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Hegemann N, Barth L, Döring Y, Voigt N, Grune J. Implications for neutrophils in cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H441-H458. [PMID: 38099844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias commonly occur as a result of aberrant electrical impulse formation or conduction in the myocardium. Frequently discussed triggers include underlying heart diseases such as myocardial ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, or genetic anomalies of ion channels involved in the tightly regulated cardiac action potential. Recently, the role of innate immune cells in the onset of arrhythmic events has been highlighted in numerous studies, correlating leukocyte expansion in the myocardium to increased arrhythmic burden. Here, we aim to call attention to the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias and their expansion during myocardial ischemia and infectious disease manifestation. In addition, we will elucidate molecular mechanisms associated with neutrophil activation and discuss their involvement as direct mediators of arrhythmogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hegemann
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Barth
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yannic Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niels Voigt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Grune
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Bartold M, Ivanovski S. Biological processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38243683 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and iterative process involving myriad cellular and biologic processes that are highly regulated to allow satisfactory repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. This review is intended to be an introductory chapter in a volume focusing on the use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration. In order to fully appreciate the clinical utility of these preparations, a sound understanding of the processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. This encompasses an appreciation of the cellular and biological mediators of both soft and hard tissues in general as well as specific consideration of the periodontal tissues. In light of good advances in this basic knowledge, there have been improvements in clinical strategies and therapeutic management of wound repair and regeneration. The use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration offers one such strategy and is based on the principles of cellular and biologic principles of wound repair discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bartold
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Fantone KM, Goldberg JB, Stecenko AA, Rada B. Sputum from People with Cystic Fibrosis Reduces the Killing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Neutrophils and Diminishes Phagosomal Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. Pathogens 2023; 12:1148. [PMID: 37764956 PMCID: PMC10538153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease is characterized by chronic polymicrobial infections and an infiltration of neutrophils (PMNs). Staphylococcus aureus has been the most prevalent respiratory pathogen in CF. In particular, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) represents a huge clinical burden in CF due to its association with lung disease and increased resistance to antibiotics. In CF, PMNs are unable to kill and clear MRSA. The reason for this remains largely unknown. Our study found that CF PMNs are as equally capable of killing MRSA as healthy PMNs. We show that the CF sputum, however, significantly impairs the ability of human PMNs to kill CF MRSA isolates. In the absence of CF sputum, PMNs kill MRSA via intracellular mechanisms mediated by phagocytosis, rather than extracellular mechanisms via NET formation. CF sputum does not affect the phagocytosis of MRSA via healthy or CF PMNs. Our results demonstrate that CF sputum exposure impairs phagosomal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MRSA-phagocytosing PMNs. While phagosomal co-localizations of MRSA with primary granule markers, myeloperoxidase and cathepsin D, were significantly reduced upon CF sputum exposure, that of a third azurophilic granule marker, neutrophil elastase, remained unaffected. This suggests that CF sputum does not compromise the fusion of primary granules with phagosomes but diminishes phagosomal ROS levels via another, likely more specific, mechanism. Overall, we identified the airway environment as an important factor that restricts neutrophils' oxidative microbicidal activities in CF against MRSA. These results deliver new details of the complex host-pathogen interactions present in the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Fantone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30602, USA; (J.B.G.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Arlene A. Stecenko
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30602, USA; (J.B.G.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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4
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Meng X, Liu H, Zhao N, Yang Y, Zhao K, Dai Y. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of Charge and Glycosyl on Superoxide Anion Distribution near Lipid Membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10926. [PMID: 37446103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the effects of membrane charge, the electrolyte species and glycosyl on the distribution of negatively charged radical of superoxide anion (·O2-) around the cell membrane, different phospholipid bilayer systems containing ·O2- radicals, different electrolytes and phospholipid bilayers were constructed through Charmm-GUI and Amber16. These systems were equilibrated with molecular dynamics by using Gromacs 5.0.2 to analyze the statistical behaviors of ·O2- near the lipid membrane under different conditions. It was found that in the presence of potassium rather than sodium, the negative charge of the phospholipid membrane is more likely to rarefy the superoxide anion distribution near the membrane surface. Further, the presence of glycosyl significantly reduced the density of ·O2- near the phospholipid bilayer by 78.3% compared with that of the neutral lipid membrane, which may have a significant contribution to reducing the lipid peroxidation from decreasing the ·O2- density near the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Hebei Kingsci Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Jangxi Ourshi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xinyu 338012, China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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5
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Rahimnejad S, Leclercq E, Malinovskyi O, Pěnka T, Kolářová J, Policar T. Effects of yeast hydrolysate supplementation in low-fish meal diets for pikeperch. Animal 2023; 17:100870. [PMID: 37379608 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins have been increasingly used as sustainable substitutes for fish meal (FM) in aquafeeds; however, their high inclusion level compromises fish performance. The objective of this study was to examine whether yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplementation can improve the utilisation of high soybean meal (SM) diet and ameliorate its potential deteriorating impacts in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). A basal diet was formulated using 44% FM, and four additional diets were produced by replacing 30 or 60% of FM with SM with or without the addition of 2% YH (FM, SM30, SM60, SM30 + YH, and SM60 + YH diets). Each diet was fed to three groups of fish (35.3 ± 0.10 g, 150 fish per group) to visual satiety four times daily for 70 days. Fish growth was not impacted by FM replacement level or YH application. However, SM60 group exhibited markedly higher feed conversion ratio and lower survival rate than those fed the FM- and YH-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest protein efficiency ratio values were obtained for the SM30 + YH and SM60 groups, respectively. Whole-body lipid content decreased in SM60 and SM60 + YH groups, and muscle lipid decreased in all the replacement groups. Serum triglyceride and glucose concentrations tended to decrease as FM replacement level increased. The highest alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were detected in the SM60 group, and YH addition significantly decreased the AST and LDH activities. Serum lysozyme activity decreased in SM30, SM60 and SM60 + YH groups. Serum myeloperoxidase and antiprotease activities decreased in SM60 group, and YH supplementation improved their activities. No effects of diets were observed on serum antioxidant parameters such as catalase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, and gut morphological indices. Number of goblet cells in midgut decreased by increasing the SM inclusion level and a slight improvement was observed by YH application. These findings suggest that YH supplementation has the potential to support the replacement of up to 60% FM with defatted SM in pikeperch feed without deteriorating growth, feed utilisation, and survival rate. Further, YH incorporation mitigated the damaging impacts of high SM diet on liver function and non-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahimnejad
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - E Leclercq
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquettiers, 31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - O Malinovskyi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - T Pěnka
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - J Kolářová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - T Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
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6
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Naish E, Wood AJT, Stewart AP, Routledge M, Morris AC, Chilvers ER, Lodge KM. The formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:158-180. [PMID: 36440666 PMCID: PMC10952784 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte and are crucial to the initial innate immune response to infection. One of their key pathogen-eliminating mechanisms is phagocytosis, the process of particle engulfment into a vacuole-like structure called the phagosome. The antimicrobial activity of the phagocytic process results from a collaboration of multiple systems and mechanisms within this organelle, where a complex interplay of ion fluxes, pH, reactive oxygen species, and antimicrobial proteins creates a dynamic antimicrobial environment. This complexity, combined with the difficulties of studying neutrophils ex vivo, has led to gaps in our knowledge of how the neutrophil phagosome optimizes pathogen killing. In particular, controversy has arisen regarding the relative contribution and integration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived antimicrobial agents and granule-delivered antimicrobial proteins. Clinical syndromes arising from dysfunction in these systems in humans allow useful insight into these mechanisms, but their redundancy and synergy add to the complexity. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome, examine new insights into the phagosomal environment that have been permitted by technological advances in recent years, and discuss aspects of the phagocytic process that are still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Naish
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexander JT Wood
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
- Department of Critical CareUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Matthew Routledge
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Division of Immunology, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
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7
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Nigo F, Nakagawa R, Hirai Y, Imai L, Suzuki Y, Furuta K, Kaito C. Staphylococcus aureus MazG hydrolyzes oxidized guanine nucleotides and contributes to oxidative stress resistance. Biochimie 2023; 209:52-60. [PMID: 36746255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that knockout of the mazG (SA1292) gene decreases Staphylococcus aureus killing activity against silkworms. S. aureus MazG (SaMazG) has a nucleotide pyrophosphatase domain conserved among MazG family proteins, but its biochemical characteristics are unknown. In the present study, we purified recombinant N-terminal His-tagged SaMazG protein and examined its biochemical activity. SaMazG hydrolyzed GTP, UTP, dGTP, and TTP into nucleoside monophosphates. Hydrolytic activity of SaMazG against ATP, CTP, dATP, and dCTP was low or not detected. SaMazG exhibited high hydrolytic activity against 8-oxo-GTP and 8-oxo-dGTP, oxidized guanine nucleotides, with a Vmax/Km ratio more than 15-fold that of GTP. Furthermore, the S. aureus mazG knockout mutant was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide compared with the parent strain. These results suggest that SaMazG is a nucleotide pyrophosphatase hydrolyzing oxidized guanine nucleotides that contributes to the oxidative stress resistance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuki Nigo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lina Imai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
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8
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Kettle AJ, Ashby LV, Winterbourn CC, Dickerhof N. Superoxide: The enigmatic chemical chameleon in neutrophil biology. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:181-196. [PMID: 36609987 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The burst of superoxide produced when neutrophils phagocytose bacteria is the defining biochemical feature of these abundant immune cells. But 50 years since this discovery, the vital role superoxide plays in host defense has yet to be defined. Superoxide is neither bactericidal nor is it just a source of hydrogen peroxide. This simple free radical does, however, have remarkable chemical dexterity. Depending on its environment and reaction partners, superoxide can act as an oxidant, a reductant, a nucleophile, or an enzyme substrate. We outline the evidence that inside phagosomes where neutrophils trap, kill, and digest bacteria, superoxide will react preferentially with the enzyme myeloperoxidase, not the bacterium. By acting as a cofactor, superoxide will sustain hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. As a substrate, superoxide may give rise to other forms of reactive oxygen. We contend that these interactions hold the key to understanding the precise role superoxide plays in neutrophil biology. State-of-the-art techniques in mass spectrometry, oxidant-specific fluorescent probes, and microscopy focused on individual phagosomes are needed to identify bactericidal mechanisms driven by superoxide. This work will undoubtably lead to fascinating discoveries in host defense and give a richer understanding of superoxide's varied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louisa V Ashby
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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Myeloperoxidase as a Potential Biomarker of Acute-Myocardial-Infarction-Induced Depression and Suppression of the Innate Immune System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112083. [DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While myeloperoxidase (MPO) serves as an indicator of both neutrophil and innate-immune-system function, the potential suppression of the innate immune system in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-induced depression might be evidenced by a decrease in MPO serum levels. The aim of this prospective study was to (1) determine whether serum concentrations of MPO vary immediately and 6 months after AMI and (2) to investigate whether MPO concentrations at the time of the AMI are significant predictors of AMI-induced depression and the depression-associated suppression of the innate immune system. A total of 109 AMI patients were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) immediately after admission to the hospital and 6 months later. The MPO status was assessed with serum samples, which were also collected immediately and 6 months after AMI. The depressive patients showed significantly lower MPO blood levels immediately and 6 months after the AMI compared to the patients without depression (ANCOVA: MPO (depression) F = 4.764, df = 1, p = 0.031). The baseline MPO was observed as a significant predictor (p = 0.027) of AMI-induced depression 6 months after AMI. MPO is a potential biomarker for AMI-induced depression, indicating a depression-associated suppression of the innate immune system.
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10
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Lockhart JS, Sumagin R. Non-Canonical Functions of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Regulation, Tissue Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012250. [PMID: 36293108 PMCID: PMC9603794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the most abundantly expressed proteins in neutrophils. It serves as a critical component of the antimicrobial defense system, facilitating microbial killing via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that in addition to the well-recognized canonical antimicrobial function of MPO, it can directly or indirectly impact immune cells and tissue responses in homeostatic and disease states. Here, we highlight the emerging non-canonical functions of MPO, including its impact on neutrophil longevity, activation and trafficking in inflammation, its interactions with other immune cells, and how these interactions shape disease outcomes. We further discuss MPO interactions with barrier forming endothelial and epithelial cells, specialized cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and its involvement in cancer progression. Such diverse function and the MPO association with numerous inflammatory disorders make it an attractive target for therapies aimed at resolving inflammation and limiting inflammation-associated tissue damage. However, while considering MPO inhibition as a potential therapy, one must account for the diverse impact of MPO activity on various cellular compartments both in health and disease.
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11
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Ashby LV, Springer R, Loi VV, Antelmann H, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidation of bacillithiol during killing of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 inside neutrophil phagosomes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:591-605. [PMID: 35621076 PMCID: PMC9796752 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi1021-538rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting immune evasion tactics of pathogenic bacteria may hold the key to treating recalcitrant bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces bacillithiol (BSH), its major low-molecular-weight thiol, which is thought to protect this opportunistic human pathogen against the bombardment of oxidants inside neutrophil phagosomes. Here, we show that BSH was oxidized when human neutrophils phagocytosed S. aureus, but provided limited protection to the bacteria. We used mass spectrometry to measure the oxidation of BSH upon exposure of S. aureus USA300 to either a bolus of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or a flux generated by the neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Oxidation of BSH and loss of bacterial viability were strongly correlated (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). BSH was fully oxidized after exposure of S. aureus to lethal doses of HOCl. However, there was no relationship between the initial BSH levels and the dose of HOCl required for bacterial killing. In contrast to the HOCl systems, only 50% of total BSH was oxidized when neutrophils killed the majority of phagocytosed bacteria. Oxidation of BSH was decreased upon inhibition of myeloperoxidase, implicating HOCl in phagosomal BSH oxidation. A BSH-deficient S. aureus USA300 mutant was slightly more susceptible to treatment with either HOCl or ammonia chloramine, or to killing within neutrophil phagosomes. Collectively, our data show that myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants react with S. aureus inside neutrophil phagosomes, leading to partial BSH oxidation, and contribute to bacterial killing. However, BSH offers only limited protection against the neutrophil's multifaceted killing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa V Ashby
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Reuben Springer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyInstitute of Biology‐MicrobiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurchNew Zealand
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12
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Güroy D, Güroy B, Bilen S, Terzi E, Kenanoğlu ON, García-Suárez M, Marzin D, Mantoğlu S, Karadal O, Şahin İ, Kuşku H. Effects of dietary marine sulphated polysaccharides (Algimun®) on growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1139-1147. [PMID: 35870744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of a dietary mix of marine sulphated polysaccharides, named Algimun® (AL), supplementation to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles in terms of growth performance, immune responses, and resistance against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. A total of 240 fish (initial mean weight of 6.00 ± 0.03 g) was randomly separated into 12 tanks (400 L, 20 fish per tank) distributed in four replicates. Fish were fed three experimental diets: a basal diet (Control), and a basal diet with two inclusion rates of Algimun® as 3 g/kg (AL0.3) and 5 g/kg (AL0.5) for 30 days before bacterial infection with P. damselae subsp. piscicida. After a 30-day feeding-period, growth performance was significantly improved in AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups showed significantly higher lysozyme activity and myeloperoxidase activity when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The gene expression of immune mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α and COX-2) was significantly upregulated in the intestine, spleen and head kidney in AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Eight days post-challenge, the survival rate against P. damselae subsp. piscicida was numerically higher in fish within AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups compared to control (+20%). The study findings suggest that marine sulphated polysaccharides (Algimun®) could be used as an immunomodulator in gilthead seabream to support animal's health and boost resistance in case of disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Güroy
- Department of Aquaculture, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey.
| | - Betül Güroy
- Department of Food Processing, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Soner Bilen
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Terzi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Osman Nezih Kenanoğlu
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | | | | | - Serhan Mantoğlu
- Department of Food Processing, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Onur Karadal
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620, Çiğli, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İzzet Şahin
- Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Altınova Vocational School, Yalova University, 77700, Altınova, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Halit Kuşku
- Department of Marine Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey
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13
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Cengher L, Manna AC, Cho J, Theprungsirikul J, Sessions K, Rigby W, Cheung AL. Regulation of neutrophil myeloperoxidase inhibitor SPIN by the small RNA Teg49 in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1447-1463. [PMID: 35578788 PMCID: PMC9880452 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Teg49 is a Staphylococcus aureus trans-acting regulatory sRNA derived from cleavage of the sarA P3 transcript. We showed by RNA-Seq here that the 5' trident-like structure in Teg49 regulates transcriptionally (direct and indirect) 22 genes distinct from sarA. Among these, Teg49 was noted to repress spn, encoding a 102 residue preprotein which yields the mature 73 residue peptide which inhibits the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase in human neutrophils. Teg49 was found to regulate spn mRNA post-transcriptionally in strain SH1000 through 9-nt base-pairing between hairpin loop 2 of Teg49 and an exposed bulge of the spn mRNA. Mutations of the Teg49 binding site disrupted the repression of spn, leading to reduced degradation, and increased half-life of spn mRNA in the Teg49 mutant. The spn-Teg49 interaction was also confirmed with a synonymous spn mutation to yield enhanced spn expression in the mutant vs. the parent. The Teg49 mutant with increased spn expression exhibited enhanced resistance to MPO activity in vitro. Killing assays with human neutrophils showed that the Teg49 mutant was more resistant to killing after phagocytosis. Altogether, this study shows that Teg49 in S. aureus has a distinct and important regulatory profile whereby this sRNA modulates resistance to myeloperoxidase-mediated killing by human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Cengher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Adhar C. Manna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Junho Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Jomkuan Theprungsirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Katherine Sessions
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - William Rigby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
| | - Ambrose L. Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA
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14
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Frye KA, Sendra KM, Waldron KJ, Kehl-Fie TE. Old dogs, new tricks: New insights into the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 230:111748. [PMID: 35151099 PMCID: PMC9112591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are ancient enzymes of widespread importance present in all domains of life. Many insights have been gained into these important enzymes over the 50 years since their initial description, but recent studies in the context of microbial pathogenesis have resulted in findings that challenge long established dogmas. The repertoire of SODs that bacterial pathogens encode is diverse both in number and in metal dependencies, including copper, copper and zinc, manganese, iron, and cambialistic enzymes. Other bacteria also possess nickel dependent SODs. Compartmentalization of SODs only partially explains their diversity. The need for pathogens to maintain SOD activity across distinct hostile environments encountered during infection, including those limited for essential metals, is also a driver of repertoire diversity. SOD research using pathogenic microbes has also revealed the apparent biochemical ease with which metal specificity can change within the most common family of SODs. Collectively, these studies are revealing the dynamic nature of SOD evolution, both that of individual SOD enzymes that can change their metal specificity to adapt to fluctuating cellular metal availability, and of a cell's repertoire of SOD isozymes that can be differentially expressed to adapt to fluctuating environmental metal availability in a niche.
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15
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Yazhiniprabha M, Gopi N, Mahboob S, Al-Ghanim KA, Al-Misned F, Ahmed Z, Riaz MN, Sivakamavalli J, Govindarajan M, Vaseeharan B. The dietary supplementation of zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles enhance the immune response in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus against aquatic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 69:126878. [PMID: 34688058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green nanoparticles are subjected as an immunostimulant against bacterial pathogens. METHODS Murraya koenigii berry extract-based synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (Mb-ZnO NPs) and selenium nanoparticles (Mb-Se NPs) were relatively analyzed for immunostimulation in serum and mucus fish Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Initial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for both Mb-ZnO NPs and Mb-Se NPs followed by specific growth rate (SGR), antioxidant level (Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), Catalase activity (CA), and Glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx)), and immune parameters Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), Respiratory burst activity (RBA), Lysozyme activity (LYZ), Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), Serum antiprotease activity and Natural complement activity (NAC). RESULTS The potential bacterial inhibition property of Mb-ZnO NPs and Mb-Se NPs exhibited the most negligible concentration of 25 and 15 μg mL-1, respectively, against A. hydrophila. In addition, Mb-ZnO NPs and Mb-Se NPs exhibited 70-80 % and 90-95 % diminished biofilm activity at 50 μg mL-1 that was viewed under an inverted research microscope and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Protein leakage and nucleic acid leakage assay quantified oozed out protein and nucleic acid from A. hydrophila that confirms Mb-Se NPs exhibited vigorous antibacterial activity than Mb-ZnO NPs at tested concentrations. Oreochromis mossambicus fed with Mb-ZnO NPs and Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet at different concentrations (0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg) improved SGR along with a rise in the immune response of those fishes against A. hydrophila infection. Serum and mucus of fish fed with Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet exhibited a significant rise in antioxidant level SOD, CA and GPx at a dosage of 2 mg/kg. Likewise, lipid peroxidation assay detected significantly diminished oxidative stress in the serum and mucus of fish fed with Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet (2 mg/kg). Enhanced immune parameters in serum and mucus of fish fed with Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet determined by MPO, RBA, LYZ, ALP, Serum antiprotease activity and NAC. CONCLUSION Thus O. mossambicus fed with Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet was less prone to become infected by aquatic pathogen A. hydrophila established by challenge study. On the whole, Mb-Se NPs supplemented diet ensured the rise in antioxidant response that boosts the immune responses and reduces the chance of getting infected against A. hydrophila infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan Yazhiniprabha
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narayanan Gopi
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Al-Ghanim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Misned
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India; Unit of Natural Products and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Parker HA, Forrester L, Kaldor CD, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782495. [PMID: 35003097 PMCID: PMC8732375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterium genus contains a broad range of species, including the human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. These bacteria are best known for their residence inside host cells. Neutrophils are frequently observed at sites of mycobacterial infection, but their role in clearance is not well understood. In this review, we discuss how neutrophils attempt to control mycobacterial infections, either through the ingestion of bacteria into intracellular phagosomes, or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their powerful antimicrobial activity, including the production of reactive oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, neutrophils appear ineffective in killing pathogenic mycobacteria. We explore mycobacterial resistance mechanisms, and how thwarting neutrophil action exacerbates disease pathology. A better understanding of how mycobacteria protect themselves from neutrophils will aid the development of novel strategies that facilitate bacterial clearance and limit host tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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17
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Sönmez AY, Bi Len S, Taştan Y, Serag KJB, Toring CC, Romero JB, Kenanoğlu ON, Terzi E. Oral administration of Sargassum polycystum extracts stimulates immune response and increases survival against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:291-298. [PMID: 34419600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of Sargassum polycystum extract administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). S. polycystum methanolic extract was administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout at the dose of 0 (control), 1 (S1), 3 (S3) and 5 (S5) mg/100 μl/per fish twice a day for 7 days. On 1st, 5th, 3rd and 7th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses and immune-related gene expressions were determined. The result of oxidative radical production showed no difference during early stage of the experiment and was lately decreased (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity increased on 3rd and 7th day of the study in S5 fish group and on 5th day in S3 group compared to control (P < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity had an increased level on the 1st and 3rd day in S1, S5 and S5 fish groups, respectively. IL-1β gene was significantly up-regulated in kidney and intestine in all experimental groups (except on the 1st day, in the intestine of S5 fish group) compared to control (P < 0.05). IL-8 gene expression was elevated on 1st and 3rd day in kidney of all experimental fish groups. IL-6 transcript enhanced in a dose-dependent manner on 3rd and 7th day. IL-10 and IL-12 genes were also up-regulated. Survival in all treated fish groups challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila was significantly increased compared to that of control. The highest survival rate was recorded in S5 fish group (83.65%) followed by S3 fish group (82.62%). Our results suggest that S. polycystum aqueous methanolic extract is an effective immunostimulant and provide protection against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at a dose of 3-10 mg/20 g body weight/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Yavuz Sönmez
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Soner Bi Len
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Yiğit Taştan
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Karen Joy B Serag
- Mindanao State University, Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines
| | - Concepcion C Toring
- Mindanao State University, Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines
| | - Jumelita B Romero
- Mindanao State University, Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines
| | - Osman Nezih Kenanoğlu
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Terzi
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, Kastamonu, Turkey
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18
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of both superficial and invasive infections of humans and animals. Despite a potent host response and apparently appropriate antibiotic therapy, staphylococcal infections frequently become chronic or recurrent, demonstrating a remarkable ability of S. aureus to withstand the hostile host environment. There is growing evidence that staphylococcal DNA repair makes important contributions to the survival of the pathogen in host tissues, as well as promoting the emergence of mutants that resist host defenses and antibiotics. While much of what we know about DNA repair in S. aureus is inferred from studies with model organisms, the roles of specific repair mechanisms in infection are becoming clear and differences with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli have been identified. Furthermore, there is growing interest in staphylococcal DNA repair as a target for novel therapeutics that sensitize the pathogen to host defenses and antibiotics. In this review, we discuss what is known about staphylococcal DNA repair and its role in infection, examine how repair in S. aureus is similar to, or differs from, repair in well-characterized model organisms, and assess the potential of staphylococcal DNA repair as a novel therapeutic target.
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19
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Beavers WN, DuMont AL, Monteith AJ, Maloney KN, Tallman KA, Weiss A, Christian AH, Toste FD, Chang CJ, Porter NA, Torres VJ, Skaar EP. Staphylococcus aureus Peptide Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases Protect from Human Whole-Blood Killing. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0014621. [PMID: 34001560 PMCID: PMC8281210 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00146-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of oxidative stress is a host strategy used to control Staphylococcus aureus infections. Sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are particularly susceptible to oxidation because of the inherent reactivity of sulfur. Due to the constant threat of protein oxidation, many systems evolved to protect S. aureus from protein oxidation or to repair protein oxidation after it occurs. The S. aureus peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) system reduces methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Staphylococci have four Msr enzymes, which all perform this reaction. Deleting all four msr genes in USA300 LAC (Δmsr) sensitizes S. aureus to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) killing; however, the Δmsr strain does not exhibit increased sensitivity to H2O2 stress or superoxide anion stress generated by paraquat or pyocyanin. Consistent with increased susceptibility to HOCl killing, the Δmsr strain is slower to recover following coculture with both murine and human neutrophils than USA300 wild type. The Δmsr strain is attenuated for dissemination to the spleen following murine intraperitoneal infection and exhibits reduced bacterial burdens in a murine skin infection model. Notably, no differences in bacterial burdens were observed in any organ following murine intravenous infection. Consistent with these observations, USA300 wild-type and Δmsr strains have similar survival phenotypes when incubated with murine whole blood. However, the Δmsr strain is killed more efficiently by human whole blood. These findings indicate that species-specific immune cell composition of the blood may influence the importance of Msr enzymes during S. aureus infection of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashley L. DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew J. Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K. Nichole Maloney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alec H. Christian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Fantone K, Tucker SL, Miller A, Yadav R, Bernardy EE, Fricker R, Stecenko AA, Goldberg JB, Rada B. Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Impairs the Ability of Neutrophils to Kill Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060703. [PMID: 34200034 PMCID: PMC8229215 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease is characterized by chronic microbial infections and infiltration of inflammatory polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major lung pathogen in CF that persists despite the presence of PMNs and has been associated with CF lung function decline. While PMNs represent the main mechanism of the immune system to kill S. aureus, it remains largely unknown why PMNs fail to eliminate S. aureus in CF. The goal of this study was to observe how the CF airway environment affects S. aureus killing by PMNs. PMNs were isolated from the blood of healthy volunteers and CF patients. Clinical isolates of S. aureus were obtained from the airways of CF patients. The results show that PMNs from healthy volunteers were able to kill all CF isolates and laboratory strains of S. aureus tested in vitro. The extent of killing varied among strains. When PMNs were pretreated with supernatants of CF sputum, S. aureus killing was significantly inhibited suggesting that the CF airway environment compromises PMN antibacterial functions. CF blood PMNs were capable of killing S. aureus. Although bacterial killing was inhibited with CF sputum, PMN binding and phagocytosis of S. aureus was not diminished. The S. aureus-induced respiratory burst and neutrophil extracellular trap release from PMNs also remained uninhibited by CF sputum. In summary, our data demonstrate that the CF airway environment limits killing of S. aureus by PMNs and provides a new in vitro experimental model to study this phenomenon and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Fantone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Samantha L. Tucker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Arthur Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Eryn E. Bernardy
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.E.B.); (A.A.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Rachel Fricker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
| | - Arlene A. Stecenko
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.E.B.); (A.A.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.E.B.); (A.A.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.F.); (S.L.T.); (A.M.); (R.Y.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Hedetoft M, Jensen PØ, Moser C, Vinkel J, Hyldegaard O. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment impacts oxidative stress markers in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection. J Investig Med 2021; 69:1330-1338. [PMID: 34006573 PMCID: PMC8485130 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-001837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) is a rare, severe, and fast-progressing bacterial infection associated with a high risk of developing sepsis or septic shock. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress is crucial in the development and progression of sepsis, but its role in NSTI specifically has not been investigated. Some patients with NSTI receive hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment as the restoration of oxidative stress balance is considered an important mechanism of action, which HBO2 facilitates. However, a gap in knowledge exists regarding the effect of HBO2 treatment on oxidative stress in patients with NSTI. In the present observational study, we aimed to investigate HBO2 treatment effects on known markers of oxidative stress in patients with NSTI. We measured plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nitrite+nitrate in 80 patients with NSTI immediately before and after their first HBO2 treatment, and on the following day. We found that HBO2 treatment was associated with a significant increase in MPO and SOD by a median of 3.4 and 8.8 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, we observed an HBO2 treatment-associated increase in HO-1 in patients presenting with septic shock (n=39) by a median of 301.3 pg/mL. All markers were significantly higher in patients presenting with septic shock compared to patients without shock, and all markers correlated with disease severity. High baseline SOD was associated with 90-day mortality. In conclusion, HBO2 treatment was associated with an increase in MPO and SOD in patients with NSTI, and oxidative stress was more pronounced in patients with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hedetoft
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Østrup Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Vinkel
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Parker HA, Dickerhof N, Forrester L, Ryburn H, Smyth L, Messens J, Aung HL, Cook GM, Kettle AJ, Hampton MB. Mycobacterium smegmatis Resists the Bactericidal Activity of Hypochlorous Acid Produced in Neutrophil Phagosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1901-1912. [PMID: 33753427 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are often the major leukocyte at sites of mycobacterial infection, yet little is known about their ability to kill mycobacteria. In this study we have investigated whether the potent antibacterial oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) contributes to killing of Mycobacterium smegmatis when this bacterium is phagocytosed by human neutrophils. We found that M. smegmatis were ingested by neutrophils into intracellular phagosomes but were killed slowly. We measured a t 1/2 of 30 min for the survival of M. smegmatis inside neutrophils, which is 5 times longer than that reported for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 times longer than Escherichia coli Live-cell imaging indicated that neutrophils generated HOCl in phagosomes containing M. smegmatis; however, inhibition of HOCl production did not alter the rate of bacterial killing. Also, the doses of HOCl that are likely to be produced inside phagosomes failed to kill isolated bacteria. Lethal doses of reagent HOCl caused oxidation of mycothiol, the main low-m.w. thiol in this bacterium. In contrast, phagocytosed M. smegmatis maintained their original level of reduced mycothiol. Collectively, these findings suggest that M. smegmatis can cope with the HOCl that is produced inside neutrophil phagosomes. A mycothiol-deficient mutant was killed by neutrophils at the same rate as wild-type bacteria, indicating that mycothiol itself is not the main driver of M. smegmatis resistance. Understanding how M. smegmatis avoids killing by phagosomal HOCl could provide new opportunities to sensitize pathogenic mycobacteria to destruction by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Parker
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Forrester
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Heath Ryburn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Leon Smyth
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joris Messens
- Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; and.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Htin L Aung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
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Rungelrath V, DeLeo FR. Staphylococcus aureus, Antibiotic Resistance, and the Interaction with Human Neutrophils. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:452-470. [PMID: 32460514 PMCID: PMC8020508 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance:Staphylococcus aureus is among the leading causes of bacterial infections worldwide. The high burden of S. aureus among human and animal hosts, which includes asymptomatic carriage and infection, is coupled with a notorious ability of the microbe to become resistant to antibiotics. Notably, S. aureus has the ability to produce molecules that promote evasion of host defense, including the ability to avoid killing by neutrophils. Recent Advances: Significant progress has been made to better understand S. aureus-host interactions. These discoveries include elucidation of the role played by numerous S. aureus virulence molecules during infection. Based on putative functions, a number of these virulence molecules, including S. aureus alpha-hemolysin and protein A, have been identified as therapeutic targets. Although it has not been possible to develop a vaccine that can prevent S. aureus infections, monoclonal antibodies specific for S. aureus virulence molecules have the potential to moderate the severity of disease. Critical Issues: Therapeutic options for treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are limited, and the microbe typically develops resistance to new antibiotics. New prophylactics and/or therapeutics are needed. Future Directions: Research that promotes an enhanced understanding of S. aureus-host interaction is an important step toward developing new therapeutic approaches directed to moderate disease severity and facilitate treatment of infection. This research effort includes studies that enhance our view of the interaction of S. aureus with human neutrophils. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 452-470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Hayes E, Murphy MP, Pohl K, Browne N, McQuillan K, Saw LE, Foley C, Gargoum F, McElvaney OJ, Hawkins P, Gunaratnam C, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. Altered Degranulation and pH of Neutrophil Phagosomes Impacts Antimicrobial Efficiency in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600033. [PMID: 33391268 PMCID: PMC7775508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have endeavored to understand the cause for impaired antimicrobial killing by neutrophils of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF). The aim of this study was to focus on the bacterial phagosome. Possible alterations in degranulation of cytoplasmic granules and changes in pH were assessed. Circulating neutrophils were purified from PWCF (n = 28), PWCF receiving ivacaftor therapy (n = 10), and healthy controls (n = 28). Degranulation was assessed by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. The pH of phagosomes was determined by use of BCECF-AM-labelled Staphylococcus aureus or SNARF labelled Candida albicans. The antibacterial effect of all treatments tested was determined by colony forming units enumeration. Bacterial killing by CF and healthy control neutrophils were found to differ (p = 0.0006). By use of flow cytometry and subcellular fractionation the kinetics of intraphagosomal degranulation were found to be significantly altered in CF phagosomes, as demonstrated by increased primary granule CD63 (p = 0.0001) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) content (p = 0.03). In contrast, decreased secondary and tertiary granule CD66b (p = 0.002) and decreased hCAP-18 and MMP-9 (p = 0.02), were observed. After 8 min phagocytosis the pH in phagosomes of neutrophils of PWCF was significantly elevated (p = 0.0001), and the percentage of viable bacteria was significantly increased compared to HC (p = 0.002). Results demonstrate that the recorded alterations in phagosomal pH generate suboptimal conditions for MPO related peroxidase, and α-defensin and azurocidine enzymatic killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pattern of dysregulated MPO degranulation (p = 0.02) and prolonged phagosomal alkalinization in CF neutrophils were normalized in vivo following treatment with the ion channel potentiator ivacaftor (p = 0.04). Our results confirm that alterations of circulating neutrophils from PWCF are corrected by CFTR modulator therapy, and raise a question related to possible delayed proton channel activity in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Hayes
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark P Murphy
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerstin Pohl
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall Browne
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen McQuillan
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Le Er Saw
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare Foley
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fatma Gargoum
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver J McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig Hawkins
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cedric Gunaratnam
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer P Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Ha KP, Clarke RS, Kim GL, Brittan JL, Rowley JE, Mavridou DAI, Parker D, Clarke TB, Nobbs AH, Edwards AM. Staphylococcal DNA Repair Is Required for Infection. mBio 2020; 11:e02288-20. [PMID: 33203752 PMCID: PMC7683395 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02288-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To cause infection, Staphylococcus aureus must withstand damage caused by host immune defenses. However, the mechanisms by which staphylococcal DNA is damaged and repaired during infection are poorly understood. Using a panel of transposon mutants, we identified the rexBA operon as being important for the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in whole human blood. Mutants lacking rexB were also attenuated for virulence in murine models of both systemic and skin infections. We then demonstrated that RexAB is a member of the AddAB family of helicase/nuclease complexes responsible for initiating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Using a fluorescent reporter system, we were able to show that neutrophils cause staphylococcal DNA double-strand breaks through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the respiratory burst, which are repaired by RexAB, leading to the induction of the mutagenic SOS response. We found that RexAB homologues in Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii also promoted the survival of these pathogens in human blood, suggesting that DNA double-strand break repair is required for Gram-positive bacteria to survive in host tissues. Together, these data demonstrate that DNA is a target of host immune cells, leading to double-strand breaks, and that the repair of this damage by an AddAB-family enzyme enables the survival of Gram-positive pathogens during infection.IMPORTANCE To cause infection, bacteria must survive attack by the host immune system. For many bacteria, including the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, the greatest threat is posed by neutrophils. These immune cells ingest the invading organisms and try to kill them with a cocktail of chemicals that includes reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ability of S. aureus to survive this attack is crucial for the progression of infection. However, it was not clear how the ROS damaged S. aureus and how the bacterium repaired this damage. In this work, we show that ROS cause breaks in the staphylococcal DNA, which must be repaired by a two-protein complex known as RexAB; otherwise, the bacterium is killed, and it cannot sustain infection. This provides information on the type of damage that neutrophils cause S. aureus and the mechanism by which this damage is repaired, enabling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Pou Ha
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca S Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gyu-Lee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jane L Brittan
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica E Rowley
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina A I Mavridou
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas B Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Arnhold J. The Dual Role of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8057. [PMID: 33137905 PMCID: PMC7663354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophils. As a key mediator of the innate immune system, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites, where they recognize, phagocytose, and inactivate foreign microorganisms. In the newly formed phagosomes, MPO is involved in the creation and maintenance of an alkaline milieu, which is optimal in combatting microbes. Myeloperoxidase is also a key component in neutrophil extracellular traps. These helpful properties are contrasted by the release of MPO and other neutrophil constituents from necrotic cells or as a result of frustrated phagocytosis. Although MPO is inactivated by the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, it can interact with negatively charged components of serum and the extracellular matrix. In cardiovascular diseases and many other disease scenarios, active MPO and MPO-modified targets are present in atherosclerotic lesions and other disease-specific locations. This implies an involvement of neutrophils, MPO, and other neutrophil products in pathogenesis mechanisms. This review critically reflects on the beneficial and harmful functions of MPO against the background of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04 107 Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Constantino-Silva RN, Perazzio SF, Weidebach NDA, Grumach AS. Functional Defect of Neutrophils Causing Dermatophytosis: Case Report. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040238. [PMID: 33105551 PMCID: PMC7712173 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) play an important role on defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Defects on these mechanisms have been described in association with recurrent infections due to such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. We describe a patient with partial disturbance of intracellular microorganism destruction clinically manifested by recurrent fungal infection. Case report and results: A 58-year-old male rural farmer has suffered with superficial mycosis affecting hands, nails and right ankle persisting for 20 years. He was treated with several antifungal drugs with no improvement. Mycological scraping isolated Trichophyton rubrum. Immunological evaluation showed impaired T cell proliferation to Candidin and impaired neutrophil burst oxidative after specific stimulation with Candida albicans. The patient’s DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes for whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis. Two heterozygous variants of undetermined significance were screened accordingly: (1) MPO A332V (c.995G>A; rs28730837); and (2) NCF1 G83R (c.247G>A; rs139225348). Conclusions: Functional leukocyte evaluation with heterozygous variants in MPO and NCF1 suggest that these defects were associated with the susceptibility to dermatophytosis in our patient. We have developed a fast, effective and safe trial for screening individuals with yeast infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemeire N. Constantino-Silva
- Clinical Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Andre 09060-870, Brazil; (R.N.C.-S.); (N.d.A.W.)
| | - Sandro F. Perazzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil;
- Fleury Laboratories, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | | | - Anete S. Grumach
- Clinical Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Andre 09060-870, Brazil; (R.N.C.-S.); (N.d.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-983353860
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Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, Daly SM, Joyner JA, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Hall PR. Complement Receptor 3 Contributes to the Sexual Dimorphism in Neutrophil Killing of Staphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1593-1600. [PMID: 32769122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported sex differences in innate susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and that bone marrow neutrophils (BMN) from female mice have an enhanced ability to kill S. aureus ex vivo compared with those of male mice. However, the mechanism(s) driving this sex bias in neutrophil killing have not been reported. Given the role of opsonins such as complement, as well as their receptors, in S. aureus recognition and clearance, we investigated their contribution to the enhanced bactericidal capacity of female BMN. We found that levels of C3 in the serum and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) on the surface of BMN were higher in female compared with male mice. Consistent with increased CR3 expression following TNF-α priming, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important bactericidal effector, was also increased in female versus male BMN in response to serum-opsonized S. aureus Furthermore, blocking CD11b reduced both ROS levels and S. aureus killing by murine BMN from both sexes. However, at the same concentration of CD11b blocking Ab, S. aureus killing by female BMN was greatly reduced compared with those from male mice, suggesting CR3-dependent differences in bacterial killing between sexes. Overall, this work highlights the contributions of CR3, C3, and ROS to innate sex bias in the neutrophil response to S. aureus Given that neutrophils are crucial for S. aureus clearance, understanding the mechanism(s) driving the innate sex bias in neutrophil bactericidal capacity could identify novel host factors important for host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Seth M Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jason A Joyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages Increases Pulmonary Neutrophil Infiltration, Tissue Damage, and Sepsis in a Murine Model of Acinetobacter baumannii Pneumonia. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00128-20. [PMID: 32366576 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00128-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important etiological agent of hospital-related infections, especially nosocomial pneumonia. The virulence factors of this bacterium and their interactions with the cells and molecules of the immune system just recently began to be extensively studied. Here, we investigated the impact of alveolar macrophages on A. baumannii pneumonia using a mouse model of infection and a flexible tissue culture system. We hypothesized that depletion of macrophages would enhance sepsis and severity of A. baumannii disease. We showed that macrophages are important for modulating the antibacterial function of neutrophils and play an important role in eradicating A. baumannii infection in vivo Our findings suggest that in the absence of macrophages in the lungs, A. baumannii replicates significantly, and host proinflammatory cytokines are considerably reduced. Neutrophils are abundantly recruited to pulmonary tissue, releasing high amounts of reactive oxygen species and causing extensive tissue damage. The ability of A. baumannii to form biofilms and resist oxidative stress in the respiratory tract facilitates systemic dissemination and ultimately death of infected C57BL/6 mice. These results provide novel information regarding A. baumannii pathogenesis and may be important for the development of therapies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this emerging bacterial pathogen.
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Hano C, Tungmunnithum D. Plant Polyphenols, More than Just Simple Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative Stress, Aging and Age-Related Diseases. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E26. [PMID: 32397520 PMCID: PMC7281114 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present editorial serves as an introduction to the Special Issue "Antioxidant and Anti-aging Action of Plant Polyphenols". It also provides a summary of the polyphenols, their biological properties and possible functions as medicines, the importance of traditional medicines as a source of inspiration, the rationalization of new uses of plant extracts which lead to applications in modern medicine, the status of modern green-chemistry extraction methods, and some reflections on future prospects. Here, the articles from this Special Issue, and the main aspects of the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of plant polyphenols are discussed in the form of seven questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France;
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France;
- Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Abstract
There are now 354 inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs)) with 344 distinct molecular etiologies reported according to the International Union of Immunological Sciences (IUIS) (Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11: p. 1050-63, 2013, Semin Gastrointest Dis 8: p. 22-32, 1997, J Clin Immunol 38: p. 96-128, 2018). Using the IUIS document as a reference and cross-checking PubMed ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.pubmed.gov ), we found that approximately one third of the 354 diseases of impaired immunity have a gastrointestinal component [J Clin Immunol 38: p. 96-128, 2018]. Often, the gastrointestinal symptomatology and pathology is the heralding sign of a PIDD; therefore, it is important to recognize patterns of disease which may manifest along the gastrointestinal tract as a more global derangement of immune function. As such, holistic consideration of immunity is warranted in patients with clinically significant gastrointestinal disease. Here, we discuss the manifold presentations and GI-specific complications of PIDDs which could lead patients to seek advice from a variety of clinician specialists. Often, patients with these medical problems will engage general pediatricians, surgeons, gastroenterologists, rheumatologists, and clinical immunologists among others. Following delineation of the presenting concern, accurate and often molecular diagnosis is imperative and a multi-disciplinary approach warranted for optimal management. In this review, we will summarize the current state of understanding of PIDD gastrointestinal disease involvement. We will do so by focusing upon gastrointestinal disease categories (i.e., inflammatory, diarrhea, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, liver/biliary tract, structural disease, and oncologic disease) with an intent to aid the healthcare provider who may encounter a patient with an as-yet undiagnosed PIDD who presents initially with a gastrointestinal symptom, sign, or problem.
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Bilen S, Elbeshti HTAG. A new potential therapeutic remedy against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using tetra, Cotinus coggygria. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1369-1381. [PMID: 31317560 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different antibiotic-based drugs are being used for the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, and several studies emphasize the use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants for prophylactic measure against Aeromoniasis disease. However, therapeutic effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) against A. hydrophila in rainbow trout were not investigated. Four different concentrations of tetra extract (0 [control], 4, 8 and 12 mg/100 µl) and also two different positive control groups (florfenicol and doxycycline antibiotics) were administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss of all experimental groups twice a day after intramuscular inoculation of A. hydrophila. The study period was for 10 days. On 0th, 3rd, 7th and 10th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses, haematology and immune-related gene expressions were determined. In the study, superoxide radical production was decreased generally in all experimental groups except in 12 mg tetra and florfenicol treatments compared to control (p < .05). Lysozyme activity was generally decreased (p < .05), or no differences were observed in all experimental groups compared to the control. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in florfenicol-treated fish group on 7th day (p < .05). Generally, myeloperoxidase activity showed an increase in almost all tetra-treated groups. Haematological parameters increased but were not significantly high enough in treatments. Almost all immune-related gene expressions were significantly enhanced on 3rd and 10th day of the study. Survival rate of 53.33% was found in control group. There were no significant differences in survival between control and 4 mg tetra-treated group (p > .05). All the other groups' survival rate was significantly increased compared to control. The highest survival rate was found in florfenicol group (80%). In 12 mg tetra-, doxycycline- and 8 mg tetra-treated groups, survival rate was recorded as 74.44%, 70% and 70%, respectively. Our results suggest that tetra methanolic extract is an effective therapeutic remedy against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at the dose of 24 mg/32.34 g body weight/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Bilen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Cheng D, Talib J, Stanley CP, Rashid I, Michaëlsson E, Lindstedt EL, Croft KD, Kettle AJ, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R. Inhibition of MPO (Myeloperoxidase) Attenuates Endothelial Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1448-1457. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Inflammation-driven endothelial dysfunction initiates and contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis, and MPO (myeloperoxidase) has been implicated as a potential culprit. On release by circulating phagocytes, MPO is thought to contribute to endothelial dysfunction by limiting NO bioavailability via formation of reactive oxidants including hypochlorous acid. However, it remains largely untested whether specific pharmacological inhibition of MPO attenuates endothelial dysfunction. We, therefore, tested the ability of a mechanism-based MPO inhibitor, AZM198, to inhibit endothelial dysfunction in models of vascular inflammation.
Approach and Results—
Three models of inflammation were used: femoral cuff, the tandem stenosis model of plaque rupture in
Apoe
−/−
mice, and C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet as a model of insulin resistance. Endothelial dysfunction was observed in all 3 models, and oral administration of AZM198 significantly improved endothelial function in the femoral cuff and tandem stenosis models only. Improvement in endothelial function was associated with decreased arterial MPO activity, determined by the in vivo conversion of hydroethidine to 2-chloroethidium, without affecting circulating inflammatory cytokines or arterial MPO content. Mechanistic studies in
Mpo
−/−
mice confirmed the contribution of MPO to endothelial dysfunction and revealed oxidation of sGC (soluble guanylyl cyclase) as the underlying cause of the observed limited NO bioavailability.
Conclusions—
Pharmacological inhibition of MPO is a potential strategy to limit endothelial dysfunction in vascular inflammation.
Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cheng
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., R.S.)
| | - Jihan Talib
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., R.S.)
| | - Christopher P. Stanley
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., R.S.)
| | - Imran Rashid
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
| | - Erik Michaëlsson
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (E.M., E.-L.L.)
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (E.M., E.-L.L.)
| | - Kevin D. Croft
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth (K.D.C.)
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand (A.J.K.)
| | - Ghassan J. Maghzal
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
| | - Roland Stocker
- From the Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, NSW, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., I.R., G.J.M., R.S.)
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Australia (D.C., J.T., C.P.S., R.S.)
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Paardekooper LM, Dingjan I, Linders PTA, Staal AHJ, Cristescu SM, Verberk WCEP, van den Bogaart G. Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Produce Millimolar Concentrations of ROS in Phagosomes Per Second. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1216. [PMID: 31191556 PMCID: PMC6548834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill ingested pathogens by the so-called oxidative burst, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the lumen of phagosomes at very high rates (mM/s), although these rates can only be maintained for a short period (minutes). In contrast, dendritic cells produce ROS at much lower rates, but they can sustain production for much longer after pathogen uptake (hours). It is becoming increasingly clear that this slow but prolonged ROS production is essential for antigen cross-presentation to activate cytolytic T cells, and for shaping the repertoire of antigen fragments for presentation to helper T cells. However, despite this importance of ROS production by dendritic cells for activation of the adaptive immune system, their actual ROS production rates have never been quantified. Here, we quantified ROS production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by measuring the oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis. Although a large variation in oxygen consumption and phagocytic capacity was present among individuals and cells, we estimate a ROS production rate of on average ~0.5 mM/s per phagosome. Quantitative microscopy approaches showed that ROS is produced within minutes after pathogen encounter at the nascent phagocytic cup. H2DCFDA measurements revealed that ROS production is sustained for at least ~10 h after uptake. While ROS are produced by dendritic cells at an about 10-fold lower rate than by neutrophils, the net total ROS production is approximately similar. These are the first quantitative estimates of ROS production by a cell capable of antigen cross-presentation. Our findings provide a quantitative insight in how ROS affect dendritic cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Paardekooper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Dingjan
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T A Linders
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander H J Staal
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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36
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Efficacy of photoactivated Myrciaria cauliflora extract against Staphylococcus aureus infection – A pilot study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 191:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Buchan KD, Foster SJ, Renshaw SA. Staphylococcus aureus: setting its sights on the human innate immune system. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:367-385. [PMID: 30625113 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has colonized humans for at least 10 000 years, and today inhabits roughly a third of the population. In addition, S. aureus is a major pathogen that is responsible for a significant disease burden, ranging in severity from mild skin and soft-tissue infections to life-threatening endocarditis and necrotizing pneumonia, with treatment often hampered by resistance to commonly available antibiotics. Underpinning its versatility as a pathogen is its ability to evade the innate immune system. S. aureus specifically targets innate immunity to establish and sustain infection, utilizing a large repertoire of virulence factors to do so. Using these factors, S. aureus can resist phagosomal killing, impair complement activity, disrupt cytokine signalling and target phagocytes directly using proteolytic enzymes and cytolytic toxins. Although most of these virulence factors are well characterized, their importance during infection is less clear, as many display species-specific activity against humans or against animal hosts, including cows, horses and chickens. Several staphylococcal virulence factors display species specificity for components of the human innate immune system, with as few as two amino acid changes reducing binding affinity by as much as 100-fold. This represents a major issue for studying their roles during infection, which cannot be examined without the use of humanized infection models. This review summarizes the major factors S. aureus uses to impair the innate immune system, and provides an in-depth look into the host specificity of S. aureus and how this problem is being approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Buchan
- 1The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- 2Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- 1The Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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38
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Nakahara K, Tanaka T, Okuda H, Isonishi A, Morita-Takemura S, Tatsumi K, Wanaka A. The inner mitochondrial membrane protein ANT1 modulates IL-6 expression via the JNK pathway in macrophages. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3750-3758. [PMID: 30311946 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are increasingly associated with inflammation. Here, we focus on the relationship between inflammation and adenine nucleotide translocator type 1 (ANT1), which is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. ANT1 plays an important role in oxidative phosphorylation, and mutations in the ANT1 gene are responsible for mitochondrial diseases. Ample studies have demonstrated that ANT1 has a critical role in cardiomyocytes and neurons, but little has been reported on its functions in immune cells. We knocked down ANT1 expression in macrophages and examined inflammatory cytokine expression after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. ANT1 knockdown reduces the expression of IL-6. JNK, upstream of IL-6, is downregulated, but other MAP kinases and the NF-κB signaling remain unchanged. These results suggest that ANT1 modulates IL-6 expression through JNK in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakahara
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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39
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Loi VV, Busche T, Tedin K, Bernhardt J, Wollenhaupt J, Huyen NTT, Weise C, Kalinowski J, Wahl MC, Fulde M, Antelmann H. Redox-Sensing Under Hypochlorite Stress and Infection Conditions by the Rrf2-Family Repressor HypR in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:615-636. [PMID: 29237286 PMCID: PMC6067689 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and has to cope with reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS, RCS) during infections, which requires efficient protection mechanisms to avoid destruction. Here, we have investigated the changes in the RNA-seq transcriptome by the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in S. aureus USA300 to identify novel redox-sensing mechanisms that provide protection under infection conditions. RESULTS NaOCl stress caused an oxidative stress response in S. aureus as indicated by the induction of the PerR, QsrR, HrcA, and SigmaB regulons in the RNA-seq transcriptome. The hypR-merA (USA300HOU_0588-87) operon was most strongly upregulated under NaOCl stress, which encodes for the Rrf2-family regulator HypR and the pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductase MerA. We have characterized HypR as a novel redox-sensitive repressor that controls MerA expression and directly senses and responds to NaOCl and diamide stress via a thiol-based mechanism in S. aureus. Mutational analysis identified Cys33 and the conserved Cys99 as essential for NaOCl sensing, while Cys99 is also important for repressor activity of HypR in vivo. The redox-sensing mechanism of HypR involves Cys33-Cys99 intersubunit disulfide formation by NaOCl stress both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the HypR-controlled flavin disulfide reductase MerA was shown to protect S. aureus against NaOCl stress and increased survival in J774A.1 macrophage infection assays. Conclusion and Innovation: Here, we identified a new member of the widespread Rrf2 family as redox sensor of NaOCl stress in S. aureus that uses a thiol/disulfide switch to regulate defense mechanisms against the oxidative burst under infections in S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 615-636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany .,2 Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- 3 Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- 4 Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wollenhaupt
- 5 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- 6 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- 2 Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- 5 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- 3 Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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40
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Imber M, Loi VV, Reznikov S, Fritsch VN, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ, Prehn J, Hamilton C, Wahl MC, Bronowska AK, Antelmann H. The aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA contributes to the hypochlorite defense and is redox-controlled by protein S-bacillithiolation in Staphylococcus aureus. Redox Biol 2018; 15:557-568. [PMID: 29433022 PMCID: PMC5975064 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces bacillithiol (BSH) as major low molecular weight (LMW) thiol which functions in thiol-protection and redox-regulation by protein S-bacillithiolation under hypochlorite stress. The aldehyde dehydrogenase AldA was identified as S-bacillithiolated at its active site Cys279 under NaOCl stress in S. aureus. Here, we have studied the expression, function, redox regulation and structural changes of AldA of S. aureus. Transcription of aldA was previously shown to be regulated by the alternative sigma factor SigmaB. Northern blot analysis revealed SigmaB-independent induction of aldA transcription under formaldehyde, methylglyoxal, diamide and NaOCl stress. Deletion of aldA resulted in a NaOCl-sensitive phenotype in survival assays, suggesting an important role of AldA in the NaOCl stress defense. Purified AldA showed broad substrate specificity for oxidation of several aldehydes, including formaldehyde, methylglyoxal, acetaldehyde and glycol aldehyde. Thus, AldA could be involved in detoxification of aldehyde substrates that are elevated under NaOCl stress. Kinetic activity assays revealed that AldA is irreversibly inhibited under H2O2 treatment in vitro due to overoxidation of Cys279 in the absence of BSH. Pre-treatment of AldA with BSH prior to H2O2 exposure resulted in reversible AldA inactivation due to S-bacillithiolation as revealed by activity assays and BSH-specific Western blot analysis. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation, we further show that BSH occupies two different positions in the AldA active site depending on the AldA activation state. In conclusion, we show here that AldA is an important target for S-bacillithiolation in S. aureus that is up-regulated under NaOCl stress and functions in protection under hypochlorite stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Imber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Reznikov
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J Pietrzyk-Brzezinska
- Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Janek Prehn
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris Hamilton
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka K Bronowska
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Rider NL, Jameson MB, Creech CB. Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetic Basis of Disease. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 7:S2-S5. [PMID: 29746675 PMCID: PMC5946813 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is one of the classic primary immunodeficiencies of childhood. While the incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal infections have been greatly reduced in this patient population, much remains to be learned about the pathophysiology of the disease, particularly for autoinflammatory manifestations. In this review, we examine the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and genetic basis for CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Rider
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston
| | - M B Jameson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C B Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Correspondence: C. Buddy Creech, MD, MPH, FPIDS, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN ()
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42
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Khan AA, Alsahli MA, Rahmani AH. Myeloperoxidase as an Active Disease Biomarker: Recent Biochemical and Pathological Perspectives. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020033. [PMID: 29669993 PMCID: PMC6024665 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) belongs to the family of heme-containing peroxidases, produced mostly from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The active enzyme (150 kDa) is the product of the MPO gene located on long arm of chromosome 17. The primary gene product undergoes several modifications, such as the removal of introns and signal peptides, and leads to the formation of enzymatically inactive glycosylated apoproMPO which complexes with chaperons, producing inactive proMPO by the insertion of a heme moiety. The active enzyme is a homodimer of heavy and light chain protomers. This enzyme is released into the extracellular fluid after oxidative stress and different inflammatory responses. Myeloperoxidase is the only type of peroxidase that uses H₂O₂ to oxidize several halides and pseudohalides to form different hypohalous acids. So, the antibacterial activities of MPO involve the production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Controlled MPO release at the site of infection is of prime importance for its efficient activities. Any uncontrolled degranulation exaggerates the inflammation and can also lead to tissue damage even in absence of inflammation. Several types of tissue injuries and the pathogenesis of several other major chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and cancer have been reported to be linked with MPO-derived oxidants. Thus, the enhanced level of MPO activity is one of the best diagnostic tools of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers among these commonly-occurring diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad A Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, AlQassim, P.O. Box 6699, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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43
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Interactions of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin with myeloperoxidase and reactive chlorine species. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:80-89. [PMID: 29614256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When neutrophils engulf bacteria, myeloperoxidase converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, which is toxic to all micro-organisms. It has been suggested that some pathogens have virulence factors that target myeloperoxidase to dampen the oxidative reactions of neutrophils. These virulence factors include staphyloxanthin, the golden pigment of Staphylococcus aureus, and enterobactin - a siderophore released by gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the potential of staphyloxanthin and enterobactin to shield bacteria from hypochlorous acid and related chloramines. Clinical strains of S. aureus with high levels of staphyloxanthin and related carotenoids were in general more resistant to low doses of hypochlorous acid than non-pigmented bacteria. But some non-pigmented strains were also resistant to the oxidant. Doses of reactive chlorine species that killed bacteria also bleached their carotenoids. Hypochlorous acid, NH2Cl, and NHCl2 bleached purified staphyloxanthin. When S. aureus were phagocytosed by neutrophils there was no discernible loss of staphyloxanthin. These data suggest that staphyloxanthin is capable of protecting bacteria from low doses of reactive chlorine species formed inside phagosomes. Enterobactin was not an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase. We conclude that staphyloxanthin may protect some bacterial strains against oxidative killing by neutrophils, but enterobactin will not inhibit the production of hypochlorous acid.
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44
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Merigo E, Cella L, Oppici A, Cristina Arbasi M, Clini F, Fontana M, Fornaini C. Combined Approach to Treat Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:92-100. [PMID: 30026893 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The proper therapeutic plan for medication-related osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ) is still lacking long-term data up to today. They were several high-technological appliances proposed for the different intervention steps, in addition to tissue repair promoters. The reason for proposing an integrated technique is justified, beyond better compliance of the patients associated to the pain and inflammation reduction and bleeding control, there is also achieving better hard and soft tissues healing. Methods: Patients diagnosed with bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) at the Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit of the Hospital of Piacenza undergone surgical intervention. The intervention was performed by using different devices: Piezosurgery for removing the necrotic bone tissue and for obtaining the bone specimen essential for histological analysis; Er:YAG laser (2940 nm) to vaporize necrotic hard tissue until reaching the bleeding bone; platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to stimulate hard and soft tissue healing; and finally diode laser (808 nm) to perform a biostimulation of the surgical site. Results: All treated patients demonstrated a good postoperative comfort even without using painkillers, no bleeding, and a fast healing process. Most of the patients (92.85%) reached complete healing with a minimum follow up at 6 months. Histological exams demonstrated a good quality without artifacts. Conclusion: Sequential utilization of different high-technologies devices during all the steps of MRONJ treatment allows to perform a faster and less invasive surgery with a more comfortable postoperative healing process and it may represent a new and original approach for treating this severe adverse event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Merigo
- MICORALIS Laboratory EA7354, Faculty of Dentistry, Université "Côte d'Azur", 24 Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice, France.,Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Cella
- Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Aldo Oppici
- Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Arbasi
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fabio Clini
- Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Fontana
- Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Carlo Fornaini
- MICORALIS Laboratory EA7354, Faculty of Dentistry, Université "Côte d'Azur", 24 Avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357 Nice, France.,Odontostomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit - "Special care dentistry", "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital - Via Taverna, 10 - 29100, Piacenza, Italy
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Imber M, Huyen NTT, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ, Loi VV, Hillion M, Bernhardt J, Thärichen L, Kolšek K, Saleh M, Hamilton CJ, Adrian L, Gräter F, Wahl MC, Antelmann H. Protein S-Bacillithiolation Functions in Thiol Protection and Redox Regulation of the Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gap in Staphylococcus aureus Under Hypochlorite Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:410-430. [PMID: 27967218 PMCID: PMC5791933 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacillithiol (BSH) is the major low-molecular-weight thiol of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we used OxICAT and Voronoi redox treemaps to quantify hypochlorite-sensitive protein thiols in S. aureus USA300 and analyzed the role of BSH in protein S-bacillithiolation. RESULTS The OxICAT analyses enabled the quantification of 228 Cys residues in the redox proteome of S. aureus USA300. Hypochlorite stress resulted in >10% increased oxidation of 58 Cys residues (25.4%) in the thiol redox proteome. Among the highly oxidized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-sensitive proteins are five S-bacillithiolated proteins (Gap, AldA, GuaB, RpmJ, and PpaC). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase Gap represents the most abundant S-bacillithiolated protein contributing 4% to the total Cys proteome. The active site Cys151 of Gap was very sensitive to overoxidation and irreversible inactivation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or NaOCl in vitro. Treatment with H2O2 or NaOCl in the presence of BSH resulted in reversible Gap inactivation due to S-bacillithiolation, which could be regenerated by the bacilliredoxin Brx (SAUSA300_1321) in vitro. Molecular docking was used to model the S-bacillithiolated Gap active site, suggesting that formation of the BSH mixed disulfide does not require major structural changes. Conclusion and Innovation: Using OxICAT analyses, we identified 58 novel NaOCl-sensitive proteins in the pathogen S. aureus that could play protective roles against the host immune defense and include the glycolytic Gap as major target for S-bacillithiolation. S-bacillithiolation of Gap did not require structural changes, but efficiently functions in redox regulation and protection of the active site against irreversible overoxidation in S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 410-430.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Imber
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vu Van Loi
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Hillion
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- 3 Institute for Microbiology , Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Thärichen
- 4 Molecular Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany .,5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katra Kolšek
- 5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malek Saleh
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris J Hamilton
- 6 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- 7 Department Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- 4 Molecular Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany .,5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- 2 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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46
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Buvelot H, Posfay-Barbe KM, Linder P, Schrenzel J, Krause KH. Staphylococcus aureus, phagocyte NADPH oxidase and chronic granulomatous disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:139-157. [PMID: 27965320 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of phagocytes is a relevant risk factor for staphylococcal infection. The most common hereditary phagocyte dysfunction is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by impaired generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to loss of function mutations within the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Phagocytes ROS generation is fundamental to eliminate pathogens and to regulate the inflammatory response to infection. CGD is characterized by recurrent and severe bacterial and fungal infections, with Staphylococcus aureus as the most frequent pathogen, and skin and lung abscesses as the most common clinical entities. Staphylococcus aureus infection may occur in virtually any human host, presumably because of the many virulence factors of the bacterium. However, in the presence of functional NOX2, staphylococcal infections remain rare and are mainly linked to breaches of the skin barrier. In contrast, in patients with CGD, S. aureus readily survives and frequently causes clinically apparent disease. Astonishingly, little is known why S. aureus, which possesses a wide range of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase, SOD), is particularly sensitive to control through NOX2. In this review, we will evaluate the discovery of CGD and our present knowledge of the role of NOX2 in S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Buvelot
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Linder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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47
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Ushijima Y, Ohniwa RL, Morikawa K. Identification of nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) under oxidative stress in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:207. [PMID: 28969590 PMCID: PMC5625760 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial nucleoid consists of genome DNA, RNA, and hundreds of nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs). Escherichia coli nucleoid is compacted towards the stationary phase, replacing most log-phase NAPs with the major stationary-phase nucleoid protein, Dps. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus nucleoid sustains the fiber structures throughout the growth. Instead, the Dps homologue, MrgA, expresses under oxidative stress conditions to clump the nucleoid, but the composition of the clumped nucleoid was elusive. Results The staphylococcal nucleoid under oxidative stress was isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We identified 299 proteins in the nucleoid under oxidative stress, including 113 csNAPs (contaminant-subtracted NAPs). Comparison with the previously identified csNAPs in log- and stationary phase indicated that one fifth of the csNAPs under oxidative stress were the constitutive nucleoid components; importantly, several factors including HU, SarA, FabZ, and ribosomes were sustained under oxidative stress. Some factors (e.g. SA1663 and SA0092/SA0093) with unknown functions were included in the csNAPs list specifically under oxidative stress condition. Conclusion Nucleoid constitutively holds Hu, SarA, FabG, and ribosomal proteins even under the oxidative stress, reflecting the active functions of the clumped nucleoid, unlikely to the dormant E. coli nucleoid compacted in the stationary phase or starvation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-017-1114-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ushijima
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Present address: Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke L Ohniwa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Kazuya Morikawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
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48
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Witter AR, Okunnu BM, Berg RE. The Essential Role of Neutrophils during Infection with the Intracellular Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:1557-65. [PMID: 27543669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have historically been characterized as first responder cells vital to host survival because of their ability to contain and eliminate bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, recent studies have shown that neutrophils participate in both protective and detrimental responses to a diverse array of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Although the contribution of neutrophils to extracellular infections has been investigated for decades, their specific role during intracellular bacterial infections has only recently been appreciated. During infection with the Gram-positive intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, neutrophils are recruited from the bone marrow to sites of infection where they use novel bacterial-sensing pathways leading to phagocytosis and production of bactericidal factors. This review summarizes the requirement of neutrophils during L. monocytogenes infection by examining both neutrophil trafficking and function during primary and secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Witter
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Busola M Okunnu
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Rance E Berg
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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49
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The NADPH Oxidase and Microbial Killing by Neutrophils, With a Particular Emphasis on the Proposed Antimicrobial Role of Myeloperoxidase within the Phagocytic Vacuole. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726789 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0018-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to a consideration of the way in which the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, NOX2, functions to enable the efficient killing of bacteria and fungi. It includes a critical examination of the current dogma that its primary purpose is the generation of hydrogen peroxide as substrate for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed generation of hypochlorite. Instead, it is demonstrated that NADPH oxidase functions to optimize the ionic and pH conditions within the vacuole for the solubilization and optimal activity of the proteins released into this compartment from the cytoplasmic granules, which kill and digest the microbes. The general role of other NOX systems as electrochemical generators to alter the pH and ionic composition in compartments on either side of a membrane in plants and animals will also be examined.
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50
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Guerra FE, Borgogna TR, Patel DM, Sward EW, Voyich JM. Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:286. [PMID: 28713774 PMCID: PMC5491559 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection, neutrophils engage and expose invading microorganisms to antimicrobial peptides and proteins, as well as reactive oxygen species, as part of their bactericidal arsenal. Ideally, neutrophils ingest bacteria to prevent damage to surrounding cells and tissues, kill invading microorganisms with antimicrobial mechanisms, undergo programmed cell death to minimize inflammation, and are cleared away by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium that is a common commensal and causes a wide range of diseases from skin infections to endocarditis. Since its discovery, S. aureus has been a formidable neutrophil foe that has challenged the efficacy of this professional assassin. Indeed, proper clearance of S. aureus by neutrophils is essential to positive infection outcome, and S. aureus has developed mechanisms to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we will review mechanisms used by S. aureus to modulate and evade neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms including priming, activation, chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, and resolution of infection. We will also highlight how S. aureus uses sensory/regulatory systems to tailor production of virulence factors specifically to the triggering signal, e.g., neutrophils and defensins. To conclude, we will provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that may potentially enhance neutrophil antimicrobial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermin E Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy R Borgogna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Delisha M Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Eli W Sward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jovanka M Voyich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, United States
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