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Ganchua SK, Maiello P, Chao M, Hopkins F, Mugahid D, Lin PL, Fortune SM, Flynn JL. Antibiotic treatment modestly reduces protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis reinfection in macaques. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0053523. [PMID: 38514467 PMCID: PMC11003231 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00535-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Concomitant immunity is generally defined as an ongoing infection providing protection against reinfection . Its role in prevention of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is supported by epidemiological evidence in humans as well as experimental evidence in mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Whether the presence of live Mtb, rather than simply persistent antigen, is necessary for concomitant immunity in TB is still unclear. Here, we investigated whether live Mtb plays a measurable role in control of secondary Mtb infection. Using cynomolgus macaques, molecularly barcoded Mtb libraries, positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET CT) imaging, flow cytometry, and cytokine profiling, we evaluated the effect of antibiotic treatment after primary infection on immunological response and bacterial establishment, dissemination, and burden post-secondary infection. Our data provide evidence that, in this experimental model, treatment with antibiotics after primary infection reduced inflammation in the lung but was not associated with a significant change in bacterial establishment, dissemination, or burden in the lung or lymph nodes. Nonetheless, treatment of the prior infection with antibiotics did result in a modest reduction in protection against reinfection: none of the seven antibiotic-treated animals demonstrated sterilizing immunity against reinfection, while four of the seven non-treated macaques were completely protected against reinfection. These findings support that antibiotic-treated animals were still able to restrict bacterial establishment and dissemination after rechallenge compared to naïve macaques, but not to the full extent of non-antibiotic-treated macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharie Keanne Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Chao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Forrest Hopkins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douaa Mugahid
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Petrucciani A, Hoerter A, Kotze L, Du Plessis N, Pienaar E. In silico agent-based modeling approach to characterize multiple in vitro tuberculosis infection models. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299107. [PMID: 38517920 PMCID: PMC10959380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are a valuable tool for examining host-pathogen interactions and screening drugs. With the development of more complex in vitro models, there is a need for tools to help analyze and integrate data from these models. To this end, we introduce an agent-based model (ABM) representation of the interactions between immune cells and bacteria in an in vitro setting. This in silico model was used to simulate both traditional and spheroid cell culture models by changing the movement rules and initial spatial layout of the cells in accordance with the respective in vitro models. The traditional and spheroid simulations were calibrated to published experimental data in a paired manner, by using the same parameters in both simulations. Within the calibrated simulations, heterogeneous outputs are seen for bacterial count and T cell infiltration into the macrophage core of the spheroid. The simulations also predict that equivalent numbers of activated macrophages do not necessarily result in similar bacterial reductions; that host immune responses can control bacterial growth in both spheroid structure dependent and independent manners; that STAT1 activation is the limiting step in macrophage activation in spheroids; and that drug screening and macrophage activation studies could have different outcomes depending on the in vitro culture used. Future model iterations will be guided by the limitations of the current model, specifically which parts of the output space were harder to reach. This ABM can be used to represent more in vitro Mtb infection models due to its flexible structure, thereby accelerating in vitro discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Petrucciani
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Alexis Hoerter
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Leigh Kotze
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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3
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Ganchua SK, Maiello P, Chao M, Hopkins F, Mugahid D, Lin PL, Fortune SM, Flynn JL. Antibiotic treatment modestly reduces protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis reinfection in macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.19.570845. [PMID: 38187678 PMCID: PMC10769216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.19.570845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Concomitant immunity is generally defined as an ongoing infection providing protection against reinfection1. Its role in prevention of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is supported by epidemiological evidence in humans as well as experimental evidence in mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Whether the presence of live Mtb, rather than simply persistent antigen, is necessary for concomitant immunity in TB is still unclear. Here, we investigated whether live Mtb plays a measurable role in control of secondary Mtb infection. Using cynomolgus macaques, molecularly barcoded Mtb libraries, PET-CT imaging, flow cytometry and cytokine profiling we evaluated the effect of antibiotic treatment after primary infection on immunological response and bacterial establishment, dissemination, and burden post-secondary infection. Our data provide evidence that, in this experimental model, treatment with antibiotics after primary infection reduced inflammation in the lung but was not associated with a significant change in bacterial establishment, dissemination or burden in the lung or lymph nodes. Nonetheless, treatment of the prior infection with antibiotics did result in a modest reduction in protection against reinfection: none of the 7 antibiotic treated animals demonstrated sterilizing immunity against reinfection while 4 of the 7 non-treated macaques were completely protected against reinfection. These findings support that antibiotic-treated animals were still able to restrict bacterial establishment and dissemination after rechallenge compared to naïve macaques, but not to the full extent of non-antibiotic treated macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharie Keanne Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point 2, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point 2, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Michael Chao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Forrest Hopkins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Douaa Mugahid
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15224
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 523 Bridgeside Point 2, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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4
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Bromley JD, Ganchua SKC, Nyquist SK, Maiello P, Chao M, Borish HJ, Rodgers M, Tomko J, Kracinovsky K, Mugahid D, Nguyen S, Wang D, Rosenberg JM, Klein EC, Gideon HP, Floyd-O’Sullivan R, Berger B, Scanga CA, Lin PL, Fortune SM, Shalek AK, Flynn JL. CD4 + T cells are homeostatic regulators during Mtb reinfection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572669. [PMID: 38187598 PMCID: PMC10769325 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Immunological priming - either in the context of prior infection or vaccination - elicits protective responses against subsequent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, the changes that occur in the lung cellular milieu post-primary Mtb infection and their contributions to protection upon reinfection remain poorly understood. Here, using clinical and microbiological endpoints in a non-human primate reinfection model, we demonstrate that prior Mtb infection elicits a long-lasting protective response against subsequent Mtb exposure and that the depletion of CD4+ T cells prior to Mtb rechallenge significantly abrogates this protection. Leveraging microbiologic, PET-CT, flow cytometric, and single-cell RNA-seq data from primary infection, reinfection, and reinfection-CD4+ T cell depleted granulomas, we identify differential cellular and microbial features of control. The data collectively demonstrate that the presence of CD4+ T cells in the setting of reinfection results in a reduced inflammatory lung milieu characterized by reprogrammed CD8+ T cell activity, reduced neutrophilia, and blunted type-1 immune signaling among myeloid cells, mitigating Mtb disease severity. These results open avenues for developing vaccines and therapeutics that not only target CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but also modulate innate immune cells to limit Mtb disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Bromley
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Michael Chao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Mark Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Kara Kracinovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Douaa Mugahid
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Wang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Roisin Floyd-O’Sullivan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA USA
- Lead contact
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Winchell CG, Nyquist SK, Chao MC, Maiello P, Myers AJ, Hopkins F, Chase M, Gideon HP, Patel KV, Bromley JD, Simonson AW, Floyd-O’Sullivan R, Wadsworth M, Rosenberg JM, Uddin R, Hughes T, Kelly RJ, Griffo J, Tomko J, Klein E, Berger B, Scanga CA, Mattila J, Fortune SM, Shalek AK, Lin PL, Flynn JL. CD8+ lymphocytes are critical for early control of tuberculosis in macaques. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230707. [PMID: 37843832 PMCID: PMC10579699 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional role of CD8+ lymphocytes in tuberculosis remains poorly understood. We depleted innate and/or adaptive CD8+ lymphocytes in macaques and showed that loss of all CD8α+ cells (using anti-CD8α antibody) significantly impaired early control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, leading to increased granulomas, lung inflammation, and bacterial burden. Analysis of barcoded Mtb from infected macaques demonstrated that depletion of all CD8+ lymphocytes allowed increased establishment of Mtb in lungs and dissemination within lungs and to lymph nodes, while depletion of only adaptive CD8+ T cells (with anti-CD8β antibody) worsened bacterial control in lymph nodes. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed polyfunctional cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes in control granulomas, while CD8-depleted animals were unexpectedly enriched in CD4 and γδ T cells adopting incomplete cytotoxic signatures. Ligand-receptor analyses identified IL-15 signaling in granulomas as a driver of cytotoxic T cells. These data support that CD8+ lymphocytes are required for early protection against Mtb and suggest polyfunctional cytotoxic responses as a vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caylin G. Winchell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah K. Nyquist
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C. Chao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy J. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Forrest Hopkins
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Chase
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kush V. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bromley
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew W. Simonson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roisin Floyd-O’Sullivan
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc Wadsworth
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Rosenberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rockib Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis Hughes
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan J. Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Josephine Griffo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Mattila
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Department of Mathematics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hunter L, Ruedas-Torres I, Agulló-Ros I, Rayner E, Salguero FJ. Comparative pathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in animal models. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1264833. [PMID: 37901102 PMCID: PMC10602689 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in human tuberculosis (TB) is limited by the availability of human tissues from patients, which is often altered by therapy and treatment. Thus, the use of animal models is a key tool in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis, disease progression and preclinical evaluation of new therapies and vaccines. The granuloma is the hallmark lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis, regardless of the species or animal model used. Although animal models may not fully replicate all the histopathological characteristics observed in natural, human TB disease, each one brings its own attributes which enable researchers to answer specific questions regarding TB immunopathogenesis. This review delves into the pulmonary pathology induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bacteria in different animal models (non-human primates, rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle, goats, and others) and compares how they relate to the pulmonary disease described in humans. Although the described models have demonstrated some histopathological features in common with human pulmonary TB, these data should be considered carefully in the context of this disease. Further research is necessary to establish the most appropriate model for the study of TB, and to carry out a standard characterisation and score of pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hunter
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma Rayner
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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7
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Bloom BR. A half-century of research on tuberculosis: Successes and challenges. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230859. [PMID: 37552470 PMCID: PMC10407785 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past half-century, but TB remains a formidable global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and necessary and sufficient conditions for protection are critical. The need for inexpensive and sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests for earlier detection of infection and disease, shorter and less-toxic drug regimens for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB, and a more effective vaccine than BCG is immense. New and better tools, greater support for international research, collaborations, and training will be required to dramatically reduce the burden of this devastating disease which still kills 1.6 million people annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R. Bloom
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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9
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Zhu J, Liu YJ, Fortune SM. Spatiotemporal perspectives on tuberculosis chemotherapy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 72:102266. [PMID: 36745965 PMCID: PMC10023397 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), accounts for over ten million infections and over 1.5 million deaths every year [1]. Upon infection, the seesaw between Mtb and our immune systems creates microenvironments that are compositionally distinctive and changing over time. While the field has begun to better understand the spatial complexity of TB disease, our understanding and experimental dissection of the temporal dynamics of TB and TB drug treatment is much more rudimentary. However, it is the combined spatiotemporal heterogeneity of TB disease that creates niches and time windows within which the pathogen can survive and thrive during treatment. Here, we review the emerging data on the interactions of spatial and temporal dynamics as they relate to TB disease and treatment. A better understanding of the interactions of Mtb, host, and antibiotics through space and time will elucidate treatment failure and potentially identify opportunities for new TB treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Yue J Liu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Surveillance of Daughter Micronodule Formation Is a Key Factor for Vaccine Evaluation Using Experimental Infection Models of Tuberculosis in Macaques. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020236. [PMID: 36839508 PMCID: PMC9961649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major worldwide health problem and models using non-human primates (NHP) provide the most relevant approach for vaccine testing. In this study, we analysed CT images collected from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques following exposure to ultra-low dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aerosols, and monitored them for 16 weeks to evaluate the impact of prior intradermal or inhaled BCG vaccination on the progression of lung disease. All lesions found (2553) were classified according to their size and we subclassified small micronodules (<4.4 mm) as 'isolated', or as 'daughter', when they were in contact with consolidation (described as lesions ≥ 4.5 mm). Our data link the higher capacity to contain Mtb infection in cynomolgus with the reduced incidence of daughter micronodules, thus avoiding the development of consolidated lesions and their consequent enlargement and evolution to cavitation. In the case of rhesus, intradermal vaccination has a higher capacity to reduce the formation of daughter micronodules. This study supports the 'Bubble Model' defined with the C3HBe/FeJ mice and proposes a new method to evaluate outcomes in experimental models of TB in NHP based on CT images, which would fit a future machine learning approach to evaluate new vaccines.
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11
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Diedrich CR, Rutledge T, Baranowski TM, Maiello P, Lin PL. Characterization of natural killer cells in the blood and airways of cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:24-33. [PMID: 36056684 PMCID: PMC9825635 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. METHODS We examine the frequency and function of NK cells in the blood and airways over the course of Mtb infection in a TB macaque model and demonstrate differences in NK marker expression between the two compartments. Flow cytometry and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to identify NK cell subsets (expressing NKG2A, CD56, or CD16) and function (IL-10, TNF, IL-2, IFN-g, IL-17, and CD107a). RESULTS Blood and airway NK cell frequencies were similar during infection though there were differences in subset populations between blood and airway. Increased functional (cytokine/CD107a) parameters were observed in airway NK cells during the course of infection while none were seen in the blood. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NK cells in the airway may play an important role in TB host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tara Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tonilynn M. Baranowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Immune cell interactions in tuberculosis. Cell 2022; 185:4682-4702. [PMID: 36493751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite having been identified as the organism that causes tuberculosis in 1882, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has managed to still evade our understanding of the protective immune response against it, defying the development of an effective vaccine. Technology and novel experimental models have revealed much new knowledge, particularly with respect to the heterogeneity of the bacillus and the host response. This review focuses on certain immunological elements that have recently yielded exciting data and highlights the importance of taking a holistic approach to understanding the interaction of M. tuberculosis with the many host cells that contribute to the development of protective immunity.
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13
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Parbhoo T, Mouton JM, Sampson SL. Phenotypic adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to host-associated stressors that induce persister formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956607. [PMID: 36237425 PMCID: PMC9551238 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits a remarkable ability to interfere with the host antimicrobial response. The pathogen exploits elaborate strategies to cope with diverse host-induced stressors by modulating its metabolism and physiological state to prolong survival and promote persistence in host tissues. Elucidating the adaptive strategies that M. tuberculosis employs during infection to enhance persistence is crucial to understanding how varying physiological states may differentially drive disease progression for effective management of these populations. To improve our understanding of the phenotypic adaptation of M. tuberculosis, we review the adaptive strategies employed by M. tuberculosis to sense and coordinate a physiological response following exposure to various host-associated stressors. We further highlight the use of animal models that can be exploited to replicate and investigate different aspects of the human response to infection, to elucidate the impact of the host environment and bacterial adaptive strategies contributing to the recalcitrance of infection.
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14
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Uzorka JW, Bakker JA, van Meijgaarden KE, Leyten EMS, Delfos NM, Hetem DJ, Kerremans J, Zwarts M, Cozijn S, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA, Arend SM. Biomarkers to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among borderline QuantiFERON results. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2102665. [PMID: 35058249 PMCID: PMC9363845 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02665-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for tuberculosis (TB) infection often includes QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT) testing. Previous studies showed that two-thirds of patients with negative QFT results just below the cut-off, so-called borderline test results, nevertheless had other evidence of TB infection. This study aimed to identify a biomarker profile by which borderline QFT results due to TB infection can be distinguished from random test variation. METHODS QFT supernatants of patients with a borderline (≥0.15 and <0.35 IU·mL-1), low-negative (<0.15 IU·mL-1) or positive (≥0.35 IU·mL-1) QFT result were collected in three hospitals. Bead-based multiplex assays were used to analyse 48 different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. A prediction model was derived using LASSO regression and applied further to discriminate QFT-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected patients from borderline QFT patients and QFT-negative patients RESULTS: QFT samples of 195 patients were collected and analysed. Global testing revealed that the levels of 10 kDa interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein (IP-10/CXCL10), monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG/CXCL9) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the antigen-stimulated tubes were each significantly higher in patients with a positive QFT result compared with low-negative QFT individuals (p<0.001). A prediction model based on IP-10 and MIG proved highly accurate in discriminating patients with a positive QFT (TB infection) from uninfected individuals with a low-negative QFT (sensitivity 1.00 (95% CI 0.79-1.00) and specificity 0.95 (95% CI 0.74-1.00)). This same model predicted TB infection in 68% of 87 patients with a borderline QFT result. CONCLUSIONS This study was able to classify borderline QFT results as likely infection-related or random. These findings support additional laboratory testing for either IP-10 or MIG following a borderline QFT result for individuals at increased risk of reactivation TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Uzorka
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Bakker
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eliane M S Leyten
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Centre, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie M Delfos
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - David J Hetem
- Dept of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Kerremans
- Dept of Medical Microbiology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Zwarts
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Centre, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Cozijn
- Dept of Medical Microbiology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M Arend
- Dept of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Gideon HP, Hughes TK, Tzouanas CN, Wadsworth MH, Tu AA, Gierahn TM, Peters JM, Hopkins FF, Wei JR, Kummerlowe C, Grant NL, Nargan K, Phuah JY, Borish HJ, Maiello P, White AG, Winchell CG, Nyquist SK, Ganchua SKC, Myers A, Patel KV, Ameel CL, Cochran CT, Ibrahim S, Tomko JA, Frye LJ, Rosenberg JM, Shih A, Chao M, Klein E, Scanga CA, Ordovas-Montanes J, Berger B, Mattila JT, Madansein R, Love JC, Lin PL, Leslie A, Behar SM, Bryson B, Flynn JL, Fortune SM, Shalek AK. Multimodal profiling of lung granulomas in macaques reveals cellular correlates of tuberculosis control. Immunity 2022; 55:827-846.e10. [PMID: 35483355 PMCID: PMC9122264 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lung infection results in a complex multicellular structure: the granuloma. In some granulomas, immune activity promotes bacterial clearance, but in others, bacteria persist and grow. We identified correlates of bacterial control in cynomolgus macaque lung granulomas by co-registering longitudinal positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging, single-cell RNA sequencing, and measures of bacterial clearance. Bacterial persistence occurred in granulomas enriched for mast, endothelial, fibroblast, and plasma cells, signaling amongst themselves via type 2 immunity and wound-healing pathways. Granulomas that drove bacterial control were characterized by cellular ecosystems enriched for type 1-type 17, stem-like, and cytotoxic T cells engaged in pro-inflammatory signaling networks involving diverse cell populations. Granulomas that arose later in infection displayed functional characteristics of restrictive granulomas and were more capable of killing Mtb. Our results define the complex multicellular ecosystems underlying (lack of) granuloma resolution and highlight host immune targets that can be leveraged to develop new vaccine and therapeutic strategies for TB. Timing of granuloma formation influences local microenvironment and bacterial burden Mast cells, type 2 immunity, and tissue remodeling underlie early, high-burden granulomas Type1-type17 and cytotoxic T cells associate with late-forming, low-burden granulomas Distinct interaction circuits across granuloma phenotypes nominate therapeutic targets
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Travis K Hughes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Constantine N Tzouanas
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc H Wadsworth
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ang Andy Tu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Gierahn
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua M Peters
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Forrest F Hopkins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun-Rong Wei
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conner Kummerlowe
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole L Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Jia Yao Phuah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caylin G Winchell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah K Nyquist
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharie Keanne C Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kush V Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cassaundra L Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine T Cochran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samira Ibrahim
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaime A Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lonnie James Frye
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob M Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Shih
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Chao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J Christopher Love
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bryan Bryson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Sarah M Fortune
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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Hunter L, Hingley-Wilson S, Stewart GR, Sharpe SA, Salguero FJ. Dynamics of Macrophage, T and B Cell Infiltration Within Pulmonary Granulomas Induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Two Non-Human Primate Models of Aerosol Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:776913. [PMID: 35069548 PMCID: PMC8770544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.776913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate models of Tuberculosis (TB) are one of the most commonly used within the experimental TB field because they closely mimic the whole spectrum of disease progression of human TB. However, the early cellular interactions of the pulmonary granuloma are still not well understood. The use of this model allows investigation into the early interactions of cells within pulmonary granulomas which cannot be undertaken in human samples. Pulmonary granulomas from rhesus and cynomolgus macaques from two timepoints post infection were categorised into categories 1 – 6 (early to late stage granulomas) and immunohistochemistry was used to identify CD68+ macrophages, CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells. Multinucleated giant cells and acid-fast bacilli were also quantified. At week four post infection, cynomolgus macaques were found to have more CD68+ cells than rhesus in all but category 1 granulomas. Cynomolgus also had a significantly higher percentage of CD20+ B cells in category 1 granulomas. At week twelve post infection, CD68+ cells were most abundant in category 4 and 5 granulomas in both species; however, there were no significant differences between them. CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells were significantly higher in the majority of granuloma categories in cynomolgus compared to rhesus. Multinucleated giant cells and acid-fast bacilli were most abundant in categories 5 and 6 at week 12 post challenge in both species. This study has identified the basic cellular composition and spatial distribution of immune cells within pulmonary granulomas in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques over time. The data from this study will add to the knowledge already gained in this field and may inform future research on vaccines and therapeutics for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hunter
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Salisbury, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzie Hingley-Wilson
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Stewart
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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17
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Joslyn LR, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. A virtual host model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection identifies early immune events as predictive of infection outcomes. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111042. [PMID: 35114195 PMCID: PMC9169921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the world's deadliest infectious diseases and remains a significant global health burden. TB disease and pathology can present clinically across a spectrum of outcomes, ranging from total sterilization of infection to active disease. Much remains unknown about the biology that drives an individual towards various clinical outcomes as it is challenging to experimentally address specific mechanisms driving clinical outcomes. Furthermore, it is unknown whether numbers of immune cells in the blood accurately reflect ongoing events during infection within human lungs. Herein, we utilize a systems biology approach by developing a whole-host model of the immune response to Mtb across multiple physiologic and time scales. This model, called HostSim, tracks events at the cellular, granuloma, organ, and host scale and represents the first whole-host, multi-scale model of the immune response following Mtb infection. We show that this model can capture various aspects of human and non-human primate TB disease and predict that biomarkers in the blood may only faithfully represent events in the lung at early time points after infection. We posit that HostSim, as a first step toward personalized digital twins in TB research, offers a powerful computational tool that can be used in concert with experimental approaches to understand and predict events about various aspects of TB disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis R Joslyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, G045W NCRC B28, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136.
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 5641 Medical Science II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620.
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18
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Yee JL, Prongay K, Van Rompay KKA, Meesawat S, Kemthong T, Halley B, Carpenter A, Nham P, Rogers K, Hasselschwert D, Villinger F, Jay AN, Warit S, Malivijitnond S, Roberts JA. Tuberculosis detection in nonhuman primates is enhanced by use of testing algorithms that include an interferon-γ release assay. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:15-22. [PMID: 34757923 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a testing algorithm that incorporates multiple assays to evaluate host cellular and humoral immunity and antigen detection concerning Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection in captive nonhuman primates. ANIMALS Cohorts of captive-bred and wild-caught macaques from 5 different geographic regions. PROCEDURES Macaques were tested for MTBC infection by use of a γ interferon tuberculosis (GIFT) assay, an interferon-γ release assay, and other assays. In the first 2 cohorts (n = 15 and 181), initial validation of the GIFT assay was performed by use of experimentally infected and unexposed control macaques. In the next 3 cohorts (n = 59, 42, and 11), results were obtained for opportunistically collected samples from macaques exposed during spontaneous outbreaks. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity of the GIFT assay in the control cohorts were 100% and 97%, respectively, and were variable but enhanced by incorporating results from multiple assays in spontaneous outbreaks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The detection and management of MTBC infection in captive nonhuman primate populations is an ongoing challenge, especially with animal imports and transfers. Despite standardized practices of initial quarantine with regular intradermal tuberculin skin testing, spontaneous outbreaks continue to be reported. Since infection encompasses a range of disease manifestations over time, a testing algorithm that incorporates multiple assays, such as the GIFT assay, to evaluate host cellular and humoral immunity in addition to agent detection is needed. Testing a combination of samples from controlled studies and spontaneous outbreaks of MTBC infection in nonhuman primates would advance the development and validation of a functional algorithm that incorporates promising tools such as the GIFT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kamm Prongay
- 2Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,3Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Suthirote Meesawat
- 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taratorn Kemthong
- 5National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Bryson Halley
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Amanda Carpenter
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Peter Nham
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- 6New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA
| | - Dana Hasselschwert
- 6New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA
| | - Francois Villinger
- 6New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA
| | - Alexandra N Jay
- 7Veterinary Medicine Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Saradee Warit
- 8Industrial Tuberculosis Team, IMBG, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malivijitnond
- 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,5National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey A Roberts
- 1California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.,9Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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19
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Hult C, Mattila JT, Gideon HP, Linderman JJ, Kirschner DE. Neutrophil Dynamics Affect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granuloma Outcomes and Dissemination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712457. [PMID: 34675916 PMCID: PMC8525425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into tuberculous granulomas is often associated with higher bacteria loads and severe disease but the basis for this relationship is not well understood. To better elucidate the connection between neutrophils and pathology in primate systems, we paired data from experimental studies with our next generation computational model GranSim to identify neutrophil-related factors, including neutrophil recruitment, lifespan, and intracellular bacteria numbers, that drive granuloma-level outcomes. We predict mechanisms underlying spatial organization of neutrophils within granulomas and identify how neutrophils contribute to granuloma dissemination. We also performed virtual deletion and depletion of neutrophils within granulomas and found that neutrophils play a nuanced role in determining granuloma outcome, promoting uncontrolled bacterial growth in some and working to contain bacterial growth in others. Here, we present three key results: We show that neutrophils can facilitate local dissemination of granulomas and thereby enable the spread of infection. We suggest that neutrophils influence CFU burden during both innate and adaptive immune responses, implying that they may be targets for therapeutic interventions during later stages of infection. Further, through the use of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, we predict which neutrophil processes drive granuloma severity and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Hult
- Department of Mathematics, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, United States
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer J Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Rajme-Manzur D, Gollas-Galván T, Vargas-Albores F, Martínez-Porchas M, Hernández-Oñate MÁ, Hernández-López J. Granulomatous bacterial diseases in fish: An overview of the host's immune response. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 261:111058. [PMID: 34419575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases represent the main impediment to the development of fish aquaculture. Granulomatous diseases caused by bacteria lead to fish culture losses by high mortality rates and slow growth. Bacteria belonging to genera Streptococcus spp., Mycobacterium sp., Nocardia sp., Francisella sp., and Staphylococcus sp. have been implicated in the development of granulomatous processes. The granuloma formation and the fish's immune response continue to be the subject of scientific research. In fish, the first defense line is constituted by non-specific humoral factors through growth-inhibiting substances such as transferrin and antiproteases, or lytic effectors as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides, and linking with non-specific phagocyte responses. If the first line is breached, fish produce antibody constituents for a specific humoral defense inhibiting bacterial adherence, as well as the mobilization of non-phagocytic host cells and counteracting toxins from bacteria. However, bacteria causing granulomatous diseases can be persistent microorganisms, difficult to eliminate that can cause chronic diseases, even using some immune system components to survive. Understanding the infectious process leading to granulomatosis and how the host's immune system responds against granulomatous diseases is crucial to know more about fish immunology and develop strategies to overcome granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rajme-Manzur
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Teresa Gollas-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Francisco Vargas-Albores
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Marcel Martínez-Porchas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Hernández-Oñate
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-López
- Centro de Investigaciones del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Unidad Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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21
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Establishment of a Patient-Derived, Magnetic Levitation-Based, Three-Dimensional Spheroid Granuloma Model for Human Tuberculosis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0055221. [PMID: 34287004 PMCID: PMC8386456 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous granulomas that develop in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection are highly dynamic entities shaped by the host immune response and disease kinetics. Within this microenvironment, immune cell recruitment, polarization, and activation are driven not only by coexisting cell types and multicellular interactions but also by M. tuberculosis-mediated changes involving metabolic heterogeneity, epigenetic reprogramming, and rewiring of the transcriptional landscape of host cells. There is an increased appreciation of the in vivo complexity, versatility, and heterogeneity of the cellular compartment that constitutes the tuberculosis (TB) granuloma and the difficulty in translating findings from animal models to human disease. Here, we describe a novel biomimetic in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human lung spheroid granuloma model, resembling early "innate" and "adaptive" stages of the TB granuloma spectrum, and present results of histological architecture, host transcriptional characterization, mycobacteriological features, cytokine profiles, and spatial distribution of key immune cells. A range of manipulations of immune cell populations in these spheroid granulomas will allow the study of host/pathogen pathways involved in the outcome of infection, as well as pharmacological interventions. IMPORTANCE TB is a highly infectious disease, with granulomas as its hallmark. Granulomas play an important role in the control of M. tuberculosis infection and as such are crucial indicators for our understanding of host resistance to TB. Correlates of risk and protection to M. tuberculosis are still elusive, and the granuloma provides the perfect environment in which to study the immune response to infection and broaden our understanding thereof; however, human granulomas are difficult to obtain, and animal models are costly and do not always faithfully mimic human immunity. In fact, most TB research is conducted in vitro on immortalized or primary immune cells and cultured in two dimensions on flat, rigid plastic, which does not reflect in vivo characteristics. We have therefore conceived a 3D, human in vitro spheroid granuloma model which allows researchers to study features of granuloma-forming diseases in a 3D structural environment resembling in vivo granuloma architecture and cellular orientation.
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22
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Potter EL, Gideon HP, Tkachev V, Fabozzi G, Chassiakos A, Petrovas C, Darrah PA, Lin PL, Foulds KE, Kean LS, Flynn JL, Roederer M. Measurement of leukocyte trafficking kinetics in macaques by serial intravascular staining. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/576/eabb4582. [PMID: 33441427 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking enables detection of pathogens, immune responses, and immune memory. Dysregulation of leukocyte trafficking is often found in disease, highlighting its important role in homeostasis and the immune response. Whereas some of the molecular mechanisms mediating leukocyte trafficking are understood, little is known about the regulation of trafficking, including trafficking kinetics and its impact on immune homeostasis. We developed a method of serial intravascular staining (SIVS) to measure trafficking kinetics in nonhuman primates using infusions of fluorescently labeled antibodies to label circulating leukocytes. Because antibody infusions labeled only leukocytes in the blood, cells were "barcoded" according to their location at the time of each infusion, providing positional histories that could be used to infer trafficking kinetics. We used SIVS and multiparameter flow cytometry to quantitate cellular trafficking into lymphoid tissues of healthy animals at homeostasis and to identify perivascular cells that could be unique to nonlymphoid organs. To investigate how these parameters could be influenced during disease, SIVS was used to quantify lymphocyte trafficking in macaques infected with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to enumerate intravascular leukocytes in lung granulomas. We showed that whereas most cells in lung granulomas were localized there for more than 24 hours, granulomas were dynamic with a slow continual cellular influx, the rate of which predicted clearance of M. tuberculosis from the granulomas. SIVS, in combination with intracellular staining and multiparametric flow cytometry, is a powerful method to quantify the kinetics of leukocyte trafficking in nonhuman primates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Larson EC, Ellis-Connell A, Rodgers MA, Balgeman AJ, Moriarty RV, Ameel CL, Baranowski TM, Tomko JA, Causgrove CM, Maiello P, O'Connor SL, Scanga CA. Pre-existing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Expression of T Cell Markers Associated with Activation during Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection and Impairs TNF Responses in Granulomas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:175-188. [PMID: 34145063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death among people living with HIV. People living with HIV are more susceptible to contracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and often have worsened TB disease. Understanding the immunologic defects caused by HIV and the consequences it has on M. tuberculosis coinfection is critical in combating this global health epidemic. We previously showed in a model of SIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) that SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected MCM had rapidly progressive TB. We hypothesized that pre-existing SIV infection impairs early T cell responses to M. tuberculosis infection. We infected MCM with SIVmac239, followed by coinfection with M. tuberculosis Erdman 6 mo later. Although similar, TB progression was observed in both SIV+ and SIV-naive animals at 6 wk post-M. tuberculosis infection; longitudinal sampling of the blood (PBMC) and airways (bronchoalveolar lavage) revealed a significant reduction in circulating CD4+ T cells and an influx of CD8+ T cells in airways of SIV+ animals. At sites of M. tuberculosis infection (i.e., granulomas), SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected animals had a higher proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 and TIGIT. In addition, there were fewer TNF-producing CD4+ T cells in granulomas of SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected animals. Taken together, we show that concurrent SIV infection alters T cell phenotypes in granulomas during the early stages of TB disease. As it is critical to establish control of M. tuberculosis replication soon postinfection, these phenotypic changes may distinguish the immune dysfunction that arises from pre-existing SIV infection, which promotes TB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
| | - Amy Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alexis J Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Ryan V Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Cassaundra L Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tonilynn M Baranowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jaime A Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chelsea M Causgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI; and
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; .,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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24
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Neutrophils in Tuberculosis: Cell Biology, Cellular Networking and Multitasking in Host Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094801. [PMID: 33946542 PMCID: PMC8125784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils readily infiltrate infection foci, phagocytose and usually destroy microbes. In tuberculosis (TB), a chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), neutrophils harbor bacilli, are abundant in tissue lesions, and their abundances in blood correlate with poor disease outcomes in patients. The biology of these innate immune cells in TB is complex. Neutrophils have been assigned host-beneficial as well as deleterious roles. The short lifespan of neutrophils purified from blood poses challenges to cell biology studies, leaving intracellular biological processes and the precise consequences of Mtb–neutrophil interactions ill-defined. The phenotypic heterogeneity of neutrophils, and their propensity to engage in cellular cross-talk and to exert various functions during homeostasis and disease, have recently been reported, and such observations are newly emerging in TB. Here, we review the interactions of neutrophils with Mtb, including subcellular events and cell fate upon infection, and summarize the cross-talks between neutrophils and lung-residing and -recruited cells. We highlight the roles of neutrophils in TB pathophysiology, discussing recent findings from distinct models of pulmonary TB, and emphasize technical advances that could facilitate the discovery of novel neutrophil-related disease mechanisms and enrich our knowledge of TB pathogenesis.
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25
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Kumar S, Bhaskar A, Patnaik G, Sharma C, Singh DK, Kaushik SR, Chaturvedi S, Das G, Dwivedi VP. Intranasal immunization with peptide-based immunogenic complex enhances BCG vaccine efficacy in a murine model of tuberculosis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145228. [PMID: 33444288 PMCID: PMC7934935 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prime-boost immunization strategies are required to control the global tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, which claims approximately 3 lives every minute. Here, we have generated an immunogenic complex against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), consisting of promiscuous T cell epitopes (M.tb peptides) and TLR ligands assembled in liposomes. Interestingly, this complex (peptide–TLR agonist–liposomes; PTL) induced significant activation of CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in the PBMCs derived from PPD+ healthy individuals as compared with PPD– controls. Furthermore, intranasal delivery of PTL significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the infected mice by inducing M.tb-specific polyfunctional (IFN-γ+IL-17+TNF-α+IL-2+) immune responses and long-lasting central memory responses, thereby reducing the risk of TB recurrence in DOTS-treated infected animals. The transcriptome analysis of peptide-stimulated immune cells unveiled the molecular basis of enhanced protection. Furthermore, PTL immunization significantly boosted the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin–primed (BCG-primed) immune responses against TB. The greatly enhanced efficacy of the BCG-PTL vaccine model in controlling pulmonary TB projects PTL as an adjunct vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory-1, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gautam Patnaik
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Rai Kaushik
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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26
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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27
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Kanabalan RD, Lee LJ, Lee TY, Chong PP, Hassan L, Ismail R, Chin VK. Human tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: A review on genetic diversity, pathogenesis and omics approaches in host biomarkers discovery. Microbiol Res 2021; 246:126674. [PMID: 33549960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) refers to a group of mycobacteria encompassing nine members of closely related species that causes tuberculosis in animals and humans. Among the nine members, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) remains the main causative agent for human tuberculosis that results in high mortality and morbidity globally. In general, MTBC species are low in diversity but exhibit distinctive biological differences and phenotypes among different MTBC lineages. MTBC species are likely to have evolved from a common ancestor through insertions/deletions processes resulting in species speciation with different degrees of pathogenicity. The pathogenesis of human tuberculosis is complex and remains poorly understood. It involves multi-interactions or evolutionary co-options between host factors and bacterial determinants for survival of the MTBC. Granuloma formation as a protection or survival mechanism in hosts by MTBC remains controversial. Additionally, MTBC species are capable of modulating host immune response and have adopted several mechanisms to evade from host immune attack in order to survive in humans. On the other hand, current diagnostic tools for human tuberculosis are inadequate and have several shortcomings. Numerous studies have suggested the potential of host biomarkers in early diagnosis of tuberculosis, in disease differentiation and in treatment monitoring. "Multi-omics" approaches provide holistic views to dissect the association of MTBC species with humans and offer great advantages in host biomarkers discovery. Thus, in this review, we seek to understand how the genetic variations in MTBC lead to species speciation with different pathogenicity. Furthermore, we also discuss how the host and bacterial players contribute to the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. Lastly, we provide an overview of the journey of "omics" approaches in host biomarkers discovery in human tuberculosis and provide some interesting insights on the challenges and directions of "omics" approaches in host biomarkers innovation and clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuga Devi Kanabalan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Le Jie Lee
- Prima Nexus Sdn. Bhd., Menara CIMB, Jalan Stesen Sentral 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- Perdana University School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Suite 9.2, 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, 50490, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Ismail
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia.
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Malaysia; Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, Malaysia.
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28
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Dijkman K, Aguilo N, Boot C, Hofman SO, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RA, Kocken CH, Marinova D, Thole J, Rodríguez E, Vierboom MP, Haanstra KG, Puentes E, Martin C, Verreck FA. Pulmonary MTBVAC vaccination induces immune signatures previously correlated with prevention of tuberculosis infection. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100187. [PMID: 33521701 PMCID: PMC7817873 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To fight tuberculosis, better vaccination strategies are needed. Live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived vaccine, MTBVAC, is a promising candidate in the pipeline, proven to be safe and immunogenic in humans so far. Independent studies have shown that pulmonary mucosal delivery of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available today, confers superior protection over standard intradermal immunization. Here we demonstrate that mucosal MTBVAC is well tolerated, eliciting polyfunctional T helper type 17 cells, interleukin-10, and immunoglobulins in the airway and yielding a broader antigenic profile than BCG in rhesus macaques. Beyond our previous work, we show that local immunoglobulins, induced by MTBVAC and BCG, bind to M. tuberculosis and enhance pathogen uptake. Furthermore, after pulmonary vaccination, but not M. tuberculosis infection, local T cells expressed high levels of mucosal homing and tissue residency markers. Our data show that pulmonary MTBVAC administration has the potential to enhance its efficacy and justifies further exploration of mucosal vaccination strategies in preclinical efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Sam O. Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dessislava Marinova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle Thole
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Systems biology predicts that fibrosis in tuberculous granulomas may arise through macrophage-to-myofibroblast transformation. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008520. [PMID: 33370784 PMCID: PMC7793262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection causes tuberculosis (TB), a disease characterized by development of granulomas. Granulomas consist of activated immune cells that cluster together to limit bacterial growth and restrict dissemination. Control of the TB epidemic has been limited by lengthy drug regimens, antibiotic resistance, and lack of a robustly efficacious vaccine. Fibrosis commonly occurs during treatment and is associated with both positive and negative disease outcomes in TB but little is known about the processes that initiate fibrosis in granulomas. Human and nonhuman primate granulomas undergoing fibrosis can have spindle-shaped macrophages with fibroblast-like morphologies suggesting a relationship between macrophages, fibroblasts, and granuloma fibrosis. This relationship has been difficult to investigate because of the limited availability of human pathology samples, the time scale involved in human TB, and overlap between fibroblast and myeloid cell markers in tissues. To better understand the origins of fibrosis in TB, we used a computational model of TB granuloma biology to identify factors that drive fibrosis over the course of local disease progression. We validated the model with granulomas from nonhuman primates to delineate myeloid cells and lung-resident fibroblasts. Our results suggest that peripheral granuloma fibrosis, which is commonly observed, can arise through macrophage-to-myofibroblast transformation (MMT). Further, we hypothesize that MMT is induced in M1 macrophages through a sequential combination of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling in granuloma macrophages. We predict that MMT may be a mechanism underlying granuloma-associated fibrosis and warrants further investigation into myeloid cells as drivers of fibrotic disease. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a bacterium that infects over a third of the world’s population. The only available vaccine for TB has limited efficacy and drug treatment involves several antibiotics that are taken for several months. These drugs can have significant side-effects and a lack of compliance can lead to drug resistance in Mtb. A hallmark of Mtb infection is the development of clusters of cells that form around infected macrophages to contain the infection called granulomas. Older granulomas, or granulomas in patients treated with antibiotic, often become fibrotic and this can cause chronic lung problems long after the Mtb infection has cleared. The process that drives a fibrotic outcome has been difficult to assess in vivo. Herein we combined wet-lab and computational experimentation to identify a novel mechanism leading to peripheral fibrosis in granulomas. We find that macrophages transforming into myofibroblast-like cells, may be a key pathway to granuloma-associated fibrosis, a phenomena that has not been well characterized in vivo. Further we identified factors that can inhibit fibrosis development during TB that could be therapeutic targets during TB treatment to limit the risk of long-term tissue damage in TB.
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Tsujimura Y, Shiogama Y, Soma S, Okamura T, Takano J, Urano E, Murakata Y, Kawano A, Yamakawa N, Asaka MN, Matsuo K, Yasutomi Y. Vaccination with Intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Provides Robust Protection against Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis but Not Pulmonary Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3023-3036. [PMID: 33097574 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is being reassessed in accordance with the achievements of clinical tuberculosis (TB) vaccine research. However, the mechanisms ultimately determining the success or failure of BCG vaccination to prevent pulmonary TB remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the protective effects of intradermal BCG vaccination by using specific pathogen-free cynomolgus macaques of Asian origin that were intradermally vaccinated with BCG (Tokyo strain) followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Erdman strain) infection. Intradermal BCG administration generated TB Ag-specific multifunctional CD4 T cell responses in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage and almost completely protected against the development of TB pathogenesis with aggravation of clinical parameters and high levels of bacterial burdens in extrapulmonary organs. However, interestingly, there were no differences in bacterial quantitation and pathology of extensive granulomas in the lungs between BCG-vaccinated monkeys and control animals. These results indicated that the changes in clinical parameters, immunological responses, and quantitative gross pathology that are used routinely to determine the efficacy of TB vaccines in nonhuman primate models might not correlate with the bacterial burden and histopathological score in the lung as measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Shiogama
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shogo Soma
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Immunoregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 514-8507 Tsu, Mie, Japan; and
| | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junichiro Takano
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Emiko Urano
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Murakata
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Kawano
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Immunoregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 514-8507 Tsu, Mie, Japan; and.,Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, 204-0022 Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yamakawa
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu N Asaka
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, 204-0022 Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 305-0843 Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; .,Department of Immunoregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 514-8507 Tsu, Mie, Japan; and
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31
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Theron G, Limberis J, Venter R, Smith L, Pietersen E, Esmail A, Calligaro G, Te Riele J, de Kock M, van Helden P, Gumbo T, Clark TG, Fennelly K, Warren R, Dheda K. Bacterial and host determinants of cough aerosol culture positivity in patients with drug-resistant versus drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Nat Med 2020; 26:1435-1443. [PMID: 32601338 PMCID: PMC8353872 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A burgeoning epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) threatens to derail global control efforts. Although the mechanisms remain poorly clarified, drug-resistant strains are widely believed to be less infectious than drug-susceptible strains. Consequently, we hypothesized that lower proportions of patients with drug-resistant TB would have culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis from respirable, cough-generated aerosols compared to patients with drug-susceptible TB, and that multiple factors, including mycobacterial genomic variation, would predict culturable cough aerosol production. We enumerated the colony forming units in aerosols (≤10 µm) from 452 patients with TB (227 with drug resistance), compared clinical characteristics, and performed mycobacterial whole-genome sequencing, dormancy phenotyping and drug-susceptibility analyses on M. tuberculosis from sputum. After considering treatment duration, we found that almost half of the patients with drug-resistant TB were cough aerosol culture-positive. Surprisingly, neither mycobacterial genomic variants, lineage, nor dormancy status predicted cough aerosol culture positivity. However, mycobacterial sputum bacillary load and clinical characteristics, including a lower symptom score and stronger cough, were strongly predictive, thereby supporting targeted transmission-limiting interventions. Effective treatment largely abrogated cough aerosol culture positivity; however, this was not always rapid. These data question current paradigms, inform public health strategies and suggest the need to redirect TB transmission-associated research efforts toward host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Theron
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jason Limberis
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rouxjeane Venter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezel Smith
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elize Pietersen
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aliasgar Esmail
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Greg Calligaro
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marianna de Kock
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kevin Fennelly
- Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Lymph nodes, particularly thoracic lymph nodes, are among the most common sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in these organs is understudied. Aside from being sites of initiation of the adaptive immune system, lymph nodes also serve as niches of Mtb growth and persistence. Mtb infection results in granuloma formation that disrupts and—if it becomes large enough—replaces the normal architecture of the lymph node that is vital to its function. In preclinical models, successful TB vaccines appear to prevent spread of Mtb from the lungs to the lymph nodes. Reactivation of latent TB can start in the lymph nodes resulting in dissemination of the bacteria to the lungs and other organs. Involvement of the lymph nodes may improve Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine efficacy. Lastly, drug penetration to the lymph nodes is poor compared to blood, lung tissue, and lung granulomas. Future studies on evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and anti-TB drug treatments should include consideration of the effects on thoracic lymph nodes and not just the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Shanmugasundaram U, Bucsan AN, Ganatra SR, Ibegbu C, Quezada M, Blair RV, Alvarez X, Velu V, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137858. [PMID: 32554933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (M. tuberculosis-specific) T cell responses associated with immune control during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain poorly understood. Using a nonhuman primate aerosol model, we studied the kinetics, phenotypes, and functions of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells in peripheral and lung compartments of M. tuberculosis-infected asymptomatic rhesus macaques by longitudinally sampling blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, for up to 24 weeks postinfection. We found substantially higher frequencies of M. tuberculosis-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in the airways compared with peripheral blood, and these frequencies were maintained throughout the study period. Moreover, M. tuberculosis-specific IL-17+ and IL-17+IFN-γ+ double-positive T cells were present in the airways but were largely absent in the periphery, suggesting that balanced mucosal Th1/Th17 responses are associated with LTBI. The majority of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells that homed to the airways expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coexpressed CCR6. Notably, CXCR3+CD4+ cells were found in granulomatous and nongranulomatous regions of the lung and inversely correlated with M. tuberculosis burden. Our findings provide insights into antigen-specific T cell responses associated with asymptomatic M. tuberculosis infection that are relevant for developing better strategies to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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34
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Wessler T, Joslyn LR, Borish HJ, Gideon HP, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. A computational model tracks whole-lung Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and predicts factors that inhibit dissemination. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007280. [PMID: 32433646 PMCID: PMC7239387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative infectious agent of tuberculosis (TB), kills more individuals per year than any other infectious agent. Granulomas, the hallmark of Mtb infection, are complex structures that form in lungs, composed of immune cells surrounding bacteria, infected cells, and a caseous necrotic core. While granulomas serve to physically contain and immunologically restrain bacteria growth, some granulomas are unable to control Mtb growth, leading to bacteria and infected cells leaving the granuloma and disseminating, either resulting in additional granuloma formation (local or non-local) or spread to airways or lymph nodes. Dissemination is associated with development of active TB. It is challenging to experimentally address specific mechanisms driving dissemination from TB lung granulomas. Herein, we develop a novel hybrid multi-scale computational model, MultiGran, that tracks Mtb infection within multiple granulomas in an entire lung. MultiGran follows cells, cytokines, and bacterial populations within each lung granuloma throughout the course of infection and is calibrated to multiple non-human primate (NHP) cellular, granuloma, and whole-lung datasets. We show that MultiGran can recapitulate patterns of in vivo local and non-local dissemination, predict likelihood of dissemination, and predict a crucial role for multifunctional CD8+ T cells and macrophage dynamics for preventing dissemination. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and kills 3 people per minute worldwide. Granulomas, spherical structures composed of immune cells surrounding bacteria, are the hallmark of Mtb infection and sometimes fail to contain the bacteria and disseminate, leading to further granuloma growth within the lung environment. To date, the mechanisms that determine granuloma dissemination events have not been characterized. We present a computational multi-scale model of granuloma formation and dissemination within primate lungs. Our computational model is calibrated to multiple experimental datasets across the cellular, granuloma, and whole-lung scales of non-human primates. We match to both individual granuloma and granuloma-population datasets, predict likelihood of dissemination events, and predict a critical role for multifunctional CD8+ T cells and macrophage-bacteria interactions to prevent infection dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Wessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Louis R. Joslyn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DEK); (JJL)
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DEK); (JJL)
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35
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Winchell CG, Mishra BB, Phuah JY, Saqib M, Nelson SJ, Maiello P, Causgrove CM, Ameel CL, Stein B, Borish HJ, White AG, Klein EC, Zimmerman MD, Dartois V, Lin PL, Sassetti CM, Flynn JL. Evaluation of IL-1 Blockade as an Adjunct to Linezolid Therapy for Tuberculosis in Mice and Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:891. [PMID: 32477361 PMCID: PMC7235418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017 over 550,000 estimated new cases of multi-drug/rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) occurred, emphasizing a need for new treatment strategies. Linezolid (LZD) is a potent antibiotic for drug-resistant Gram-positive infections and is an effective treatment for TB. However, extended LZD use can lead to LZD-associated host toxicities, most commonly bone marrow suppression. LZD toxicities may be mediated by IL-1, an inflammatory pathway important for early immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. However, IL-1 can contribute to pathology and disease severity late in TB progression. Since IL-1 may contribute to LZD toxicity and does influence TB pathology, we targeted this pathway with a potential host-directed therapy (HDT). We hypothesized LZD efficacy could be enhanced by modulation of IL-1 pathway to reduce bone marrow toxicity and TB associated-inflammation. We used two animal models of TB to test our hypothesis, a TB-susceptible mouse model and clinically relevant cynomolgus macaques. Antagonizing IL-1 in mice with established infection reduced lung neutrophil numbers and partially restored the erythroid progenitor populations that are depleted by LZD. In macaques, we found no conclusive evidence of bone marrow suppression associated with LZD, indicating our treatment time may have been short enough to avoid the toxicities observed in humans. Though treatment was only 4 weeks (the FDA approved regimen at the time of study), we observed sterilization of the majority of granulomas regardless of co-administration of the FDA-approved IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Rn), also known as Anakinra. However, total lung inflammation was significantly reduced in macaques treated with IL-1Rn and LZD compared to LZD alone. Importantly, IL-1Rn administration did not impair the host response against Mtb or LZD efficacy in either animal model. Together, our data support that inhibition of IL-1 in combination with LZD has potential to be an effective HDT for TB and the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caylin G. Winchell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bibhuti B. Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jia Yao Phuah
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Mohd Saqib
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Samantha J. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chelsea M. Causgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cassaundra L. Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brianne Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexander G. White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew D. Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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36
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Bucsan AN, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. The current state of animal models and genomic approaches towards identifying and validating molecular determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5543892. [PMID: 31381766 PMCID: PMC6687098 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are important in understanding both the pathogenesis of and immunity to tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, we are beginning to understand that no animal model perfectly recapitulates the human TB syndrome, which encompasses numerous different stages. Furthermore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a very heterogeneous event at both the levels of pathogenesis and immunity. This review seeks to establish the current understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity, as validated in the animal models of TB in active use today. We especially focus on the use of modern genomic approaches in these models to determine the mechanism and the role of specific molecular pathways. Animal models have significantly enhanced our understanding of TB. Incorporation of contemporary technologies such as single cell transcriptomics, high-parameter flow cytometric immune profiling, proteomics, proteomic flow cytometry and immunocytometry into the animal models in use will further enhance our understanding of TB and facilitate the development of treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane Center for Tuberculosis Research, Covington, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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37
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
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38
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Malherbe ST, Chen RY, Dupont P, Kant I, Kriel M, Loxton AG, Smith B, Beltran CGG, van Zyl S, McAnda S, Abrahams C, Maasdorp E, Doruyter A, Via LE, Barry CE, Alland D, Richards SG, Ellman A, Peppard T, Belisle J, Tromp G, Ronacher K, Warwick JM, Winter J, Walzl G. Quantitative 18F-FDG PET-CT scan characteristics correlate with tuberculosis treatment response. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32040770 PMCID: PMC7010890 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in the use of F-18 FDG PET-CT to monitor tuberculosis (TB) treatment response. Tuberculosis lung lesions are often complex and diffuse, with dynamic changes during treatment and persisting metabolic activity after apparent clinical cure. This poses a challenge in quantifying scan-based markers of burden of disease and disease activity. We used semi-automated, whole lung quantification of lung lesions to analyse serial FDG PET-CT scans from the Catalysis TB Treatment Response Cohort to identify characteristics that best correlated with clinical and microbiological outcomes. Results Quantified scan metrics were already associated with clinical outcomes at diagnosis and 1 month after treatment, with further improved accuracy to differentiate clinical outcomes after standard treatment duration (month 6). A high cavity volume showed the strongest association with a risk of treatment failure (AUC 0.81 to predict failure at diagnosis), while a suboptimal reduction of the total glycolytic activity in lung lesions during treatment had the strongest association with recurrent disease (AUC 0.8 to predict pooled unfavourable outcomes). During the first year after TB treatment lesion burden reduced; but for many patients, there were continued dynamic changes of individual lesions. Conclusions Quantification of FDG PET-CT images better characterised TB treatment outcomes than qualitative scan patterns and robustly measured the burden of disease. In future, validated metrics may be used to stratify patients and help evaluate the effectiveness of TB treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanus T Malherbe
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ray Y Chen
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ilse Kant
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Magdalena Kriel
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - André G Loxton
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwyn Smith
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline G G Beltran
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan van Zyl
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shirely McAnda
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charmaine Abrahams
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizna Maasdorp
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alex Doruyter
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Node for Infection Imaging, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Alland
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stephanie Griffith- Richards
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annare Ellman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - John Belisle
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative (SATBBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James M Warwick
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill Winter
- Catalysis Foundation for Health, San Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Wong EA, Evans S, Kraus CR, Engelman KD, Maiello P, Flores WJ, Cadena AM, Klein E, Thomas K, White AG, Causgrove C, Stein B, Tomko J, Mattila JT, Gideon H, Lin PL, Reimann KA, Kirschner DE, Flynn JL. IL-10 Impairs Local Immune Response in Lung Granulomas and Lymph Nodes during Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:644-659. [PMID: 31862711 PMCID: PMC6981067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to be a major global health problem. Lung granulomas are organized structures of host immune cells that function to contain the bacteria. Cytokine expression is a critical component of the protective immune response, but inappropriate cytokine expression can exacerbate TB. Although the importance of proinflammatory cytokines in controlling M. tuberculosis infection has been established, the effects of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, in TB are less well understood. To investigate the role of IL-10, we used an Ab to neutralize IL-10 in cynomolgus macaques during M. tuberculosis infection. Anti-IL-10-treated nonhuman primates had similar overall disease outcomes compared with untreated control nonhuman primates, but there were immunological changes in granulomas and lymph nodes from anti-IL-10-treated animals. There was less thoracic inflammation and increased cytokine production in lung granulomas and lymph nodes from IL-10-neutralized animals at 3-4 wk postinfection compared with control animals. At 8 wk postinfection, lung granulomas from IL-10-neutralized animals had reduced cytokine production but increased fibrosis relative to control animals. Although these immunological changes did not affect the overall disease burden during the first 8 wk of infection, we paired computational modeling to explore late infection dynamics. Our findings support that early changes occurring in the absence of IL-10 may lead to better bacterial control later during infection. These unique datasets provide insight into the contribution of IL-10 to the immunological balance necessary for granulomas to control bacterial burden and disease pathology in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen A Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carolyn R Kraus
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Kathleen D Engelman
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Walter J Flores
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Anthony M Cadena
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kayla Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Chelsea Causgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Brianne Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Hannah Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - P Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Keith A Reimann
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219;
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40
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Tomasicchio M, Davids M, Pooran A, Theron G, Smith L, Semple L, Meldau R, Hapgood JP, Dheda K. The Injectable Contraceptive Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Host Immunity Through the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1329-1337. [PMID: 30452655 PMCID: PMC6452311 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of the widely used progestin-only injectable contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone acetate (NET-A), on host susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are unknown. Methods We recruited human immunodeficiency virus–uninfected females, not taking any contraceptives, from Cape Town, South Africa, to evaluate the effect of MPA, NET-A, and dexamethasone on Mtb containment in monocyte-derived macrophages co-incubated with purified protein derivative (PPD)–driven peripheral blood–derived effector cells. Results MPA (P < .005) and dexamethasone (P < .01), but not NET-A, significantly attenuated Mtb containment in Mtb-infected macrophages co-cultured with PPD-driven effector cells at physiologically relevant concentrations and in a dose-dependent manner. Antagonizing the glucocorticoid receptor with mifepristone (RU486) abrogated the reduction in Mtb containment. In PPD-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MPA and dexamethasone, but not NET-A, upregulated (median [interquartile range]) regulatory T cells (5.3% [3.1%–18.2%]; P < .05), reduced CD4+ T-cell interferon-γ (21% [0.5%–28%]; P < .05) and granzyme B production (12.6% [7%–13.5%]; P < .05), and reduced CD8+ perforin activity (2.2% [0.1%–7%]; P < .05). RU486 reversed regulatory T-cell up-regulation and the inhibitory effect on Th1 and granzyme/perforin-related pathways. Conclusions MPA, but not NET-A, subverts mycobacterial containment in vitro and downregulates pathways associated with protective CD8+- and CD4+-related host immunity via the glucocorticoid receptor. These data potentially inform the selection and use of injectable contraceptives in tuberculosis-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasicchio
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Anil Pooran
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Grant Theron
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town.,Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Liezel Smith
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lynn Semple
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Richard Meldau
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Janet Patricia Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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41
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Dube D, Sharma R, Mody N, Gupta M, Agrawal U, Vyas SP. Animal models of tuberculosis. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Gideon HP, Phuah J, Junecko BA, Mattila JT. Neutrophils express pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in granulomas from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cynomolgus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1370-1381. [PMID: 31434990 PMCID: PMC6824993 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the mechanisms by which they promote disease are not fully understood. Neutrophils can express cytokines that influence TB progression, and so we compared neutrophil and T-cell expression of the Th1 cytokines IFNγ and TNF, the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and regulatory cytokine IL-10 in M. tuberculosis-infected macaques to determine if neutrophil cytokine expression contributes to dysregulated immunity in TB. We found that peripheral blood neutrophils produced cytokines after stimulation by mycobacterial antigens and inactive and viable M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis antigen-stimulated neutrophils inhibited antigen-specific T-cell IFNγ production. In lung granulomas, neutrophil cytokine expression resembled T-cell cytokine expression, and although there was histologic evidence for neutrophil interaction with T cells, neutrophil cytokine expression was not correlated with T-cell cytokine expression or bacteria load. There was substantial overlap in the spatial arrangement of cytokine-expressing neutrophils and T cells, but IL-10-expressing neutrophils were also abundant in bacteria-rich areas between caseum and epithelioid macrophages. These results suggest that neutrophils contribute to the cytokine milieu in granulomas and may be important immunoregulatory cells in TB granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jiayao Phuah
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Beth A Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Linge I, Petrova E, Dyatlov A, Kondratieva T, Logunova N, Majorov K, Kondratieva E, Apt A. Reciprocal control of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections by the alleles of the classic Class II H2-Aβ gene in mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Palmer MV, Wiarda J, Kanipe C, Thacker TC. Early Pulmonary Lesions in Cattle Infected via Aerosolized Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:544-554. [PMID: 30895908 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819833454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a serious zoonotic pathogen and the cause of tuberculosis in many mammalian species, most notably, cattle. The hallmark lesion of tuberculosis is the granuloma. It is within the developing granuloma where host and pathogen interact; therefore, it is critical to understand host-pathogen interactions at the granuloma level. Cytokines and chemokines drive cell recruitment, activity, and function and ultimately determine the success or failure of the host to control infection. In calves, early lesions (ie, 15 and 30 days) after experimental aerosol infection were examined microscopically using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate early infiltrates of CD68+ macrophages within alveoli and alveolar interstitium, as well as the presence of CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells. Unlike lesions at 15 days, lesions at 30 days after infection contained small foci of necrosis among infiltrates of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells and extracellular acid-fast bacilli within necrotic areas. At both time points, there was abundant expression of the chemokines CXCL9, MCP-1/CCL2, and the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, were expressed at moderate levels at both time points, while expression of IFN-γ was limited. These findings document the early pulmonary lesions after M. bovis infection in calves and are in general agreement with the proposed pathogenesis of tuberculosis described in laboratory animal and nonhuman primate models of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V Palmer
- 1 Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jayne Wiarda
- 1 Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,2 Immunobiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Carly Kanipe
- 1 Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,2 Immunobiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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45
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Diedrich CR, Gideon HP, Rutledge T, Baranowski TM, Maiello P, Myers AJ, Lin PL. CD4CD8 Double Positive T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques. J Med Primatol 2019; 48:82-89. [PMID: 30723927 PMCID: PMC6519377 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) kills millions of people every year. CD4 and CD8 T cells are critical in the immune response against TB. T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 (CD4CD8 T cells) are functionally active and have not been examined in the context of TB. METHODS We examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) and lung granulomas from 28 cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. RESULTS CD4CD8 T cells increase in frequency during early Mtb infection in PBMC and BAL from pre-infection. Peripheral, airway, and lung granuloma CD4CD8 T cells have distinct patterns and greater cytokine production than CD4 or CD8 T cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CD4CD8 T cells transient the blood and airways early during infection to reach the granulomas where they are involved directly in the host response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Richard Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Priyadarshini Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tonilynn Marie Baranowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy J Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally among infectious diseases that has killed more numbers of people than any other infectious diseases. Animal models have become the lynchpin for mimicking human infectious diseases. Research on TB could be facilitated by animal challenge models such as the guinea pig, mice, rabbit and non-human primates. No single model presents all aspects of disease pathogenesis due to considerable differences in disease resistance/susceptibility between these models. Availability of a wide range of animal strains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, route of infection and doses affect the disease progression and intervention outcome. Different animal models have contributed significantly to the drug and vaccine development, identification of biomarkers, understanding of TB immunopathogenesis and host genetic influence on infection. In this review, the commonly used animal models in TB research are discussed along with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
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Preexisting Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Susceptibility to Tuberculosis in Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00565-18. [PMID: 30224552 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00565-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. The precise mechanisms by which HIV impairs host resistance to a subsequent M. tuberculosis infection are unknown. We modeled this coinfection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as an HIV surrogate. We infected seven MCM with SIVmac239 intrarectally and 6 months later coinfected them via bronchoscope with ∼10 CFU of M. tuberculosis Another eight MCM were infected with M. tuberculosis alone. TB progression was monitored by clinical parameters, by culturing bacilli in gastric and bronchoalveolar lavages, and by serial [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. The eight MCM infected with M. tuberculosis alone displayed dichotomous susceptibility to TB, with four animals reaching humane endpoint within 13 weeks and four animals surviving >19 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection. In stark contrast, all seven SIV+ animals exhibited rapidly progressive TB following coinfection and all reached humane endpoint by 13 weeks. Serial PET/CT imaging confirmed dichotomous outcomes in MCM infected with M. tuberculosis alone and marked susceptibility to TB in all SIV+ MCM. Notably, imaging revealed a significant increase in TB granulomas between 4 and 8 weeks after M. tuberculosis infection in SIV+ but not in SIV-naive MCM and implies that SIV impairs the ability of animals to contain M. tuberculosis dissemination. At necropsy, animals with preexisting SIV infection had more overall pathology, increased bacterial loads, and a trend towards more extrapulmonary disease than animals infected with M. tuberculosis alone. We thus developed a tractable MCM model in which to study SIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection and demonstrate that preexisting SIV dramatically diminishes the ability to control M. tuberculosis coinfection.
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48
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Foreman TW, Mehra S, Lackner AA, Kaushal D. Translational Research in the Nonhuman Primate Model of Tuberculosis. ILAR J 2018; 58:151-159. [PMID: 28575319 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis predominantly establishes subclinical latent infection over the lifetime of an individual, with a fraction of infected individuals rapidly progressing to active disease. The immune control in latent infection can be perturbed by comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and coinfection with helminthes or HIV. Modeling the varying aspects of natural infection remains incomplete when using zebrafish and mice. However, the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis offers a unique and accurate model to investigate host responses to infection, test novel therapeutics, and thoroughly assess preclinical vaccine candidates. Rhesus macaques and cynomolgus macaques manifest the full gamut of clinical and pathological findings in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including the ability to co-infect macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus to model HIV co-infection. Here we discuss advanced techniques to assay various clinical outcomes of the natural progression of infection as well as therapeutics in development and novel preclinical vaccines. Finally, we survey the translational aspects of nonhuman primate research and argue the urgent need to thoroughly examine preclinical therapeutics and vaccines using this model prior to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Foreman
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Louisiana State University School, Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.,Tulane National Primate Research Center in Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology and Pathology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Immunology at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana
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Ganchua SKC, Cadena AM, Maiello P, Gideon HP, Myers AJ, Junecko BF, Klein EC, Lin PL, Mattila JT, Flynn JL. Lymph nodes are sites of prolonged bacterial persistence during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007337. [PMID: 30383808 PMCID: PMC6211753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is commonly considered a chronic lung disease, however, extrapulmonary infection can occur in any organ. Even though lymph nodes (LN) are among the most common sites of extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, and thoracic LNs are frequently infected in humans, bacterial dynamics and the effect of Mtb infection in LN structure and function is relatively unstudied. We surveyed thoracic LNs from Mtb-infected cynomolgus and rhesus macaques analyzing PET CT scans, bacterial burden, LN structure and immune function. FDG avidity correlated with the presence of live bacteria in LNs at necropsy. Lymph nodes have different trajectories (increasing, maintaining, decreasing in PET activity over time) even within the same animal. Rhesus macaques are more susceptible to Mtb infection than cynomolgus macaques and this is in part due to more extensive LN pathology. Here, we show that Mtb grows to the same level in cynomolgus and rhesus macaque LNs, however, cynomolgus macaques control Mtb at later time points post-infection while rhesus macaques do not. Notably, compared to lung granulomas, LNs are generally poor at killing Mtb, even with drug treatment. Granulomas that form in LNs lack B cell-rich tertiary lymphoid structures, disrupt LN structure by pushing out T cells and B cells, introduce large numbers of macrophages that can serve as niches for Mtb, and destroy normal vasculature. Our data support that LNs are not only sites of antigen presentation and immune activation during infection, but also serve as important sites for persistence of significant numbers of Mtb bacilli. Since tuberculosis is commonly considered a chronic lung disease, most studies in tuberculosis focus on the lungs while lymph nodes are almost always depicted only as sites of antigen presentation and immune activation. However, lymph nodes are among the most frequently infected sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aside from the lungs. The effect of Mtb infection and how lymph nodes respond to Mtb infection is currently unknown. To investigate this, we examined the lymph nodes of two macaque species, cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, at different time points after Mtb infection. We found that overall lymph nodes are not effective killers of Mtb; the lymph nodes of rhesus macaques being less effective at killing Mtb than cynomolgus macaques. Mtb infection also resulted in the destruction of the lymph node structure and this was associated with increased bacterial burden. After a short course of anti-TB drug therapy, the reduction in bacterial burden was lower in lymph nodes compared to lung granulomas. Our data show that aside from being sites of antigen presentation and immune activation, lymph nodes are also niches of Mtb growth and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharie Keanne C. Ganchua
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Cadena
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah P. Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beth F. Junecko
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Delcroix M, Heydari K, Dodge R, Riley LW. Flow-cytometric analysis of human monocyte subsets targeted by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5185113. [PMID: 30445573 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is characterized by an inflammatory response resulting in the formation of granulomas. These tight aggregates of immune cells play an important role in bacterial containment and in the eventual outcome of infection. Monocytes are a major component of the early immune response to Mtb and contribute to the cellular matrix of the newly forming granuloma. Therefore, defining which monocyte subset is the target of mycobacterial infection is critical. Here, we describe a flow-cytometry-based assay to analyze infectivity in vitro of monocyte subsets by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. We identified CD14+CD16- monocytes as the main target of infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six healthy donors. CD14+CD16+ monocytes displayed the lowest infection rates and remained uninfected in some donors. We found that a longer infection time resulted in an increase of the percentage of monocytes infected and of the number of granulomas produced. We did not observe changes in monocyte cell death or subset expansion upon infection. Future experiments with our in vitro method could help define Mtb infectivity of monocyte subsets. Our study provides a platform to investigate how early infection of different monocyte subsets may alter granuloma formation and outcomes of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaine Delcroix
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ren Dodge
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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