fibrillation by modulating the "overstimulated" renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and suppressing the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by directly/indirectly acting on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Despite extensive research into the central mechanism of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is, the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains controversial. This review discusses the interaction between GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is and the BBB to induce pharmacological effects via the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou, Tel +8613611927616, Email
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Zhou S, Chen W, Bai X, Chen J, Xu Q, Dong L, Chen W, Qu Q, He X. Upregulation of hypothalamic POMC neurons after biliary diversion in GK rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:999928. [PMID: 36277690 PMCID: PMC9585246 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.999928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids are important signaling molecules that might activate hypothalamic neurons. This study aimed to investigate possible changes in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons after biliary diversion in diabetic rats. METHODS Ten GK rats were randomly divided into the biliary diversion (BD) and sham groups. The glucose metabolism, hypothalamic POMC expression, serum bile acid profiles, and ileal bile acid-specific receptors of the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS Biliary diversion improved blood glucose (P = 0.001) and glucose tolerance (P = 0.001). RNA-Seq of the hypothalamus showed significantly upregulated expression of the POMC gene (log2-fold change = 4.1, P < 0.001), which also showed increased expression at the protein (P = 0.030) and mRNA (P = 0.004) levels. The POMC-derived neuropeptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was also increased in the hypothalamus (2.21 ± 0.11 ng/g, P = 0.006). In addition, increased taurocholic acid (TCA) (108.05 ± 20.62 ng/mL, P = 0.003) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) (45.58 ± 2.74 ng/mL, P < 0.001) were found in the BD group and induced the enhanced secretion of fibroblast growth factor-15 (FGF15, 74.28 ± 3.44 pg/ml, P = 0.001) by activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) that was over-expressed in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS Hypothalamic POMC neurons were upregulated after BD, and the increased TCA, TDCA, and the downstream gut-derived hormone FGF15 might activate POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiemin Chen
- Gastroenterology Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liangbo Dong
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Nutrition Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong He,
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Recombinant human GLP-1 beinaglutide regulates lipid metabolism of adipose tissues in diet-induced obese mice. iScience 2021; 24:103382. [PMID: 34841227 PMCID: PMC8605346 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 analogs are a class of glucose-lowering agents with multiple benefits in diabetes, but its role in adipose tissues remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the action of recombinant human GLP-1 (rhGLP-1) Beinaglutide (BN) in the insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism of adipose tissues. We have shown that, after BN injection, obese mice displayed lower body weight, fat mass, and plasma lipid levels. In addition, BN promoted the insulin sensitivity in the white adipose tissues. Furthermore, we have found that the BN treatment caused significant changes in content and composition of different lipid classes, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, as well as expression of genes in lipid metabolic pathways in the adipose tissues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that BN could resist HFD-induced obesity by targeting the composition of major lipid classes and the expression of genes in lipid metabolism of adipose tissues. Recombinant human GLP-1 Beinaglutide (BN) reduces high-fat-diet-induced obesity BN increases insulin sensitivity of adipocytes in vivo and in vitro BN alters lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles in adipose tissues of obese mice BN promotes thermogenic gene expression in adipose tissues
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Dong Y, Carty J, Goldstein N, He Z, Hwang E, Chau D, Wallace B, Kabahizi A, Lieu L, Peng Y, Gao Y, Hu L, Betley JN, Williams KW. Time and metabolic state-dependent effects of GLP-1R agonists on NPY/AgRP and POMC neuronal activity in vivo. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101352. [PMID: 34626854 PMCID: PMC8590079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), like liraglutide and semaglutide, are viable treatments for diabetes and obesity. Liraglutide directly activates hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons while indirectly inhibiting Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons ex vivo. While temporal control of GLP-1R agonist concentration as well as accessibility to tissues/cells can be achieved with relative ease ex vivo, in vivo this is dependent upon the pharmacokinetics of these agonists and relative penetration into structures of interest. Thus, whether liraglutide or semaglutide modifies the activity of POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons in vivo as well as mechanisms required for any changes in cellular activity remains undefined. METHODS In order to resolve this issue, we utilized neuron-specific transgenic mouse models to examine changes in the activity of POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons after injection of either liraglutide or semaglutide (intraperitoneal - I.P. and subcutaneous - S·C.). POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons were targeted for patch-clamp electrophysiology as well as in vivo fiber photometry. RESULTS We found that liraglutide and semaglutide directly activate and increase excitatory tone to POMC neurons in a time-dependent manner. This increased activity of POMC neurons required GLP-1Rs in POMC neurons as well as a downstream mixed cation channel comprised of TRPC5 subunits. We also observed an indirect upregulation of excitatory input to POMC neurons originating from glutamatergic cells that also required TRPC5 subunits. Conversely, GLP-1Ra's decreased excitatory input to and indirectly inhibited NPY/AgRP neurons through activation of K-ATP and TRPC5 channels in GABAergic neurons. Notably, the temporal activation of POMC and inhibition of NPY/AgRP neuronal activity after liraglutide or semaglutide was injected [either intraperitoneal (I.P.) or subcutaneous (S·C.)] was dependent upon the nutritional state of the animals (fed vs food-deprived). CONCLUSIONS Our results support a mechanism of liraglutide and semaglutide in vivo to activate POMC while inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons, which depends upon metabolic state and mirrors the pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Dong
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jamie Carty
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nitsan Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Eunsang Hwang
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dominic Chau
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Briana Wallace
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anita Kabahizi
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yunqian Peng
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Welling MS, de Groot CJ, Kleinendorst L, van der Voorn B, Burgerhart JS, van der Valk ES, van Haelst MM, van den Akker ELT, van Rossum EFC. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue treatment in genetic obesity: A case series. Clin Obes 2021; 11:e12481. [PMID: 34291582 PMCID: PMC9286843 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is highly prevalent and comes with serious health burden. In a minority, a genetic cause is present which often results in therapy-resistant obesity. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, which has beneficial effects on satiety and weight in common obesity. We present the effects of GLP-1 analogues in adults with a molecularly proven genetic cause of their overweight or obesity. All patients were treated with liraglutide 3.0 mg daily, in addition to intensive supportive lifestyle treatment. Anthropometrics, metabolic parameters, resting energy expenditure (REE), side effects, and subjectively reported satiety and quality of life were assessed. Two patients with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome and two patients with heterozygous pathogenic melanocortin-4 receptor variants were treated. At baseline, their age ranged between 21 and 32 years and body mass index (BMI) ranged between 28.1 and 55.7 kg/m2 . At follow-up (ranges 43 weeks-12 years), a mean change in BMI and waist circumference was observed of -5.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and -15.2 ± 21.1 cm, respectively. All patients achieved ≥5% weight loss, three of them lost ≥10% of their body weight. All patients reported improved quality of life and three of them reported ameliorated satiety. Moreover, improvement of glycaemic control and dyslipidaemia were seen. In two patients, REE before and during treatment was measured, which either increased (+26% of predicted REE) or decreased (-18% of predicted REE). Two patients experienced mild side effects for a brief period. In conclusion, our case series shows beneficial effects of GLP-1 analogues on weight, metabolic parameters and quality of life in all four patients with genetic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila S. Welling
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Groot
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyWillem‐Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Eline S. van der Valk
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mieke M. van Haelst
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erica L. T. van den Akker
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC‐Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Costa A, Ai M, Nunn N, Culotta I, Hunter J, Boudjadja MB, Valencia-Torres L, Aviello G, Hodson DJ, Snider BM, Coskun T, Emmerson PJ, Luckman SM, D'Agostino G. Anorectic and aversive effects of GLP-1 receptor agonism are mediated by brainstem cholecystokinin neurons, and modulated by GIP receptor activation. Mol Metab 2021; 55:101407. [PMID: 34844019 PMCID: PMC8689241 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are effective medications to reduce appetite and body weight. These actions are centrally mediated; however, the neuronal substrates involved are poorly understood. Methods We employed a combination of neuroanatomical, genetic, and behavioral approaches in the mouse to investigate the involvement of caudal brainstem cholecystokinin-expressing neurons in the effect of the GLP-1RA exendin-4. We further confirmed key neuroanatomical findings in the non-human primate brain. Results We found that cholecystokinin-expressing neurons in the caudal brainstem are required for the anorectic and body weight-lowering effects of GLP-1RAs and for the induction of GLP-1RA-induced conditioned taste avoidance. We further show that, while cholecystokinin-expressing neurons are not a direct target for glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), GIP receptor activation results in a reduced recruitment of these GLP-1RA-responsive neurons and a selective reduction of conditioned taste avoidance. Conclusions In addition to disclosing a neuronal population required for the full appetite- and body weight-lowering effect of GLP-1RAs, our data also provide a novel framework for understanding and ameliorating GLP-1RA-induced nausea — a major factor for withdrawal from treatment. CCKAP/NTS neurons are required for the full anorectic and body weight-lowering effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists. GLP-1 receptor agonists promote the formation of conditioned taste avoidance by activating CCKAP/NTS neurons. CCKAP/NTS neurons are not activated in response to GIP receptor agonists. GIP receptor agonists reduce GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced neuronal responses in the caudal brainstem. GIP receptor agonists reduce GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced conditioned taste avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Costa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Minrong Ai
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Nicolas Nunn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Isabella Culotta
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenna Hunter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mehdi Boutagouga Boudjadja
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Gabriella Aviello
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research University of Birmingham &Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brandy M Snider
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul J Emmerson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Simon M Luckman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Drucker DJ. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101351. [PMID: 34626851 PMCID: PMC8859548 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) augment glucose-dependent insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, enabling their successful development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). These agents also inhibit food intake and reduce body weight, fostering investigation of GLP1RA for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here I discuss the physiology of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) action in the control of food intake in animals and humans, highlighting the importance of gut vs. brain-derived GLP-1 for the control of feeding and body weight. The widespread distribution and function of multiple GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) populations in the central and autonomic nervous system are outlined, and the importance of pathways controlling energy expenditure in preclinical studies vs. reduction of food intake in both animals and humans is highlighted. The relative contributions of vagal afferent pathways vs. GLP1R+ populations in the central nervous system for the physiological reduction of food intake and the anorectic response to GLP1RA are compared and reviewed. Key data enabling the development of two GLP1RA for obesity therapy (liraglutide 3 mg daily and semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly) are discussed. Finally, emerging data potentially supporting the combination of GLP-1 with additional peptide epitopes in unimolecular multi-agonists, as well as in fixed-dose combination therapies, are highlighted. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The actions of GLP-1 to reduce food intake and body weight are highly conserved in obese animals and humans, in both adolescents and adults. The well-defined mechanisms of GLP-1 action through a single G protein-coupled receptor, together with the extensive safety database of GLP1RA in people with T2D, provide reassurance surrounding the long-term use of these agents in people with obesity and multiple co-morbidities. GLP1RA may also be effective in conditions associated with obesity, such as cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Progressive improvements in the efficacy of GLP1RA suggest that GLP-1-based therapies may soon rival bariatric surgery as viable options for the treatment of obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Cui QN, Stein LM, Fortin SM, Hayes MR. The role of glia in the physiology and pharmacology of GLP-1: Implications for obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative processes including glaucoma. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:715-726. [PMID: 34519040 PMCID: PMC8820182 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical application of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists is ever-growing in scope, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which GLP-1R activation impacts physiology and behavior. A new wave of research aims to elucidate the role GLP-1R signaling in glia plays in regulating energy balance, glycemic control, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Once controversial, existing evidence now suggests that subsets of glia (e.g., microglia, tanycytes, and astrocytes) and infiltrating macrophages express GLP-1R. In this review, we discuss the implications of these findings, with particular focus on the utility of both clinically available and novel GLP-1R agonists for treating metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, enhancing cognition, and combating substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi N Cui
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha M Fortin
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Kabahizi A, Wallace B, Lieu L, Chau D, Dong Y, Hwang ES, Williams KW. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signalling in the brain: From neural circuits and metabolism to therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:600-624. [PMID: 34519026 PMCID: PMC8820188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon‐like‐peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) derived from gut enteroendocrine cells and a discrete population of neurons in the caudal medulla acts through humoral and neural pathways to regulate satiety, gastric motility and pancreatic endocrine function. These physiological attributes contribute to GLP‐1 having a potent therapeutic action in glycaemic regulation and chronic weight management. In this review, we provide an overview of the neural circuits targeted by endogenous versus exogenous GLP‐1 and related drugs. We also highlight candidate subpopulations of neurons and cellular mechanisms responsible for the acute and chronic effects of GLP‐1 and GLP‐1 receptor agonists on energy balance and glucose metabolism. Finally, we present potential future directions to translate these findings towards the development of effective therapies for treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kabahizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Briana Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Linh Lieu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic Chau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Chrobok L, Klich JD, Sanetra AM, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Pradel K, Palus-Chramiec K, Kepczynski M, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Rhythmic neuronal activities of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract are impaired by high-fat diet - implications for daily control of satiety. J Physiol 2021; 600:751-767. [PMID: 34490628 DOI: 10.1113/jp281838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal partitioning of daily food intake is crucial for survival and involves the integration of internal circadian states and external influences such as the light-dark cycle and dietary composition. These intrinsic and extrinsic factors are interdependent with misalignment of circadian rhythms promoting body weight gain, while consumption of a calorie-dense diet elevates the risk of obesity and blunts circadian rhythms. Recently, we defined the circadian properties of the dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem, a structure implicated in the control of food intake and autonomic tone, but whether and how 24 h rhythms in this area are influenced by diet remains unresolved. Here we focused on a key structure of this complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). We used a combination of immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches together with daily monitoring of body weight and food intake to interrogate how the neuronal rhythms of the NTS are affected by a high-fat diet. We report that short-term consumption of a high-fat diet increases food intake during the day and blunts NTS daily rhythms in neuronal discharge. Additionally, we found that a high-fat diet dampens NTS responsiveness to metabolic neuropeptides, and decreases orexin immunoreactive fibres in this structure. These alterations occur without prominent body weight gain, suggesting that a high-fat diet acts initially to reduce activity in the NTS to disinhibit mechanisms that suppress daytime feeding. KEY POINTS: The dorsal vagal complex of the rodent hindbrain possesses intrinsic circadian timekeeping mechanisms In particular, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a robust circadian oscillator, independent of the master suprachiasmatic clock Here, we reveal that rat NTS neurons display timed daily rhythms in their neuronal activity and responsiveness to ingestive cues These daily rhythms are blunted or eliminated by a short-term high-fat diet, together with increased consumption of calories during the behaviourally quiescent day Our results help us better understand the circadian control of satiety by the brainstem and its malfunctioning under a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jasmin D Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Ludwig MQ, Todorov PV, Egerod KL, Olson DP, Pers TH. Single-Cell Mapping of GLP-1 and GIP Receptor Expression in the Dorsal Vagal Complex. Diabetes 2021; 70:1945-1955. [PMID: 34176785 PMCID: PMC8576419 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) in the hindbrain, composed of the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, plays a critical role in modulating satiety. The incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) act directly in the brain to modulate feeding, and receptors for both are expressed in the DVC. Given the impressive clinical responses to pharmacologic manipulation of incretin signaling, understanding the central mechanisms by which incretins alter metabolism and energy balance is of critical importance. Here, we review recent single-cell approaches used to detect molecular signatures of GLP-1 and GIP receptor-expressing cells in the DVC. In addition, we discuss how current advancements in single-cell transcriptomics, epigenetics, spatial transcriptomics, and circuit mapping techniques have the potential to further characterize incretin receptor circuits in the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Q Ludwig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petar V Todorov
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Olson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Guerrero-Hreins E, Goldstone AP, Brown RM, Sumithran P. The therapeutic potential of GLP-1 analogues for stress-related eating and role of GLP-1 in stress, emotion and mood: a review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110303. [PMID: 33741445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress and low mood are powerful triggers for compulsive overeating, a maladaptive form of eating leading to negative physical and mental health consequences. Stress-vulnerable individuals, such as people with obesity, are particularly prone to overconsumption of high energy foods and may use it as a coping mechanism for general life stressors. Recent advances in the treatment of obesity and related co-morbidities have focused on the therapeutic potential of anorexigenic gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which acts both peripherally and centrally to reduce energy intake. Besides its appetite suppressing effect, GLP-1 acts on areas of the brain involved in stress response and emotion regulation. However, the role of GLP-1 in emotion and stress regulation, and whether it is a viable treatment for stress-induced compulsive overeating, has yet to be established. A thorough review of the pre-clinical literature measuring markers of stress, anxiety and mood after GLP-1 exposure points to potential divergent effects based on temporality. Specifically, acute GLP-1 injection consistently stimulates the physiological stress response in rodents whereas long-term exposure indicates anxiolytic and anti-depressive benefits. However, the limited clinical evidence is not as clear cut. While prolonged GLP-1 analogue treatment in people with type 2 diabetes improved measures of mood and general psychological wellbeing, the mechanisms underlying this may be confounded by associated weight loss and improved blood glucose control. There is a paucity of longitudinal clinical literature on mechanistic pathways by which stress influences eating behavior and how centrally-acting gut hormones such as GLP-1, can modify these. (250).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Guerrero-Hreins
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, and Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, and Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robyn M Brown
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mental Health Theme, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Dept. of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.
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Williams DL. The diverse effects of brain glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors on ingestive behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:571-583. [PMID: 33990944 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is well known as a gut hormone and also acts as a neuropeptide, produced in a discrete population of caudal brainstem neurons that project widely throughout the brain. GLP-1 receptors are expressed in many brain areas of relevance to energy balance, and stimulation of these receptors at many of these sites potently suppresses food intake. This review surveys the current evidence for effects mediated by GLP-1 receptors on feeding behaviour at a wide array of brain sites and discusses behavioural and neurophysiological mechanisms for the effects identified thus far. Taken together, it is clear that GLP-1 receptor activity in the brain can influence feeding by diverse means, including mediation of gastrointestinal satiation and/or satiety signalling, suppression of motivation for food reward, induction of nausea and mediation of restraint stress-induced hypophagia, but many questions about the organization of this system remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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48
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A survey of the mouse hindbrain in the fed and fasted states using single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101240. [PMID: 33962048 PMCID: PMC8170503 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) located in the hindbrain are key nuclei that sense and integrate peripheral nutritional signals and consequently regulate feeding behaviour. While single-cell transcriptomics have been used in mice to reveal the gene expression profile and heterogeneity of key hypothalamic populations, similar in-depth studies have not yet been performed in the hindbrain. Methods Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we provide a detailed survey of 16,034 cells within the AP and NTS of mice in the fed and fasted states. Results Of these, 8,910 were neurons that group into 30 clusters, with 4,289 from mice fed ad libitum and 4,621 from overnight fasted mice. A total of 7,124 nuclei were from non-neuronal cells, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Interestingly, we identified that the oligodendrocyte population was particularly transcriptionally sensitive to an overnight fast. The receptors GLP1R, GIPR, GFRAL, and CALCR, which bind GLP1, GIP, GDF15, and amylin, respectively, are all expressed in the hindbrain and are major targets for anti-obesity therapeutics. We characterise the transcriptomes of these four populations and show that their gene expression profiles are not dramatically altered by an overnight fast. Notably, we find that roughly half of cells that express GIPR are oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we profile POMC-expressing neurons within the hindbrain and demonstrate that 84% of POMC neurons express either PCSK1, PSCK2, or both, implying that melanocortin peptides are likely produced by these neurons. Conclusion We provide a detailed single-cell level characterisation of AP and NTS cells expressing receptors for key anti-obesity drugs that are either already approved for human use or in clinical trials. This resource will help delineate the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of these compounds and also prove useful in the continued search for other novel therapeutic targets. We provide a survey of 16,034 cells of the murine AP and NTS in the fed and fasted state by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. 8,910 are grouped into 30 neuronal clusters, and 7,124 are non-neuronal such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. We examine the transcriptomes of populations expressing Glp1r, Gipr, Gfral, Calcr, and Pomc. The expression profiles for the above populations were not dramatically altered by an overnight fast. We provide a detailed single-cell level characterisation of AP and NTS cells expressing anti-obesity drug targets.
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McLean BA, Wong CK, Campbell JE, Hodson DJ, Trapp S, Drucker DJ. Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:101-132. [PMID: 33320179 PMCID: PMC7958144 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the brain, and acts through hormonal and neural pathways to regulate islet function, satiety, and gut motility, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Classic notions of GLP-1 acting as a meal-stimulated hormone from the distal gut are challenged by data supporting production of GLP-1 in the endocrine pancreas, and by the importance of brain-derived GLP-1 in the control of neural activity. Moreover, attribution of direct vs indirect actions of GLP-1 is difficult, as many tissue and cellular targets of GLP-1 action do not exhibit robust or detectable GLP-1R expression. Furthermore, reliable detection of the GLP-1R is technically challenging, highly method dependent, and subject to misinterpretation. Here we revisit the actions of GLP-1, scrutinizing key concepts supporting gut vs extra-intestinal GLP-1 synthesis and secretion. We discuss new insights refining cellular localization of GLP-1R expression and integrate recent data to refine our understanding of how and where GLP-1 acts to control inflammation, cardiovascular function, islet hormone secretion, gastric emptying, appetite, and body weight. These findings update our knowledge of cell types and mechanisms linking endogenous vs pharmacological GLP-1 action to activation of the canonical GLP-1R, and the control of metabolic activity in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A McLean
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang C, Kaye JA, Cai Z, Wang Y, Prescott SL, Liberles SD. Area Postrema Cell Types that Mediate Nausea-Associated Behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:461-472.e5. [PMID: 33278342 PMCID: PMC7864887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nausea, the unpleasant sensation of visceral malaise, remains a mysterious process. The area postrema is implicated in some nausea responses and is anatomically privileged to detect blood-borne signals. To investigate nausea mechanisms, we built an area postrema cell atlas through single-nucleus RNA sequencing, revealing a few neuron types. Using mouse genetic tools for cell-specific manipulation, we discovered excitatory neurons that induce nausea-related behaviors, with one neuron type mediating aversion imposed by multiple poisons. Nausea-associated responses to agonists of identified area postrema receptors were observed and suppressed by targeted cell ablation and/or gene knockout. Anatomical mapping revealed a distributed network of long-range excitatory but not inhibitory projections with subtype-specific patterning. These studies reveal the basic organization of area postrema nausea circuitry and provide a framework toward understanding and therapeutically controlling nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Judith A Kaye
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zerong Cai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yandan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara L Prescott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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