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Al-Eitan L, Khair I, Shakhatreh Z, Almahdawi D, Alahmad S. Epidemiology, biosafety, and biosecurity of Avian Influenza: Insights from the East Mediterranean region. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2559. [PMID: 38886173 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The World Organization for Animal Health defines Avian Influenza Virus as a highly infectious disease caused by diverse subtypes that continue to evolve rapidly, impacting poultry species, pet birds, wild birds, non-human mammals, and occasionally humans. The effects of Avian influenza viruses have been recognised as a precursor for serious health concerns among affected birds, poultry, and human populations in the Middle East. Furthermore, low and high pathogenic avian influenza viruses lead to respiratory illness with varying severity, depending on the virus subtype (e.g., H5, H7, H9, etc.). Possible future outbreaks and endemics of newly emerging subtypes are expected to occur, as many studies have reported the emergence of novel mutations and viral subtypes. However, proper surveillance programs and biosecurity applications should be developed, and countries with incapacitated defences against such outbreaks should be encouraged to undergo complete reinstation and reinforcement in their health and research sectors. Public education regarding biosafety and virus prevention is necessary to ensure minimal spread of avian influenza endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Iliya Khair
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zaid Shakhatreh
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Diana Almahdawi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saif Alahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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2
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Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Naguib MM, Jax E, Sihlbom C, Olsson BM, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Larson G, Ellström P. Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad098. [PMID: 38127648 PMCID: PMC10987293 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics result from interspecies transmission events within the avian reservoir and further into mammals including humans. Receptor incompatibility due to differently expressed glycan structures between species has been suggested to limit zoonotic IAV transmission from the wild bird reservoir as well as between different bird species. Using glycoproteomics, we have studied the repertoires of expressed glycan structures with focus on putative sialic acid-containing glycan receptors for IAV in mallard, chicken and tufted duck; three bird species with different roles in the zoonotic ecology of IAV. The methodology used pinpoints specific glycan structures to specific glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins and was also used to successfully discriminate α2-3- from α2-6-linked terminal sialic acids by careful analysis of oxonium ions released from glycopeptides in tandem MS/MS (MS2), and MS/MS/MS (MS3). Our analysis clearly demonstrated that all three bird species can produce complex N-glycans including α2-3-linked sialyl Lewis structures, as well as both N- and O- glycans terminated with both α2-3- and α2-6-linked Neu5Ac. We also found the recently identified putative IAV receptor structures, Man-6P N-glycopeptides, in all tissues of the three bird species. Furthermore, we found many similarities in the repertoires of expressed receptors both between the bird species investigated and to previously published data from pigs and humans. Our findings of sialylated glycan structures, previously anticipated to be mammalian specific, in all three bird species may have major implications for our understanding of the role of receptor incompatibility in interspecies transmission of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Baden-Württemberg DE-78315, Germany
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Olsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
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3
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Taylor LU, Ronconi RA, Spina HA, Jones MEB, Ogbunugafor CB, Ayala AJ. Limited Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) in Herring Gull Colony, Canada, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2150-2154. [PMID: 37619593 PMCID: PMC10521612 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In summer 2022, highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus reached the herring gull (Larus argentatus subspecies smithsonianus) breeding colony on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada. Real-time monitoring revealed a self-limiting outbreak with low mortality. Proactive seabird surveillance is crucial for monitoring such limited outbreaks, protecting seabirds, and tracing zoonotic transmission routes.
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4
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Niu J, Meng G. Roles and Mechanisms of NLRP3 in Influenza Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1339. [PMID: 37376638 DOI: 10.3390/v15061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viral infection represents a major challenge to human health. Due to the vast mucosal surface of respiratory tract exposed to the environment, host defense against influenza viruses has perpetually been a considerable challenge. Inflammasomes serve as vital components of the host innate immune system and play a crucial role in responding to viral infections. To cope with influenza viral infection, the host employs inflammasomes and symbiotic microbiota to confer effective protection at the mucosal surface in the lungs. This review article aims to summarize the current findings on the function of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) in host response to influenza viral infection involving various mechanisms including the gut-lung crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Niu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Life Science Research Building B-205, Shanghai 200031, China
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5
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Russo G, Crispino E, Maleki A, Di Salvatore V, Stanco F, Pappalardo F. Beyond the state of the art of reverse vaccinology: predicting vaccine efficacy with the universal immune system simulator for influenza. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:231. [PMID: 37271819 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When it was first introduced in 2000, reverse vaccinology was defined as an in silico approach that begins with the pathogen's genomic sequence. It concludes with a list of potential proteins with a possible, but not necessarily, list of peptide candidates that need to be experimentally confirmed for vaccine production. During the subsequent years, reverse vaccinology has dramatically changed: now it consists of a large number of bioinformatics tools and processes, namely subtractive proteomics, computational vaccinology, immunoinformatics, and in silico related procedures. However, the state of the art of reverse vaccinology still misses the ability to predict the efficacy of the proposed vaccine formulation. Here, we describe how to fill the gap by introducing an advanced immune system simulator that tests the efficacy of a vaccine formulation against the disease for which it has been designed. As a working example, we entirely apply this advanced reverse vaccinology approach to design and predict the efficacy of a potential vaccine formulation against influenza H5N1. Climate change and melting glaciers are critical due to reactivating frozen viruses and emerging new pandemics. H5N1 is one of the potential strains present in icy lakes that can raise a pandemic. Investigating structural antigen protein is the most profitable therapeutic pipeline to generate an effective vaccine against H5N1. In particular, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine based on predicted epitopes of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins that potentially trigger B-cells, CD4, and CD8 T-cell immune responses. Antigenicity and toxicity of all predicted CTL, Helper T-lymphocytes, and B-cells epitopes were evaluated, and both antigenic and non-allergenic epitopes were selected. From the perspective of advanced reverse vaccinology, the Universal Immune System Simulator, an in silico trial computational framework, was applied to estimate vaccine efficacy using a cohort of 100 digital patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Russo
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Crispino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Avisa Maleki
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Salvatore
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Stanco
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Pappalardo
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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6
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Hasan SMM, Sturm-Ramirez K, Kamal AHM, Islam MA, Rahman M, Kile JC, Kennedy ED, Gurley ES, Islam MS. Quail Rearing Practices and Potential for Avian Influenza Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:167-177. [PMID: 37455270 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, human influenza surveillance identified a human infection with A/H9N2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh with evidence of exposure to a sick quail. We conducted in-depth interviews with household quail caregivers, pet bird retail shop owners, and mobile vendors, key informant interviews with pet bird wholesale shop owners, one group discussion with pet bird retail shop workers and unstructured observations in households, pet bird wholesale and retail markets, and mobile bird vendor's travelling areas to explore quail rearing and selling practices among households, mobile vendors, and retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets in Dhaka. Every day, quail were supplied from 23 districts to two wholesale markets, and then sold to households and restaurants directly, or through bird shops and mobile vendors. All respondents (67) reported keeping quail with other birds in cages, feeding quail, cleaning feeding pots, removing quail faeces, slaughtering sick quail, and discarding dead quail. Children played with quail and assisted in slaughtering of quail. Most respondents (94%) reported rinsing hands with water only after slaughtering and disposing of wastes and dead quail. No personal protective equipment was used during any activities. Frequent unprotected contact with quail and their by-products potentially increased the risk of cross-species avian influenza virus transmission. Avian influenza surveillance in retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets, mobile vendors, and households may identify cases promptly and reduce the risk of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Murshid Hasan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Department of Society and Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Humanities, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James C Kile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin D Kennedy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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7
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Simancas-Racines A, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Zambrano AK, Simancas-Racines D. Avian Influenza: Strategies to Manage an Outbreak. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040610. [PMID: 37111496 PMCID: PMC10145843 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for disease control and outbreak eradication. AI is caused by an RNA virus part of the Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A is capable of infecting birds. AI pathogenicity is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus has a low mortality rate and ability to infect, whereas the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus can cross respiratory and intestinal barriers, diffuse to the blood, damage all tissues of the bird, and has a high mortality rate. Nowadays, avian influenza is a global public health concern due to its zoonotic potential. Wild waterfowl is the natural reservoir of AI viruses, and the oral-fecal path is the main transmission route between birds. Similarly, transmission to other species generally occurs after virus circulation in densely populated infected avian species, indicating that AI viruses can adapt to promote the spread. Moreover, HPAI is a notifiable animal disease; therefore, all countries must report infections to the health authorities. Regarding laboratory diagnoses, the presence of influenza virus type A can be identified by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunofluorescence assays, and enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISAs). Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is used for viral RNA detection and is considered the gold standard for the management of suspect and confirmed cases of AI. If there is suspicion of a case, epidemiological surveillance protocols must be initiated until a definitive diagnosis is obtained. Moreover, if there is a confirmed case, containment actions should be prompt and strict precautions must be taken when handling infected poultry cases or infected materials. The containment measures for confirmed cases include the sanitary slaughter of infected poultry using methods such as environment saturation with CO2, carbon dioxide foam, and cervical dislocation. For disposal, burial, and incineration, protocols should be followed. Lastly, disinfection of affected poultry farms must be carried out. The present review aims to provide an overview of the avian influenza virus, strategies for its management, the challenges an outbreak can generate, and recommendations for informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Simancas-Racines
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050108, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
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Yin X, Wu T, Peng C, Li J, Liu S, Hou G, Jiang W, Liu H. Genome sequence analysis of H7N3 subtype avian influenza virus originated from wild birds and its potential infectivity in mice. Virus Genes 2023; 59:240-243. [PMID: 36735176 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2021, an H7N3 avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from a mallard in Tianhewan Yellow River National Wetland Park, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Sequences analysis showed that this strain received its genes from H7, H6, H5, H3, and H1 AIVs of domestic poultry and wild birds in Asia and Europe. It was mild pathogenicity in mice. These results suggest the importance of continued surveillance of the H7N3 virus to better understand the ecology and evolution of the AIVs in poultry and wild birds and the potential threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
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Park JW, Ndimukaga M, So J, Kim S, Truong AD, Tran HTT, Dang HV, Song KD. Molecular analysis of chicken interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 gene and transcriptional regulation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:183-196. [PMID: 37093904 PMCID: PMC10119460 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), belonging to the FAM14 family of proteins and is localized in the mitochondrial membrane, where it plays a role in apoptosis. Transcriptional regulation of this gene is poorly understood in the context of inflammation by intracellular nucleic acid-sensing receptors and pathological conditions caused by viral infection. In this study, chicken IFI6 (chIFI6) was identified and studied for its molecular features and transcriptional regulation in chicken cells and tissues, i.e., lungs, spleens, and tracheas from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)-infected chickens. The chIFI6-coding sequences contained 1638 nucleotides encoding 107 amino acids in three exons, whereas the duck IFI6-coding sequences contained 495 nucleotides encoding 107 amino acids. IFI6 proteins from chickens, ducks, and quail contain an IF6/IF27-like superfamily domain. Expression of chIFI6 was higher in HPAIV-infected White Leghorn chicken lungs, spleens, and tracheas than in mock-infected controls. TLR3 signals regulate the transcription of chIFI6 in chicken DF-1 cells via the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways, indicating that multiple signaling pathways differentially contribute to the transcription of chIFI6. Further research is needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying IFI6 transcription, as well as the involvement of chIFI6 in the pathogenesis of HPAIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Marc Ndimukaga
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jaerung So
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sujung Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Vietnam National Institute of Veterinary
Research, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Vietnam National Institute of Veterinary
Research, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Vietnam National Institute of Veterinary
Research, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence
Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding
Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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10
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Kanaujia R, Bora I, Ratho RK, Thakur V, Mohi GK, Thakur P. Avian influenza revisited: concerns and constraints. Virusdisease 2022; 33:456-465. [PMID: 36320191 PMCID: PMC9614751 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AVI) is being known for its pandemic potential and devastating effects on poultry and birds. The AVI outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern because the Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) tends to evolve into a High pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) resulting in the rapid spread and significant outbreak in poultries. The containment should be rapid and stringent precautions should be taken in handling the infected poultry cases or infected materials. In general, AVI viruses do not replicate efficiently in humans, indicating that transmitting these viruses to humans directly is a very rare preference. However, the HPAI ability to the cross-species barrier and infect humans has been known for H5N1 and H7N9. Recently, the world's first human case of transmission of the H5N8 strain from the avian species to humans has been documented. In this recent scenario, it is worth discussing the strain variations, disease severity, economic loss, and effective controlling strategies for controlling avian influenza.
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11
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Petric PP, King J, Graf L, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Schwemmle M. Increased Polymerase Activity of Zoonotic H7N9 Allows Partial Escape from MxA. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112331. [PMID: 36366429 PMCID: PMC9695009 DOI: 10.3390/v14112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is a potent restriction factor that prevents zoonotic infection from influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H7N9. Individuals expressing antivirally inactive MxA variants are highly susceptible to these infections. However, human-adapted IAVs have acquired specific mutations in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) that allow escape from MxA-mediated restriction but that have not been observed in MxA-sensitive, human H7N9 isolates. To date, it is unknown whether H7N9 can adapt to escape MxA-mediated restriction. To study this, we infected Rag2-knockout (Rag2-/-) mice with a defect in T and B cell maturation carrying a human MxA transgene (MxAtg/-Rag2-/-). In these mice, the virus could replicate for several weeks facilitating host adaptation. In MxAtg/-Rag2-/-, but not in Rag2-/- mice, the well-described mammalian adaptation E627K in the viral polymerase subunit PB2 was acquired, but no variants with MxA escape mutations in NP were detected. Utilizing reverse genetics, we could show that acquisition of PB2 E627K allowed partial evasion from MxA restriction in MxAtg/tg mice. However, pretreatment with type I interferon decreased viral replication in these mice, suggesting that PB2 E627K is not a true MxA escape mutation. Based on these results, we speculate that it might be difficult for H7N9 to acquire MxA escape mutations in the viral NP. This is consistent with previous findings showing that MxA escape mutations cause severe attenuation of IAVs of avian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P. Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Spaulding F, McLaughlin JF, Glenn TC, Winker K. Estimating Movement Rates Between Eurasian and North American Birds That Are Vectors of Avian Influenza. Avian Dis 2022; 66:155-164. [PMID: 35510470 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that will likely be involved in future pandemics. Because waterbird movements are difficult to quantify, determining the host-specific risk of Eurasian-origin AI movements into North America is challenging. We estimated relative rates of movements, based on long-term evolutionary averages of gene flow, between Eurasian and North American waterbird populations to obtain bidirectional baseline rates of the intercontinental movements of these AI hosts. We used population genomics and coalescent-based demographic models to obtain these gene-flow-based movement estimates. Inferred rates of movement between these continental populations varies greatly among species. Within dabbling ducks, gene flow, relative to effective population size, varies from ∼3 to 24 individuals/generation between Eurasian and American wigeons (Mareca penelope and Mareca americana) to ∼100-300 individuals/generation between continental populations of northern pintails (Anas acuta). These are evolutionary long-term averages and provide a solid foundation for understanding the relative risks of each of these host species in potential intercontinental AI movements. We scale these values to census size for evaluation in that context. In addition to being AI hosts, many of these bird species are also important in the subsistence diets of Alaskans, increasing the risk of direct bird-to-human exposure to Eurasian-origin AI virus. We contrast species-specific rates of intercontinental movements with the importance of each species in Alaskan diets to understand the relative risk of these taxa to humans. Assuming roughly equivalent AI infection rates among ducks, greater scaup (Aythya marila), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and northern pintail (Anas acuta) were the top three species presenting the highest risks for intercontinental AI movement both within the natural system and through exposure to subsistence hunters. Improved data on AI infection rates in this region could further refine these relative risk assessments. These directly comparable, species-based intercontinental movement rates and relative risk rankings should help in modeling, monitoring, and mitigating the impacts of intercontinental host and AI movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Spaulding
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, .,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
| | - Jessica F McLaughlin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Kevin Winker
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775.,Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775
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13
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Duong BT, Bal J, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Molecular Analysis of the Avian H7 Influenza Viruses Circulating in South Korea during 2018-2019: Evolutionary Significance and Associated Zoonotic Threats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112260. [PMID: 34835066 PMCID: PMC8623559 DOI: 10.3390/v13112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, possessing the ability to mutate spontaneously from low pathogenic (LP) to highly pathogenic (HP) variants, are major concerns for enormous socio-economic losses in the poultry industry, as well as for fatal human infections. Through antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortments of the genotypes pose serious threats of increased virulence and pathogenicity leading to potential pandemics. In this study, we isolated the H7-subtype AIVs circulating in the Republic of Korea during 2018–2019, and perform detailed molecular analysis to study their circulation, evolution, and possible emergence as a zoonotic threat. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of these isolates revealed their distribution into two distinct clusters, with the HA gene sharing the highest nucleotide identity with either the A/common teal/Shanghai/CM1216/2017, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, or the A/duck/Shimane/2014, isolated from Japan. Mutations were found in HA (S138A (H3 numbering)), M1 (N30D and T215A), NS1 (P42S), PB2 (L89V), and PA (H266R and F277S) proteins—the mutations had previously been reported to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in the virulence of AIVs. Taken together, the results firmly put forth the demand for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds to prevent possible pandemics arising from reassortant AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tuan Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Jyotiranjan Bal
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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14
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Nguyen ATV, Hoang VT, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112192. [PMID: 34834997 PMCID: PMC8619638 DOI: 10.3390/v13112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. Surveillance during the 2018 winter season in South Korea revealed three H5N2 isolates in feces samples collected from wild birds (KNU18-28: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, KNU18-86: A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and KNU18-93: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China’s H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. Experiments reveal that viral replication in MDCK cells was quite high after 12 hpi, showing the ability to replicate in mouse lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) lung sections indicated different degrees of pathogenicity of the three H5N2 isolates in mice compared with that of the control H1N1 strain. The continuing circulation of these H5N2 viruses may represent a potential threat to mammals and humans. Our findings highlight the need for intensive surveillance of avian influenza virus circulation in South Korea to prevent the risks posed by these reassortment viruses to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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15
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Bissinger T, Wu Y, Marichal-Gallardo P, Riedel D, Liu X, Genzel Y, Tan WS, Reichl U. Towards integrated production of an influenza A vaccine candidate with MDCK suspension cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3996-4013. [PMID: 34219217 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics occur both in northern and southern hemispheres every year. Despite the differences in influenza virus surface antigens and virulence of seasonal subtypes, manufacturers are well-adapted to respond to this periodical vaccine demand. Due to decades of influenza virus research, the development of new influenza vaccines is relatively straight forward. In similarity with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, vaccine manufacturing is a major bottleneck for a rapid supply of the billions of doses required worldwide. In particular, egg-based vaccine production would be difficult to schedule and shortages of other egg-based vaccines with high demands also have to be anticipated. Cell culture-based production systems enable the manufacturing of large amounts of vaccines within a short time frame and expand significantly our options to respond to pandemics and emerging viral diseases. In this study, we present an integrated process for the production of inactivated influenza A virus vaccines based on a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) suspension cell line cultivated in a chemically defined medium. Very high titers of 3.6 log10 (HAU/100 µl) were achieved using fast-growing MDCK cells at concentrations up to 9.5 × 106 cells/ml infected with influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus in 1 L stirred tank bioreactors. A combination of membrane-based steric-exclusion chromatography followed by pseudo-affinity chromatography with a sulfated cellulose membrane adsorber enabled full recovery for the virus capture step and up to 80% recovery for the virus polishing step. Purified virus particles showed a homogenous size distribution with a mean diameter of 80 nm. Based on a monovalent dose of 15 µg hemagglutinin (single-radial immunodiffusion assay), the level of total protein and host cell DNA was 58 µg and 10 ng, respectively. Furthermore, all process steps can be fully scaled up to industrial quantities for commercial manufacturing of either seasonal or pandemic influenza virus vaccines. Fast production of up to 300 vaccine doses per liter within 4-5 days makes this process competitive not only to other cell-based processes but to egg-based processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bissinger
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yixiao Wu
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Pavel Marichal-Gallardo
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Facility for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Shanghai, China
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Mutisari D, Muflihanah M, Wibawa H, Hendrawati F, Putra HH, Sulistyo KP, Ahmad A, Sjahril R, Mubin RH, Sari DK, Massi MN. Phylogenetic analysis of HPAI H5N1 virus from duck swab specimens in Indonesia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:346-354. [PMID: 34395607 PMCID: PMC8280988 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A phylogenetic study was carried out on the avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from a disease outbreak in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 2018. Material and Methods: Oropharyngeal swabs and organ samples were obtained from ducks that showed clinical symptoms: torticollis, fascial edema, neurological disorders, the corneas appear cloudy, and death occurs less than 1 day after symptoms appear. In this study, isolate A/duck/Sidenreng Rappang/07180110-11/2018 from duck was sequenced and characterized. Results: It was found that each gene segment of the virus has the highest nucleotide homology to the Indonesian highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c. Multiple alignments of the sample Hemagglutinin (HA) gene with the avian influenza references virus showed that the pattern of amino acid arrangement in the cleavage site PQRERRRK-RGLF is the characteristic of the HPAI virus. In addition, the HA gene contained Q222 (glutamine) and G224 (glycine), signifying a high affinity to avian receptor binding specificity (SA α2,3 Gal). Furthermore, there was no genetic reassortment of this virus based on the phylogenetic analysis of HA, NA, PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M, and NS genes. Conclusion: The HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c virus was identified in duck farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Mutisari
- Master of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.,Disease Investigation Center Maros, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Maros, Indonesia
| | - Muflihanah Muflihanah
- Disease Investigation Center Maros, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Maros, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Disease Investigation Center Wates, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ferra Hendrawati
- Disease Investigation Center Maros, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Maros, Indonesia
| | - Hamdu Hamjaya Putra
- Disease Investigation Center Maros, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Maros, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Priscillia Sulistyo
- Disease Investigation Center Maros, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Maros, Indonesia
| | - Ahyar Ahmad
- Departement of Chemistry, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rizalinda Sjahril
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Risna Halim Mubin
- Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Kesuma Sari
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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17
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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050630. [PMID: 34065291 PMCID: PMC8161317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
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18
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Yang W, Schountz T, Ma W. Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040547. [PMID: 33805956 PMCID: PMC8064322 DOI: 10.3390/v13040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has permitted significant progress to understand their biology, which include unique features compared to all other known influenza A viruses. In addition, an H9N2-like influenza A virus was isolated from Old World bats and it shows similar characteristics of normal influenza A viruses. In this review, current status and perspective on influenza A viruses identified in bats is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tony Schountz
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Tang W, Li X, Tang L, Wang T, He G. Characterization of the low-pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus in Shanghai, China. Poult Sci 2020; 100:565-574. [PMID: 33518109 PMCID: PMC7858150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza virus (AIV) can divided into low-pathogenic AIV and high-pathogenic AIV groups. It has been shown to infect humans and animals. Its prevalence state in wild birds in China remains largely unclear. In this study, a new strain of H7N7 AIV, designated CM1216, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, was characterized. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of CM1216 revealed that HA, NA, PB1, NP, and M genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Japan H7 subtype AIV circulated in 2019; the PB2 and PA genes shared the highest nucleotide identity with the Korea H7 subtype AIV circulated in wild birds in 2018, while NS gene of CM1216 was 98.93% identical to that of the duck AIV circulating in Bangladesh, and they all belong to the Eurasian lineage. A Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of the 2 surface genes of CM1216 showed that multiple reassortments might have occurred in 2015. Mutations were found in HA (A135 T, T136S, and T160 A [H3 numbering]), M1 (N30D and T215 A), NS1 (P42S and D97 E), PB2 (R389 K), and PA (N383D) proteins; these mutations have been shown to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in virulence of AIVs. Infection studies demonstrated that CM1216 could infect mice and cause symptoms characteristic of influenza virus infection and proliferate in the lungs without prior adaption. This study demonstrates the need for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds and detection of their evolution to become a virus with high pathogenicity and ability to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- College of Agricultural, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Renu S, Renukaradhya GJ. Chitosan Nanoparticle Based Mucosal Vaccines Delivered Against Infectious Diseases of Poultry and Pigs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:558349. [PMID: 33282847 PMCID: PMC7691491 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.558349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease of poultry and pig are major threat to health and cause severe economic loss to the food industry and a global food safety issue. Poultry and pig act as a mixing vessel of zoonotic transmission of disease to humans. Effective mucosal vaccines used in animals could reduce the impact of diseases in food animals. Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer, and its positive charge makes it a natural mucoadhesive agent. Therefore, since last one-decade chitosan derived nanoparticles (CS NPs) have been in use widely to deliver vaccine antigens in animals through mucosal route. Primary route of entry of most infectious disease pathogen is through oral and nasal routes, and the CS NPs based vaccines delivered through that routes enhance the immunogenicity of encapsulated vaccine antigens by targeting the cargo to mucosal microfold cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Resulting in induction of robust secretory and systemic antibodies and/or cell mediated immune response which provides protection against infections. To date, CS NPs is being widely used for mucosal vaccine delivery in poultry and pigs to control bacterial and viral infections, and tested in several preclinical trials for vaccine delivery in humans. In this review, we highlighted the progress so far made in using CS NPs as a vehicle for mucosal vaccine delivery against infectious and zoonotic diseases of poultry and pigs. Discussed about the need of CS NPs modifications, CS NPs based vaccines induced immune responses and its role in protection, and challenges in vaccination and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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21
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Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Islam A, Rahman MM, Chowdhury MNU, Nine HSMZ, Rahman MK, Järhult JD, Hoque MA. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030122. [PMID: 32882787 PMCID: PMC7558454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1-14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72-10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox's Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Md. M. Rahman
- Bhanghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar 4740, Bangladesh;
| | | | | | - Md. K. Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Md. A. Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
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22
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Qi Y, Ni HB, Chen X, Li S. Seroprevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus infection among humans in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1861-1871. [PMID: 32259345 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the effective transmission of the H5N1 virus from humans to humans has yet to be further observed, humans are at increased risk of a pandemic caused by H5N1. In order to fully evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factor of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection among in mainland China, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this review, we searched literature on the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans in mainland China from 1 January 1997 to 20 October 2018 in English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Google scholar, Cochrane library, Clinical Trial, VIP, CNKI and WanFang database. We made a selection according to the title and the abstract of paper, and then, we excluded duplicated literature, and data incomplete literature according to the exclusion criteria we formulated. Finally, we extracted how many humans have H5N1 infection from the obtained studies to establish the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans in mainland China. A total of 56 studies (including data of 35,159 humans) were compliant with our criteria. In China, the overall seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans was 2.45% (862/35,159), while the seroprevalence of H5N1 infection among humans from central China was 7.32% (213/2,911), higher than those in other regions of China. The seroprevalence of H5N1 infection was associated with test method, sampling time and demographic characteristics of humans. However, there was no significant difference in the effect of gender on the seroprevalence of H5N1 among humans in China. The purpose of this review was to better understand the real infection rate of H5N1 virus among humans and evaluate the potential risk factors for the zoonotic spread of H5N1 virus to humans. Sufficient epidemiological data are important to explore and understand the prevalent status of AIVs throughout the country and to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Qi
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Shenghe Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal nutritional regulation and health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
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Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050541. [PMID: 32423002 PMCID: PMC7290818 DOI: 10.3390/v12050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of human infections with avian and swine influenza viruses continues to rise, the pandemic risk posed by zoonotic influenza viruses cannot be underestimated. Implementation of global pandemic preparedness efforts has largely focused on H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses; however, the pandemic threat posed by other subtypes of avian influenza viruses, especially the H9 subtype, should not be overlooked. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the emergence, prevalence and risk assessment of H9N2 viruses, and add new molecular analyses of key mammalian adaptation markers in the hemagglutinin and polymerase proteins. Available evidence has demonstrated that H9N2 viruses within the Eurasian lineage continue to evolve, leading to the emergence of viruses with an enhanced receptor binding preference for human-like receptors and heightened polymerase activity in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of certain mammalian adaptation markers and the enhanced transmissibility of selected viruses in mammalian animal models add to the pandemic risk posed by this virus subtype. Continued surveillance of zoonotic H9N2 influenza viruses, inclusive of close genetic monitoring and phenotypic characterization in animal models, should be included in our pandemic preparedness efforts.
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24
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Tung MC, Lu HY, Chang YK, Huang WR, Liao TL, Wu HY, Chang CD, Fan HC, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Baculovirus surface display of the HA protein of H5N2 avian influenza virus and its immunogenicity against a lethal challenge with H5N1 virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108640. [PMID: 32273019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have generated several H5N2 HA recombinant baculoviruses for production of a HA subunit vaccine against the lethal H5N2 avian influenza virus (AIV). The effective display of functional HA on the cell membrane and baculoviral envelope was examined. Our results reveal that chickens immunized with the chimeric AIV HA protein fused with the baculovirus gp64 cytoplasmic domain (CTD) induced higher HI titer. To further increase the expression level of the H5N2 AIV HA protein, the HA gene of H5N2 AIV was amplified and cloned into three novel baculovirus surface display vectors BacDual DisplayEGFP-2HA, BacDual DisplayEGFP-3HA, BacDual DisplayEGFP-4HA which contains multiple expression cassettes for higher level display of HA proteins on the cell membrane and baculovirus envelope. To determine the optimum conditions for producing HA protein, various MOI, infection times, and shaker times for virus transfection were tested. Our results reveal that the conditions of an MOI of 5, 3 day post infection, and 15 min of shaker time have higher efficiency for HA protein production. Our results reveal that the baculovirus surface display vector pBacDual DisplayEGFP-4HA increases significantly the expression level of the H5N2 AIV HA protein. Chickens that received two doses of BacDual DisplayEGFP-4HA cell lysates formulated with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant elicited efficient immunogenicity and had an average HI titer of 7 log2 at 2 weeks post-vaccination. Challenge studies revealed that vaccinated chickens with HI titers 5 log2 were completely protected against the lethal H5N1 AIV challenge. Furthermore, HI titers could be maintained at 5 log2 for 20 weeks for laying hens. This study suggests that the HA protein expression from the baculovirus surface display system could be a safe and efficacious subunit vaccine for chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Department of Stomatology & Medical Research, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Stomatology & Medical Research, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Depertment of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine and Management, Hou-Loung Town, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Ph. D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Dong Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Stomatology & Medical Research, Tung's Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brent L Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Ph. D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121114. [PMID: 31810278 PMCID: PMC6950424 DOI: 10.3390/v11121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-mediated host factors myxovirus (Mx) proteins are key features in regulating influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Viral polymerases are essential for viral replication. The Mx1 protein has been known to interact with viral nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2, resulting in the influence of polymerase activity and providing interspecies restriction. The equine influenza virus has evolved as an independent lineage to influenza viruses from other species. We estimated the differences in antiviral activities between human MxA (huMxA) and equine Mx1 (eqMx1) against a broad range of IAV strains. We found that huMxA has antiviral potential against IAV strains from non-human species, whereas eqMx1 could only inhibit the polymerase activity of non-equine species. Here, we demonstrated that NP is the main target of eqMx1. Subsequently, we found adaptive mutations in the NP of strains A/equine/Jilin/1/1989 (H3N8JL89) and A/chicken/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013 (H7N9ZJ13) that confer eqMx1 resistance and sensitivity respectively. A substantial reduction in Mx1 resistance was observed for the two mutations G34S and H52N in H3N8JL89 NP. Thus, eqMx1 is an important dynamic force in IAV nucleoprotein evolution. We, therefore, suggest that the amino acids responsible for Mx1 resistance should be regarded as a robust indicator for the pandemic potential of lately evolving IAVs.
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Chang P, Ameen F, Sealy JE, Sadeyen JR, Bhat S, Li Y, Iqbal M. Application of HDR-CRISPR/Cas9 and Erythrocyte Binding for Rapid Generation of Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus-Vectored Avian Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040192. [PMID: 31766655 PMCID: PMC6963405 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious and have caused huge economical loss to the poultry industry. AIV vaccines remain one of the most effective methods of controlling this disease. Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) is a commonly used live attenuated vaccine against Marek’s disease; it has also been used as a viral vector for recombinant AIV vaccine development. The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is a gene editing tool which, in vaccinology, has facilitated the development of recombinant DNA viral-vectored vaccines. Here, we utilize homology-directed repair (HDR) for the generation of a HVT–H7N9 HA bivalent vaccine; a H7N9 HA expression cassette was inserted into the intergenic region between UL45 and UL46 of HVT. To optimize the selection efficiency of our bivalent vaccine, we combined CRISPR/Cas9 with erythrocyte binding to rapidly generate recombinant HVT–H7HA candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Chang
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.C.); (J.E.S.); (J.-R.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Faisal Ameen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Joshua E. Sealy
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.C.); (J.E.S.); (J.-R.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.C.); (J.E.S.); (J.-R.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sushant Bhat
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.C.); (J.E.S.); (J.-R.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
- Sino–UK Joint Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.C.); (J.E.S.); (J.-R.S.); (S.B.)
- Sino–UK Joint Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing 100097, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1483-231441
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27
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The effects of climate change on avian migratory patterns and the dispersal of commercial poultry diseases in Canada - Part II. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Kaoud H, Hussein H, El-Dahshan A, Kaliefa H, Rohaim M. Co-circulation of avian influenza viruses in commercial farms, backyards and live market birds in Egypt. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.A. Kaoud
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - H.A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - A.R. El-Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - H.S. Kaliefa
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - M.A. Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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29
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Krishnakumar V, Durairajan SSK, Alagarasu K, Li M, Dash AP. Recent Updates on Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency, Influenza, and Dengue Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030252. [PMID: 30871179 PMCID: PMC6466164 DOI: 10.3390/v11030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test vaccines, anti-viral drugs and therapeutic agents, mouse models are fundamental for preclinical investigations. Human viruses, however, seldom infect mice due to differences in the cellular receptors used by the viruses for entry, as well as in the innate immune responses in mice and humans. In other words, a species barrier exists when using mouse models for investigating human viral infections. Developing transgenic (Tg) mice models expressing the human genes coding for viral entry receptors and knock-out (KO) mice models devoid of components involved in the innate immune response have, to some extent, overcome this barrier. Humanized mouse models are a third approach, developed by engrafting functional human cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice. They are becoming indispensable for analyzing human viral diseases since they nearly recapitulate the human disease. These mouse models also serve to test the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents. This review provides an update on the Tg, KO, and humanized mouse models that are used in studies investigating the pathogenesis of three important human-specific viruses, namely human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus 1, influenza, and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodhini Krishnakumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India.
| | | | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Min Li
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.
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30
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Zhang T, Zhao H, Wang J, Han GZ. Wild birds do not harbor higher diversity of influenza virus internal genes than poultry. Virology 2019; 530:59-64. [PMID: 30776509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) has threatened global economy and public health. Wild birds have long been thought to serve as the natural reservoir of influenza virus, and thus it is expected that wild birds harbor higher viral diversity than poultry. Yet, this hypothesis has not been formally tested. Here, we assemble a data set of AIV from 75 regions worldwide over 11 years and compare the genetic diversity of wild bird AIV with that of poultry AIV. We find the genetic diversity of the internal genes of AIV in wild birds is not significantly higher than that in poultry. We propose that the unexpected diversity pattern of AIV internal genes could be explained by the synchronized global sweep of AIV internal genes occurring in the late 1800s and frequent AIV transmission between wild birds and poultry. Our findings might have important implications in understanding the evolution of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Huayao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A Viruses Escape Human MxA Restriction through Distinct Mutations in Their Nucleoprotein. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00997-18. [PMID: 30355693 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00997-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To cross the human species barrier, influenza A viruses (IAV) of avian origin have to overcome the interferon-induced host restriction factor MxA by acquiring distinct mutations in their nucleoprotein (NP). We recently demonstrated that North American classical swine IAV are able to partially escape MxA restriction. Here we investigated whether the Eurasian avian-like swine IAV lineage currently circulating in European swine would likewise evade restriction by human MxA. We found that the NP of the influenza virus isolate A/Swine/Belzig/2/2001 (Belzig-NP) exhibits increased MxA escape, similar in extent to that with human IAV NPs. Mutational analysis revealed that the MxA escape mutations in Belzig-NP differ from the known MxA resistance cluster of the North American classical swine lineage and human-derived IAV NPs. A mouse-adapted avian IAV of the H7N7 subtype encoding Belzig-NP showed significantly greater viral growth in both MxA-expressing cells and MxA-transgenic mice than control viruses lacking the MxA escape mutations. Similarly, the growth of the recombinant Belzig virus was only marginally affected in MxA-expressing cells and MxA-transgenic mice, in contrast to that of Belzig mutant viruses lacking MxA escape mutations in the NP. Phylogenetic analysis of the Eurasian avian-like swine IAV revealed that the NP amino acids required for MxA escape were acquired successively and were maintained after their introduction. Our results suggest that the circulation of IAV in the swine population can result in the selection of NP variants with a high degree of MxA resistance, thereby increasing the zoonotic potential of these viruses.
IMPORTANCE The human MxA protein efficiently blocks the replication of IAV from nonhuman species. In rare cases, however, these IAV overcome the species barrier and become pandemic. All known pandemic viruses have acquired and maintained MxA escape mutations in the viral NP and thus are not efficiently controlled by MxA. Intriguingly, partial MxA resistance can also be acquired in other hosts that express antivirally active Mx proteins, such as swine. To perform a risk assessment of IAV circulating in the European swine population, we analyzed the degree of MxA resistance of Eurasian avian-like swine IAV. Our data demonstrate that these viruses carry formerly undescribed Mx resistance mutations in the NP that mediate efficient escape from human MxA. We conclude that Eurasian avian-like swine IAV possess substantial zoonotic potential.
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Zou S, Zhang Y, Li X, Bo H, Wei H, Dong L, Yang L, Dong J, Liu J, Shu Y, Wang D. Molecular characterization and receptor binding specificity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses based on poultry-related environmental surveillance in China between 2013 and 2016. Virology 2019; 529:135-143. [PMID: 30703577 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have become panzootic and caused sporadic human cases since 1998. Based on the poultry-related environmental surveillance data in mainland China from 2013 to 2016, a total of 68 representative environment isolates were selected and further investigated systematically. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Y280-like H9N2 viruses have been predominant during 2013-2016 and acquired multiple specific amino acid substitutions that might favor viral transmission from avian to mammalians. Additionally, the viruses have undergone dramatic evolution and reassortment, resulting in an increased genetic diversity or acting as the gene contributors to new avian viruses. Receptor-binding tests indicated that most of the H9N2 isolates bound to human-type receptor, making them easily cross the species barrier and infect human efficiently. Our results suggested that the H9N2 AIVs prevalent in poultry may pose severe public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hejiang Wei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libo Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Bilal M, Wang S, Iqbal HMN, Zhao Y, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced shikimate biosynthesis: current scenario and future developments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7759-7773. [PMID: 30014168 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is an important intermediate for the manufacture of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) and many other pharmaceutical compounds. Much of its existing supply is obtained from the seeds of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum). Nevertheless, plants cannot supply a stable source of affordable shikimate along with laborious and cost-expensive extraction and purification process. Microbial biosynthesis of shikimate through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches represents a sustainable, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly route than plant-based methods. Metabolic engineering allows elevated shikimate production titer by inactivating the competing pathways, increasing intracellular level of key precursors, and overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes. The development of synthetic and systems biology-based novel technologies have revealed a new roadmap for the construction of high shikimate-producing strains. This review elaborates the enhanced biosynthesis of shikimate by utilizing an array of traditional metabolic engineering along with novel advanced technologies. The first part of the review is focused on the mechanistic pathway for shikimate production, use of recombinant and engineered strains, improving metabolic flux through the shikimate pathway, chemically inducible chromosomal evolution, and bioprocess engineering strategies. The second part discusses a variety of industrially pertinent compounds derived from shikimate with special reference to aromatic amino acids and phenazine compound, and main engineering strategies for their production in diverse bacterial strains. Towards the end, the work is wrapped up with concluding remarks and future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Songwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Voorhees IEH, Dalziel BD, Glaser A, Dubovi EJ, Murcia PR, Newbury S, Toohey-Kurth K, Su S, Kriti D, Van Bakel H, Goodman LB, Leutenegger C, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Multiple Incursions and Recurrent Epidemic Fade-Out of H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus in the United States. J Virol 2018; 92:e00323-18. [PMID: 29875234 PMCID: PMC6069211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00323-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) transferred to dogs in Asia around 2005, becoming enzootic throughout China and South Korea before reaching the United States in early 2015. To understand the posttransfer evolution and epidemiology of this virus, particularly the cause of recent and ongoing increases in incidence in the United States, we performed an integrated analysis of whole-genome sequence data from 64 newly sequenced viruses and comprehensive surveillance data. This revealed that the circulation of H3N2 CIV within the United States is typified by recurrent epidemic burst-fade-out dynamics driven by multiple introductions of virus from Asia. Although all major viral lineages displayed similar rates of genomic sequence evolution, H3N2 CIV consistently exhibited proportionally more nonsynonymous substitutions per site than those in avian reservoir viruses, which is indicative of a large-scale change in selection pressures. Despite these genotypic differences, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution or increased viral transmission, with epidemiological models indicating a basic reproductive number, R0, of between 1 and 1.5 across nearly all U.S. outbreaks, consistent with maintained but heterogeneous circulation. We propose that CIV's mode of viral circulation may have resulted in evolutionary cul-de-sacs, in which there is little opportunity for the selection of the more transmissible H3N2 CIV phenotypes necessary to enable circulation through a general dog population characterized by widespread contact heterogeneity. CIV must therefore rely on metapopulations of high host density (such as animal shelters and kennels) within the greater dog population and reintroduction from other populations or face complete epidemic extinction.IMPORTANCE The relatively recent appearance of influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics in dogs expands our understanding of IAV host range and ecology, providing useful and relevant models for understanding critical factors involved in viral emergence. Here we integrate viral whole-genome sequence analysis and comprehensive surveillance data to examine the evolution of the emerging avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV), particularly the factors driving ongoing circulation and recent increases in incidence of the virus within the United States. Our results provide a detailed understanding of how H3N2 CIV achieves sustained circulation within the United States despite widespread host contact heterogeneity and recurrent epidemic fade-out. Moreover, our findings suggest that the types and intensities of selection pressures an emerging virus experiences are highly dependent on host population structure and ecology and may inhibit an emerging virus from acquiring sustained epidemic or pandemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harm Van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Hamid S, Arima Y, Dueger E, Konings F, Bell L, Lee CK, Luo D, Otsu S, Olowokure B, Li A. From H5N1 to HxNy: An epidemiologic overview of human infections with avian influenza in the Western Pacific Region, 2003-2017. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2018; 9:53-67. [PMID: 31832254 PMCID: PMC6902648 DOI: 10.3565/wpsar.2018.9.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzo Arima
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Erica Dueger
- WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Leila Bell
- WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
| | | | - Dapeng Luo
- WHO Country Office Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | | | - Ailan Li
- WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
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García-Pérez CA, Guo X, Navarro JG, Aguilar DAG, Lara-Ramírez EE. Proteome-wide analysis of human motif-domain interactions mapped on influenza a virus. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:238. [PMID: 29940841 PMCID: PMC6019528 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The influenza A virus (IAV) is a constant threat for humans worldwide. The understanding of motif-domain protein participation is essential to combat the pathogen. Results In this study, a data mining approach was employed to extract influenza-human Protein-Protein interactions (PPI) from VirusMentha,Virus MINT, IntAct, and Pfam databases, to mine motif-domain interactions (MDIs) stored as Regular Expressions (RegExp) in 3DID database. A total of 107 RegExp related to human MDIs were searched on 51,242 protein fragments from H1N1, H1N2, H2N2, H3N2 and H5N1 strains obtained from Virus Variation database. A total 46 MDIs were frequently mapped on the IAV proteins and shared between the different strains. IAV kept host-like MDIs that were associated with the virus survival, which could be related to essential biological process such as microtubule-based processes, regulation of cell cycle check point, regulation of replication and transcription of DNA, etc. in human cells. The amino acid motifs were searched for matches in the immune epitope database and it was found that some motifs are part of experimentally determined epitopes on IAV, implying that such interactions exist. Conclusion The directed data-mining method employed could be used to identify functional motifs in other viruses for envisioning new therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2237-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A García-Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Xianwu Guo
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Edgar E Lara-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Interior Alameda # 45, Colonia Centro, CP. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Bing G, Zhang X, Wang C, Wang M, Sun Y, Wu S, Lin X, Pu J, Liu J, Sun H. The use of pyrosequencing for detection of hemagglutinin mutations associated with increased pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in mammals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:619-622. [PMID: 29633913 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718769951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage is critical for virulence of influenza viruses. The amino acid residue at the P6 position of the HA cleavage site (HACS) has been shown to be most variable and to have a direct correlation with the cleavage efficiency and pathogenicity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in mammals. Among these amino acid variants, serine has been associated with the highest virulence in mammals, and its detection may serve as an indicator for H5N1 AIVs with high pathogenicity and potential public risk. We developed a rapid detection method based on reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR and pyrosequencing to detect a mutation at the HACS that is associated with increased pathogenicity of H5N1 AIVs in mammals. Herein, we provide a specific, sensitive, and reliable method for rapid detection of one of the virulence determinants associated with increased pathogenicity of H5N1 AIVs in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Guoxia Bing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Xuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (Chenxi Wang, X Zhang, M Wang, Y Sun, Pu, Liu, H Sun).,Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (Y Zhang, Caixia Wang, Wu, Lin).,China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China (Bing)
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Pringproa K, Srivorakul S, Tantilertcharoen R, Thanawongnuwech R. Restricted Infection and Cytokine Expression in Primary Murine Astrocytes Induced by the H5N1 Influenza Virus. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang H, Li Z, Niu J, Xu Y, Ma L, Lu A, Wang X, Qian Z, Huang Z, Jin X, Leng Q, Wang J, Zhong J, Sun B, Meng G. Antiviral effects of ferric ammonium citrate. Cell Discov 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 29619244 PMCID: PMC5871618 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for cell survival and is crucial for DNA replication, mitochondrial function and erythropoiesis. However, the immunological role of iron in viral infections has not been well defined. Here we found the iron salt ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) inhibited Influenza A virus, HIV virus, Zika virus, and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections. Of note, both iron ion and citrate ion were required for the antiviral capability of FAC, as other iron salts and citrates did not exhibit viral inhibition. Mechanistically, FAC inhibited viral infection through inducing viral fusion and blocking endosomal viral release. These were further evidenced by the fact that FAC induced liposome aggregation and intracellular vesicle fusion, which was associated with a unique iron-dependent cell death. Our results demonstrate a novel antiviral function of FAC and suggest a therapeutic potential for iron in the control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Niu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfen Xu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Ailing Lu
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- 2Shanghai Blood Center, 200051 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhikang Qian
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Jin
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Sun
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
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Lee DW, Whittaker GR. Use of AAScatterPlot tool for monitoring the evolution of the hemagglutinin cleavage site in H9 avian influenza viruses. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:2431-2435. [PMID: 28383669 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Viruses rapidly evolve due to their error-prone genome replication, and identifying which mutations are selected for during evolution is critical for virus surveillance efforts. Here we introduce a scatter plot tool (AAScatterPlot) that easily shows the selection and avoidance of certain protein mutations based on biochemical properties. We demonstrate its utility for monitoring the evolution of H9 avian influenza viruses from China between 2005 and 2015, particularly at the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (PCS) that can affect virus activation and pathogenicity. Results Given genome sequences, the AAScatterPlot tool compacts into a single plot, information about the hydropathy index, Van der Waals volume, chemical property and occurrence frequency of amino acid residues. The tool also shows the range of residues that could arise from a single point mutation in the genome, which can then be compared against the observed residues to identify mutation constraints. Through this approach, we found that the 2nd position towards the N-terminus side of the HA PCS (P2 position) avoided hydrophobic residues, whereas the P3 position avoided hydrophilic residues. Availability and Implementation AAScatterPlot is available at https://github.com/WhittakerLab/AAScatterPlot. Contact gary.whittaker@cornell.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01300-17. [PMID: 28931674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01300-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 and avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H9N2 among poultry in Egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in Egypt. The present investigations proved that reassortants of the Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and H9N2 virus of the G1-B lineage can be generated by coamplification in embryonated chicken eggs. Reassortants were restricted to the H5N1 subtype and acquired between two and all six of the internal segments of the H9N2 virus. Five selected plaque-purified reassortant clones expressed a broad phenotypic spectrum both in vitro and in vivo Two groups of reassortants were characterized to have retarded growth characteristics in vitro compared to the H5N1 parent virus. One clone provoked reduced mortality in inoculated chickens, although the characteristics of a highly pathogenic phenotype were retained. Enhanced zoonotic properties were not predicted for any of these clones, and this prediction was confirmed by ferret inoculation experiments: neither the H5N1 parent virus nor two selected clones induced severe clinical symptoms or were transmitted to sentinel ferrets by contact. While the emergence of reassortants of Egyptian HPAIV of subtype H5N1 with internal gene segments of cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle, the spread of such viruses is expected to be governed by their fitness to outcompete the parental viruses in the field. The eventual spread of attenuated phenotypes, however, would negatively impact syndrome surveillance on poultry farms and might foster enzootic virus circulation.IMPORTANCE Despite almost 6 years of the continuous cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and avian influenza virus H9N2 in poultry in Egypt, no reassortants of the two subtypes have been reported. Here, the principal compatibility of the two subtypes is shown by forcing the reassortment between copassaged H5N1 und H9N2 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs. The resulting reassortant viruses displayed a wide range of pathogenicity including attenuated phenotypes in chickens, but did not show enhanced zoonotic propensities in the ferret model.
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Cristalli A, Morini M, Comin A, Capello K, Sunn K, Martini M. Avian influenza epidemiology in semi-intensive free ranging duck flocks of the Moyingyi Wetland in Bago East District, Myanmar. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:251-257. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sornpet B, Potha T, Tragoolpua Y, Pringproa K. Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:871-876. [PMID: 29080615 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the antiviral properties of the five Asian medicinal plants against in vitro infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). METHODS Crude extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa (C. longa), Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Kaempferia parviflora (K. parviflora), and Psidium guajava obtained by both water and ethanol extractions were investigated for their cytotoxicity in the Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Thereafter, they were investigated in vitro for antiviral activity and cytokine response upon H5N1 virus infection. RESULTS The results revealed that both water and ethanol extracts of all the five studied plants showed significant antiviral activity against H5N1 virus. Among these plants, C. longa and K. parviflora showed strong anti-H5N1 activity. Thus, they were selected for further studies on their cytokine response upon virus infection. It was found that ethanol and water crude extracts of C. longa and K. parviflora induced significant upregulation of TNF-α and IFN-β mRNA expressions, suggesting their roles in the inhibition of H5N1 virus replication. CONCLUSIONS To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the earliest reports to illustrate the antiviral property of these Asian medicinal plants against the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The results of this study shed light on alternative therapeutic sources for treatment of H5N1 influenza virus infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Sornpet
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Potha
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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Yu Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang X, Li B, Ren X, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Liu S, Hu P, Qi W, Liao M. Biological Characterizations of H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses Embodying Different Neuraminidases. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1084. [PMID: 28659898 PMCID: PMC5469879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The H5 subtype virus of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry and is a threat to human health. Until 2010, H5N1 subtype virus was the major genotype in China. Since 2011, reassortant H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8 viruses were identified in domestic poultry in China. The clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and H5N8 AIV has now spread to most of China. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus has caused 17 human deaths. However, the prevalence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of the distinct NA reassortment with H5 subtypes viruses (H5Nx) is unknown. We constructed five clade 2.3.4.4 reassortant H5Nx viruses that shared the same HA and six internal gene segments. The NA gene segment was replaced with N1, N2, N6, ΔN6 (with an 11 amino acid deletion at the 58th to 68th of NA stalk region), and N8 strains, respectively. The reassortant viruses with distinct NAs of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 subtype had different degrees of fitness. All reassortant H5Nx viruses formed plaques on MDCK cell monolayers, but the ΔH5N6 grew more efficiently in mammalian and avian cells. The reassortant H5Nx viruses were more virulent in mice as compared to the H5N2 virus. The H5N6 and H5N8 reassortant viruses exhibited enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility in chickens as compared to the H5N1 reassortant virus. We suggest that comprehensive surveillance work should be undertaken to monitor the H5Nx viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandi Yu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zaoyue Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhui Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zeng
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shukai Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Pingsheng Hu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
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Papp Z, Clark RG, Parmley EJ, Leighton FA, Waldner C, Soos C. The ecology of avian influenza viruses in wild dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) in Canada. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176297. [PMID: 28475626 PMCID: PMC5419510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) occurrence and transmission remain important wildlife and human health issues in much of the world, including in North America. Through Canada’s Inter-Agency Wild Bird Influenza Survey, close to 20,000 apparently healthy, wild dabbling ducks (of seven species) were tested for AIV between 2005 and 2011. We used these data to identify and evaluate ecological and demographic correlates of infection with low pathogenic AIVs in wild dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) across Canada. Generalized linear mixed effects model analyses revealed that risk of AIV infection was higher in hatch-year birds compared to adults, and was positively associated with a high proportion of hatch-year birds in the population. Males were more likely to be infected than females in British Columbia and in Eastern Provinces of Canada, but more complex relationships among age and sex cohorts were found in the Prairie Provinces. A species effect was apparent in Eastern Canada and British Columbia, where teal (A. discors and/or A. carolinensis) were less likely to be infected than mallards (A. platyrhynchos). Risk of AIV infection increased with the density of the breeding population, in both Eastern Canada and the Prairie Provinces, and lower temperatures preceding sampling were associated with a higher probability of AIV infection in Eastern Canada. Our results provide new insights into the ecological and demographic factors associated with AIV infection in waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Papp
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robert G. Clark
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - E. Jane Parmley
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederick A. Leighton
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mutations during the Adaptation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Epithelium of Pigs Enhance Sialic Acid Binding Activity and Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02125-16. [PMID: 28148793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02125-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir for influenza viruses is waterfowl, and from there they succeeded in crossing the barrier to different mammalian species. We analyzed the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to a mammalian host by passaging an H9N2 strain three times in differentiated swine airway epithelial cells. Using precision-cut slices from the porcine lung to passage the parental virus, isolates from each of the three passages (P1 to P3) were characterized by assessing growth curves and ciliostatic effects. The only difference noted was an increased growth kinetics of the P3 virus. Sequence analysis revealed four mutations: one each in the PB2 and NS1 proteins and two in the HA protein. The HA mutations, A190V and T212I, were characterized by generating recombinant viruses containing either one or both amino acid exchanges. Whereas the parental virus recognized α2,3-linked sialic acids preferentially, the HA190 mutant bound to a broad spectrum of glycans with α2,6/8/9-linked sialic acids. The HA212 mutant alone differed only slightly from the parental virus; however, the combination of both mutations (HA190+HA212) increased the binding affinity to those glycans recognized by the HA190 mutant. Remarkably, only the HA double mutant showed a significantly increased pathogenicity in mice. In contrast, none of those mutations affected the ciliary activity of the epithelial cells which is characteristic for virulent swine influenza viruses. Taken together, our results indicate that shifts in the HA receptor affinity are just an early adaptation step of avian H9N2 strains; further mutational changes may be required to become virulent for pigs.IMPORTANCE Swine play an important role in the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H9N2 subtype have successfully infected hosts from different species but have not established a stable lineage. We have analyzed the adaptation of IAV-H9N2 virus to target cells of a new host by passaging the virus three times in differentiated porcine respiratory epithelial cells. Among the four mutations detected, the two HA mutations were analyzed by generating recombinant viruses. Depending on the infection system used, the mutations differed in their phenotypic expression, e.g., sialic acid binding activity, replication kinetics, plaque size, and pathogenicity in inbred mice. However, none of the mutations affected the ciliary activity which serves as a virulence marker. Thus, early adaptive mutation enhances the replication kinetics, but more mutations are required for IAV of the H9N2 subtype to become virulent.
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Tundup S, Kandasamy M, Perez JT, Mena N, Steel J, Nagy T, Albrecht RA, Manicassamy B. Endothelial cell tropism is a determinant of H5N1 pathogenesis in mammalian species. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006270. [PMID: 28282445 PMCID: PMC5362246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the unusually high virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses in mammalian species remains unknown. Here, we investigated if the cell tropism of H5N1 virus is a determinant of enhanced virulence in mammalian species. We engineered H5N1 viruses with restricted cell tropism through the exploitation of cell type-specific microRNA expression by incorporating microRNA target sites into the viral genome. Restriction of H5N1 replication in endothelial cells via miR-126 ameliorated disease symptoms, prevented systemic viral spread and limited mortality, despite showing similar levels of peak viral replication in the lungs as compared to control virus-infected mice. Similarly, restriction of H5N1 replication in endothelial cells resulted in ameliorated disease symptoms and decreased viral spread in ferrets. Our studies demonstrate that H5N1 infection of endothelial cells results in excessive production of cytokines and reduces endothelial barrier integrity in the lungs, which culminates in vascular leakage and viral pneumonia. Importantly, our studies suggest a need for a combinational therapy that targets viral components, suppresses host immune responses, and improves endothelial barrier integrity for the treatment of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus infections. In healthy individuals, the symptoms of seasonal influenza virus infection are mild and the infection is cleared within 4–7 days. However, infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be severe and often results in fatal pneumonia even in healthy adults. While it is known that both viral and host factors play a role in enhanced disease progression, the molecular mechanisms for the high virulence of H5N1 virus are not completely understood. In this study, we engineered avian influenza H5N1 viruses incapable of replicating in endothelial cells and evaluated disease symptoms in mice and ferrets. Our studies show that H5N1 infection of endothelial cells causes severe disease and death of infected animals in part due to the damage of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, which results in leakage of fluid into the lungs (pneumonia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Smanla Tundup
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, IL, United States of America
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, IL, United States of America
| | - Jasmine T. Perez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Nacho Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Argonne, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma G, Vasanth Kumar S, Wahab HA. Molecular docking, synthesis, and biological evaluation of naphthoquinone as potential novel scaffold for H5N1 neuraminidase inhibition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:233-242. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1274271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Habibah A. Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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