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Zhu J, Liu J, Yan C, Wang D, Pan W. Trained immunity: a cutting edge approach for designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252554. [PMID: 37868995 PMCID: PMC10587610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The preventive situation of parasitosis, a global public health burden especially for developing countries, is not looking that good. Similar to other infections, vaccines would be the best choice for preventing and controlling parasitic infection. However, ideal antigenic molecules for vaccine development have not been identified so far, resulting from the complicated life history and enormous genomes of the parasites. Furthermore, the suppression or down-regulation of anti-infectious immunity mediated by the parasites or their derived molecules can compromise the effect of parasitic vaccines. Comparing the early immune profiles of several parasites in the permissive and non-permissive hosts, a robust innate immune response is proposed to be a critical event to eliminate the parasites. Therefore, enhancing innate immunity may be essential for designing novel and effective parasitic vaccines. The newly emerging trained immunity (also termed innate immune memory) has been increasingly recognized to provide a novel perspective for vaccine development targeting innate immunity. This article reviews the current status of parasitic vaccines and anti-infectious immunity, as well as the conception, characteristics, and mechanisms of trained immunity and its research progress in Parasitology, highlighting the possible consideration of trained immunity in designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- Liangshan College (Li Shui) China, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Tembo D, Harawa V, Tran TC, Afran L, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, Seydel KB, Nyirenda T, Russell DG, Mandala W. The ability of Interleukin-10 to negate haemozoin-related pro-inflammatory effects has the potential to restore impaired macrophage function associated with malaria infection. Malar J 2023; 22:125. [PMID: 37060041 PMCID: PMC10103463 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04539-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the clearance of Plasmodium falciparum during the early stages of the infection, increased levels of these cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Amongst various parasite-derived inducers of inflammation, the malarial pigment haemozoin (Hz), which accumulates in monocytes, macrophages and other immune cells during infection, has been shown to significantly contribute to dysregulation of the normal inflammatory cascades. METHODS The direct effect of Hz-loading on cytokine production by monocytes and the indirect effect of Hz on cytokine production by myeloid cells was investigated during acute malaria and convalescence using archived plasma samples from studies investigating P. falciparum malaria pathogenesis in Malawian subjects. Further, the possible inhibitory effect of IL-10 on Hz-loaded cells was examined, and the proportion of cytokine-producing T-cells and monocytes during acute malaria and in convalescence was characterized. RESULTS Hz contributed towards an increase in the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) by various cells. In contrast, the cytokine IL-10 was observed to have a dose-dependent suppressive effect on the production of TNF among other cytokines. Cerebral malaria (CM) was characterized by impaired monocyte functions, which normalized in convalescence. CM was also characterized by reduced levels of IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, and reduced expression of immune recognition receptors HLA-DR and CD 86, which also normalized in convalescence. However, CM and other clinical malaria groups were characterized by significantly higher plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than healthy controls, implicating anti-inflammatory cytokines in balancing the immune response. CONCLUSIONS Acute CM was characterized by elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines but lower proportions of cytokine-producing T-cells and monocytes that normalize during convalescence. IL-10 is also shown to have the potential to indirectly prevent excessive inflammation. Cytokine production dysregulated by the accumulation of Hz appears to impair the balance of the immune response to malaria and exacerbates pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumizulu Tembo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Visopo Harawa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tam C Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Louise Afran
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Malcolm E Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Terrie E Taylor
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl B Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wilson Mandala
- Acadamey of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Martins PDC, de Souza HADS, Blanco CM, Santos-de-Oliveira L, Pratt-Riccio LR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Totino PRR. Modulation of Signal Regulatory Protein α (SIRPα) by Plasmodium Antigenic Extract: A Preliminary In Vitro Study on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050903. [PMID: 35630348 PMCID: PMC9144821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is an immunoreceptor expressed in myeloid innate immune cells that signals for inhibition of both phagocytosis and inflammatory response. Malaria parasites have evolutionarily selected multiple mechanisms that allow them to evade host immune defenses, including the modulation of cells belonging to innate immunity. Notwithstanding, little attention has been given to SIRPα in the context of immunosuppressive states induced by malaria. The present study attempted to investigate if malaria parasites are endowed with the capacity of modulating the expression of SIRPα on cells of innate immune system. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals were incubated in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or crude extracts of P. falciparum or P. vivax and then, the expression of SIRPα was evaluated by flow cytometry. As expected, LPS showed an inhibitory effect on the expression of SIRPα in the population of monocytes, characterized by cell morphology in flow cytometry analysis, while Plasmodium extracts induced a significant positive modulation. Additional phenotyping of cells revealed that the modulatory potential of Plasmodium antigens on SIRPα expression was restricted to the population of monocytes (CD14+CD11c+), as no effect on myeloid dendritic cells (CD14−CD11c+) was observed. We hypothesize that malaria parasites explore inhibitory signaling of SIRPα to suppress antiparasitic immune responses contributing to the establishment of infection. Nevertheless, further studies are still required to better understand the role of SIRPα modulation in malaria immunity and pathogenesis.
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Mandala WL. Expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD18 on Neutrophils from Different Clinical Types of Malaria in Malawian Children. J Blood Med 2022; 13:1-10. [PMID: 35018127 PMCID: PMC8742601 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s343109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in individuals who have never had an infection before is usually characterized by an inflammatory response that is linked to the expression of specific activation markers on cells of the innate immune system. METHODS This study investigated absolute white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts and expression of several adhesion markers on neutrophils from HIV-uninfected children who were suffering from cerebral malaria (n=35), severe malarial anemia (SMA, n=39), and uncomplicated malaria (n=49) and healthy aparasitemic children (n=33) in Blantyre, Malawi. RESULTS All clinical malaria groups had higher WBC and neutrophil counts compared to healthy controls, with the acute SMA group having significantly (p<0.0001) higher WBC counts than the controls. These elevated counts normalized during recovery. Surprisingly, in all clinical malaria groups, the surface expression of CD11b, CD11c, and CD18 on neutrophils was lower than in healthy controls, again normalizing during convalescence. CONCLUSION In areas where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is hyperendemic, such as where this study was conducted, neutrophils have reduced expression of adhesion molecules and activation markers during acute stages of the infection, regardless of the clinical type of malaria. This reduced expression could be due to an individual's past exposure to P. falciparum or other parasite-related factors that manifest during active malaria that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lewis Mandala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology (MUST), Thyolo, Malawi
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
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Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Pack AD, Schwartzhoff PV, Zacharias ZR, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Heath WR, Gurung P, Legge KL, Janse CJ, Butler NS. Hemozoin-mediated inflammasome activation limits long-lived anti-malarial immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109586. [PMID: 34433049 PMCID: PMC8432597 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute malaria, most individuals mount robust inflammatory responses that limit parasite burden. However, long-lived sterilizing anti-malarial memory responses are not efficiently induced, even following repeated Plasmodium exposures. Using multiple Plasmodium species, genetically modified parasites, and combinations of host genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we find that the deposition of the malarial pigment hemozoin directly limits the abundance and capacity of conventional type 1 dendritic cells to prime helper T cell responses. Hemozoin-induced dendritic cell dysfunction results in aberrant Plasmodium-specific CD4 T follicular helper cell differentiation, which constrains memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell formation. Mechanistically, we identify that dendritic cell-intrinsic NLRP3 inflammasome activation reduces conventional type 1 dendritic cell abundance, phagocytosis, and T cell priming functions in vivo. These data identify biological consequences of hemozoin deposition during malaria and highlight the capacity of the malarial pigment to program immune evasion during the earliest events following an initial Plasmodium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Pack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden 233 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Skorokhod O, Barrera V, Mandili G, Costanza F, Valente E, Ulliers D, Schwarzer E. Malaria Pigment Hemozoin Impairs GM-CSF Receptor Expression and Function by 4-Hydroxynonenal. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081259. [PMID: 34439507 PMCID: PMC8389202 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malarial pigment hemozoin (HZ) generates the lipoperoxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which is known to cause dysregulation of the immune response in malaria. The inhibition of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) by HZ and 4-HNE was previously described in vitro, and the GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSF R) was hypothesised to be a primary target of 4-HNE in monocytes. In this study, we show the functional impact of HZ on GM-CSF R in monocytes and monocyte-derived DC by (i) impairing GM-CSF binding by 50 ± 9% and 65 ± 14%, respectively (n = 3 for both cell types); (ii) decreasing the expression of GM-CSF R functional subunit (CD116) on monocyte’s surface by 36 ± 11% (n = 6) and in cell lysate by 58 ± 16% (n = 3); and (iii) binding of 4-HNE to distinct amino acid residues on CD116. The data suggest that defective DC differentiation in malaria is caused by GM-CSF R dysregulation and GM-CSF R modification by lipoperoxidation product 4-HNE via direct interaction with its CD116 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Barrera
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
- National Health System Blood and Transplant, 14 Estuary Banks, Liverpool GB-L24 8RB, UK
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Federica Costanza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Valente
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Daniela Ulliers
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (F.C.); (E.V.); (D.U.); (E.S.)
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Nahrendorf W, Ivens A, Spence PJ. Inducible mechanisms of disease tolerance provide an alternative strategy of acquired immunity to malaria. eLife 2021; 10:e63838. [PMID: 33752799 PMCID: PMC7987336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to malaria is often considered slow to develop but this only applies to defense mechanisms that function to eliminate parasites (resistance). In contrast, immunity to severe disease can be acquired quickly and without the need for improved pathogen control (tolerance). Using Plasmodium chabaudi, we show that a single malaria episode is sufficient to induce host adaptations that can minimise inflammation, prevent tissue damage and avert endothelium activation, a hallmark of severe disease. Importantly, monocytes are functionally reprogrammed to prevent their differentiation into inflammatory macrophages and instead promote mechanisms of stress tolerance to protect their niche. This alternative fate is not underpinned by epigenetic reprogramming of bone marrow progenitors but appears to be imprinted within the remodelled spleen. Crucially, all of these adaptations operate independently of pathogen load and limit the damage caused by malaria parasites in subsequent infections. Acquired immunity to malaria therefore prioritises host fitness over pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip J Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. The spleen: "epicenter" in malaria infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:753-769. [PMID: 33464668 PMCID: PMC8518401 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri1020-713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a complex secondary lymphoid organ that plays a crucial role in controlling blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium parasites. It is tasked with sensing and removing parasitized RBCs, erythropoiesis, the activation and differentiation of adaptive immune cells, and the development of protective immunity, all in the face of an intense inflammatory environment. This paper describes how these processes are regulated following infection and recognizes the gaps in our current knowledge, highlighting recent insights from human infections and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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He X, Xia L, Tumas KC, Wu J, Su XZ. Type I Interferons and Malaria: A Double-Edge Sword Against a Complex Parasitic Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:594621. [PMID: 33344264 PMCID: PMC7738626 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important cytokines playing critical roles in various infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Studies have also shown that IFN-Is exhibit 'conflicting' roles in malaria parasite infections. Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle with multiple developing stages in two hosts. Both the liver and blood stages of malaria parasites in a vertebrate host stimulate IFN-I responses. IFN-Is have been shown to inhibit liver and blood stage development, to suppress T cell activation and adaptive immune response, and to promote production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in animal models. Different parasite species or strains trigger distinct IFN-I responses. For example, a Plasmodium yoelii strain can stimulate a strong IFN-I response during early infection, whereas its isogenetic strain does not. Host genetic background also greatly influences IFN-I production during malaria infections. Consequently, the effects of IFN-Is on parasitemia and disease symptoms are highly variable depending on the combination of parasite and host species or strains. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) coupled with stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are the major receptors for recognizing parasite nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) to trigger IFN-I responses. IFN-I levels in vivo are tightly regulated, and various novel molecules have been identified to regulate IFN-I responses during malaria infections. Here we review the major findings and progress in ligand recognition, signaling pathways, functions, and regulation of IFN-I responses during malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Keyla C. Tumas
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Harding CL, Villarino NF, Valente E, Schwarzer E, Schmidt NW. Plasmodium Impairs Antibacterial Innate Immunity to Systemic Infections in Part Through Hemozoin-Bound Bioactive Molecules. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:328. [PMID: 32714882 PMCID: PMC7344233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One complication of malaria is increased susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections. Plasmodium infections impair host immunity to non-Typhoid Salmonella (NTS) through heme-oxygenase I (HO-I)-induced release of immature granulocytes and myeloid cell-derived IL-10. Yet, it is not known if these mechanisms are specific to NTS. We show here, that Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) infected mice had impaired clearance of systemic Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) during both acute parasitemia and up to 2 months after clearance of Py infected red blood cells that was independent of HO-I and IL-10. Py-infected mice were also susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) bacteremia, a common malaria-bacteria co-infection, with higher blood and spleen bacterial burdens and decreased survival compared to naïve mice. Mechanistically, impaired immunity to Sp was independent of HO-I, but was dependent on Py-induced IL-10. Splenic phagocytes from Py infected mice exhibit an impaired ability to restrict growth of intracellular Lm, and neutrophils from Py-infected mice produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to Lm or Sp. Analysis also identified a defect in a serum component in Py-infected mice that contributes to reduced production of ROS in response to Sp. Finally, treating naïve mice with Plasmodium-derived hemozoin containing naturally bound bioactive molecules, excluding DNA, impaired clearance of Lm. Collectively, we have demonstrated that Plasmodium infection impairs host immunity to diverse bacteria, including S. pneumoniae, through multiple effects on innate immunity, and that a parasite-specific factor (Hz+bound bioactive molecules) directly contributes to Plasmodium-induced suppression of antibacterial innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Harding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nicolas F Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Elena Valente
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Leitner WW, Haraway M, Pierson T, Bergmann-Leitner ES. Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E264. [PMID: 32486320 PMCID: PMC7350021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W. Leitner
- Basic Immunology Branch, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Megan Haraway
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Tony Pierson
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
| | - Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
- Immunology Core/Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.H.); (T.P.)
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14
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Sar P, Agarwal A, Vadodariya DH, Kariya H, Khuman J, Dalai S. MHC Class II (DRB) Promoter Polymorphism and Its Role in Parasite Control among Malaria Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:943-953. [PMID: 31941654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHCII) molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that play an important role to develop adaptive immune responses. MHCII-disease association is not restricted to structural variation alone but also may extend to genetic variations, which may modulate gene expression. The observed variations in class II gene expression make it possible that the association of MHCII polymorphism with diseases may relate to the level of gene expression in addition to the restriction of response to Ag. Understanding the extent of, and the mechanisms underlying, transcription factor DNA binding variation is therefore key to elucidate the molecular determinants of complex phenotypes. In this study, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in MHCII-DRB regulatory gene may be associated with clinical outcomes of malaria in Plasmodium-infected individuals. To this end, we conducted a case-control study to compare patients who had mild malaria with those patients who had asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. It demonstrates that GTAT haplotype exerts an increased DRB transcriptional activity, resulting in higher DRB expression and subsequently perturbed Ag presentation and T cell activation, higher TLR-mediated innate immune gene expression, and Ag clearance, so low parasitemia in comparison with haplotypes other than GTAT (GTAC, GGGT). Hence, we hypothesized that DRB gene promoter polymorphism might lead to altered DRB gene expression, which could possibly affect the TLR-triggered innate immune responses in malaria patients. These genetic findings may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of malaria and will facilitate the rational vaccine design for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Sar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | - Hiral Kariya
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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15
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16
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Gowda DC, Wu X. Parasite Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms in Innate Immune Responses to Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3006. [PMID: 30619355 PMCID: PMC6305727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P.falciparum and P. vivax, is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease presents a wide array of systemic clinical conditions and several life-threatening organ pathologies, including the dreaded cerebral malaria. Like many other infectious diseases, malaria is an inflammatory response-driven disease, and positive outcomes to infection depend on finely tuned regulation of immune responses that efficiently clear parasites and allow protective immunity to develop. Immune responses initiated by the innate immune system in response to parasites play key roles both in protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Initial pro-inflammatory responses are essential for clearing infection by promoting appropriate cell-mediated and humoral immunity. However, elevated and prolonged pro-inflammatory responses owing to inappropriate cellular programming contribute to disease conditions. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate immune responses and how these responses contribute to protective immunity development or pathogenesis is important for developing effective therapeutics and/or a vaccine. Historically, in efforts to develop a vaccine, immunity to malaria was extensively studied in the context of identifying protective humoral responses, targeting proteins involved in parasite invasion or clearance. The innate immune response was thought to be non-specific. However, during the past two decades, there has been a significant progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the associated signaling in immune responses to malaria. Malaria infection occurs at two stages, initially in the liver through the bite of a mosquito, carrying sporozoites, and subsequently, in the blood through the invasion of red blood cells by merozoites released from the infected hepatocytes. Soon after infection, both the liver and blood stage parasites are sensed by various receptors of the host innate immune system resulting in the activation of signaling pathways and production of cytokines and chemokines. These immune responses play crucial roles in clearing parasites and regulating adaptive immunity. Here, we summarize the knowledge on molecular mechanisms that underlie the innate immune responses to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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17
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Cumming BM, Goldring JPD. Monocyte phagocytosis of malaria β-haematin in the presence of artemisinin, amodiaquine, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine and quinine. Exp Parasitol 2018; 197:93-102. [PMID: 30562480 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic malaria parasite digests haemoglobin to provide amino acids for metabolism and releases toxic haem that is sequestered into haemozoin, a non-toxic, insoluble, crystalline pigment. Following erythrocyte rupture, haemozoin is released into circulation and phagocytosed by monocytes. Phagocytosed haemozoin and antimalarial drugs have both been reported to modulate monocyte functions. This study determined the effects of therapeutic concentrations of seven antimalarial drugs; amodiaquine, artemisinin, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine and quinine, on the phagocytosis of β-haematin (synthetic haemozoin) by two monocytic cell lines, J774A.1 and U937, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel spectrophotometric method based on the absorbance (O.D 400 nm) of alkali/SDS treated monocytes containing β-haematin was developed to complement counting phagocytosis with microscopy. The method has potential use for the large scale screening of monocyte phagocytic activity. Artemisinin, quinine, primaquine and pyrimethamine activated β-haematin phagocytosis by 12% or more, whereas amodiaquine, chloroquine and doxycyline inhibited β-haematin phagocytosis. In contrast, antimalarial drugs had minimal inhibitory effects on the phagocytosis of latex beads with only quinine resulting in more than 20% inhibition. Antimalarial drugs appear to alter monocyte phagocytic activity which has implications for the treatment, pathogenicity and adjunct therapies for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M Cumming
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - J P Dean Goldring
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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18
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Mandala WL, Msefula CL, Gondwe EN, Drayson MT, Molyneux ME, MacLennan CA. Monocyte activation and cytokine production in Malawian children presenting with P. falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:317-25. [PMID: 27027867 PMCID: PMC4850749 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria in malaria‐naïve adults is associated with an inflammatory response characterized by expression of specific activation markers on innate immune cells. Here, we investigate activation and adhesion marker expression, and cytokine production in monocytes from children presenting with cerebral malaria (CM, n = 36), severe malarial anaemia (SMA, n = 42) or uncomplicated malaria (UM, n = 66), and healthy aparasitemic children (n = 52) in Blantyre, Malawi. In all malaria groups, but particularly in the two severe malaria groups, monocyte expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD18, HLA‐DR and CD86, and percentages of TNF‐α‐ and IL‐6‐producing monocytes were lower than in healthy controls, while expression of CD11a, TLR2 and TLR4 was lower in children with severe malaria compared with controls. These levels mostly normalized during convalescence, but percentages of cytokine‐producing monocytes remained suppressed in children with SMA. In all malaria groups, especially the SMA group, a greater proportion of monocytes were loaded with haemozoin than among controls. In a P. falciparum hyperendemic area, monocytes in children with acute symptomatic malaria have reduced expression of adhesion molecules and activation markers and reduced inflammatory cytokine production. This immune suppression could be due to accumulation of haemozoin and/or previous exposure to P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Mandala
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C L Msefula
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E N Gondwe
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M T Drayson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M E Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C A MacLennan
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Imprime PGG-Mediated Anti-Cancer Immune Activation Requires Immune Complex Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165909. [PMID: 27812183 PMCID: PMC5094785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprime PGG (Imprime), an intravenously-administered, soluble β-glucan, has shown compelling efficacy in multiple phase 2 clinical trials with tumor targeting or anti-angiogenic antibodies. Mechanistically, Imprime acts as pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) directly activating innate immune effector cells, triggering a coordinated anti-cancer immune response. Herein, using whole blood from healthy human subjects, we show that Imprime-induced anti-cancer functionality is dependent on immune complex formation with naturally-occurring, anti-β glucan antibodies (ABA). The formation of Imprime-ABA complexes activates complement, primarily via the classical complement pathway, and is opsonized by iC3b. Immune complex binding depends upon Complement Receptor 3 and Fcg Receptor IIa, eliciting phenotypic activation of, and enhanced chemokine production by, neutrophils and monocytes, enabling these effector cells to kill antibody-opsonized tumor cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Importantly, these innate immune cell changes were not evident in subjects with low ABA levels but could be rescued with exogenous ABA supplementation. Together, these data indicate that pre-existing ABA are essential for Imprime-mediated anti-cancer immune activation and suggest that pre-treatment ABA levels may provide a plausible patient selection biomarker to delineate patients most likely to benefit from Imprime-based therapy.
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20
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van den Bogaart E, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, Schallig HDFH. Phagocytosis of hemozoin by RAW 264.7 cells, but not THP-1 cells, promotes infection by Leishmania donovani with a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:196-206. [PMID: 27623326 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During its intra-erythrocytic development, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum synthesizes insoluble hemozoin (HZ) crystals that are released into the circulation upon rupture of parasitized red blood cells, and rapidly phagocytized by host mononuclear cells. Here, HZ persists undigested, causing functional impairment and possibly leading to increased host susceptibility to secondary infections. In patients with malaria and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) co-infections, HZ-loaded macrophages are likely to co-harbor Leishmania donovani parasites, but whether this might influence the course of the Leishmania infection is unknown. In this study, L. donovani amastigote growth was monitored in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells previously exposed to increasing amounts of HZ or its synthetic analogue β-hematin (BH). Latex beads were used as a phagocytic control. Data demonstrate that phagocytosis of HZ and BH by RAW 264.7 cells promoted infection therein by L. donovani parasites in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar results were not observed when using THP-1 cells, despite a clear persistence of undigested heme up to 48h after phagocytosis. Conditioning with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ prior to Leishmania infection triggered the release in RAW 264.7 cells of nitric oxide (NO), a highly leishmanicidal metabolite. However, neither HZ nor BH pre-ingestion were able to inhibit NO production following stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ, suggesting that the HZ- and BH-promoting effect on L. donovani infection occurred with an NO-independent mechanism. In conclusion, these preliminary findings highlight a possible detrimental effect of HZ on the course of VL, warranting further investigation into the clinical relevance of the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van den Bogaart
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pètra F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:293-317. [PMID: 27518203 PMCID: PMC5219038 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. A primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. Aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. Likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebrates, namely hemocyanin and hemerythrin, act as potent immune effectors under certain physiological conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the true extent of oxygen-transport protein dynamics in innate immunity, and to impress upon the reader the multi-functionality of these ancient proteins on the basis of their structures. In this context, erythrocyte-pathogen antibiosis and the immune competences of various erythroid cells are compared across diverse taxa.
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22
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Dendritic Cells and Their Multiple Roles during Malaria Infection. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2926436. [PMID: 27110574 PMCID: PMC4823477 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2926436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, efficiently presenting antigens to T cells. This ability relies on the presence of numerous surface and intracellular receptors capable of sensing microbial components as well as inflammation and on a very efficient machinery for antigen presentation. In this way, DCs sense the presence of a myriad of pathogens, including Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria. Despite many efforts to control this infection, malaria is still responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. Different groups have shown that DCs act during Plasmodium infection, and data suggest that the phenotypically distinct DCs subsets are key factors in the regulation of immunity during infection. In this review, we will discuss the importance of DCs for the induction of immunity against the different stages of Plasmodium, the outcomes of DCs activation, and also what is currently known about Plasmodium components that trigger such activation.
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23
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Orf K, Cunnington AJ. Infection-related hemolysis and susceptibility to Gram-negative bacterial co-infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:666. [PMID: 26175727 PMCID: PMC4485309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to co-infection with enteric Gram-negative bacteria, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella, is reported in malaria and Oroya fever (Bartonella bacilliformis infection), and can lead to increased mortality. Accumulating epidemiological evidence indicates a causal association with risk of bacterial co-infection, rather than just co-incidence of common risk factors. Both malaria and Oroya fever are characterized by hemolysis, and observations in humans and animal models suggest that hemolysis causes the susceptibility to bacterial co-infection. Evidence from animal models implicates hemolysis in the impairment of a variety of host defense mechanisms, including macrophage dysfunction, neutrophil dysfunction, and impairment of adaptive immune responses. One mechanism supported by evidence from animal models and human data, is the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in bone marrow, which impairs the ability of developing neutrophils to mount a competent oxidative burst. As a result, dysfunctional neutrophils become a new niche for replication of intracellular bacteria. Here we critically appraise and summarize the key evidence for mechanisms which may contribute to these very specific combinations of co-infections, and propose interventions to ameliorate this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Orf
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London London, UK
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24
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Alves FA, Pelajo-Machado M, Totino PRR, Souza MT, Gonçalves EC, Schneider MPC, Muniz JAPC, Krieger MA, Andrade MCR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Carvalho LJM. Splenic architecture disruption and parasite-induced splenocyte activation and anergy in Plasmodium falciparum-infected Saimiri sciureus monkeys. Malar J 2015; 14:128. [PMID: 25890318 PMCID: PMC4377215 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of the mechanisms of immunity in malaria is crucial for the rational development of interventions such as vaccines. During blood stage infection, the spleen is considered to play critical roles in both immunity and immunopathology of Plasmodium falciparum infections. Methods Saimiri sciureus monkeys were inoculated with blood stages of P. falciparum (FUP strain) and spleens removed during acute disease (days 7 and 13 of infection) and during convalescence (15 days after start of chloroquine treatment). Cytokine (IFNγ, TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12) responses of splenocytes stimulated with P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells were assessed by real-time PCR using specific Saimiri primers, and histological changes were evaluated using haematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa-stained slides. Results Early during infection (day 7, 1-2% parasitaemia), spleens showed disruption of germinal centre architecture with heavy B-cell activation (centroblasts), and splenocytes showed increased expression of IFNγ, IL6 and IL12 upon in vitro stimuli by P. falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (pRBC). Conversely, 15 days after treatment of blood stage infection with chloroquine, splenocytes showed spontaneous in vitro expression of TNFα, IL2, IL6, IL10, and IL12, but not IFNγ, and stimulation with P. falciparum pRBC blocked the expression of all these cytokines. During the acute phase of infection, splenic disarray with disorganized germinal centres was observed. During convalescence, spleens of the chloroquine-treated animals showed white pulp hyperplasia with extensive lymphocyte activation and persistency of heavily haemozoin-laden macrophages throughout the red pulp. Conclusions Inability to eliminate haemozoin is likely involved in the persistent lymphocyte activation and in the anergic responses of Saimiri splenocytes to P. falciparum pRBC, with important negative impact in immune responses and implications for the design of malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana T Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Evonnildo C Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marco A Krieger
- Instituto Carlos Chagas de Biologia Molecular, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C R Andrade
- Serviço de Criação de Primatas Não-Humanos, CECAL-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Deroost K, Lays N, Pham TT, Baci D, Van den Eynde K, Komuta M, Prato M, Roskams T, Schwarzer E, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin induces hepatic inflammation in mice and is differentially associated with liver pathology depending on the Plasmodium strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113519. [PMID: 25419977 PMCID: PMC4242621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease that clinically affects more than two hundred million people annually. Despite the availability of effective antimalarials, mortality rates associated with severe complications are high. Hepatopathy is frequently observed in patients with severe malarial disease and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Previously, we observed high amounts of hemozoin or malaria pigment in livers from infected mice. In this study, we investigated whether hemozoin is associated with liver injury in different mouse malaria models. C57BL/6J mice infected with the rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei ANKA, P. berghei NK65 or P. chabaudi AS had elevated serum liver enzymes without severe histological changes in the liver, in line with the observations in most patients. Furthermore, liver enzymes were significantly higher in serum of P. chabaudi AS-infected mice compared to mice infected with the P. berghei parasite strains and a strong positive correlation was found between hepatic hemozoin levels, hepatocyte damage and inflammation in the liver with P. chabaudi AS. The observed liver injury was only marginally influenced by the genetic background of the host, since similar serum liver enzyme levels were measured in infected C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice. Intravenous injection of P. falciparum-derived hemozoin in malaria-free C57BL/6J mice induced inflammatory gene transcription in the liver, suggesting that hemozoin may be involved in the pathogenesis of malaria hepatopathy by inducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natacha Lays
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Denisa Baci
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mina Komuta
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Prato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E. Van den Steen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Wunderlich F, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA. Liver-inherent immune system: its role in blood-stage malaria. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:559. [PMID: 25408684 PMCID: PMC4219477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is well known as that organ which is obligately required for the intrahepatocyte development of the pre-erythrocytic stages of the malaria-causative agent Plasmodium. However, largely neglected is the fact that the liver is also a central player of the host defense against the morbidity- and mortality-causing blood stages of the malaria parasites. Indeed, the liver is equipped with a unique immune system that acts locally, however, with systemic impact. Its main “antipodal” functions are to recognize and to generate effective immunoreactivity against pathogens on the one hand, and to generate tolerance to avoid immunoreactivity with “self” and harmless substances as dietary compounds on the other hand. This review provides an introductory survey of the liver-inherent immune system: its pathogen recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and its major cell constituents with their different facilities to fight and eliminate pathogens. Then, evidence is presented that the liver is also an essential organ to overcome blood-stage malaria. Finally, we discuss effector responses of the liver-inherent immune system directed against blood-stage malaria: activation of TLRs, acute phase response, phagocytic activity, cytokine-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, generation of “protective” autoimmunity by extrathymic T cells and B-1 cells, and T cell-mediated repair of liver injuries mainly produced by malaria-induced overreactions of the liver-inherent immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University , Cairo, Egypt
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Gazzinelli RT, Kalantari P, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Innate sensing of malaria parasites. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:744-57. [PMID: 25324127 DOI: 10.1038/nri3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune system is a classic 'double-edged sword' that can overreact to pathogens, which can have deleterious effects and lead to clinical manifestations. Recent studies have unveiled the complexity of innate immune receptors that function as sensors of Plasmodium spp. in the vertebrate host. This Review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Plasmodium infection is sensed by different families of innate immune receptors. We also discuss how these events mediate both host resistance to infection and the pathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. [3] Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Parisa Kalantari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605-02324 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Skorokhod OA, Barrera V, Heller R, Carta F, Turrini F, Arese P, Schwarzer E. Malarial pigment hemozoin impairs chemotactic motility and transendothelial migration of monocytes via 4-hydroxynonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:210-21. [PMID: 25017964 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural hemozoin, nHZ, is avidly phagocytosed in vivo and in vitro by human monocytes. The persistence of the undigested β-hematin core of nHZ in the phagocyte lysosome for long periods of time modifies several cellular immune functions. Here we show that nHZ phagocytosis by human primary monocytes severely impaired their chemotactic motility toward MCP-1, TNF, and FMLP, by approximately 80% each, and their diapedesis across a confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cell layer toward MCP-1 by 45±5%. No inhibition was observed with latex-fed or unfed monocytes. Microscopic inspection revealed polarization defects in nHZ-fed monocytes due to irregular actin polymerization. Phagocytosed nHZ catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and generation of the highly reactive derivative 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Similar to nHZ phagocytosis, the exposure of monocytes to in vivo-compatible 4-HNE concentrations inhibited cell motility in both the presence and the absence of chemotactic stimuli, suggesting severe impairment of cytoskeleton dynamics. Consequently, 4-HNE conjugates with the cytoskeleton proteins β-actin and coronin-1A were immunochemically identified in nHZ-fed monocytes and mass spectrometrically localized in domains of protein-protein interactions involved in cytoskeleton reorganization and cell motility. The molecular and functional modifications of actin and coronin by nHZ/4-HNE may also explain impaired phagocytosis, another motility-dependent process previously described in nHZ-fed monocytes. Further studies will show whether impaired monocyte motility may contribute to the immunodepression and the frequent occurrence of secondary infections observed in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Regine Heller
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Franco Turrini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Arese
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Antonelli LRV, Leoratti FMS, Costa PAC, Rocha BC, Diniz SQ, Tada MS, Pereira DB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Golenbock DT, Gonçalves R, Gazzinelli RT. The CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocyte subset displays increased mitochondrial activity and effector function during acute Plasmodium vivax malaria. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004393. [PMID: 25233271 PMCID: PMC4169496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Plasmodium vivax results in strong activation of monocytes, which are important components of both the systemic inflammatory response and parasite control. The overall goal of this study was to define the role of monocytes during P. vivax malaria. Here, we demonstrate that P. vivax-infected patients display significant increase in circulating monocytes, which were defined as CD14(+)CD16- (classical), CD14(+)CD16(+) (inflammatory), and CD14loCD16(+) (patrolling) cells. While the classical and inflammatory monocytes were found to be the primary source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the CD16(+) cells, in particular the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, expressed the highest levels of activation markers, which included chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules. Morphologically, CD14(+) were distinguished from CD14lo monocytes by displaying larger and more active mitochondria. CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes were more efficient in phagocytizing P. vivax-infected reticulocytes, which induced them to produce high levels of intracellular TNF-α and reactive oxygen species. Importantly, antibodies specific for ICAM-1, PECAM-1 or LFA-1 efficiently blocked the phagocytosis of infected reticulocytes by monocytes. Hence, our results provide key information on the mechanism by which CD14(+)CD16(+) cells control parasite burden, supporting the hypothesis that they play a role in resistance to P. vivax infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis R. V. Antonelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabiana M. S. Leoratti
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro A. C. Costa
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Rocha
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suelen Q. Diniz
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro S. Tada
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B. Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Sigala
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; ,
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; ,
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Maturation of Plasmodium falciparum in multiply infected erythrocytes and the potential role in malaria pathogenesis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4045-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Orlov M, Vaida F, Williamson K, Deng Q, Smith DM, Duffy PE, Schooley RT. Antigen-presenting phagocytic cells ingest malaria parasites and increase HIV replication in a tumor necrosis factor α-dependent manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1562-72. [PMID: 24903666 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum infection induces human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and accelerates a decline in CD4(+) T-cell count. The mechanisms contributing to these interactions have not been fully elucidated. METHODS We infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and then cocultured them with P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) or uninfected RBCs (uRBCs). Levels of HIV-1 p24 antigen and activation-associated cytokines were measured in culture supernatants. T-cell surface activation was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS It has been reported that iRBCs increase HIV replication, compared with uRBCs; that neutralizing tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) abrogates this increase; and that hemozoin enhances HIV production. In this study, we confirmed that TNF-α plays an important role in this interaction. We show that iRBCs increased CD4(+) T-cell expression of HLA-DR(+)/CD38(+) (P = .001), that monocyte/macrophage depletion reduced HIV production by 40%-50% (P < .001), and that hemozoin-laden monocytes/macrophages that were preincubated with iRBCs also stimulated HIV production. CONCLUSIONS iRBCs activate CD4(+) T cells and stimulate HIV replication in a TNF-α-dependent manner following malarial antigen processing by monocytes/macrophages. These results suggest that the persistent elevation of HIV replication during and after acute bouts of P. falciparum malaria may be due, at least in part, to ongoing stimulation of CD4(+) T cells by hemozoin-loaded antigen-presenting cells within lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Orlov
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Olivier M, Van Den Ham K, Shio MT, Kassa FA, Fougeray S. Malarial pigment hemozoin and the innate inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24550911 PMCID: PMC3913902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Plasmodium. The four species of Plasmodium known to affect humans all produce an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (HZ) during the heme detoxification process. HZ is released from the food vacuole into circulation during erythrocyte lysis, while the released parasites further infect additional naive red blood cells. Once in circulation, HZ is rapidly taken up by circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Over the last few years, it has been reported that HZ, similar to uric acid crystals, asbestos, and silica, is able to trigger IL-1β production via the activation of the NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex. Additionally, recent findings have shown that host factors, such as fibrinogen, have the ability to adhere to free HZ and modify its capacity to activate host immune cells. Although much has been discovered regarding NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism through which this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. In the present review, the most recent discoveries regarding the capacity of HZ to trigger this innate immune complex as well as the impact of HZ on several other inflammatory signaling pathways will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Kristin Van Den Ham
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Sophie Fougeray
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
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Azcárate IG, Marín-García P, Kamali AN, Pérez-Benavente S, Puyet A, Diez A, Bautista JM. Differential immune response associated to malaria outcome is detectable in peripheral blood following Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85664. [PMID: 24465641 PMCID: PMC3900426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection in humans elicits a wide range of immune responses that can be detected in peripheral blood, but we lack detailed long-term follow-up data on the primary and subsequent infections that lead to naturally acquired immunity. Studies on antimalarial immune responses in mice have been based on models yielding homogenous infection profiles. Here, we present a mouse model in which a heterogeneous course of Plasmodium yoelii lethal malaria infection is produced in a non-congenic ICR strain to allow comparison among different immunological and clinical outcomes. Three different disease courses were observed ranging from a fatal outcome, either early or late, to a self-resolved infection that conferred long-term immunity against re-infection. Qualitative and quantitative changes produced in leukocyte subpopulations and cytokine profiles detected in peripheral blood during the first week of infection revealed that monocytes, dendritic cells and immature B cells were the main cell subsets present in highly-parasitized mice dying in the first week after infection. Besides, CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells expanded at an earlier time point in early deceased mice than in surviving mice and expressed higher levels of intracellular Foxp3 protein. In contrast, survivors showed a limited increase of cytokines release and stable circulating innate cells. From the second week of infection, mice that would die or survive showed similar immune profiles, although CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells number increased earlier in mice with the worst prognosis. In surviving mice the expansion of activated circulating T cell and switched-class B cells with a long-term protective humoral response from the second infection week is remarkable. Our results demonstrate that the follow-up studies of immunological blood parameters during a malaria infection can offer information about the course of the pathological process and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G. Azcárate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Patricia Marín-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alí N. Kamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pérez-Benavente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
| | - José M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,
- * E-mail:
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Tyberghein A, Deroost K, Schwarzer E, Arese P, Van den Steen PE. Immunopathological effects of malaria pigment or hemozoin and other crystals. Biofactors 2014; 40:59-78. [PMID: 23907956 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood-stage malaria parasites produce insoluble hemozoin (Hz) crystals that are released in the blood circulation upon schizont rupture. In general, endogenous crystal formation or inhalation of crystalline materials is often associated with pathology. As the immune system responds differently to crystalline particles than to soluble molecules, in this review, the properties, immunological recognition, and pathogenic responses of Hz are discussed, and compared with two other major pathogenic crystals, monosodium urate (MSU) and asbestos. Because of the size and shape of MSU crystals and asbestos fibers, phagolysosomal formation is inefficient and often results in leakage of lysosomal content in the cell cytoplasm and/or in the extracellular environment with subsequent cell damage and cell death. Phagolysosomal formation after Hz ingestion is normal, but Hz remains stored inside these cells for months or even longer without any detectable degradation. Nonetheless, the different types of crystals are recognized by similar immune receptors, involving Toll-like receptors, the inflammasome, antibodies, and/or complement factors, and through similar signaling cascades, they activate both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses that contribute to inflammation-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Tyberghein
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Boura M, Frita R, Góis A, Carvalho T, Hänscheid T. The hemozoin conundrum: is malaria pigment immune-activating, inhibiting, or simply a bystander? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramos TN, Bullard DC, Barnum SR. Deletion of the complement phagocytic receptors CR3 and CR4 does not alter susceptibility to experimental cerebral malaria. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:547-50. [PMID: 22882618 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptors for C3-derived fragments (CR1-4) play critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Of these receptors, CR3 and CR4 are important in binding and phagocytosis of complement-opsonized pathogens including parasites. The role of CR3 and CR4 in malaria or in cerebral malaria (CM) has received little attention and remains poorly understood in both human disease and rodent models of malaria. CR3 and CR4 are members of the β(2) -integrin family of adhesion molecules and are expressed on all leucocytes that participate in the development of CM, most importantly as it relates to parasite phagocytosis (monocytes/macrophages) and antigen processing and presentation (dendritic cells). Thus, it is possible that these receptors might play an important role in disease development. To address this question, we examined the role of CR3(-/-) and CR4(-/-) in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We found that both CR3(-/-) and CR4(-/-) mice were fully susceptible to ECM and developed disease comparable to wild-type mice. Our results indicate that CR3 and CR4 are not critical to the pathogenesis of ECM despite their role in elimination of complement-opsonized pathogens. These findings support recent studies indicating the importance of the terminal complement pathway and the membrane attack complex in ECM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Schistosoma mansoni hemozoin modulates alternative activation of macrophages via specific suppression of Retnla expression and secretion. Infect Immun 2012; 81:133-42. [PMID: 23090958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00701-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trematode Schistosoma mansoni is one of the etiological agents of schistosomiasis, a key neglected tropical disease responsible for an estimated annual loss of 70 million disability-adjusted life years. Hematophagy represents the primary nutrient acquisition pathway of this parasite, but digestion of hemoglobin also liberates toxic heme. Schistosomes detoxify heme via crystallization into hemozoin, which is subsequently regurgitated into the host's circulation. Here we demonstrate that during experimental schistosomiasis, hemozoin accumulating in the mouse liver is taken up by phagocytes at a time coincident with the development of the egg-induced T-helper 2 (Th2) granulomatous immune response. Furthermore, the uptake of hemozoin also coincides with the hepatic expression of markers of alternative macrophage activation. Alternatively activated macrophages are a key effector cell population associated with protection against schistosomiasis, making hemozoin well placed to play an important immunomodulatory role in this disease. To systematically explore this hypothesis, S. mansoni hemozoin was purified and added to in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage cultures concurrently exposed to cytokines chosen to reflect the shifting state of macrophage activation in vivo. Macrophages undergoing interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced alternative activation in the presence of hemozoin developed a phenotype specifically lacking in Retnla, a characteristic alternatively activated macrophage product associated with regulation of Th2 inflammatory responses. As such, in addition to its important detoxification role during hematophagy, we propose that schistosome hemozoin also provides a potent immunomodulatory function in the coevolved network of host-parasite relationships during schistosomiasis.
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Kumar S, Gowda NM, Wu X, Gowda RN, Gowda DC. CD36 modulates proinflammatory cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols and merozoites by dendritic cells. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:372-82. [PMID: 22486596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) of Plasmodium falciparum activate macrophages mainly through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated signalling and to certain extent through TLR4-mediated signalling to induce proinflammatory cytokine production. However, the ability of parasite GPIs to activate dendritic cells (DCs) has not been reported. Here, we show that parasite GPIs efficiently activate DCs through TLR2-mediated signalling mechanism and induce the production of TNF-α and IL-12. We also studied the role of scavenger receptor CD36 in P. falciparum GPI- and merozoite-induced cytokine responses by DCs. The results indicate that CD36 modulates the cytokine-inducing activity of the parasite GPIs by collaborating with TLR2 in DCs. Furthermore, our data reveal that CD36 modulates the activity of P. falciparum merozoites, likely by the contribution of phagocytosis-coupled CD36-mediated signalling to the signalling induced by merozoites. Altogether, these results contribute towards understanding of signalling mechanisms in malaria parasite-induced activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Dhabangi A, Musoke C, Ssewanyana I, Ddungu H, Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya D, Nabukeera-Barungi N, Mpimbaza A, Dzik WH. Cytoadherence in paediatric malaria: ABO blood group, CD36, and ICAM1 expression and severe Plasmodium falciparum infection. Br J Haematol 2012; 159:223-36. [PMID: 22909232 PMCID: PMC3470923 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide, selection pressure by Plasmodium falciparum continues to shape the human genome. Severe disturbances within the microcirculation result from the adhesion of infected erythrocytes to host receptors on monocytes, platelets, and endothelium. In this prospective study, we compared expression of all major host cytoadhesion receptors among Ugandan children presenting with uncomplicated malaria (n = 1078) versus children with severe malaria (n = 855), including cerebral malaria (n = 174), severe anaemia (n = 522), and lactic acidosis (n = 154). We report a significant survival advantage attributed to blood group O and increased monocyte expression of CD36 and ICAM1 (CD54). The high case fatality rate syndromes of cerebral malaria and lactic acidosis were associated with high platelet CD36 expression and thrombocytopenia, and severe malaria anaemia was characterized by low ICAM1 expression. In a logistic regression model of disease severity, odds ratios for the mitigating effects of blood group O, CD36, and ICAM1 phenotypes were greater than that of sickle haemoglobin. Host genetic adaptations to Plasmodium falciparum suggest new potential malaria treatment strategies.
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Boeuf PS, Loizon S, Awandare GA, Tetteh JKA, Addae MM, Adjei GO, Goka B, Kurtzhals JAL, Puijalon O, Hviid L, Akanmori BD, Behr C. Insights into deregulated TNF and IL-10 production in malaria: implications for understanding severe malarial anaemia. Malar J 2012; 11:253. [PMID: 22853732 PMCID: PMC3469355 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe malarial anaemia (SMA) is a major life-threatening complication of paediatric malaria. Protracted production of pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting erythrophagocytosis and depressing erythropoiesis is thought to play an important role in SMA, which is characterized by a high TNF/IL-10 ratio. Whether this TNF/IL-10 imbalance results from an intrinsic incapacity of SMA patients to produce IL-10 or from an IL-10 unresponsiveness to infection is unknown. Monocytes and T cells are recognized as the main sources of TNF and IL-10 in vivo, but little is known about the activation status of those cells in SMA patients. Methods The IL-10 and TNF production capacity and the activation phenotype of monocytes and T cells were compared in samples collected from 332 Ghanaian children with non-overlapping SMA (n = 108), cerebral malaria (CM) (n = 144) or uncomplicated malaria (UM) (n = 80) syndromes. Activation status of monocytes and T cells was ascertained by measuring HLA-DR+ and/or CD69+ surface expression by flow cytometry. The TNF and IL-10 production was assessed in a whole-blood assay after or not stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) used as surrogate of unspecific monocyte and T cell stimulant. The number of circulating pigmented monocytes was also determined. Results Monocytes and T cells from SMA and CM patients showed similar activation profiles with a comparable decreased HLA-DR expression on monocytes and increased frequency of CD69+ and HLA-DR+ T cells. In contrast, the acute-phase IL-10 production was markedly decreased in SMA compared to CM (P = .003) and UM (P = .004). Although in SMA the IL-10 response to LPS-stimulation was larger in amplitude than in CM (P = .0082), the absolute levels of IL-10 reached were lower (P = .013). Both the amplitude and levels of TNF produced in response to LPS-stimulation were larger in SMA than CM (P = .019). In response to PHA-stimulation, absolute levels of IL-10 produced in SMA were lower than in CM (P = .005) contrasting with TNF levels, which were higher (P = .001). Conclusions These data reveal that SMA patients have the potential to mount efficient IL-10 responses and that the TNF/IL-10 imbalance may reflect a specific monocyte and T cell programming/polarization pattern in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe S Boeuf
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites URA CNRS 2581, Paris, France
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Leoratti FMDS, Trevelin SC, Cunha FQ, Rocha BC, Costa PAC, Gravina HD, Tada MS, Pereira DB, Golenbock DT, do Valle Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT. Neutrophil paralysis in Plasmodium vivax malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1710. [PMID: 22745844 PMCID: PMC3383745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The activation of innate immune responses by Plasmodium vivax results in activation of effector cells and an excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may culminate in deleterious effects. Here, we examined the activation and function of neutrophils during acute episodes of malaria. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from P. vivax-infected patients at admission (day 0) and 30–45 days after treatment with chloroquine and primaquine. Expression of activation markers and cytokine levels produced by highly purified monocytes and neutrophils were measured by the Cytometric Bead Assay. Phagocytic activity, superoxide production, chemotaxis and the presence of G protein-coupled receptor (GRK2) were also evaluated in neutrophils from malaria patients. Principal Findings Both monocytes and neutrophils from P. vivax-infected patients were highly activated. While monocytes were found to be the main source of cytokines in response to TLR ligands, neutrophils showed enhanced phagocytic activity and superoxide production. Interestingly, neutrophils from the malaria patients expressed high levels of GRK2, low levels of CXCR2, and displayed impaired chemotaxis towards IL-8 (CXCL8). Conclusion Activated neutrophils from malaria patients are a poor source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and display reduced chemotactic activity, suggesting a possible mechanism for an enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection during malaria. Plasmodium vivax is responsible for approximately 60–80% of the malaria cases in the world, and contributes to significant social and economic instability in the developing countries of Latin America and Asia. The pathogenesis of P. vivax malaria is a consequence of host derived inflammatory mediators. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in induction of systemic inflammation during P. vivax malaria is critical for the clinical management and prevention of severe disease. The innate immune receptors recognize Plasmodium sp. and initiate a broad spectrum of host defense mechanisms that mediate resistance to infection. However, the innate immune response is the classic “two-edged sword”, and clinical malaria is associated with high levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings show that both monocytes and neutrophils are highly activated during malaria. Monocytes produced high levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α during acute malaria. On the other hand, neutrophils were a poor source of cytokines, but displayed an enhanced phagocytic activity and superoxide production. Unexpectedly, we noticed an impaired chemotaxis of neutrophils towards an IL-8 (CXCL8) gradient. We proposed that neutrophil paralysis is in part responsible for the enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection observed in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Cellone Trevelin
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Coelho Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Carvalho Costa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto Doriguêtto Gravina
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Shugiro Tada
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Taylor Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Miura K, Li J, Tullo G, Zhu F, Hong L, Lin T, Su XZ, Long C. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor homolog from Plasmodium yoelii modulates monocyte recruitment and activation in spleen during infection. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:1755-63. [PMID: 22015474 PMCID: PMC3427932 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Malaria parasites express an MIF homolog that may play a role in regulating host immune responses, and a recent study showed that overexpression of MIF reduced parasitemia in a mouse malaria model. Another recent study showed migration of monocytes to the spleen contributed to the control of blood stage infection. However, there are few papers describing the effect of MIF on monocyte recruitment/activation during the infection. We generated recombinant Plasmodium yoelii MIF (rPyMIF) and investigated its function on purified mouse CD11b(+) cells in vitro and monocyte responses in vivo. The result shows that rPyMIF protein bound to mouse CD11b(+) cells and inhibited their random migration in vitro. On the other hand, rPyMIF did not induce cytokine release from the cells directly or modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release. Mice immunized with rPyMIF showed transient but significantly lower parasitemia than the control mice at day 3 after lethal Py17XL challenge. The total number of CD11b(+) cells in the spleens was significantly higher in rPyMIF-immunized group. Further investigation revealed that there were significantly higher numbers of recruited and activated monocytes in the spleens of rPyMIF immunization group on day 3. These results indicate that PyMIF potentially modulates monocyte recruitment and activation during infection of P. yoelii erythrocytic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gregory Tullo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carole Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hochman S, Kim K. The Impact of HIV Coinfection on Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF NEUROPARASITOLOGY 2012; 3:235547. [PMID: 22545215 PMCID: PMC3336366 DOI: 10.4303/jnp/235547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is widespread throughout the world and is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Similarly, Plasmodium falciparum, the most common cause of severe malaria, affects large areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. Although initial studies suggested that HIV and malaria had independent impact upon patient outcomes, recent studies have indicated a more significant interaction. Clinical studies have shown that people infected with HIV have more frequent and severe episodes of malaria, and parameters of HIV disease progression worsen in individuals during acute malaria episodes. However, the effect of HIV on development of cerebral malaria, a manifestation of P. falciparum infection that is frequently fatal, has not been characterized. We review clinical and basic science studies pertaining to HIV and malaria coinfection and cerebral malaria in particular in order to highlight the likely role HIV plays in exacerbating cerebral malaria pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hochman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Cumming BM, Watson GMF, Goldring JPD. Plasmodium falciparum: effect of antimalarial drugs, malaria pigment (β-haematin) and Plasmodium falciparum lysate on monocyte GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 gene expression. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:312-7. [PMID: 21854775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In interferon-γ activated human macrophages, GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 catalyses the conversion of guanosine triphosphate to 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate, which is dephosphorylated and oxidized to form neopterin. Elevated levels of neopterin have been detected in the urine and serum of malaria-infected patients. In this study, U937 cells were treated with interferon-γ and one of the following antimalarial drugs: amodiaquine, artemisinin, chloroquine, doxycycline, primaquine, pyrimethamine or quinine. The effects of treating the U937 cells with malaria pigment (β-haematin), latex beads, or Plasmodium falciparum-infected-red blood cell lysates were also investigated. U937 GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 mRNA expression was monitored using reverse-transcriptase-quantitative PCR. Artemisinin, primaquine, and quinine down-regulated GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 gene expression 1.26-, 1.29-, and 1.63-fold, respectively. The remaining drugs had insignificant effects. β-haematin up-regulated GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 mRNA expression 1.18-fold, whereas P. falciparum-infected red blood cell lysate down-regulated expression 1.56-fold. These results show the differing immunomodulatory actions of antimalarial drugs and malaria pigment taking place in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M Cumming
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Serghides L. The Case for the Use of PPARγ Agonists as an Adjunctive Therapy for Cerebral Malaria. PPAR Res 2011; 2012:513865. [PMID: 21772838 PMCID: PMC3135089 DOI: 10.1155/2012/513865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection associated with high mortality even when highly effective antiparasitic therapy is used. Adjunctive therapies that modify the pathophysiological processes caused by malaria are a possible way to improve outcome. This review focuses on the utility of PPARγ agonists as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of cerebral malaria. The current knowledge of PPARγ agonist use in malaria is summarized. Findings from experimental CNS injury and disease models that demonstrate the potential for PPARγ agonists as an adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Serghides
- Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Suite 10-359, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Haemozoin: Wedding Rings for Human Host and Plasmodium falciparum Parasite in Complicated Malaria. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:628435. [PMID: 21760809 PMCID: PMC3134216 DOI: 10.1155/2011/628435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the combination of both Plasmodium falciparum parasite and human host factors is involved in the pathogenesis of complicated severe malaria, including cerebral malaria (CM). Among parasite products, the malarial pigment haemozoin (HZ) has been shown to impair the functions of mononuclear and endothelial cells. Different CM models were associated with enhanced levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of proteolytic enzymes able to disrupt subendothelial basement membrane and tight junctions and shed, activate, or inactivate cytokines, chemokines, and other MMPs through cleavage from their precursors. Among MMPs, a good candidate for targeted therapy might be MMP-9, whose mRNA and protein expression enhancement as well as direct proenzyme activation by HZ have been recently investigated in a series of studies by our group and others. In the present paper the role of HZ and MMP-9 in complicated malaria, as well as their interactions, will be discussed.
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Host fibrinogen stably bound to hemozoin rapidly activates monocytes via TLR-4 and CD11b/CD18-integrin: a new paradigm of hemozoin action. Blood 2011; 117:5674-82. [PMID: 21460246 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-312413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural hemozoin (nHZ), prepared after schizogony, consists of crystalline ferriprotoporphyrin-IX dimers from undigested heme bound to host and parasite proteins and lipids. Phagocytosed nHZ alters important functions of host phagocytes. Most alterations are long-term effects. We show that host fibrinogen (FG) was constantly present (at ~ 1 FG per 25 000 HZ-heme molecules) and stably bound to nHZ from plasma-cultured parasites. FG was responsible for the rapid 100-fold stimulation of reactive oxygen species production and 50-fold increase of TNF and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 by human monocytes. Those effects, starting within minutes after nHZ cell contact, were because of interaction of FG with FG-receptors TLR4 and integrin CD11b/CD18. Receptor blockage by specific mAbs or removal of FG from nHZ abrogated the effects. nHZ-opsonizing IgGs contribute to the stimulatory response but are not essential for FG effects. Immediate increase in reactive oxygen species and TNF may switch on previously described long-term effects of nHZ, largely because of HZ-generated lipo-peroxidation products 15(S,R)-hydroxy-6,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid and 4-hydroxynonenal. The FG/HZ effects mediated by TLR4/integrins represent a novel paradigm of nHZ activity and allow expansion of nHZ effects to nonphagocytic cells, such as endothelia and airway epithelia, and lead to a better understanding of organ pathology in malaria.
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Frita R, Rebelo M, Pamplona A, Vigario AM, Mota MM, Grobusch MP, Hänscheid T. Simple flow cytometric detection of haemozoin containing leukocytes and erythrocytes for research on diagnosis, immunology and drug sensitivity testing. Malar J 2011; 10:74. [PMID: 21453521 PMCID: PMC3078904 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria pigment (haemozoin, Hz) has been the focus of diverse research efforts. However, identification of Hz-containing leukocytes or parasitized erythrocytes is usually based on microscopy, with inherent limitations. Flow cytometric detection of depolarized Side-Scatter is more accurate and its adaptation to common bench top flow cytometers might allow several applications. These can range from the ex-vivo and in-vitro detection and functional analysis of Hz-containing leukocytes to the detection of parasitized Red-Blood-Cells (pRBCs) to assess antimalarial activity. Methods A standard benchtop flow cytometer was adapted to detect depolarized Side-Scatter. Synthetic and Plasmodium falciparum Hz were incubated with whole blood and PBMCs to detect Hz-containing leukocytes and CD16 expression on monocytes. C5BL/6 mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA or P. berghei NK65 and Hz-containing leukocytes were analysed using CD11b and Gr1 expression. Parasitized RBC from infected mice were identified using anti-Ter119 and SYBR green I and were analysed for depolarized Side Scatter. A highly depolarizing RBC population was monitored in an in-vitro culture incubated with chloroquine or quinine. Results A flow cytometer can be easily adapted to detect depolarized Side-Scatter and thus, intracellular Hz. The detection and counting of Hz containing leukocytes in fresh human or mouse blood, as well as in leukocytes from in-vitro experiments was rapid and easy. Analysis of CD14/CD16 and CD11b/Gr1 monocyte expression in human or mouse blood, in a mixed populations of Hz-containing and non-containing monocytes, appears to show distinct patterns in both types of cells. Hz-containing pRBC and different maturation stages could be detected in blood from infected mice. The analysis of a highly depolarizing population that contained mature pRBC allowed to assess the effect of chloroquine and quinine after only 2 and 4 hours, respectively. Conclusions A simple modification of a flow cytometer allows for rapid and reliable detection and quantification of Hz-containing leukocytes and the analysis of differential surface marker expression in the same sample of Hz-containing versus non-Hz-containing leukocytes. Importantly, it distinguishes different maturation stages of parasitized RBC and may be the basis of a rapid no-added-reagent drug sensitivity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Frita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Av, Prof, Egas Moniz, P-1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Prato M, Gallo V, Giribaldi G, Aldieri E, Arese P. Role of the NF-κB transcription pathway in the haemozoin- and 15-HETE-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human adherent monocytes. Cell Microbiol 2011; 12:1780-91. [PMID: 20678173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Haemozoin (HZ, malarial pigment) is a crystalline ferriprotoporphyrin IX polymer derived from undigested host haemoglobin haem, present in late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized RBCs and in residual bodies shed after schizogony. It was shown previously that phagocytosed HZ or HZ-containing trophozoites increased monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and enhanced production of MMP-9-related cytokines TNF and IL-1beta. Here we show that in human monocytes the HZ/trophozoite phagocytosis effects and their recapitulation by 15(S,R)-hydroxy-6,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), a potent lipoperoxidation derivative generated by HZ from arachidonic acid via haem catalysis, were mediated via activation of NF-κB transcription pathway. After phagocytosis of HZ/trophozoites or treatment with 15-HETE, the NF-κB complex migrated to the nuclear fraction while the inhibitory cytosolic IκBalpha protein was phosphorylated and degraded. All HZ/trophozoite/15-HETE effects on MMP-9 activity and TNF/IL-1beta production were abrogated by quercetin, artemisinin and parthenolide, inhibitors of IκBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent degradation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and NF-κB-p65 binding to DNA respectively. In conclusion, enhanced activation of MMP-9, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1beta, a triad of effects involved in malaria pathogenesis, elicited in human monocytes by trophozoite and HZ phagocytosis and recapitulated by 15-HETE, appear to be causally connected to persisting activation of the NF-κB system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
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