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Ou C, Dozois CM, Daigle F. Differential regulatory control of curli (csg) gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi requires more than a functional CsgD regulator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14905. [PMID: 37689734 PMCID: PMC10492818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with no known reservoir. Curli fimbriae are major components of biofilm produced by Salmonella and are encoded by the csg gene cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG). The role of curli in S. Typhi is unknown, although detection of anti-curli antibodies suggests they are produced during host infection. In this study, we investigated curli gene expression in S. Typhi. We demonstrated that the CsgD regulatory protein binds weakly to the csgB promoter. Yet, replacing S. Typhi csgD with the csgD allele from S. Typhimurium did not modify the curli negative phenotype on Congo Red medium suggesting that differential regulation of curli gene expression in S. Typhi is not dependent on modification of the CsgD regulator. The entire csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium was also cloned into S. Typhi, but again, despite introduction of a fully functional csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium, curli were still not detected in S. Typhi. Thus, in addition to intrinsic genomic differences in the csg gene cluster that have resulted in production of a modified CsgD protein, S. Typhi has likely undergone other changes independent of the csg gene cluster that have led to distinctive regulation of csg genes compared to other Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Wang W, Chen Y, Ye H, Dong Z, Zhang C, Feng D, Cao Q, Liang S, Zuo J. N-acyl homoserine lactonase attenuates the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium and its induction of intestinal damages in broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:334-342. [PMID: 37635927 PMCID: PMC10448016 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential mitigating effects of N-acyl homoserine lactonase (AHLase) on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium and its induction of intestinal damages in broilers. In vitro study was firstly conducted to examine if AHLase treatment could attenuate the virulence of S. typhimurium. Then, an in vivo experiment was performed by allocating 240 broiler chicks at 1 d old into 3 groups (8 replicates per group): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and PC supplemented with 10,000 U/kg AHLase. All chicks except those in NC were orally challenged by S. typhimurium from 8 to 10 d of age. Parameters were measured on d 11 and 21. The results showed that treatment with 1 U/mL AHLase suppressed the biofilm-forming ability (including biofilm biomass, extracellular DNA secretion and biofilm formation-related gene expression), together with swarming motility and adhesive capacity of S. typhimurium. Supplemental 10,000 U/kg AHLase counteracted S. typhimurium-induced impairments (P < 0.05) in broiler growth performance (including final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake) during either 1-11 d or 12-21 d, and increases (P < 0.05) in the indexes of liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius on d 11, together with reductions (P < 0.05) in ileal villus height and its ratio to crypt depth on both d 11 and 21. AHLase addition also normalized the increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of ileal occludin on both d 11 and 21 in S. typhimurium-challenged broilers. However, neither S. typhimurium challenge nor AHLase addition altered (P > 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity of broilers. Noticeably, S. typhimurium challenge caused little change in the mRNA expression of ileal inflammatory cytokines except for an increase (P < 0.05) in interleukin-8 expression on d 11, whereas AHLase addition normalized (P < 0.05) this change. In conclusion, AHLase treatment could attenuate the virulence and pathogenicity of S. typhimurium, thus contributing to alleviate S. typhimurium-induced growth retardation and intestinal damages in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zemin Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Changming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dingyuan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingyun Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shujie Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianjun Zuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Wang P, Chen S, Liao C, Jia Y, Li J, Shang K, Chen J, Cao P, Li W, Li Y, Yu Z, Ding K. Probiotic Properties of Chicken-Derived Highly Adherent Lactic Acid Bacteria and Inhibition of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Caco-2 Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122515. [PMID: 36557770 PMCID: PMC9788042 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as probiotic candidates have various beneficial functions, such as regulating gut microbiota, inhibiting intestinal pathogens, and improving gut immunity. The colonization of the intestine is a prerequisite for probiotic function. Therefore, it is necessary to screen the highly adherent LAB. In this study, the cell surface properties, such as hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation, and adhesion abilities of the six chicken-derived LAB to Caco-2 cells were investigated. All six strains showed different hydrophobicity (21.18-95.27%), auto-aggregation (13.61-30.17%), co-aggregation with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (10.23-36.23%), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 13311 (11.71-39.35%), and adhesion to Caco-2 cells (8.57-26.37%). Pediococcus pentosaceus 2-5 and Lactobacillus reuteri L-3 were identified as the strains with strong adhesion abilities (26.37% and 21.57%, respectively). Moreover, these strains could survive in a gastric acid environment at pH 2, 3, and 4 for 3 h and in a bile salt environment at 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (w/v) concentration for 6 h. Furthermore, the cell-free supernatant of P. pentosaceus 2-5 and L. reuteri L-3 inhibited the growth of enteropathogenic bacteria and the strains inhibited the adhesion of these pathogens to Caco-2 cells. In this study, these results suggested that P. pentosaceus 2-5 and L. reuteri L-3, isolated from chicken intestines might be good probiotic candidates to be used as feed additives or delivery vehicles of biologically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pudi Wang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jing Li
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Pinghua Cao
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wang Li
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yuanxiao Li
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (K.D.)
| | - Ke Ding
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang 471003, China
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (K.D.)
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Wang J, Ma S, Li W, Wang X, Huang D, Jiang L, Feng L. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Induces Host Metabolic Reprogramming to Increase Glucose Availability for Intracellular Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810003. [PMID: 34576166 PMCID: PMC8467381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human-limited intracellular pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever, a severe systemic disease. Pathogen–host interaction at the metabolic level affects the pathogenicity of intracellular pathogens, but it remains unclear how S. Typhi infection influences host metabolism for its own benefit. Herein, using metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, combined with in vitro and in vivo infection assays, we investigated metabolic responses in human macrophages during S. Typhi infection, and the impact of these responses on S. Typhi intracellular replication and systemic pathogenicity. We observed increased glucose content, higher rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in S. Typhi-infected human primary macrophages. Replication in human macrophages and the bacterial burden in systemic organs of humanized mice were reduced by either the inhibition of host glucose uptake or a mutation of the bacterial glucose uptake system, indicating that S. Typhi utilizes host-derived glucose to enhance intracellular replication and virulence. Thus, S. Typhi promotes its pathogenicity by inducing metabolic changes in host macrophages and utilizing the glucose that subsequently accumulates as a nutrient for intracellular replication. Our findings provide the first metabolic signature of S. Typhi-infected host cells and identifies a new strategy utilized by S. Typhi for intracellular replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China; (J.W.); (S.M.); (W.L.); (X.W.); (D.H.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (L.F.)
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Nickerson KP, Llanos-Chea A, Ingano L, Serena G, Miranda-Ribera A, Perlman M, Lima R, Sztein MB, Fasano A, Senger S, Faherty CS. A Versatile Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer Model for the Study of Enteric Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0000321. [PMID: 34106568 PMCID: PMC8552518 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00003-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The complexity of human biology and limited insights into host-specific infection mechanisms are key barriers to current therapeutic development. Here, we demonstrate that two-dimensional epithelial monolayers derived from human intestinal organoids, combined with in vivo-like bacterial culturing conditions, provide significant advancements for the study of enteropathogens. Monolayers from the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon recapitulated the composition of the gastrointestinal epithelium, in which several techniques were used to detect the presence of enterocytes, mucus-producing goblet cells, and other cell types following differentiation. Importantly, the addition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) increased the presence of M cells, critical antigen-sampling cells often exploited by enteric pathogens. For infections, bacteria were grown under in vivo-like conditions known to induce virulence. Overall, interesting patterns of tissue tropism and clinical manifestations were observed. Shigella flexneri adhered efficiently to the cecum and colon; however, invasion in the colon was best following RANKL treatment. Both Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium displayed different infection patterns, with S. Typhimurium causing more destruction of the terminal ileum and S. Typhi infecting the cecum more efficiently than the ileum, particularly with regard to adherence. Finally, various pathovars of Escherichia coli validated the model by confirming only adherence was observed with these strains. This work demonstrates that the combination of human-derived tissue with targeted bacterial growth conditions enables powerful analyses of human-specific infections that could lead to important insights into pathogenesis and accelerate future vaccine development. IMPORTANCE While traditional laboratory techniques and animal models have provided valuable knowledge in discerning virulence mechanisms of enteric pathogens, the complexity of the human gastrointestinal tract has hindered our understanding of physiologically relevant, human-specific interactions; and thus, has significantly delayed successful vaccine development. The human intestinal organoid-derived epithelial monolayer (HIODEM) model closely recapitulates the diverse cell populations of the intestine, allowing for the study of human-specific infections. Differentiation conditions permit the expansion of various cell populations, including M cells that are vital to immune recognition and the establishment of infection by some bacteria. We provide details of reproducible culture methods and infection conditions for the analyses of Shigella, Salmonella, and pathogenic Escherichia coli in which tissue tropism and pathogen-specific infection patterns were detected. This system will be vital for future studies that explore infection conditions, health status, or epigenetic differences and will serve as a novel screening platform for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney P. Nickerson
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Chea
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Ingano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gloria Serena
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alba Miranda-Ribera
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meryl Perlman
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosiane Lima
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina S. Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Differential responses of chicken monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Typhimurium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17214. [PMID: 34446765 PMCID: PMC8390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is a host-restricted bacterial pathogen that causes a serious systemic disease exclusively in birds of all ages. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a host-generalist serovar. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that play an important part in Salmonella host-restriction. We evaluated the differential response of chicken blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (chMoDCs) exposed to S. Gallinarum or S. Typhimurium. S. Typhimurium was found to be more invasive while S. Gallinarum was more cytotoxic at the early phase of infection and later showed higher resistance against chMoDCs killing. S. Typhimurium promoted relatively higher upregulation of costimulatory and other immune function genes on chMoDCs in comparison to S. Gallinarum during early phase of infection (6 h) as analyzed by real-time PCR. Both Salmonella serovars strongly upregulated the proinflammatory transcripts, however, quantum was relatively narrower with S. Gallinarum. S. Typhimurium-infected chMoDCs promoted relatively higher proliferation of naïve T-cells in comparison to S. Gallinarum as assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Our findings indicated that host restriction of S. Gallinarum to chicken is linked with its profound ability to interfere the DCs function. Present findings provide a valuable roadmap for future work aimed at improved vaccine strategies against this pathogen.
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Wu C, Lin X, Tong L, Dai C, Lv H, Zhou X, Zhang J. In vitro evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic activity isolated from local pickled leaf mustard from Wuwei in Anhui as substitutes for chemical synthetic additives. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The extensive abuse of chemical synthetic additives has raised increased attention to food safety. As substitutes, probiotics play an important role in human health as they balance the intestinal microbes in host. This study was aimed to isolate and evaluate the potential probiotic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from a local pickled leaf mustard (PLM) from Wuwei city in Anhui province through in vitro experiments. A total of 17 LAB strains were obtained as probiotics. All the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline but exhibited resistance to antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin). Out of the 17 strains, 9 were sensitive to most of the antibiotics and had no cytotoxic activity on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) cells. The isolated AWP4 exhibited antibacterial activity against four indicator pathogen strains (ATCC8099: Escherichia coli, ATCC6538: Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC9120: Salmonella enteric, and BNCC192105: Shigella sonnei). Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, AWP4 belonged to Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. This study indicated that the Wuwei local PLM could be a potential resource to isolate beneficial LAB as probiotics. The data provide theoretical guidance for further animal experiments to estimate the probiotic effect and safety of Lpb. plantarum AWP4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Wu
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 15, Yonghong Road, Luyang District , Hefei City , 230061 Anhui Province , China
| | - Xiaopei Lin
- Department of General Pediatrics, Women and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University (Anhui Women and Child Health Care Hospital) , Hefei 230001 , Anhui Province , China
| | - Lin Tong
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 15, Yonghong Road, Luyang District , Hefei City , 230061 Anhui Province , China
| | - Chenwei Dai
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 15, Yonghong Road, Luyang District , Hefei City , 230061 Anhui Province , China
| | - Han Lv
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 15, Yonghong Road, Luyang District , Hefei City , 230061 Anhui Province , China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 15, Yonghong Road, Luyang District , Hefei City , 230061 Anhui Province , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hefei 230031 , Anhui Province , China
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van Zyl WF, Deane SM, Dicks LM. Molecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1831339. [PMID: 33112695 PMCID: PMC7595611 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1831339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and in particular those caused by bacterial infections, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment is becoming increasingly difficult due to the increase in number of species that have developed resistance to antibiotics. Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have considerable potential as alternatives to antibiotics, both in prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Several studies have documented a reduction, or prevention, of GI diseases by probiotic bacteria. Since the activities of probiotic bacteria are closely linked with conditions in the host's GI-tract (GIT) and changes in the population of enteric microorganisms, a deeper understanding of gut-microbial interactions is required in the selection of the most suitable probiotic. This necessitates a deeper understanding of the molecular capabilities of probiotic bacteria. In this review, we explore how probiotic microorganisms interact with enteric pathogens in the GIT. The significance of probiotic colonization and persistence in the GIT is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winschau F. van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shelly M. Deane
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M.T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa,CONTACT Leon M.T. Dicks; Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch7602, South Africa
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Mukhopadhyay S, Heinz E, Porreca I, Alasoo K, Yeung A, Yang HT, Schwerd T, Forbester JL, Hale C, Agu CA, Choi YH, Rodrigues J, Capitani M, Jostins-Dean L, Thomas DC, Travis S, Gaffney D, Skarnes WC, Thomson N, Uhlig HH, Dougan G, Powrie F. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages limits bacterial killing driven by prostaglandin E2. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132614. [PMID: 31819956 PMCID: PMC7041704 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and lipid mediators are key regulators of inflammation; but how they are mechanistically linked is poorly understood. Here, Mukhopadhyay et al. show a novel regulation between cytokine IL-10 and lipid mediator PGE2 that functionally connects them to intestinal inflammation. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages (Mφs) leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from an infantile-onset IBD patient lacking a functional IL10RB gene. Mφs differentiated from IL-10RB−/− iPSCs lacked IL-10RB mRNA expression, were unable to phosphorylate STAT3, and failed to reduce LPS induced inflammatory cytokines in the presence of exogenous IL-10. IL-10RB−/− Mφs exhibited a striking defect in their ability to kill Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which was rescuable after experimentally introducing functional copies of the IL10RB gene. Genes involved in synthesis and receptor pathways for eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were more highly induced in IL-10RB−/− Mφs, and these Mφs produced higher amounts of PGE2 after LPS stimulation compared with controls. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and PGE2 receptor blockade enhanced bacterial killing in Mφs. These results identify a regulatory interaction between IL-10 and PGE2, dysregulation of which may drive aberrant Mφ activation and impaired host defense contributing to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huei-Ting Yang
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Swiss Precision Dignostics Development Company Limited, Bedford, UK
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica L Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jostins-Dean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Booth JS, Goldberg E, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a elicits antigen-specific resident memory CD4 + T cells in the human terminal ileum lamina propria and epithelial compartments. J Transl Med 2020; 18:102. [PMID: 32098623 PMCID: PMC7043047 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a highly invasive bacterium that infects the human intestinal mucosa and causes ~ 11.9–20.6 million infections and ~ 130,000–223,000 deaths annually worldwide. Oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a confers a moderate level of long-lived protection (5–7 years) in the field. New and improved vaccines against enteric pathogens are needed but their development is hindered by a lack of the immunological correlates of protection especially at the site of infection. Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells provide immediate adaptive effector immune responsiveness at the infection site. However, the mechanism(s) by which S. Typhi induces TRM in the intestinal mucosa are unknown. Here, we focus on the induction of S. Typhi-specific CD4+TRM subsets by Ty21a in the human terminal ileum lamina propria and epithelial compartments. Methods Terminal ileum biopsies were obtained from consenting volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy who were either immunized orally with 4 doses of Ty21a or not. Isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) CD4+TRM immune responses were determined using either S. Typhi-infected or non-infected autologous EBV-B cell lines as stimulator cells. T-CMI was assessed by the production of 4 cytokines [interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α] in 36 volunteers (18 vaccinees and 18 controls volunteers). Results Although the frequencies of LPMC CD103+ CD4+TRM were significant decreased, both CD103+ and CD103− CD4+TRM subsets spontaneously produced significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFNγ and IL-17A) following Ty21a-immunization. Importantly, we observed significant increases in S. Typhi-specific LPMC CD103+ CD4+TRM (IFNγ and IL-17A) and CD103− CD4+TRM (IL-2 and IL-17A) responses following Ty21a-immunization. Further, differences in S. Typhi-specific responses between these two CD4+TRM subsets were observed following multifunctional analysis. In addition, we determined the effect of Ty21a-immunization on IEL and observed significant changes in the frequencies of IEL CD103+ (decrease) and CD103− CD4+TRM (increase) following immunization. Finally, we observed that IEL CD103− CD4+TRM, but not CD103+ CD4+TRM, produced increased cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A) to S. Typhi-specific stimulation following Ty21a-immunization. Conclusions Oral Ty21a-immunization elicits distinct compartment specific immune responses in CD4+TRM (CD103+ and CD103−) subsets. This study provides novel insights in the generation of local vaccine-specific responses. Trial registration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT03970304, Registered 29 May 2019—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03970304)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Booth JS, Patil SA, Goldberg E, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Attenuated Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty21a Elicits Lamina Propria and Intra-Epithelial Lymphocyte Tissue-Resident Effector Memory CD8 T Responses in the Human Terminal Ileum. Front Immunol 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 30923521 PMCID: PMC6426796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are newly defined memory T cells (TM) distinct from circulating TM subsets which have the potential to mount rapid protective immune responses at the site of infection. However, very limited information is available regarding the role and contribution of TRM in vaccine-mediated immune responses in humans at the site of infection. Here, we studied the role and contribution of tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) located in the terminal ileum (TI) (favored site of infection for S. Typhi) following oral Ty21a immunization in humans. We examined TI-lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) CD8+ TRM subsets obtained from healthy volunteers undergoing medically-indicated colonoscopies who were either immunized with Ty21a or unvaccinated. No significant differences in the frequencies of LPMC CD8+ TRM and CD8+CD69+CD103– T cells subsets were observed following Ty21a-immunization. However, LPMC CD8+ TRM exhibited significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, and TNF-α) ex-vivo in Ty21a-vaccinated than in unvaccinated volunteers. LPMC CD8+ TRMS. Typhi-specific responses were evaluated using S. Typhi-infected targets and found to produce significantly higher levels of S. Typhi-specific IL-17A. In contrast, LPMC CD8+CD69+CD103- T cells produced significantly increased S. Typhi-specific levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A. Finally, we assessed CD8+ TRM in IEL and observed that the frequency of IEL CD8+ TRM is significantly lower following Ty21a immunization. However, ex-vivo IEL CD8+ TRM elicited by Ty21a immunization spontaneously produced significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-2, and TNF-α). This study provides the first demonstration of the effect of oral Ty21a vaccination on CD8+ TRM subsets (spontaneous and S. Typhi-specific) responses in the LPMC and IEL compartment of the human terminal ileum mucosa, contributing novel information to our understanding of the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a-immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Mohanty D, Panda S, Kumar S, Ray P. In vitro evaluation of adherence and anti-infective property of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum DM 69 against Salmonella enterica. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:212-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Dufresne K, Saulnier-Bellemare J, Daigle F. Functional Analysis of the Chaperone-Usher Fimbrial Gene Clusters of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:26. [PMID: 29473020 PMCID: PMC5809473 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes typhoid, a major public health issue in developing countries. Several aspects of its pathogenesis are still poorly understood. S. Typhi possesses 14 fimbrial gene clusters including 12 chaperone-usher fimbriae (stg, sth, bcf, fim, saf, sef, sta, stb, stc, std, ste, and tcf). These fimbriae are weakly expressed in laboratory conditions and only a few are actually characterized. In this study, expression of all S. Typhi chaperone-usher fimbriae and their potential roles in pathogenesis such as interaction with host cells, motility, or biofilm formation were assessed. All S. Typhi fimbriae were better expressed in minimal broth. Each system was overexpressed and only the fimbrial gene clusters without pseudogenes demonstrated a putative major subunits of about 17 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Six of these (Fim, Saf, Sta, Stb, Std, and Tcf) also show extracellular structure by electron microscopy. The impact of fimbrial deletion in a wild-type strain or addition of each individual fimbrial system to an S. Typhi afimbrial strain were tested for interactions with host cells, biofilm formation and motility. Several fimbriae modified bacterial interactions with human cells (THP-1 and INT-407) and biofilm formation. However, only Fim fimbriae had a deleterious effect on motility when overexpressed. Overall, chaperone-usher fimbriae seem to be an important part of the balance between the different steps (motility, adhesion, host invasion and persistence) of S. Typhi pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Dufresne
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Saulnier-Bellemare
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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New Insights into the Roles of Long Polar Fimbriae and Stg Fimbriae in Salmonella Interactions with Enterocytes and M Cells. Infect Immun 2017. [PMID: 28630073 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00172-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. After ingestion, it adheres to and invades the host epithelium while evading the host innate immune response, causing little if any inflammation. Conversely, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in humans and thrives in the inflamed gut. Upon entering the host, S Typhimurium preferentially colonizes Peyer's patches, a lymphoid organ in which microfold cells (M cells) overlay an arrangement of B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Both serovars can adhere to and invade M cells and enterocytes, and it has been assumed that S Typhi also preferentially targets M cells. In this study, we present data supporting the alternative hypothesis that S Typhi preferentially targets enterocytes. Using a tissue culture M cell model, we examined S Typhi strains with a deletion in the stg fimbriae. The stg deletion resulted in increased adherence to M cells and, as expected, decreased adherence to Caco-2 cells. Adherence to M cells could be further enhanced by introduction of the long polar fimbriae (Lpf), which facilitate adherence of S Typhimurium to M cells. Deletion of stg and/or introduction of lpf enhanced M cell invasion as well, leading to significant increases in secretion of interleukin 8. These results suggest that S Typhi may preferentially target enterocytes in vivo.
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15
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Mathipa MG, Thantsha MS. Probiotic engineering: towards development of robust probiotic strains with enhanced functional properties and for targeted control of enteric pathogens. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:28. [PMID: 28491143 PMCID: PMC5422995 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the increase in human morbidity and mortality caused by foodborne pathogens. Antibiotics were and still are used as the first line of defense against these pathogens, but an increase in the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance has led to a need for alternative effective interventions. Probiotics are used as dietary supplements to promote gut health and for prevention or alleviation of enteric infections. They are currently used as generics, thus making them non-specific for different pathogens. A good understanding of the infection cycle of the foodborne pathogens as well as the virulence factors involved in causing an infection can offer an alternative treatment with specificity. This specificity is attained through the bioengineering of probiotics, a process by which the specific gene of a pathogen is incorporated into the probiotic. Such a process will subsequently result in the inhibition of the pathogen and hence its infection. Recombinant probiotics offer an alternative novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of foodborne infections. This review article focuses on various strategies of bioengineered probiotics, their successes, failures and potential future prospects for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloko Gloria Mathipa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, New Agricultural Sciences Building, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Mapitsi Silvester Thantsha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, New Agricultural Sciences Building, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
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16
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Barrila J, Yang J, Crabbé A, Sarker SF, Liu Y, Ott CM, Nelman-Gonzalez MA, Clemett SJ, Nydam SD, Forsyth RJ, Davis RR, Crucian BE, Quiriarte H, Roland KL, Brenneman K, Sams C, Loscher C, Nickerson CA. Three-dimensional organotypic co-culture model of intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages to study Salmonella enterica colonization patterns. NPJ Microgravity 2017. [PMID: 28649632 PMCID: PMC5460263 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-017-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of human intestinal epithelium mimic the differentiated form and function of parental tissues often not exhibited by two-dimensional monolayers and respond to Salmonella in key ways that reflect in vivo infections. To further enhance the physiological relevance of three-dimensional models to more closely approximate in vivo intestinal microenvironments encountered by Salmonella, we developed and validated a novel three-dimensional co-culture infection model of colonic epithelial cells and macrophages using the NASA Rotating Wall Vessel bioreactor. First, U937 cells were activated upon collagen-coated scaffolds. HT-29 epithelial cells were then added and the three-dimensional model was cultured in the bioreactor until optimal differentiation was reached, as assessed by immunohistochemical profiling and bead uptake assays. The new co-culture model exhibited in vivo-like structural and phenotypic characteristics, including three-dimensional architecture, apical-basolateral polarity, well-formed tight/adherens junctions, mucin, multiple epithelial cell types, and functional macrophages. Phagocytic activity of macrophages was confirmed by uptake of inert, bacteria-sized beads. Contribution of macrophages to infection was assessed by colonization studies of Salmonella pathovars with different host adaptations and disease phenotypes (Typhimurium ST19 strain SL1344 and ST313 strain D23580; Typhi Ty2). In addition, Salmonella were cultured aerobically or microaerobically, recapitulating environments encountered prior to and during intestinal infection, respectively. All Salmonella strains exhibited decreased colonization in co-culture (HT-29-U937) relative to epithelial (HT-29) models, indicating antimicrobial function of macrophages. Interestingly, D23580 exhibited enhanced replication/survival in both models following invasion. Pathovar-specific differences in colonization and intracellular co-localization patterns were observed. These findings emphasize the power of incorporating a series of related three-dimensional models within a study to identify microenvironmental factors important for regulating infection. Using spaceflight analog bioreactor technology, Cheryl Nickerson at Arizona State University and collaborators developed and validated a new three-dimensional (3-D) intestinal co-culture model containing multiple differentiated epithelial cell types and phagocytic macrophages with antibacterial function to study infection by multiple pathovars of Salmonella. This study is the first to show that these pathovars (known to possess different host adaptations, antibiotic resistance profiles and disease phenotypes), display markedly different colonization and intracellular co-localization patterns using this physiologically relevant new 3-D intestinal co-culture model. This advanced model, that integrates a key immune cell type important for Salmonella infection, offers a powerful new tool in understanding enteric pathogenesis and may lead to unexpected pathogenesis mechanisms and therapeutic targets that have been previously unobserved or unappreciated using other intestinal cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Barrila
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Jiseon Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Aurélie Crabbé
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shameema F Sarker
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Yulong Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - C Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | | | - Seth D Nydam
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Rebecca J Forsyth
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Richard R Davis
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Brian E Crucian
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Kenneth L Roland
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Karen Brenneman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Clarence Sams
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christine Loscher
- Immunomodulation Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Ireland
| | - Cheryl A Nickerson
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
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17
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Hale C, Yeung A, Goulding D, Pickard D, Alasoo K, Powrie F, Dougan G, Mukhopadhyay S. Induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages as a cellular system to study salmonella and other pathogens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124307. [PMID: 25946027 PMCID: PMC4422593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of pathogens, including several human-restricted organisms, persist and replicate within macrophages (Mφs) as a key step in pathogenesis. The mechanisms underpinning such host-restricted intracellular adaptations are poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of appropriate model systems. Here we explore the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived macrophages (iPSDMs) to study such pathogen interactions. We show iPSDMs express a panel of established Mφ-specific markers, produce cytokines, and polarise into classical and alternative activation states in response to IFN-γ and IL-4 stimulation, respectively. iPSDMs also efficiently phagocytosed inactivated bacterial particles as well as live Salmonella Typhi and S. Typhimurium and were able to kill these pathogens. We conclude that iPSDMs can support productive Salmonella infection and propose this as a flexible system to study host/pathogen interactions. Furthermore, iPSDMs can provide a flexible and practical cellular platform for assessing host responses in multiple genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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18
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Pan D, Rostagno MH, Ebner PD, Eicher SD. Differential innate immune responses of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes to Salmonella enterica serovars Dublin, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 165:14-21. [PMID: 25847354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Salmonella serovars cause no clinical disease in cattle, while some are associated with severe disease. The objective of the current study was to determine the innate immune responses of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes exposed to Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (bovine-specific), Salmonella typhimurium (murine adapted, but zoonotic), and Salmonella enteritidis (poultry host-adapted) in 3-week-old calves. All Salmonella exposures increased cell surface CD14 and CD18 regardless of serovar. The greatest CD14 marker mean fluorescence was in monocytes and the greatest mean fluorescent of the marker mean was in neutrophils. Phagocytosis increased with all serovars, but was not different among them. Neutrophils had the greatest marker mean fluorescence for phagocytosis, with all serovars being equal. Oxidative burst increased in all serovars compared to control cells, but were not different among the serovars. Neutrophils and monocytes were similar in the oxidative burst, with limited oxidative burst detected in the primarily lymphocyte population. mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12, increased above the control cells whereas none of these serovars affected mRNA expression of TLR4. TNF-α was greatest in S. enterica and S. typhimurium, compared to Salmonella dublin. In contrast, IL-8 was expressed more in S. dublin than S. typhiurium, with S. Enteriditus intermediary. These results show while cell surface markers, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst were largely unaffected by serovar, cytokine and chemokine expression differed among the Salmonella serovars. It appears that internal responses of the cells differ, rather than cell recognition, creating pathogenicity differences among of the serovars, even in the neonate with developing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Paul D Ebner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Susan D Eicher
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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An inducible and secreted eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi promotes intracellular survival and pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2014; 83:522-33. [PMID: 25404028 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02521-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) constitute an important family of bacterial virulence factors. Genome analysis had predicted putative eSTKs in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, although their functional characterization and the elucidation of their role in pathogenesis are still awaited. We show here that the primary sequence and secondary structure of the t4519 locus of Salmonella Typhi Ty2 have all the signatures of eukaryotic superfamily kinases. t4519 encodes a ∼39-kDa protein (T4519), which shows serine/threonine kinase activities in vitro. Recombinant T4519 (rT4519) is autophosphorylated and phosphorylates the universal substrate myelin basic protein. Infection of macrophages results in decreased viability of the mutant (Ty2Δt4519) strain, which is reversed by gene complementation. Moreover, reactive oxygen species produced by the macrophages signal to the bacteria to induce T4519, which is translocated to the host cell cytoplasm. That T4519 may target a host substrate(s) is further supported by the activation of host cellular signaling pathways and the induction of cytokines/chemokines. Finally, the role of T4519 in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi is underscored by the significantly decreased mortality of mice infected with the Ty2Δt4519 strain and the fact that the competitive index of this strain for causing systemic infection is 0.25% that of the wild-type strain. This study characterizes the first eSTK of Salmonella Typhi and demonstrates its role in promoting phagosomal survival of the bacteria within macrophages, which is a key determinant of pathogenesis. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study to describe the essential role of eSTKs in the in vivo pathogenesis of Salmonella spp.
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi conceals the invasion-associated type three secretion system from the innate immune system by gene regulation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004207. [PMID: 24992093 PMCID: PMC4081808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of microbial products into the mammalian cell cytosol by bacterial secretion systems is a strong stimulus for triggering pro-inflammatory host responses. Here we show that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, tightly regulates expression of the invasion-associated type III secretion system (T3SS-1) and thus fails to activate these innate immune signaling pathways. The S. Typhi regulatory protein TviA rapidly repressed T3SS-1 expression, thereby preventing RAC1-dependent, RIP2-dependent activation of NF-κB in epithelial cells. Heterologous expression of TviA in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) suppressed T3SS-1-dependent inflammatory responses generated early after infection in animal models of gastroenteritis. These results suggest that S. Typhi reduces intestinal inflammation by limiting the induction of pathogen-induced processes through regulation of virulence gene expression. Bacterial pathogens translocate effector proteins into the cytoplasm of host cells to manipulate the mammalian host. These processes, e.g. the stimulation of small regulatory GTPases, activate the innate immune system and induce pro-inflammatory responses aimed at clearing invading microbes from the infected tissue. Here we show that strict regulation of virulence gene expression can be used as a strategy to limit the induction of inflammatory responses while retaining the ability to manipulate the host. Upon entry into host tissue, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, rapidly represses expression of a virulence factor required for entering tissue to avoid detection by the host innate immune surveillance. This tight control of virulence gene expression enables the pathogen to deploy a virulence factor for epithelial invasion, while preventing the subsequent generation of pro-inflammatory responses in host cells. We conclude that regulation of virulence gene expression contributes to innate immune evasion during typhoid fever by concealing a pattern of pathogenesis.
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Arena MP, Russo P, Capozzi V, López P, Fiocco D, Spano G. Probiotic abilities of riboflavin-overproducing Lactobacillus strains: a novel promising application of probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7569-81. [PMID: 24903812 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum strains, capable of overproducing riboflavin, was investigated. The riboflavin production was quantified in co-cultures of lactobacilli and human intestinal epithelial cells, and the riboflavin overproduction ability was confirmed. When milk and yogurt were used as carrier matrices, L. plantarum and L. fermentum strains displayed a significant ability to survive through simulated gastrointestinal transit. Adhesion was studied on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Both strains adhered strongly on Caco-2 cells, negatively influenced the adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7, and strongly inhibited the growth of three reference pathogenic microbial strains. Resistance to major antibiotics and potential hemolytic activity were assayed. Overall, this study reveals that these Lactobacillus stains are endowed with promising probiotic properties and thus are candidates for the development of novel functional food which would be both enriched in riboflavin and induce additional health benefits, including a potential in situ riboflavin production, once the microorganisms colonize the host intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia P Arena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia, 71122, Italy
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Das JK, Mishra D, Ray P, Tripathy P, Beuria TK, Singh N, Suar M. In vitro evaluation of anti-infective activity of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:11. [PMID: 23668384 PMCID: PMC3662602 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infections are known to exhibit worldwide prevalence with increased morbidity and mortality. The conventional strategies like antibiotic therapy and vaccination have not only proved to be of sub-optimal efficacy but also led to the development of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella. Antimicrobial activities of probiotics against various enteropathogens and other health promoting effects have assumed greater significance in recent years. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain (KSBT 56, isolated from a traditional food product of India), in preventing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis growth and pathogenicity in vitro. Methods and results The cell free culture supernatant (CFCS) of KSBT 56 strain notably inhibited the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis without affecting the growth of other gram-positive lactic acid bacteria. The isolated KSBT 56 strain produces lactic acid similar to other standard probiotic strains like Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 1407. The free radical production by KSBT 56 strain was studied by using sodC mutant of S. Enteritidis, which exhibited reduced growth in the presence of CFCS of the KSBT 56 strain, indicating the inhibitory activity of free radicals on the growth of S. Enteritidis. Our results also showed a significant reduction in the biofilm forming ability of Salmonella Enteritidis in the presence of the KSBT 56 strain (2 log cfu/ml, p = 0.01). Further, the anti-infective characteristics of KSBT 56 strain was validated by gentamicin protection assay which revealed 80% reduction in the invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis to HCT-116 cell line (Salmonella Enteritidis and KSBT 56 in a 1:1 ratio) and delayed addition of Salmonella Enteritidis by 1 h. Similarly, the reduced adhesion of Salmonella to the HCT-116 cells was observed along with the down regulation of hilA gene of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) indicating that they might have acted synergistically to decrease the invasion of the pathogen into the cell line. Conclusions KSBT 56 strain effectively inhibited the growth, invasion and the biofilm forming ability of Salmonella Enteritidis without inhibiting the growth of other Lactobacillus strains. Overall, our result suggested that KSBT 56 can be used as a potential probiotic strain with considerable beneficial effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Kishore Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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Fiorentino M, Lammers KM, Levine MM, Sztein MB, Fasano A. In vitro Intestinal Mucosal Epithelial Responses to Wild-Type Salmonella Typhi and Attenuated Typhoid Vaccines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:17. [PMID: 23408152 PMCID: PMC3569575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by S. Typhi, is responsible for approximately 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. Little information is available regarding epithelium-bacterial interactions in S. Typhi infection. We have evaluated in vitro the effects of wild-type S. Typhi, the licensed Ty21a typhoid vaccine and the leading strains CVD 908-htrA and CVD 909 vaccine candidates on intestinal barrier function and immune response. Caco2 monolayers infected with wild-type S. Typhi exhibited alterations in the organization of tight junctions, increased paracellular permeability, and a rapid decrease in Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance as early as 4 h post-exposure. S. Typhi triggered the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6. Caco2 cells infected with the attenuated strains exhibited a milder pro-inflammatory response with minimal disruption of the barrier integrity. We conclude that wild-type S. Typhi causes marked transient alterations of the intestinal mucosa that are more pronounced than those observed with Ty21a or new generation attenuated typhoid vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiorentino
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Thirabunyanon M, Thongwittaya N. Protection activity of a novel probiotic strain of Bacillus subtilis against Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a induces cross-reactive humoral immune responses against Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B in humans. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:825-34. [PMID: 22492745 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00058-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A infection has emerged as an important public health problem. Recognizing that in randomized controlled field trials oral immunization with attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhi live vaccine Ty21a conferred significant cross-protection against S. Paratyphi B but not S. Paratyphi A disease, we undertook a clinical study to ascertain whether humoral immune responses could explain the field trial results. Ty21a immunization of adult residents of Maryland elicited predominantly IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC) that recognize S. Typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cross-reactivity to S. Paratyphi A LPS was significantly lower than that to S. Paratyphi B LPS. ASC producing IgG and IgA that bind LPS from each of these Salmonella serovars expressed CD27 and integrin α4β7 (gut homing), with a significant proportion coexpressing CD62L (secondary lymphoid tissue homing). No significant differences were observed in serum antibody against LPS of the different serovars. Levels of IgA B memory (B(M)) cells to S. Typhi LPS were significantly higher than those against S. Paratyphi A or B LPS, with no differences observed between S. Paratyphi A and B. The response of IgA B(M) to outer membrane proteins (OMP) from S. Typhi was significantly stronger than that to OMP of S. Paratyphi A but similar to that to OMP of S. Paratyphi B. The percentages of IgG or IgA B(M) responders to LPS or OMP from these Salmonella strains were similar. Whereas cross-reactive humoral immune responses to S. Paratyphi A or B antigens are demonstrable following Ty21a immunization, they cannot explain the efficacy data gleaned from controlled field trials.
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Zihler A, Gagnon M, Chassard C, Lacroix C. Protective effect of probiotics on Salmonella infectivity assessed with combined in vitro gut fermentation-cellular models. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:264. [PMID: 22171685 PMCID: PMC3295705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate assessment of probiotics with targeted anti-Salmonella activity requires suitable models accounting for both, microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions in gut environments. Here we report the combination of two original in vitro intestinal models closely mimicking the complex in vivo conditions of the large intestine. Effluents from continuous in vitro three-stage fermentation colonic models of Salmonella Typhimurium infection inoculated with immobilized child microbiota and Salmonella were directly applied to confluent mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cell layers. The effects of Salmonella, addition of two bacteriocinogenic strains, Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 (thermophilicin B67) and Escherichia coli L1000 (microcin B17), and inulin were tested on Salmonella growth and interactions with epithelial cell layers. Salmonella adhesion and invasion were investigated and epithelial integrity assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements and confocal microscopy observation. Data from complex effluents were compared with pure Salmonella cultures. Results Salmonella in effluents of all reactors of the colonic fermentation model stabilized at mean values of 5.3 ± 0.8 log10 cfu/ml effluent. Invasion of cell-associated Salmonella was up to 50-fold lower in complex reactor samples compared to pure Salmonella cultures. It further depended on environmental factors, with 0.2 ± 0.1% being measured with proximal, 0.6 ± 0.2% with transverse and 1.3 ± 0.7% with distal reactor effluents, accompanied by a similar high decrease of TER across cell monolayers (minus 45%) and disruption of tight junctions. Subsequent addition of E. coli L1000 stimulated Salmonella growth (6.4 ± 0.6 log10 cfu/ml effluent of all 3 reactors) and further decreased TER, but led to 10-fold decreased invasion efficiency when tested with distal reactor samples. In contrast, presence of B. thermophilum RBL67 revealed a protective effect on epithelial integrity compared to previous E. coli L1000 periods, as reflected by a significant mean increase of TER by 58% in all reactors. Inulin addition enhanced Salmonella growth and invasion when tested with distal and proximal reactor samples, respectively, but induced a limited decrease of TER (minus 18%) in all reactors. Conclusions Our results highlight the benefits of combining suitable cellular and colonic fermentation models to assess strain-specific first-level host protection properties of probiotics during Salmonella infection, providing an efficient system biology tool for preclinical development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Zihler
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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D’Souza B, Bhowmik T, Shashidharamurthy R, Oettinger C, Selvaraj P, D’Souza M. Oral microparticulate vaccine for melanoma using M-cell targeting. J Drug Target 2011; 20:166-73. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.622395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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NAKAZATO G, PAGANELLI F, LAGO J, AOKI F, MOBILON C, BROCCHI M, STEHLING E, SILVEIRA W. LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS DECREASES SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INVASION IN VIVO. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chalghoumi R, Théwis A, Beckers Y, Marcq C, Portetelle D, Schneider YJ. Adhesion and Growth Inhibitory Effect of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) onSalmonella entericaSerovars Enteritidis and TyphimuriumIn Vitro. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:593-604. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chalghoumi
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yves Beckers
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Christopher Marcq
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Animal and Microbial Biology Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yves-Jacques Schneider
- Biochimie Cellulaire, Nutritionnelle & Toxicologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCL-Louvain-la-Neuve, Académie Louvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Eswarappa SM, Janice J, Nagarajan AG, Balasundaram SV, Karnam G, Dixit NM, Chakravortty D. Differentially evolved genes of Salmonella pathogenicity islands: insights into the mechanism of host specificity in Salmonella. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3829. [PMID: 19050757 PMCID: PMC2585142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The species Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) includes many serovars that cause disease in avian and mammalian hosts. These serovars differ greatly in their host range and their degree of host adaptation. The host specificity of S. enterica serovars appears to be a complex phenomenon governed by multiple factors acting at different stages of the infection process, which makes identification of the cause/s of host specificity solely by experimental methods difficult. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have employed a molecular evolution and phylogenetics based approach to identify genes that might play important roles in conferring host specificity to different serovars of S. enterica. These genes are ‘differentially evolved’ in different S. enterica serovars. This list of ‘differentially evolved’ genes includes genes that encode translocon proteins (SipD, SseC and SseD) of both Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 encoded type three secretion systems, sptP, which encodes an effector protein that inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway of the host cell, and genes which encode effector proteins (SseF and SifA) that are important in placing the Salmonella-containing vacuole in a juxtanuclear position. Conclusions/Significance Analysis of known functions of these ‘differentially evolved genes’ indicates that the products of these genes directly interact with the host cell and manipulate its functions and thereby confer host specificity, at least in part, to different serovars of S. enterica that are considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepa M. Eswarappa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jessin Janice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Arvindhan G. Nagarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudhagar V. Balasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Guruswamy Karnam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Bishop A, House D, Perkins T, Baker S, Kingsley RA, Dougan G. Interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with cultured epithelial cells: roles of surface structures in adhesion and invasion. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1914-1926. [PMID: 18599820 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) surface structures to influence invasion and adhesion in epithelial cell assay systems. In general, S. Typhi was found to be less adherent, invasive and cytotoxic than S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Culture conditions had little effect on adhesion of S. Typhi to cultured cells but had a marked influence on invasion. In contrast, bacterial growth conditions did not influence S. Typhi apical invasion of polarized cells. The levels of S. Typhi, but not S. Typhimurium, invasion were increased by application of bacteria to the basolateral surface of polarized cells. Expression of virulence (Vi) capsule by S. Typhi resulted in a modest reduction in adhesion, but profoundly reduced levels of invasion of non-polarized cells. However, Vi capsule expression had no affect on invasion of the apical or basolateral surfaces of polarized cells. Mutation of the staA, tcfA or pilS genes did not affect invasion or adhesion in either the presence or the absence of Vi capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bishop
- The Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Deborah House
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Timothy Perkins
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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Adhesion of the probiotic strains Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 to Caco-2 cells under conditions simulating the intestinal tract, and in the presence of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicaments. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:573-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hakalehto E, Pesola J, Heitto L, Närvänen A, Heitto A. Aerobic and anaerobic growth modes and expression of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:61-9. [PMID: 17434297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the growth rates of facultatively anaerobic Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and the expression of type 1 fimbriae in relation to the growth phases. The cultivation was carried out in a Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit (PMEU) where in same conditions one can grow the cells in parallel by modifying, e.g. aerobiosis only. The results obtained show that although the anaerobic metabolism is generally believed to be a slower producer of biomass or metabolites, in these circumstances S. enterica serovar Enteritidis strain gave comparable growth rates in anaerobiosis with nitrogenation as in aerobic cultures with constant aeration. Fimbrial antigens were produced in the beginning of logarithmic phase of the growth cycle both in the aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The fimbria remained in the presence of oxygen. This capability is possibly used for the intrusion of oxygen containing tissues of host body by the invading pathogens. In conclusion S. enterica serovar Enteritidis strain suspensions grow equally well in constant nitrogenation and aeration, and fimbria were produced in both conditions, during the early logarithmic phase but they prevailed in the presence of aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hakalehto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Finnoflag Ltd., P.O.B. 262, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
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Santander J, Wanda SY, Nickerson CA, Curtiss R. Role of RpoS in fine-tuning the synthesis of Vi capsular polysaccharide in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Infect Immun 2006; 75:1382-92. [PMID: 17178790 PMCID: PMC1828562 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00888-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the synthesis of Vi polysaccharide, a major virulence determinant in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, is under the control of two regulatory systems, ompR-envZ and rscB-rscC, which respond to changes in osmolarity. Some serotype Typhi strains exhibit overexpression of Vi polysaccharide, which masks clinical detection of lipopolysaccharide O antigen. This variation in Vi polysaccharide and O antigen display (VW variation) has been observed since the initial studies of serotype Typhi. In this study, we report that rpoS plays a role in this increased expression in Vi polysaccharide. We constructed a variety of isogenic serotype Typhi mutants that differed in their expression levels of RpoS and examined the role of the rpoS product in synthesis of Vi polysaccharide under different osmolarity conditions. Vi polysaccharide synthesis was also examined in serotype Typhi mutants in which the native promoter of the rpoS was replaced by an araCP(BAD) cassette, so that the expression of rpoS was arabinose dependent. The RpoS(-) strains showed increased syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, which at low and medium osmolarities masked O antigen detection. In contrast, RpoS(+) strains showed lower syntheses of Vi polysaccharide, and an increased detection of O antigen was observed. During exponential growth, when rpoS is unstable or present at low levels, serotype Typhi RpoS(+) strains overexpress the Vi polysaccharide at levels comparable to those for RpoS(-) strains. Our results show that RpoS is another regulator of Vi polysaccharide synthesis and contributes to VW variation in serotype Typhi, which has implications for the development of recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santander
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, PO Box 875401, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
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Adachi JA, Barriga J, Ericsson CD. Bacterial gut infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 12:459-66. [PMID: 17035812 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199910000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the bowel as a result of bacterial enteropathogens are one of the most common medical problems. The use of novel molecular biology techniques and the recent development of new antimicrobial drugs and vaccines are helping us to identify, understand, treat and prevent these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hale C, Bowe F, Pickard D, Clare S, Haeuw JF, Powers U, Menager N, Mastroeni P, Dougan G. Evaluation of a novel Vi conjugate vaccine in a murine model of salmonellosis. Vaccine 2006; 24:4312-20. [PMID: 16600446 PMCID: PMC7224987 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunisation of BALB/c mice with a vaccine containing Vi polysaccharide conjugated to the Klebsiella pneumoniae outer membrane 40 kDa protein (rP40), in combination with Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin adjuvant (LT), elicited anti-Vi IgG antibodies after administration using different routes. Testing of the immune serum in opsonisation assays demonstrated the specific enhancement of Vi-positive bacterial uptake by cultured murine bone marrow derived macrophages. Intra-peritoneal challenge of mice immunised with the Vi-based vaccine elicited a degree of protection against virulent Vi+ Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium). In contrast, Vi vaccination did not confer protection against oral challenge with virulent Vi-positive S. typhimurium or S. dublin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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37
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Alam MS, Zaki MH, Yoshitake J, Akuta T, Ezaki T, Akaike T. Involvement of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi RpoS in resistance to NO-mediated host defense against serovar Typhi infection. Microb Pathog 2006; 40:116-25. [PMID: 16448800 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in host defense and cytoprotective functions in murine salmonellosis has been reported. Salmonella mutants with the altered sigma factor RpoS (sigmaS) are less virulent and are susceptible to various stresses. This study investigated the role of the rpoS gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in NO-dependent host defense in vitro and in vivo. Wild-type mice and mice deficient in inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were infected intraperitoneally or orally with serovar Typhi strains. iNOS-deficient mice were more susceptible to infection by both wild-type and rpoS mutant strains of serovar Typhi and showed extensive apoptotic liver damage compared with wild-type mice. Intracellular killing of Salmonella was analyzed with RAW 264 macrophage-like cells and primary peritoneal macrophages from wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice after cells were infected with the serovar Typhi parent or rpoS mutant strain. The rpoS mutant was more susceptible to killing by macrophages than was the wild-type strain. Also, the wild-type strain produced more extensive apoptotic changes in macrophages than did rpoS mutant. These effects were nullified in RAW 264 cells treated with an NOS inhibitor and in iNOS-deficient primary macrophages. Peroxynitrite susceptibility assays of these strains were also performed. The rpoS mutant Typhi strain was more sensitive to in vitro peroxynitrite treatment than was the parent strain. Together these data show that NO has a significant host defense function during serovar Typhi infection, and that Salmonella RpoS, because it reacts to the presence of NO or its reactive derivatives, is thought to have a role in the pathogenicity of serovar Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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38
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Raffatellu M, Sun YH, Wilson RP, Tran QT, Chessa D, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Lawhon SD, Figueiredo JF, Tsolis RM, Adams LG, Bäumler AJ. Host restriction of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is not caused by functional alteration of SipA, SopB, or SopD. Infect Immun 2006; 73:7817-26. [PMID: 16299271 PMCID: PMC1307101 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.7817-7826.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is a strictly human adapted pathogen that does not cause disease in nonprimate vertebrate hosts, while Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a broad-host-range pathogen. Serotype Typhi lacks some of the proteins (effectors) exported by the invasion-associated type III secretion system that are required by serotype Typhimurium for eliciting fluid secretion and inflammation in bovine ligated ileal loops. We investigated whether the remaining serotype Typhi effectors implicated in enteropathogenicity (SipA, SopB, and SopD) are functionally exchangeable with their serotype Typhimurium homologues. Serotype Typhi elicited fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops at levels similar to those elicited by a noninvasive serotype Typhimurium strain (the sipA sopABDE2 mutant) or by sterile culture medium. However, introduction of the cloned serotype Typhi sipA, sopB, and sopD genes complemented the ability of a serotype Typhimurium sipA sopABDE2 mutant to elicit fluid secretion in bovine ligated ileal loops. Introduction of the cloned serotype Typhi sipA, sopB, and sopD genes increased the invasiveness of a serotype Typhimurium sipA sopABDE2 mutant for human colon carcinoma epithelial (HT-29 and T84) cells and bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Translational fusions between the mature TEM-1 beta-lactamase reporter and SipA or SopD demonstrated that serotype Typhi translocates these effectors into host cells. We conclude that the inability of serotype Typhi to cause fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops is not caused by a functional alteration of its SipA, SopB, and SopD effector proteins with respect to their serotype Typhimurium homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8645, USA
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39
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Ascón MA, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Walters N, Pascual DW. Partially assembled K99 fimbriae are required for protection. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7274-80. [PMID: 16239523 PMCID: PMC1273889 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7274-7280.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to K99 fimbriae afford protection to F5+ bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Previous studies show that murine dams immunized with Salmonella vaccine vectors stably expressing K99 fimbriae confer protection to ETEC-challenged neonatal pups. To begin to address adaptation of the K99 scaffold to display heterologous B- and T-cell epitopes, studies were conducted to determine how much of the assembled K99 fimbria is required to maintain protective immunity. Sequential deletions in the K99 gene clusters were made, resulting in diminished localization of the K99 fimbrial subunit in the outer membrane. As placement of the K99 fimbrial subunit became progressively contained within the vaccine vector, diminished immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG1 antibody titers, as well as diminished Th2-type cytokine responses, were observed in orally immunized mice. Deletion of fanGH, which greatly reduced the export of the fimbrial subunit to the outer membrane, showed only partial reduction in protective immunity. By contrast, deletion of fanDEFGH, which also reduced the export of the fimbrial subunit to the outer membrane but retained more subunit in the cytoplasm, resulted in protective immunity being dramatically reduced. Thus, these studies showed that retention of K99 fimbrial subunit as native fimbriae or with the deletion of fanGH is sufficient to confer protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/chemistry
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Colostrum/immunology
- Feces
- Female
- Fimbriae Proteins/chemistry
- Fimbriae Proteins/genetics
- Fimbriae Proteins/immunology
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/chemistry
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/genetics
- Fimbriae, Bacterial/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Protein Transport
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/prevention & control
- Salmonella Vaccines/chemistry
- Salmonella Vaccines/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ascón
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3610, USA
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40
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Abstract
Typhoid fever is estimated to have caused 21.6 million illnesses and 216,500 deaths globally in 2000, affecting all ages. There is also one case of paratyphoid fever for every four of typhoid. The global emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and of strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones is of great concern. We discuss the occurrence of poor clinical response to fluoroquinolones despite disc sensitivity. Developments are being made in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis, and genomic and proteomic studies reveal the possibility of new targets for diagnosis and treatment. Further, we review guidelines for use of diagnostic tests and for selection of antimicrobials in varying clinical situations. The importance of safe water, sanitation, and immunisation in the presence of increasing antibiotic resistance is paramount. Routine immunisation of school-age children with Vi or Ty21a vaccine is recommended for countries endemic for typhoid. Vi vaccine should be used for 2-5 year-old children in highly endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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41
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Development and Function of Organized Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Hara-Kaonga B, Pistole TG. OmpD but not OmpC is involved in adherence ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium to human cells. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:719-27. [PMID: 15644926 DOI: 10.1139/w04-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting reports exist regarding the role of porins OmpC and OmpD in infections due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. This study investigated the role of these porins in bacterial adherence to human macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. ompC and ompD mutant strains were created by transposon mutagenesis using P22-mediated transduction of Tn10 and Tn5 insertions, respectively, into wild-type strain 14028. Fluorescein-labeled wild-type and mutant bacteria were incubated with host cells at various bacteria to cell ratios for 1 h at 37 °C and analyzed by flow cytometry. The mean fluorescence intensity of cells with associated wild-type and mutant bacteria was used to estimate the number of bacteria bound per host cell. Adherence was also measured by fluorescence microscopy. Neither assay showed a significant difference in binding of the ompC mutant and wild-type strains to the human cells. In contrast, the ompD mutant exhibited lowered binding to both cell types. Our findings suggest that OmpD but not OmpC is involved in the recognition of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium by human macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells.Key words: Salmonella, adherence, porins, intestinal epithelial cells, macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochiwe Hara-Kaonga
- Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-2617, USA
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43
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Lo WF, Dunn CD, Ong H, Metcalf ES, Soloski MJ. Bacterial and host factors involved in the major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted presentation of Salmonella Hsp 60: novel pathway. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2843-9. [PMID: 15102795 PMCID: PMC387849 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2843-2849.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, a peptide epitope derived from the Hsp 60 molecule of Salmonella that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecule Qa-1 to CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) was described. In the present study we investigated the Salmonella-induced processing and presentation pathway for generating this Qa-1-restricted epitope. Live bacteria and, to a lesser extent, opsonized heat-killed bacteria are able to sensitize target cells for lysis by Salmonella-specific CTL. In contrast, heat-killed bacteria cannot sensitize target cells. Presentation of the Hsp 60 epitope appears independent of bacterial internalization, because cytochalasin D does not affect presentation. Moreover, Salmonella strains defective in the InvA or InvE operon, two critical components of the type III secretion pathway, are as efficient as wild-type Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in sensitizing infected targets to lysis. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of a novel antigen-processing pathway in which exogenous antigens gain access to the cytosolic MHC class I processing machinery. Considering the abundant nature of bacterial Hsp 60 and the upregulation of this protein after Salmonella infection of eukaryotic cells, this mode of antigen presentation may be particularly relevant to understanding the host defense mechanisms against gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Lo
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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44
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Lee YK, Puong KY, Ouwehand AC, Salminen S. Displacement of bacterial pathogens from mucus and Caco-2 cell surface by lactobacilli. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:925-930. [PMID: 12972590 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition, competitive exclusion and displacement of eight strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei Shirota from adhesion on human intestinal mucus glycoproteins and Caco-2 cell surfaces were studied. Lactobacilli were able to compete with, exclude and displace pathogenic gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria when they were incubated together, but the degree of inhibition of adhesion was bacterial strain-dependent. Competition and exclusion profiles of GI bacteria by lactobacilli were similar. Displacement profiles of GI bacteria were different from those of competition and exclusion and the process was relatively slow: displacement equilibrium took more than 2 h. These findings are important for development, selection and in vitro assessment of target- and function-specific probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597 2Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Fin-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kim-Yoong Puong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597 2Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Fin-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597 2Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Fin-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597 2Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Fin-20014 Turku, Finland
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45
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Yuki Y, Kiyono H. New generation of mucosal adjuvants for the induction of protective immunity. Rev Med Virol 2003; 13:293-310. [PMID: 12931340 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of infectious agents through mucosal surfaces can be prevented by use of the common mucosal immune system (CMIS), which interconnects inductive tissues, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT), and effector tissues of the intestinal and respiratory tracts. In order for the CMIS to induce maximal protective mucosal immunity, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant has been shown to be essential. When vaccine antigen is administered together with mucosal adjuvant, antigen-specific T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IgA B cell responses are effectively induced by oral or nasal routes via the CMIS. In the early stages of induction of mucosal immune response, the uptake of orally or nasally administered antigens is achieved through a unique set of antigen-sampling cells, M cells located in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of inductive sites. After successful uptake, the antigens are immediately processed and presented by the underlying dendritic cells (DCs). Elucidation of the molecular/cellular characteristics of M cells and mucosal DCs will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of effective mucosal adjuvants and of a vaccine delivery vehicle that maximises the use of the CMIS. Our recent efforts at mucosal vaccine development have focused on nasal administration of vaccine antigen together with nontoxic mutant-based or cytokine-/chemokine-based adjuvant for the induction of the protective immunity. To this end, a chimeric form of a nontoxic adjuvant combining the merits of mutant cholera toxin A subunit (mCT-A) and heat labile toxin B subunit (LT-B) was created as the second generation of detoxified toxin-based mucosal adjuvant. When a vaccine antigen was coexpressed together with an immune stimulatory/delivery molecule in crop seed, this edible vaccine is not only effective but also extremely practical in that it can be produced in huge quantities and preserved and shipped over long distances at room temperature without altering the quality of the vaccine. Because such qualities would greatly facilitate global vaccination, this new generation edible vaccines with a built-in adjuvant and/or M cell-targeted edible vaccine promises to be a powerful weapon for combating infectious diseases and bioterrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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46
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Nickerson CA, Ott CM, Wilson JW, Ramamurthy R, LeBlanc CL, Höner zu Bentrup K, Hammond T, Pierson DL. Low-shear modeled microgravity: a global environmental regulatory signal affecting bacterial gene expression, physiology, and pathogenesis. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 54:1-11. [PMID: 12732416 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria inhabit an impressive variety of ecological niches and must adapt constantly to changing environmental conditions. While numerous environmental signals have been examined for their effect on bacteria, the effects of mechanical forces such as shear stress and gravity have only been investigated to a limited extent. However, several important studies have demonstrated a key role for the environmental signals of low shear and/or microgravity in the regulation of bacterial gene expression, physiology, and pathogenesis [Chem. Rec. 1 (2001) 333; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 (2000) 33; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (1997) 4090; J. Ind. Microbiol. 18 (1997) 22; Curr. Microbiol. 34(4) (1997) 199; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56(3-4) (2001) 384; Infect Immun. 68(6) (2000) 3147; Cell 109(7) (2002) 913; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(11) (2002) 5408; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99(21) (2002) 13807]. The response of bacteria to these environmental signals, which are similar to those encountered during prokaryotic life cycles, may provide insight into bacterial adaptations to physiologically relevant conditions. This review focuses on the current and potential future research trends aimed at understanding the effect of the mechanical forces of low shear and microgravity analogues on different bacterial parameters. In addition, this review also discusses the use of microgravity technology to generate physiologically relevant human tissue models for research in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Nickerson
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SL 38, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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47
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Saarinen M, Ekman P, Ikeda M, Virtala M, Grönberg A, Yu DTY, Arvilommi H, Granfors K. Invasion of Salmonella into human intestinal epithelial cells is modulated by HLA-B27. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41:651-7. [PMID: 12048291 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/41.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-B27 on (i) the invasion of Salmonella and Yersinia into human intestinal epithelial cells, (ii) the survival of intracellular Salmonella in these cells, and (iii) the production of certain inflammatory cytokines by the cells after Salmonella infection. METHODS The human intestinal epithelial cell line Henle-407 was transfected with HLA-B27 DNA. These cells and HLA-B27-negative control cells were infected with Salmonella or Yersinia, and viable intracellular bacteria were determined as colony-forming units. Cytokine production was assayed with ELISA. RESULTS Salmonella invaded HLA-B27-positive Henle cells in higher numbers than HLA-B27-negative control cells. However, HLA-B27 did not affect the invasion of Yersinia or the survival of the intracellular bacteria in these intestinal epithelial cells. Salmonella infection induced production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) by Henle cells that was not affected by HLA-B27 in a specific way. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HLA-B27 enhances the invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells. The interaction between bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells plays an important role during the early phases of ReA. HLA-B27-linked modulation of Salmonella invasion may lead to an increased load of Salmonella in intestinal tissue and thus increased susceptibility to reactive arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saarinen
- National Public Health Institute, Department in Turku, Turku, Finland, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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48
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Wain J, House D, Parkhill J, Parry C, Dougan G. Unlocking the genome of the human typhoid bacillus. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:163-70. [PMID: 11944186 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies are shedding new light on the pathogenesis of human typhoid fever, which is still a very common disease in developing countries. For example, the total genome DNA sequence has recently been determined for a multiple-drug-resistant Salmonella typhi, the serotype that is the cause of typhoid fever. The genome sequence showed many distinguishing features, including clusters of S typhi specific genes and a large number--over 200--of pseudogenes. This information, together with other molecular studies, has provided vital clues in several important areas of typhoid biology. We have new insights into the mechanisms underpinning the human host specificity of S typhi, and have exploitable new routes to improved diagnostics and a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wain
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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49
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Nickerson CA, Goodwin TJ, Terlonge J, Ott CM, Buchanan KL, Uicker WC, Emami K, LeBlanc CL, Ramamurthy R, Clarke MS, Vanderburg CR, Hammond T, Pierson DL. Three-dimensional tissue assemblies: novel models for the study of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7106-20. [PMID: 11598087 PMCID: PMC100098 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.7106-7120.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of readily available experimental systems has limited knowledge pertaining to the development of Salmonella-induced gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in humans. We used a novel low-shear stress cell culture system developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in conjunction with cultivation of three-dimensional (3-D) aggregates of human intestinal tissue to study the infectivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for human intestinal epithelium. Immunohistochemical characterization and microscopic analysis of 3-D aggregates of the human intestinal epithelial cell line Int-407 revealed that the 3-D cells more accurately modeled human in vivo differentiated tissues than did conventional monolayer cultures of the same cells. Results from infectivity studies showed that Salmonella established infection of the 3-D cells in a much different manner than that observed for monolayers. Following the same time course of infection with Salmonella, 3-D Int-407 cells displayed minimal loss of structural integrity compared to that of Int-407 monolayers. Furthermore, Salmonella exhibited significantly lower abilities to adhere to, invade, and induce apoptosis of 3-D Int-407 cells than it did for infected Int-407 monolayers. Analysis of cytokine expression profiles of 3-D Int-407 cells and monolayers following infection with Salmonella revealed significant differences in expression of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-1Ra, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNAs between the two cultures. In addition, uninfected 3-D Int-407 cells constitutively expressed higher levels of transforming growth factor beta1 mRNA and prostaglandin E2 than did uninfected Int-407 monolayers. By more accurately modeling many aspects of human in vivo tissues, the 3-D intestinal cell model generated in this study offers a novel approach for studying microbial infectivity from the perspective of the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Nickerson
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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50
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Soloski MJ, Metcalf ES. The involvement of class Ib molecules in the host response to infection with Salmonella and its relevance to autoimmunity. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:1249-59. [PMID: 11755413 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Class I molecules with limited polymorphism have been implicated in the host response to infectious agents. Following infection with Salmonella typhimurium, mice develop a CD8+ CTL response that specifically recognizes bacteria infected cells. An immunodominant component of the CTL response recognizes a peptide epitope derived from the Salmonella GroEL molecule that is presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1. T cells recognizing the bacterial peptide also cross-recognize a homologous peptide from the mammalian hsp60 molecule. Since Qa-1 has a functional equivalent in humans, this observation may be relevant not only to the host response involved in clearing infection but also in understanding the link between infection with Gram-negative pathogens and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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