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Leo S, Narasimhan M, Rathinam S, Banerjee A. Biomarkers in diagnosing and therapeutic monitoring of tuberculosis: a review. Ann Med 2024; 56:2386030. [PMID: 39097795 PMCID: PMC11299445 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2386030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant health challenge worldwide, emphasizing the importance of prompt diagnosis and efficient monitoring of treatment outcomes for effective disease control. Biomarkers have become increasingly important in the realm of TB diagnoses and treatment. The objective of this comprehensive review is to examine the present state of biomarkers employed in the diagnosis of TB, monitoring the response to treatment, and predicting treatment outcomes. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive examination of the diverse biomarkers utilized in TB diagnoses, spanning molecular, immunological, and other novel methodologies. Furthermore, we examine the potential of biomarkers in the context of therapeutic monitoring, assessment of treatment effectiveness, and anticipation of drug resistance. Additionally, this paper presents future prospects regarding the utilization of biomarkers in the therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Leo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meenakshi Narasimhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sridhar Rathinam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lepe BA, Zheng CR, Leddy OK, Allsup BL, Solomon SL, Bryson BD. Protease shaving of Mycobacterium tuberculosis facilitates vaccine antigen discovery and delivery of novel cargoes to the Mtb surface. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.02.601718. [PMID: 39005324 PMCID: PMC11245043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.02.601718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of infectious disease death and lacks a vaccine capable of protecting adults from pulmonary TB. Studies have shown that Mtb uses a variety of mechanisms to evade host immunity. Secreted Mtb proteins such as Type VII secretion system substrates have been characterized for their ability to modulate anti-Mtb immunity; however, studies of other pathogens such as Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus have revealed that outer membrane proteins can also interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. The Mtb outer membrane proteome has received relatively less attention due to limited techniques available to interrogate this compartment. We filled this gap by deploying protease shaving and quantitative mass spectrometry to identify Mtb outer membrane proteins which serve as nodes in the Mtb-host interaction network. These analyses revealed several novel Mtb proteins on the Mtb surface largely derived from the PE/PPE class of Mtb proteins, including PPE18, a component of a leading Mtb vaccine candidate. We next exploited the localization of PPE18 to decorate the Mtb surface with heterologous proteins and deliver these surface-engineered Mtb to the phagosome. Together, these studies reveal potential novel targets for new Mtb vaccines as well as facilitate new approaches to study difficult to study cellular compartments during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A. Lepe
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Christine R. Zheng
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Owen K. Leddy
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Allsup
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Sydney L. Solomon
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA
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3
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Chen YQ, Cao SH, Yang XY, Liu Y, Li CY. Potential biomarkers for evaluating the BCG vaccination response based on humoral immunity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32117. [PMID: 38947452 PMCID: PMC11214448 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The current prophylactic tuberculosis vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), was derived in the 1920s, but the humoral immune responses induced by BCG vaccination have not been fully elucidated to date. In this study, our aim was to reveal the profiles of antibody responses induced by BCG vaccination in adults and identify the potential biomarkers for evaluating the BCG vaccination response. Methods Proteome microarrays were performed to reveal the serum profiles of antibody responses induced by BCG vaccination in adults. ELISA was used to validate the potential biomarkers in validation cohort (79 healthy controls and 58 BCG-vaccinated subjects). Then combined panel was established by logistic regression analysis based on OD values of potential biomarkers. Results Multiple antigens elicited stronger serum IgG or IgM antibody responses in BCG vaccinated subjects than healthy subjects at 12 weeks post BCG vaccination; among the antigens, Rv0060, Rv2026c and Rv3379c were further verified using 137 serum samples and presented the moderate performance in assessment of the BCG vaccination response by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Furthermore, a combined panel exhibited an improved AUC of 0.923, and the sensitivity and specificity were 77.59 % and 91.14 %, respectively. In addition, the antibody response against Rv0060, Rv2026c and Rv3379c was related to the clinical background to a certain extent. Conclusions The novel antigens identified in our study could offer better knowledge towards developing a more efficacious vaccine based on humoral immune responses, and they could be potential biomarkers in assessments of BCG vaccination responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Chen
- Department of Sentience and Technology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Hui Cao
- Department of Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-You Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bernardini R, Tengattini S, Li Z, Piubelli L, Bavaro T, Modolea AB, Mattei M, Conti P, Marini S, Zhang Y, Pollegioni L, Temporini C, Terreni M. Effect of glycosylation on the affinity of the MTB protein Ag85B for specific antibodies: towards the design of a dual-acting vaccine against tuberculosis. Biol Direct 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38268026 PMCID: PMC10809592 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To create a dual-acting vaccine that can fight against tuberculosis, we combined antigenic arabino-mannan analogues with the Ag85B protein. To start the process, we studied the impact of modifying different parts of the Ag85B protein on its ability to be recognized by antibodies. RESULTS Through our research, we discovered that three modified versions of the protein, rAg85B-K30R, rAg85B-K282R, and rAg85B-K30R/K282R, retained their antibody reactivity in healthy individuals and those with tuberculosis. To further test the specificity of the sugar AraMan for AraMan antibodies, we used Human Serum Albumin glycosylated with AraMan-IME and Ara3Man-IME. Our findings showed that this specific sugar was fully and specifically modified. Bio-panning experiments revealed that patients with active tuberculosis exhibited a higher antibody response to Ara3Man, a sugar found in lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which is a major component of the mycobacterial cell wall. Bio-panning with anti-LAM plates could eliminate this increased response, suggesting that the enhanced Ara3Man response was primarily driven by antibodies targeting LAM. These findings highlight the importance of Ara3Man as an immunodominant epitope in LAM and support its role in eliciting protective immunity against tuberculosis. Further studies evaluated the effects of glycosylation on the antibody affinity of recombinant Ag85B and its variants. The results indicated that rAg85B-K30R/K282R, when conjugated with Ara3Man-IME, demonstrated enhanced antibody recognition compared to unconjugated or non-glycosylated versions. CONCLUSIONS Coupling Ara3Man to rAg85B-K30R/K282R could lead to the development of effective dual-acting vaccines against tuberculosis, stimulating protective antibodies against both AraMan and Ag85B, two key tuberculosis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bernardini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Sara Tengattini
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Zhihao Li
- Parisian Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Teodora Bavaro
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anamaria Bianca Modolea
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Parisian Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Sorbonne University, UMR CNRS 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant, 3, Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Marco Terreni
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Ishida E, Corrigan DT, Chen T, Liu Y, Kim RS, Song L, Rutledge TM, Magee DM, LaBaer J, Lowary TL, Lin PL, Achkar JM. Mucosal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses correlate with protection against active tuberculosis in nonhuman primates. EBioMedicine 2024; 99:104897. [PMID: 38096687 PMCID: PMC10758715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports that antibodies can protect against active tuberculosis (TB) but knowledge of potentially protective antigens, especially in the airways, is limited. The main objective of this study was to identify antigen-specific airway and systemic immunoglobulin isotype responses associated with the outcome of controlled latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (LTBI) versus uncontrolled infection (TB) in nonhuman primates. METHODS In a case-control design, using non-parametric group comparisons with false discovery rate adjustments, we assessed antibodies in 57 cynomolgus macaques which, following low-dose airway Mtb infection, developed either LTBI or TB. We investigated airway and systemic IgG, IgA, and IgM responses in paired bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma samples prior to, two-, and 5-6-months post Mtb infection using an antigen-unbiased approach with Mtb glycan and proteome-wide microarrays. FINDINGS Macaques that developed LTBI (n = 36) had significantly increased airway and plasma IgA reactivities to specific arabinomannan (AM) motifs prior to Mtb infection compared to those that developed TB (n = 21; p < 0.01, q < 0.05). Furthermore, LTBI macaques had higher plasma IgG reactivity to protein MTB32A (Rv0125) early post Mtb infection (p < 0.05) and increasing airway IgG responses to some proteins over time. INTERPRETATION Our results support a protective role of pre-existing mucosal (lung) and systemic IgA to specific Mtb glycan motifs, suggesting that prior exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria could be protective against TB. They further suggest that IgG to Mtb proteins early post infection could provide an additional protective mechanism. These findings could inform TB vaccine development strategies. FUNDING NIH/NIAID AI117927, AI146329, and AI127173 to JMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ryung S Kim
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tara M Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Mitchell Magee
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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McIntyre S, Warner J, Rush C, Vanderven HA. Antibodies as clinical tools for tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278947. [PMID: 38162666 PMCID: PMC10755875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Global research efforts to improve TB control are hindered by insufficient understanding of the role that antibodies play in protective immunity and pathogenesis. This impacts knowledge of rational and optimal vaccine design, appropriate diagnostic biomarkers, and development of therapeutics. Traditional approaches for the prevention and diagnosis of TB may be less efficacious in high prevalence, remote, and resource-poor settings. An improved understanding of the immune response to the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), will be crucial for developing better vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. While memory CD4+ T cells and cells and cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-g) have been the main identified correlates of protection in TB, mounting evidence suggests that other types of immunity may also have important roles. TB serology has identified antibodies and functional characteristics that may help diagnose Mtb infection and distinguish between different TB disease states. To date, no serological tests meet the World Health Organization (WHO) requirements for TB diagnosis, but multiplex assays show promise for improving the sensitivity and specificity of TB serodiagnosis. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies and serum passive infusion studies in murine models of TB have also demonstrated some protective outcomes. However, animal models that better reflect the human immune response to Mtb are necessary to fully assess the clinical utility of antibody-based TB prophylactics and therapeutics. Candidate TB vaccines are not designed to elicit an Mtb-specific antibody response, but evidence suggests BCG and novel TB vaccines may induce protective Mtb antibodies. The potential of the humoral immune response in TB monitoring and control is being investigated and these studies provide important insight into the functional role of antibody-mediated immunity against TB. In this review, we describe the current state of development of antibody-based clinical tools for TB, with a focus on diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie McIntyre
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine Rush
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Hillary A. Vanderven
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Nakayama H, Hanafusa K, Yamaji T, Oshima E, Hotta T, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Iwabuchi K. Phylactic role of anti-lipoarabinomannan IgM directed against mannan core during mycobacterial infection in macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102391. [PMID: 37574397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria enter host phagocytes, such as macrophages by binding to several receptors on phagocytes. Several mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis have evolved systems to evade host bactericidal pathways. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is an essential mycobacterial molecule for both binding to phagocytes and escaping from bactericidal pathways. Integrin CD11b plays critical roles as a phagocytic receptor and contributes to host defense by mediating both nonopsonic and opsonic phagocytosis. However, the mechanisms by which CD11b-mediated phagocytosis associates with LAM and drives the phagocytic process of mycobacteria remain to be fully elucidated. We recently identified TMDU3 as anti-LAM IgM antibody against the mannan core of LAM. The present study investigated the roles of CD11b and TMDU3 in macrophage phagocytosis of mycobacteria and subsequent bactericidal lysosomal fusion to phagosomes. CD11b knockout cells generated by a CRISPR/Cas9 system showed significant attenuation of the ability to phagocytose non-opsonized mycobacteria and LAM-conjugated beads. Moreover, recombinant human CD11b protein was found to bind to LAM. TMDU3 markedly inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of non-opsonized mycobacteria. This antibody slightly increased the phagocytosis of mycobacteria under opsonized conditions, whereas it significantly enhanced CD11b-mediated bactericidal functions. Taken together, these results show a novel phylactic role of anti-LAM IgM during mycobacterial infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
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Liu Y, Chen T, Zhu Y, Furey A, Lowary TL, Chan J, Bournazos S, Ravetch JV, Achkar JM. Features and protective efficacy of human mAbs targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167960. [PMID: 37733444 PMCID: PMC10619501 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major knowledge gap. We have shown that human polyclonal IgG against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) surface glycan arabinomannan (AM) and related lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is protective against TB. To investigate the impact of AM epitope recognition and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding on antibody functions against M. tuberculosis, we isolated a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody (mAb; P1AM25) against AM and showed its binding to oligosaccharide (OS) motifs we previously found to be associated with in vitro functions of human polyclonal anti-AM IgG. Human IgG1 P1AM25, but not 2 other high-affinity human IgG1 anti-AM mAbs reactive with different AM OS motifs, enhanced M. tuberculosis phagocytosis by macrophages and reduced intracellular growth in an FcγR-dependent manner. P1AM25 in murine IgG2a, but neither murine IgG1 nor a non-FcγR-binding IgG, given intraperitoneally prior to and after aerosolized M. tuberculosis infection, was protective in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of human IgG1 P1AM25 in passive transfer with M. tuberculosis-infected FcγR-humanized mice. These data enhance our knowledge of the important interplay between both antibody epitope specificity and Fc effector functions in the defense against M. tuberculosis and could inform development of vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yongqi Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aisha Furey
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chan
- Public Health Research Institute at the International Center for Public Health, New Jersey Medical School – Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline M. Achkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Unnewehr M, Meyer-Oschatz F, Friederichs H, Windisch W, Schaaf B. Clinical and imaging factors that can predict contagiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:328. [PMID: 37674138 PMCID: PMC10481505 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on predicting pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) contagiosity in the hospital admission setting is limited. The objective was to assess clinical and radiological criteria to predict PTB contagiosity. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 7 clinical, 4 chest X-ray (CXR) and 5 computed tomography (CT) signs in 299 PTB patients admitted to an urban tertiary hospital from 2008 to 2016. If the acid fact bacilli stain was positive (AFB+) on admission, the case was considered high contagiosity. RESULTS Best predictors for high PTB contagiosity (AFB+) were haemoptysis (OR 4.33), cough (3.00), weight loss (2.96), cavitation in CT (2.75), cavitation in CXR (2.55), tree-in-bud-sign in CT (2.12), German residency of the patient (1.89), and abnormal auscultation findings (1.83). A previous TB infection reduced the risk of contagiosity statistically (0.40). Radiographic infiltrates, miliary picture, and pleural effusion were not helpful in predicting high or low contagiosity. 34% of all patients were clinically asymptomatic (20% of the highly contagious group, 50% of the low contagious group). CONCLUSION Haemoptysis, cough and weight loss as well as cavitation and tree-in-bud sign in CXR/CT can be helpful to predict PTB contagiosity and to improve PTB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Unnewehr
- Faculty of Health, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448, Witten, Germany.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Sleep Medicine, St. Barbara-Klinik, Am Heessener Wald 1, 59073, Hamm, Germany.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Dortmund, Münsterstraße 240, 44145, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Florian Meyer-Oschatz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care Medicine, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Rübenacher Straße 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Universität Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Friederichs
- Medical Education Research Group, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Faculty of Health, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448, Witten, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schaaf
- Faculty of Health, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448, Witten, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Dortmund, Münsterstraße 240, 44145, Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Wang X, Zhang J, Wu Y, Xu Y, Zheng J. SIgA in various pulmonary diseases. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:299. [PMID: 37635240 PMCID: PMC10464380 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is one of the most abundant immunoglobulin subtypes among mucosa, which plays an indispensable role in the first-line protection against invading pathogens and antigens. Therefore, the role of respiratory SIgA in respiratory mucosal immune diseases has attracted more and more attention. Although the role of SIgA in intestinal mucosal immunity has been widely studied, the cell types responsible for SIgA and the interactions between cells are still unclear. Here, we conducted a wide search of relevant studies and sorted out the relationship between SIgA and some pulmonary diseases (COPD, asthma, tuberculosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19, lung cancer), which found SIgA is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various lung diseases, intending to provide new ideas for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aoyang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No. 279, Jingang Avenue, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Yuncong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Jinxu Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438, Jiefang Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
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11
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Warner S, Blaxland A, Counoupas C, Verstraete J, Zampoli M, Marais BJ, Fitzgerald DA, Robinson PD, Triccas JA. Clinical and Experimental Determination of Protection Afforded by BCG Vaccination against Infection with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: A Role in Cystic Fibrosis? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1313. [PMID: 37631881 PMCID: PMC10459431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) of particular concern in individuals with obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Treatment requires multiple drugs and is characterised by high rates of relapse; thus, new strategies to limit infection are urgently required. This study sought to determine how Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may impact NTM infection, using a murine model of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and observational data from a non-BCG vaccinated CF cohort in Sydney, Australia and a BCG-vaccinated CF cohort in Cape Town, South Africa. In mice, BCG vaccination induced multifunctional antigen-specific CD4+ T cells circulating in the blood and was protective against dissemination of bacteria to the spleen. Prior infection with M. abscessus afforded the highest level of protection against M. abscessus challenge in the lung, and immunity was characterised by a greater frequency of pulmonary cytokine-secreting CD4+ T cells compared to BCG vaccination. In the clinical CF cohorts, the overall rates of NTM sampling during a three-year period were equivalent; however, rates of NTM colonisation were significantly lower in the BCG-vaccinated (Cape Town) cohort, which was most apparent for M. abscessus. This study provides evidence that routine BCG vaccination may reduce M. abscessus colonisation in individuals with CF, which correlates with the ability of BCG to induce multifunctional CD4+ T cells recognising M. abscessus in a murine model. Further research is needed to determine the optimal strategies for limiting NTM infections in individuals with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherridan Warner
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.W.); (C.C.); (B.J.M.)
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Anneliese Blaxland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.B.); (D.A.F.)
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.W.); (C.C.); (B.J.M.)
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Janine Verstraete
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (J.V.); (M.Z.)
- Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, South Africa, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Marco Zampoli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (J.V.); (M.Z.)
- Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, South Africa, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Ben J. Marais
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.W.); (C.C.); (B.J.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Dominic A. Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.B.); (D.A.F.)
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Paul D. Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (A.B.); (D.A.F.)
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James A. Triccas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (S.W.); (C.C.); (B.J.M.)
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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12
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Wang J, Xie T, Ullah I, Mi Y, Li X, Gong Y, He P, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Lu Z, Zhu B. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:941. [PMID: 37243045 PMCID: PMC10224509 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are important antigens on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To display these antigens effectively, the fusion protein HBHA-MTP with a molecular weight of 20 kD (L20) was inserted into the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) fragment of influenza virus and was expressed along with matrix protein M1 in Sf9 insect cells to generate influenza virus-like particles (LV20 in short). The results showed that the insertion of L20 into the envelope of the influenza virus did not affect the self-assembly and morphology of LV20 VLPs. The expression of L20 was successfully verified by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity reactivity of LV20 VLPs. We demonstrated that LV20 combined with the adjuvant composed of DDA and Poly I: C (DP) elicited significantly higher antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses than PBS and BCG vaccination in mice. It suggests that the insect cell expression system is an excellent protein production system, and LV20 VLPs could be a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Respiratory Department of Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zengjun Lu
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Gong Y, Wang J, Li F, Zhu B. Polysaccharides and glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their induced immune responses. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13261. [PMID: 39008002 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The structures of polysaccharides and glycolipids at M. tuberculosis cell wall vary among different strains, which affect the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria by activating or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity. Among them, some components such as lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activate innate immunity by recognizing some kinds of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors, while other components like mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) could prevent innate immune responses by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and maturation of phagosomes. In addition, many glycolipids can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD1-restricted T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, humoral immunity against cell wall components, such as antibodies against LAM, plays a role in immunity against M. tuberculosis infection. Cell wall polysaccharides and glycolipids of M. tuberculosis have potential applications as antigens and adjuvants for novel TB subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Meeting report: 6th Global Forum on Tuberculosis Vaccines, 22–25 February 2022, Toulouse, France. Vaccine X 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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15
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Corrigan DT, Ishida E, Chatterjee D, Lowary TL, Achkar JM. Monoclonal antibodies to lipoarabinomannan/arabinomannan - characteristics and implications for tuberculosis research and diagnostics. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:22-35. [PMID: 35918247 PMCID: PMC9771891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to the mycobacterial surface lipoglycan lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its related capsular polysaccharide arabinomannan (AM) are increasingly important for investigations focused on both understanding mechanisms of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and developing next-generation point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. We provide here an overview of the growing pipeline of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to LAM/AM. Old and new methodologies for their generation are reviewed and we outline and discuss their glycan epitope specificity and other features with implications for the TB field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Elise Ishida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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16
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Yan Z, Wang X, Yi L, Yang B, Wei P, Ruan H, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang H. Enhanced Serum IgG Detection Potential Using 38KD-MPT32-MPT64, CFP10-Mtb81-EspC Fusion Protein and Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) for Human Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121545. [PMID: 36558879 PMCID: PMC9787591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For the rapid, reliable, and cost-effective methods of tuberculosis (TB) auxiliary diagnosis, antibody (Ab) detection to multiple antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has great potential; however, this methodology requires optimization. We constructed 38KD-MPT32-MPT64, CFP10-Mtb81-EspC, and Ag85B-HBHA fusion proteins and evaluated the serum Ab response to these fusion proteins and to lipoarabinomannan (LAM) by ELISA in 50 TB patients and 17 non-TB subjects. IgG responses to the three fusion proteins and to LAM were significantly higher in TB patients, especially in Xpert Mtb-positive TB patients (TB-Xpert+), than in non-TB subjects. Only the anti-38KD-MPT32-MPT64 Ab showed higher levels in the Xpert Mtb-negative TB patients (TB-Xpert-) than in the non-TB, and only the anti-LAM Ab showed higher levels in the TB-Xpert+ group than in the TB-Xpert- group. Anti-Ag85B-HBHA Ab-positive samples could be accurately identified using 38KD-MPT32-MPT64. The combination of 38KD-MPT32-MPT64, CFP10-Mtb81-EspC, and LAM conferred definite complementarity for the serum IgG detection of TB, with relatively high sensitivity (74.0%) and specificity (88.2%). These data suggest that the combination of 38KD-MPT32-MPT64, CFP10-Mtb81-EspC, and LAM antigens provided a basis for IgG detection and for evaluation of the humoral immune response in patients with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Yan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Xiaojue Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Panjian Wei
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Hongyun Ruan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Xinting Yang
- The Third Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
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17
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Stabel JR, Bannantine JP, Humphrey S. B cell phenotypes and maturation states in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278313. [PMID: 36477266 PMCID: PMC9728927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role that B cells play in immune responses to infection with the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Traditionally, the role of B cells has been constrained to their function as antibody-producing cells, however, antibodies are not thought to play a protective role in mycobacterial infections. The present study was designed to characterize B cell subpopulations as well as activation/maturation states in cattle with paratuberculosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from noninfected control cows (n = 8); as well cattle naturally infected with MAP in the subclinical (n = 8) and clinical (n = 7) stage of infection and stimulated with MAP antigen for 6 days. MAP infection resulted in greater numbers of total B cells for clinical cows compared to control noninfected cows. The major subpopulation in freshly isolated PBMCs in clinical cows was B-1a B cells, but this shifted to a composite of both B-1a and B-2 B cells upon stimulation of PBMCs with either MAP antigen or pokeweed mitogen, with higher numbers of B-2 B cells. Early B cells were observed to predominate the population of B cells in PBMCs, with lesser populations of germinal B cells, memory B cells and plasma cells. These subpopulations were elevated in clinical cows upon stimulation of PBMCs with MAP antigen, except for plasma cells which were lower compared to control noninfected cows. Increased numbers of B cells in clinical cows aligned with higher expression of B cell markers such as MAPK1/3, BTG1, Bcl2, CD79A and SWAP70, depending upon in vitro stimulation with either mitogen or antigen. This would indicate that the B cells were capable of activation but were anti-apoptotic in nature. The shift to B-2 B cells in the periphery of clinical cows seems to be indicative of an expansion of memory B cells, rather than plasma cells. This may be a last attempt by the host to control the rampant inflammatory state associated with advanced clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - S. Humphrey
- Microscopy Services Department, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
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18
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Melkie ST, Arias L, Farroni C, Jankovic Makek M, Goletti D, Vilaplana C. The role of antibodies in tuberculosis diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy: a review from the ESGMYC study group. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210218. [PMID: 35264411 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0218-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still responsible for the deaths of >1 million people yearly worldwide, and therefore its correct diagnosis is one of the key components of any TB eradication programme. However, current TB diagnostic tests have many limitations, and improved diagnostic accuracy is urgently needed. To improve the diagnostic performance of traditional serology, a combination of different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens and different antibody isotypes has been suggested, with some showing promising performance for the diagnosis of active TB. Given the incomplete protection conferred by bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against adult pulmonary TB, efforts to discover novel TB vaccines are ongoing. Efficacy studies from advanced TB vaccines designed to stimulate cell-mediated immunity failed to show protection, suggesting that they may not be sufficient and warranting the need for other types of immunity. The role of antibodies as tools for TB therapy, TB diagnosis and TB vaccine design is discussed. Finally, we propose that the inclusion of antibody-based TB vaccines in current clinical trials may be advisable to improve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tibebu Melkie
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain.,UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lilibeth Arias
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Farroni
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases-IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Mateja Jankovic Makek
- Dept for Respiratory Diseases, University Clinical Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,ESCMID (European Society on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) study group on mycobacterial infections, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases-IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.,ESCMID (European Society on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) study group on mycobacterial infections, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,ESCMID (European Society on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) study group on mycobacterial infections, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Carpenter SM, Lu LL. Leveraging Antibody, B Cell and Fc Receptor Interactions to Understand Heterogeneous Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830482. [PMID: 35371092 PMCID: PMC8968866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over a century of research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to kill 1.5 million people annually. Though less than 10% of infected individuals develop active disease, the specific host immune responses that lead to Mtb transmission and death, as well as those that are protective, are not yet fully defined. Recent immune correlative studies demonstrate that the spectrum of infection and disease is more heterogenous than has been classically defined. Moreover, emerging translational and animal model data attribute a diverse immune repertoire to TB outcomes. Thus, protective and detrimental immune responses to Mtb likely encompass a framework that is broader than T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Antibodies, Fc receptor interactions and B cells are underexplored host responses to Mtb. Poised at the interface of initial bacterial host interactions and in granulomatous lesions, antibodies and Fc receptors expressed on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B cells have the potential to influence local and systemic adaptive immune responses. Broadening the paradigm of protective immunity will offer new paths to improve diagnostics and vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, United States
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20
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Dass SA, Balakrishnan V, Arifin N, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. The COVID-19/Tuberculosis Syndemic and Potential Antibody Therapy for TB Based on the Lessons Learnt From the Pandemic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833715. [PMID: 35242137 PMCID: PMC8886238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
2020 will be marked in history for the dreadful implications of the COVID-19 pandemic that shook the world globally. The pandemic has reshaped the normality of life and affected mankind in the aspects of mental and physical health, financial, economy, growth, and development. The focus shift to COVID-19 has indirectly impacted an existing air-borne disease, Tuberculosis. In addition to the decrease in TB diagnosis, the emergence of the TB/COVID-19 syndemic and its serious implications (possible reactivation of latent TB post-COVID-19, aggravation of an existing active TB condition, or escalation of the severity of a COVID-19 during TB-COVID-19 coinfection), serve as primary reasons to equally prioritize TB. On a different note, the valuable lessons learnt for the COVID-19 pandemic provide useful knowledge for enhancing TB diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, the crucial need to focus on TB amid the COVID-19 pandemic has been discussed. Besides, a general comparison between COVID-19 and TB in the aspects of pathogenesis, diagnostics, symptoms, and treatment options with importance given to antibody therapy were presented. Lastly, the lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic and how it is applicable to enhance the antibody-based immunotherapy for TB have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Annabel Dass
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Venugopal Balakrishnan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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21
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Nakayama H, Oshima E, Hotta T, Hanafusa K, Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Iwabuchi K. Identification of anti-lipoarabinomannan antibodies against mannan core and their effects on phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 132:102165. [PMID: 35045376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) enter host phagocytes, such as neutrophils through lipoarabinomannan (LAM) binding to pattern-recognition receptors, inducing innate immune responses including phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils depends on the binding of α(1 → 2)-monomannose branching α(1 → 6)-mannan core of LAM/lipomannan (LM), a common component among mycobacterial species, to lactosylceramide (LacCer)-enriched lipid microdomains. We investigated the binding specificities of several anti-LAM antibodies (Abs) to LAMs/LM and found anti-LAM monoclonal IgMs TMDU3 and LA066 were directed against mannan core. Each IgM showed different binding specificity to mannan core. Confocal and stimulated emission depletion microscopy revealed TMDU3 and LA066 strongly bind to MTB and MAC, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed human neutrophils do not express Dectin-2, DC-SIGN or mannose receptor. Furthermore, neutrophil phagocytosis of mycobacteria was markedly inhibited by TMDU3 and LA066, respectively. Similarly, treatment of each mAb with neutrophils reduced the numbers of intracellular MAC. Together, our results suggest that the interaction of LacCer-enriched lipid microdomains with mannan core and its blocking are therapeutic or diagnostic targets for both TB and non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kota Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Yokoyama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan; Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
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22
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Bitencourt J, Peralta-Álvarez MP, Wilkie M, Jacobs A, Wright D, Salman Almujri S, Li S, Harris SA, Smith SG, Elias SC, White AD, Satti I, Sharpe SS, O’Shea MK, McShane H, Tanner R. Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 12:798207. [PMID: 35069580 PMCID: PMC8767055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the only currently-licensed vaccine, BCG, is inadequate. Many TB vaccine candidates are designed to be given as a boost to BCG; an understanding of the BCG-induced immune response is therefore critical, and the opportunity to relate this to circumstances where BCG does confer protection may direct the design of more efficacious vaccines. While the T cell response to BCG vaccination has been well-characterized, there is a paucity of literature on the humoral response. We demonstrate BCG vaccine-mediated induction of specific antibodies in different human populations and macaque species which represent important preclinical models for TB vaccine development. We observe a strong correlation between antibody titers in serum versus plasma with modestly higher titers in serum. We also report for the first time the rapid and transient induction of antibody-secreting plasmablasts following BCG vaccination, together with a robust and durable memory B cell response in humans. Finally, we demonstrate a functional role for BCG vaccine-induced specific antibodies in opsonizing mycobacteria and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis in vitro, which may contribute to the BCG vaccine-mediated control of mycobacterial growth observed. Taken together, our findings indicate that the humoral immune response in the context of BCG vaccination merits further attention to determine whether TB vaccine candidates could benefit from the induction of humoral as well as cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bitencourt
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM/Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Morven Wilkie
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Jacobs
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shuailin Li
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally S. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Babak Javid
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Kaufmann
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Zhou M, Dascani P, Ding C, Kos JT, Tieri D, Lin X, Caster D, Powell D, Wen C, Watson CT, Yan J. Integrin CD11b Negatively Regulates B Cell Receptor Signaling to Shape Humoral Response during Immunization and Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1785-1797. [PMID: 34470858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has revealed the ability of CD11b to regulate BCR signaling and control autoimmune disease in mice. However, how CD11b regulates the immune response under normal conditions remains unknown. Through the use of a CD11b knockout model on a nonautoimmune background, we demonstrated that CD11b-deficient mice have an elevated Ag-specific humoral response on immunization. Deletion of CD11b resulted in elevated low-affinity and high-affinity IgG Ab and increases in Ag-specific germinal center B cells and plasma cells (PCs). Examination of BCR signaling in CD11b-deficient mice revealed defects in association of negative regulators pLyn and CD22 with the BCR, but increases in colocalizations between positive regulator pSyk and BCR after stimulation. Using a CD11b-reporter mouse model, we identified multiple novel CD11b-expressing B cell subsets that are dynamically altered during immunization. Subsequent experiments using a cell-specific CD11b deletion model revealed this effect to be B cell intrinsic and not altered by myeloid cell CD11b expression. Importantly, CD11b expression on PCs also impacts on BCR repertoire selection and diversity in autoimmunity. These studies describe a novel role for CD11b in regulation of the healthy humoral response and autoimmunity, and reveal previously unknown populations of CD11b-expressing B cell subsets, suggesting a complex function for CD11b in B cells during development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Zhou
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Paul Dascani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Chuanlin Ding
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Justin T Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - David Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dawn Caster
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David Powell
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Jun Yan
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr. Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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25
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Boom WH, Schaible UE, Achkar JM. The knowns and unknowns of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136222. [PMID: 33529162 DOI: 10.1172/jci136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for thousands of years. While tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases, is caused by uncontrolled Mtb infection, over 90% of presumed infected individuals remain asymptomatic and contain Mtb in a latent TB infection (LTBI) without ever developing disease, and some may clear the infection. A small number of heavily Mtb-exposed individuals appear to resist developing traditional LTBI. Because Mtb has mechanisms for intracellular survival and immune evasion, successful control involves all of the arms of the immune system. Here, we focus on immune responses to Mtb in humans and nonhuman primates and discuss new concepts and outline major knowledge gaps in our understanding of LTBI, ranging from the earliest events of exposure and infection to success or failure of Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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26
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Soe PT, Hanthamrongwit J, Saelee C, Kyaw SP, Khaenam P, Warit S, Satproedprai N, Mahasirimongkol S, Yanai H, Chootong P, Leepiyasakulchai C. Circulating IgA/IgG memory B cells against Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy-associated antigens Rv2659c and Rv3128c in active and latent tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:75-82. [PMID: 34284090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the antigenic potential of dormancy-associated antigens Rv2659c and Rv3128c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by examining the persistence of specific IgG and IgA memory B cells (MBCs) among patients with active tuberculosis (TB), household contacts with latent tuberculosis (LTBI), and an endemic healthy control group. METHODS Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the three study groups were used to enumerate the numbers of IgG and IgA MBCs specific to recombinant protein Rv2659c and Rv3128c by ELISpot assay. The composition of MBC subsets IgA+ and IgG + was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The number of IgA MBCs specific to antigen Rv2659c was significantly higher in the LTBI group than the TB group. In contrast, no significant difference was found in IgA or IgG MBCs against antigen Rv3128c. The number of IgA+ MBCs was significantly higher than that of IgG+ MBCs in the classical MBC subset of the LTBI group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the dormancy-associated antigen Rv2659c induced an IgA MBCs response in individuals with latent TB, and IgA+ classical MBCs formed a major portion of the MBCs subset. This new knowledge will be beneficial for the development of novel TB vaccines and their control of latent TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu Thwe Soe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Medical Technology, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Jariya Hanthamrongwit
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutiphon Saelee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soe Paing Kyaw
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, (1000) Bedded General Hospital, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Prasong Khaenam
- Center of Standardization and Product Validation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saradee Warit
- Industrial Tuberculosis Team, IMMBRG, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Nusara Satproedprai
- Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - Surakameth Mahasirimongkol
- Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - Hideki Yanai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (JATA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaniya Leepiyasakulchai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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27
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Hermann C, King CG. TB or not to be: what specificities and impact do antibodies have during tuberculosis? OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab015. [PMID: 36845566 PMCID: PMC9914581 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The primary barrier to the development of an effective tuberculosis vaccine is our failure to fully understand the fundamental characteristics of a protective immune response. There is an increasing evidence that mobilization of antibody and B cell responses during natural Mtb infection and vaccination play a role in host protection. Several studies have assessed the levels of Mtb-specific antibodies induced during active disease as well as the potential of monoclonal antibodies to modulate bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo. A major limitation of these studies, however, is that the specific antigens capable of eliciting humoral responses are largely unknown. As a result, information about antibody dynamics and function, which might fundamentally transform our understanding of host Mtb immunity, is missing. Importantly, Mtb infection also induces the recruitment, accumulation and colocalization of B and T cells in the lung, which are positively correlated with protection in humans and animal models of disease. These ectopic lymphoid tissues generally support local germinal center reactions for the proliferation and ongoing selection of effector and memory B cells in the mucosa. Efforts to leverage such responses for human health, however, require a more complete understanding of how antibodies and B cells contribute to the local and systemic host Mtb immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence address. Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. Tel: +41 61 265 3874; E-mail:
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28
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Grace PS, Dolatshahi S, Lu LL, Cain A, Palmieri F, Petrone L, Fortune SM, Ottenhoff THM, Lauffenburger DA, Goletti D, Joosten SA, Alter G. Antibody Subclass and Glycosylation Shift Following Effective TB Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679973. [PMID: 34290702 PMCID: PMC8287567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With an estimated 25% of the global population infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death by infectious diseases. Humoral immunity following TB treatment is largely uncharacterized, and antibody profiling could provide insights into disease resolution. Here we focused on the distinctive TB-specific serum antibody features in active TB disease (ATB) and compared them with latent TB infection (LTBI) or treated ATB (txATB). As expected, di-galactosylated glycan structures (lacking sialic acid) found on IgG-Fc differentiated LTBI from ATB, but also discriminated txATB from ATB. Moreover, TB-specific IgG4 emerged as a novel antibody feature that correlated with active disease, elevated in ATB, but significantly diminished after therapy. These findings highlight 2 novel TB-specific antibody changes that track with the resolution of TB and may provide key insights to guide TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S. Grace
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sepideh Dolatshahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Adam Cain
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Fabrizio Palmieri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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29
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Sharma A, De Rosa M, Singla N, Singh G, Barnwal RP, Pandey A. Tuberculosis: An Overview of the Immunogenic Response, Disease Progression, and Medicinal Chemistry Efforts in the Last Decade toward the Development of Potential Drugs for Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Strains. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4359-4395. [PMID: 33826327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a slow growing, potentially debilitating disease that has plagued humanity for centuries and has claimed numerous lives across the globe. Concerted efforts by researchers have culminated in the development of various strategies to combat this malady. This review aims to raise awareness of the rapidly increasing incidences of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis, highlighting the significant modifications that were introduced in the TB treatment regimen over the past decade. A description of the role of pathogen-host immune mechanisms together with strategies for prevention of the disease is discussed. The struggle to develop novel drug therapies has continued in an effort to reduce the treatment duration, improve patient compliance and outcomes, and circumvent TB resistance mechanisms. Herein, we give an overview of the extensive medicinal chemistry efforts made during the past decade toward the discovery of new chemotypes, which are potentially active against TB-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Drug Discovery Unit, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurpal Singh
- UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravi P Barnwal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ankur Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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30
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Rijnink WF, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA. B-Cells and Antibodies as Contributors to Effector Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640168. [PMID: 33679802 PMCID: PMC7930078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is still a major threat to mankind, urgently requiring improved vaccination and therapeutic strategies to reduce TB-disease burden. Most present vaccination strategies mainly aim to induce cell-mediated immunity (CMI), yet a series of independent studies has shown that B-cells and antibodies (Abs) may contribute significantly to reduce the mycobacterial burden. Although early studies using B-cell knock out animals did not support a major role for B-cells, more recent studies have provided new evidence that B-cells and Abs can contribute significantly to host defense against Mtb. B-cells and Abs exist in many different functional subsets, each equipped with unique functional properties. In this review, we will summarize current evidence on the contribution of B-cells and Abs to immunity toward Mtb, their potential utility as biomarkers, and their functional contribution to Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn F Rijnink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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31
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Chen T, Blanc C, Liu Y, Ishida E, Singer S, Xu J, Joe M, Jenny-Avital ER, Chan J, Lowary TL, Achkar JM. Capsular glycan recognition provides antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1808-1822. [PMID: 31935198 DOI: 10.1172/jci128459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of all immune components involved in protecting against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is urgently needed to inform strategies for novel immunotherapy and tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development. Although cell-mediated immunity is critical, increasing evidence supports that antibodies also have a protective role against TB. Yet knowledge of protective antigens is limited. Analyzing sera from 97 US immigrants at various stages of M. tuberculosis infection, we showed protective in vitro and in vivo efficacy of polyclonal IgG against the M. tuberculosis capsular polysaccharide arabinomannan (AM). Using recently developed glycan arrays, we established that anti-AM IgG induced in natural infection is highly heterogeneous in its binding specificity and differs in both its reactivity to oligosaccharide motifs within AM and its functions in bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination and/or in controlled (latent) versus uncontrolled (TB) M. tuberculosis infection. We showed that anti-AM IgG from asymptomatic but not from diseased individuals was protective and provided data suggesting a potential role of IgG2 and specific AM oligosaccharides. Filling a gap in the current knowledge of protective antigens in humans, our data support the key role of the M. tuberculosis surface glycan AM and suggest the importance of targeting specific glycan epitopes within AM in antibody-mediated immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Blanc
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Elise Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Singer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maju Joe
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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32
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Carranza C, Pedraza-Sanchez S, de Oyarzabal-Mendez E, Torres M. Diagnosis for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: New Alternatives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2006. [PMID: 33013856 PMCID: PMC7511583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a subclinical mycobacterial infection defined on the basis of cellular immune response to mycobacterial antigens. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) are currently used to establish the diagnosis of LTB. However, neither TST nor IGRA is useful to discriminate between active and latent tuberculosis. Moreover, these tests cannot be used to predict whether an individual with LTBI will develop active tuberculosis (TB) or whether therapy for LTBI could be effective to decrease the risk of developing active TB. Therefore, in this article, we review current approaches and some efforts to identify an immunological marker that could be useful in distinguishing LTBI from TB and in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of LTB on the risk of progression to active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sigifredo Pedraza-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Martha Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.,Subdirección de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Bright MR, Curtis N, Messina NL. The role of antibodies in Bacille Calmette Guérin-mediated immune responses and protection against tuberculosis in humans: A systematic review. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 131:101947. [PMID: 33691988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine's protective effects against tuberculosis (TB) are incompletely understood but are proposed to involve a predominantly cell-mediated process. However, there is increasing evidence for the involvement of antibodies in the control of Mycobacteria tuberculosis and in the immune response to BCG. METHODS We did a systematic review of studies investigating anti-BCG antibodies in individuals with active or latent TB, and in the response to BCG vaccination. RESULTS Of 1417 articles screened, 70 were relevant, comprising 52 investigating anti-BCG antibodies in TB and 18 investigating the anti-BCG antibody response to BCG-vaccination. Individuals with active TB have higher levels of anti-BCG antibodies compared with individuals with latent TB or healthy individuals. Antibodies to BCG are present after BCG vaccination. There is some evidence for the in utero transfer of maternal anti-BCG antibodies to infants. CONCLUSIONS BCG vaccination induces a humoral response. Antibodies targeted against BCG and its antigens may play a role in protection against active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Bright
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicole L Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Krocova Z, Plzakova L, Pavkova I, Kubelkova K, Macela A, Ozanic M, Marecic V, Mihelcic M, Santic M. The role of B cells in an early immune response to Mycobacterium bovis. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103937. [PMID: 31862393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main etiological agent of tuberculosis. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) microbes that are primarily used as a vaccine against tuberculosis also constitute the dominant infection model for studying the interaction of mycobacteria with the host cell types. The majority of interaction experiments have been conducted using macrophages and monocytes as prototype phagocyte cell types. Here, we report that M. bovis BCG infects mouse primary B cells as well as human B cell line. The complement receptors, along with B cell receptors, are engaged in the process of bacterial entry into the host B cells. Once inside the B cells, the intracellular trafficking of BCG follows the complete endocytic pathway of the ingested particles, which is in contrast to the events taking place during ingestion of BCG by macrophages. In vivo infection of mice with M. bovis BCG activated peritoneal as well as splenic B cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines. This paper further supports the evidence that B cells are involved in a host's early interactions with intracellular bacterial pathogens and participate in the induction of innate defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Krocova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska, 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Plzakova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska, 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska, 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kubelkova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska, 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Macela
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska, 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Mateja Ozanic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Valentina Marecic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mirna Mihelcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marina Santic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
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35
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Dolla CK, Babu S. Undernutrition is associated with perturbations in T cell-, B cell-, monocyte- and dendritic cell- subsets in latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225611. [PMID: 31821327 PMCID: PMC6903744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition, as described by low body mass index (BMI), is a foremost risk factor for the progression of active Tuberculosis (TB). Undernutrition is also known to impact the baseline frequencies of innate and adaptive immune cells in animal models. To verify whether undernutrition has any influence on the baseline frequencies of immune cells in latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), we examined the frequencies of T cell-, B cell, monocyte- and dendritic cell (DC)- subsets in individuals with LTBI and low BMI (LBMI) and contrasted them with LTBI and normal BMI (NBMI) groups. LBMI was characterized by decreased frequencies and absolute cell counts of T cells, B cells and NK cells in comparison with NBMI. LBMI individuals demonstrated significantly enhanced frequencies of naïve and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and significantly decreased frequencies of central memory, effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. Among B cell subsets, LBMI individuals demonstrated significantly diminished frequencies of naïve, immature, classical memory, activated memory, atypical memory and plasma cells. In addition, LBMI individuals showed significantly decreased frequencies of classical monocytes, myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs and significantly increased frequencies of intermediate and non-classical monocytes and myeloid derived suppressor cells. BMI exhibited a positive correlation with B cell and NK cell counts. Our data, therefore, demonstrates that coexistent undernutrition in LTBI is characterized by the occurrence of a significant modulation in the frequency of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institute of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institute of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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36
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Zhou KL, Li X, Zhang XL, Pan Q. Mycobacterial mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan: a modulator bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1168-1177. [PMID: 31379262 PMCID: PMC6713153 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1649097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is a high molecular mass amphipathic lipoglycan identified in pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). ManLAM, serves as both an immunogen and a modulator of the host immune system, and its critical role in mycobacterial survival during infection has been well-characterized. ManLAM can be recognized by various types of receptors on both innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer T (NKT) cells, T cells and B cells. MamLAM has been shown to affect phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation, T cell activation and polarization, as well as antibody production. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the roles of ManLAM during mycobacterial infection will aid in improving tuberculosis (TB) prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions. In this review, we highlight the interaction between ManLAM and receptors, intracellular signalling pathways triggered by ManLAM and its roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Liang Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China.,b The eighth hospital of Wuhan , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institue, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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37
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McLean MR, Lu LL, Kent SJ, Chung AW. An Inflammatory Story: Antibodies in Tuberculosis Comorbidities. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2846. [PMID: 31921122 PMCID: PMC6913197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resides in a quarter of the world's population and is the causative agent for tuberculosis (TB), the most common infectious reason of death in humans today. Although cellular immunity has been firmly established in the control of Mtb, there is growing evidence that antibodies may also modulate the infection. More specifically, certain antibody features are associated with inflammation and are divergent in different states of human infection and disease. Importantly, TB impacts not just the healthy but also those with chronic conditions. While HIV represents the quintessential comorbid condition for TB, recent epidemiological evidence shows that additional chronic conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease are rising. In fact, the prevalence of diabetes as a comorbid TB condition is now higher than that of HIV. These chronic diseases are themselves independently associated with pro-inflammatory immune states that encompass antibody profiles. This review discusses isotypes, subclasses, post-translational modifications and Fc-mediated functions of antibodies in TB infection and in the comorbid chronic conditions of HIV, diabetes, and kidney diseases. We propose that inflammatory antibody profiles, which are a marker of active TB, may be an important biomarker for detection of TB disease progression within comorbid individuals. We highlight the need for future studies to determine which inflammatory antibody profiles are the consequences of comorbidities and which may potentially contribute to TB reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla R McLean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Department, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Brisbane, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, SA, Australia
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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38
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Matsumoto M, Kubota T, Fujita S, Shiozaki K, Kishida S, Yamamoto A. Elucidation of the Interleukin 12 Production Mechanism during Intracellular Bacterial Infection in Amberjack, Seriola dumerili. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00459-19. [PMID: 31501250 PMCID: PMC6803335 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00459-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial infections affect all vertebrates. Cultured fish are particularly vulnerable because no effective protection measures have been established since such infections emerged approximately 50 years ago. As in other vertebrates, the induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in protecting fish against infection. However, details of the mechanism of CMI induction in fish have not been clarified. In the present study, we focused on the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12), an important factor in CMI induction in fish. Using several different approaches, we investigated IL-12 regulation in amberjack (Seriola dumerili), the species most vulnerable to intracellular bacterial disease. The results of promoter assays and transcription factor gene expression analyses showed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) is necessary for IL-12 production. Phagocytosis of living cells (LCs) of Nocardia seriolae bacteria induced IL-12 production in neutrophils, accompanied by IRF-1 and AP-1 gene expression. Bacteria in which the exported repetitive protein (Erp)-like gene was deleted (Δerp-L) could not establish intracellular parasitism or induce IRF-1 and AP-1 expression or IL-12 production, despite being phagocytosed by neutrophils. These data suggest that IL-12 production is regulated by (i) two transcription factors, IRF-1 and AP-1, (ii) phagocytosis of LCs by neutrophils, and (iii) one or more cell components of LCs. Our results enhance the understanding of the immune response to intracellular bacterial infections in vertebrates and could facilitate the discovery of new agents to prevent intracellular bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsumoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Taisei Kubota
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sinsuke Fujita
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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39
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Correia-Neves M, Sundling C, Cooper A, Källenius G. Lipoarabinomannan in Active and Passive Protection Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31572351 PMCID: PMC6749014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are important immunomodulators in tuberculosis. In particular, lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has a profound effect on the innate immune response. LAM and its structural variants can be recognized by and activate human CD1b-restricted T cells, and emerging evidence indicates that B cells and antibodies against LAM can modulate the immune response to Mtb. Anti-LAM antibodies are induced during Mtb infection and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, and monoclonal antibodies against LAM have been shown to confer protection by passive administration in mice and guinea pigs. In this review, we describe the immune response against LAM and the potential use of the mannose-capped arabinan moiety of LAM in the construction of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group (LTBRG), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Tran AC, Kim MY, Reljic R. Emerging Themes for the Role of Antibodies in Tuberculosis. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e24. [PMID: 31501712 PMCID: PMC6722270 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The best way to debunk a scientific dogma is to throw irrefutable evidence at it. This is especially true if the dogma in question has been nurtured over many decades, as is the case with the apparent redundancy of antibodies (Abs) against intracellular pathogens. Although not fully compelling yet, that ‘hard core’ evidence is nevertheless now slowly beginning to emerge. This is true for several clinically relevant infections but none more so than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the archetype intracellular pathogen that poses a great health challenge to the mankind. Here, prompted by a spate of recent high-profile reports on the effects of Abs in various experimental models of tuberculosis, we step back and take a critical look at the progress that has been made in the last 5 years and highlight some of the strengths and shortcomings of the presented evidence. We conclude that the tide of the opinion has begun to turn in favour of Abs but we also caution against overinterpreting the currently available limited evidence. For, until definitive evidence that can withstand even the most rigorous of experimental tests is produced, the dogma may yet survive. Or indeed, we may find that the truth is hidden somewhere in between the dogma and the unfulfilled scientific prophecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C Tran
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Rajko Reljic
- St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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41
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Jensen KJ, Hansen MS, Heegaard PMH, Benn CS, Jungersen G. The Effect of Inactivated Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Vaccine on the Response to a Heterologous Bacterial Challenge in Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1557. [PMID: 31333678 PMCID: PMC6624675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaccines may have non-specific effects, affecting resistance to heterologous pathogens. Veterinary vaccines have seldom been investigated for their non-specific effects. However, recent observational studies suggest that an inactivated paratuberculosis vaccine reduced all-cause mortality in goats and cattle. Aim: We tested if vaccination with a killed mycobacterial vaccine may have heterologous effects in swine (Sus domesticus), specifically on the pathogenic and clinical effects of a heterologous challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in young pigs. Methods: Newborn piglets were randomized to vaccination s.c. with the inactivated paratuberculosis vaccine Gudair (Zoetis Inc.) (n = 17) or no vaccine (n = 16). At 4-5 weeks after vaccination, all piglets were challenged intra-nasally with a high (Gudair: n = 8; control: n = 8) or a low (Gudair: n = 9; control: n = 8) dose of the gram-negative bacterium A. pleuropneumoniae causing acute porcine pleuropneumonia. The effect and severity of pathogen challenge was evaluated by measuring acute phase proteins C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and Porcine α1-acid glycoprotein, and by gross pathology 1 day post challenge. Specific and non-specific in vitro cytokine responses to vaccination were evaluated in whole blood before bacterial challenge. Results: The vaccine was immunogenic in the pigs as evidenced by increased IFN-γ responses to purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. However, Gudair vaccine did not affect IL-6 responses. The gross pathology of the lungs as well as the acute phase protein responses after the high A. pleuropneumoniae dose challenge was slightly increased in the vaccinated animals compared with controls, whereas this was not seen in the animals receiving the low-dose bacterial challenge. Conclusion: The inactivated paratuberculosis vaccine exacerbated the pathological and inflammatory effects of an experimental A. pleuropneumoniae infection in young pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Jarlov Jensen
- Bandim Health Project, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Sif Hansen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Bandim Health Project, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Abebe F. Synergy between Th1 and Th2 responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A review of current understanding. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:172-179. [PMID: 31244354 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1632842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Induction of Th1 (cell-mediated) immunity and associated production of IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells has been widely used as a marker of protective immunity against tuberculosis (TB). This is based on two assumptions. The first is the widely accepted view that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB is an obligate intracellular pathogen, and the second is based on the Th1/Th2 paradigm, which posits that polarization of CD4+ T cells into type1 (cell-mediated) and type 2 (humoral) is central for proper induction of protective immunity against pathogens. However, almost all licensed vaccines currently in use are primarily anti-body based whether intracellular or extra-cellular. In addition, converging data from both animal models and humans indicate that the production of IFN-γ alone is not sufficient to confer protection against TB. In addition, a substantial body of the literature suggests that, in addition to Th1 cells, antibody classes and sub-classes are protective against TB. In a recent study, we have shown that there is a synergy between IFN-γ (cell-mediated) and IgA (humoral) in human population in an endemic setting. In this review, current data from both animal and human studies that support mixed Th1 and Th2 responses that are protective against Mtb and other pathogens are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Abebe
- University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society , Oslo , Norway
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43
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Whittaker E, López-Varela E, Broderick C, Seddon JA. Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:233. [PMID: 31294001 PMCID: PMC6603259 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of children are exposed to tuberculosis (TB) each year, many of which become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most children can immunologically contain or eradicate the organism without pathology developing. However, in a minority, the organism overcomes the immunological constraints, proliferates and causes TB disease. Each year a million children develop TB disease, with a quarter dying. While it is known that young children and those with immunodeficiencies are at increased risk of progression from TB infection to TB disease, our understanding of risk factors for this transition is limited. The most immunologically disruptive process that can happen during childhood is infection with another pathogen and yet the impact of co-infections on TB risk is poorly investigated. Many diseases have overlapping geographical distributions to TB and affect similar patient populations. It is therefore likely that infection with viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa may impact on the risk of developing TB disease following exposure and infection, although disentangling correlation and causation is challenging. As vaccinations also disrupt immunological pathways, these may also impact on TB risk. In this article we describe the pediatric immune response to M. tuberculosis and then review the existing evidence of the impact of co-infection with other pathogens, as well as vaccination, on the host response to M. tuberculosis. We focus on the impact of other organisms on the risk of TB disease in children, in particularly evaluating if co-infections drive host immune responses in an age-dependent way. We finally propose priorities for future research in this field. An improved understanding of the impact of co-infections on TB could assist in TB control strategies, vaccine development (for TB vaccines or vaccines for other organisms), TB treatment approaches and TB diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Whittaker
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa López-Varela
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claire Broderick
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Tanner R, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, McShane H. The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1317. [PMID: 31244856 PMCID: PMC6579862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but it confers incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB in humans and bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Insights into the immune response induced by BCG offer an underexploited opportunity to gain knowledge that may inform the design of a more efficacious vaccine, which is urgently needed to control these major global epidemics. Humoral immunity in TB and bTB has been neglected, but recent studies supporting a role for antibodies in protection against TB has driven a growing interest in determining their relevance to vaccine development. In this manuscript we review what is known about the humoral immune response to BCG vaccination and re-vaccination across species, including evidence for the induction of specific B cells and antibodies; and how these may relate to protection from TB or bTB. We discuss potential explanations for often conflicting findings and consider how factors such as BCG strain, manufacturing methodology and route of administration influence the humoral response. As novel vaccination strategies include BCG prime-boost regimens, the literature regarding off-target immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on non-specific humoral immunity is also reviewed. Overall, reported outcomes to date are inconsistent, but indicate that humoral responses are heterogeneous and may play different roles in different species, populations, or individual hosts. Further study is warranted to determine whether a new TB vaccine could benefit from the targeting of humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lee H, Kim J, Kang YA, Kim DR, Sim B, Zelmer A, Fletcher HA, Dockrell HM, Smith SG, Cho SN. In vitro Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition in South Korean Adults With Latent TB Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:896. [PMID: 31105706 PMCID: PMC6497970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is important to understand the ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth in healthy adults who would have been Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinated in childhood as this group will be the potential target population for novel booster TB vaccine trials. In this study we investigated not only the long-term immunity induced by childhood BCG vaccination but also protective immunity in terms of the ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth in those who were BCG vaccinated in childhood, with evidence of recent or remote TB infection. Methods: We measured the baseline immune response using a functional mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) as a novel approach and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay as a reference approach in healthy adults, with different status of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Results: Based on MGIA responses in historically BCG-vaccinated healthy adults, demographical characteristics including age, and gender did not affect mycobacterial growth inhibition in PBMC. However, the uninfected healthy control (HC) group showed a greater ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth compared with the latent TB infection (LTBI) group (P = 0.0005). In terms of the M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T-cell immune response in diluted whole blood quantitated using an ICS assay, the LTBI group had a higher frequency of polyfunctional CD 4+ T cells compared with the HC group (P = 0.0002), although there was no correlation between ICS and the MGIA assay. Conclusion: The Mtb infection status had a significant impact on mycobacterial growth inhibition in PBMC from healthy adults in South Korea, a country with an intermediate burden of tuberculosis, with healthy controls showing the greatest mycobacterial growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejon Lee
- Clinical Vaccine Research Section, International Tuberculosis Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Clinical Vaccine Research Section, International Tuberculosis Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Chest Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryun Kim
- Development and Delivery Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bora Sim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrea Zelmer
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Clinical Vaccine Research Section, International Tuberculosis Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Effect of binding immunoglobulin protein on induction of regulatory B cells with killer phenotype during inflammation and disease. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO379. [PMID: 30906571 PMCID: PMC6426174 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses result from different immune cells acting in synergy to successfully fight infections. This requires a high degree of regulation to prevent excessive production of inflammatory products leading to other disease forms. Regulatory B cells are classified based on surface immunoglobulin expression. These cells are reported to resolve inflammation during chronic or autoimmune diseases. However, during chronic inflammation, their frequencies have been shown to be affected, and they can be induced by exposure to extracellular binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP). This review focuses on the effects on immune cells by extracellular or secreted BiP during various chronic inflammatory responses. For example, cell stress associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection leads to accumulation of unfolded proteins that subsequently activate BiP and its three signal transducers intracellularly. Furthermore, BiP can be translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the extracellular environment where it binds immune cells as an autoantigen and leads to functional changes. Immune responses during tuberculosis disease require balanced cell interactions. These include antigen-presenting cells, effector cells and regulatory cells. B lymphocytes can mediate regulatory function during chronic diseases and lead to better disease outcome. These specialized cells mediate this function through both surface and soluble protein expression. Their development can be facilitated by different stimuli including binding immunoglobulin protein. This protein resides in the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions in proper protein folding; however, it can escape this location to the extracellular phase, where it affects immune cell function leading to development of regulatory traits on B cells.
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Correia-Neves M, Fröberg G, Korshun L, Viegas S, Vaz P, Ramanlal N, Bruchfeld J, Hamasur B, Brennan P, Källenius G. Biomarkers for tuberculosis: the case for lipoarabinomannan. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00115-2018. [PMID: 30775376 PMCID: PMC6368998 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00115-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is considered the most onerous of infectious diseases according to recent reports from the World Health Organization. Available tests for TB diagnosis present severe limitations, and a reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test does not exist. Neither is there a test to discern between the different stages of TB, and in particular to predict which patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and no clinical signs are more at risk of advancing to overt disease. We here review the usefulness of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as a diagnostic marker for active and latent TB and, also, aspects of the immune response to LAM relevant to such tests. There is a high potential for urinary LAM-based POC tests for the diagnosis of active TB. Some technical challenges to optimised sensitivity of the test will be detailed. A method to quantify LAM in urine or serum should be further explored as a test of treatment effect. Recent data on the immune response to LAM suggest that markers for host response to LAM should be investigated for a prognostic test to recognise individuals at the greatest risk of disease activation. There is a high potential for a urinary LAM-based point-of-care test to diagnose TB. Markers for host response to LAM should be explored to identify those at highest risk of developing active TB.http://ow.ly/FyCs30n4uFE
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Fröberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sofia Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Paula Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nehaben Ramanlal
- Fundação Ariel Glaser Contra o SIDA Pediátrico, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Judith Bruchfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dept of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Biopromic AB, Solna, Sweden.,Dept of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Brennan
- Dept of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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48
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Optimisation, harmonisation and standardisation of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay using cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol Methods 2019; 469:1-10. [PMID: 30710562 PMCID: PMC7926177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development is the lack of a validated immune correlate of protection. Mycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs) represent an unbiased measure of the ability to control mycobacterial growth in vitro. A successful MGIA could be applied to preclinical and clinical post-vaccination samples to aid in the selection of novel vaccine candidates at an early stage and provide a relevant measure of immunogenicity and protection. However, assay harmonisation is critical to ensure that comparable information can be extracted from different vaccine studies. As part of the FP7 European Research Infrastructures for Poverty Related Diseases (EURIPRED) consortium, we aimed to optimise the direct MGIA, assess repeatability and reproducibility, and harmonise the assay across different laboratories. We observed an improvement in repeatability with increased cell number and increased mycobacterial input. Furthermore, we determined that co-culturing in static 48-well plates compared with rotating 2 ml tubes resulted in a 23% increase in cell viability and a 500-fold increase in interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production on average, as well as improved reproducibility between replicates, assay runs and sites. Applying the optimised conditions, we report repeatability to be <5% coefficient of variation (CV), intermediate precision to be <20% CV, and inter-site reproducibility to be <30% CV; levels within acceptable limits for a functional cell-based assay. Using relevant clinical samples, we demonstrated comparable results across two shared sample sets at three sites. Based on these findings, we have established a standardised operating procedure (SOP) for the use of the direct PBMC MGIA in TB vaccine development.
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49
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Satti I, McShane H. Current approaches toward identifying a correlate of immune protection from tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:43-59. [PMID: 30466332 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1552140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mycobacterium tuberculosis kills more people than any other pathogen. Vaccination is the most cost-effective control measure for any infectious disease. Development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis is hindered by the uncertain predictive value of preclinical animal models, incomplete understanding of protective immunity and lack of validated immune correlates of protection (COP). AREAS COVERED Here we review what is known about protective immunity against M.tb, the preclinical and clinical cohorts that can be utilized to identify COP, and COP that have been identified to date. EXPERT COMMENTARY The identification of COP would allow the rational design and development of vaccine candidates which can then be optimized and prioritized based on the induction of these immune responses. Once validated in field efficacy trials, such COP could potentially facilitate the development and licensure of vaccines, in combination with human efficacy data. The identification and validation of COP would represent a very significant advance in TB vaccine development. Every opportunity to collect samples and cohorts on which to cross-validate pre-existing COP and identify novel COP should be exploited. Furthermore, global cooperation and collaboration on such samples will ensure that the utility of such precious samples is fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Satti
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Helen McShane
- a Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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50
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Bekale RB, Du Plessis SM, Hsu NJ, Sharma JR, Sampson SL, Jacobs M, Meyer M, Morse GD, Dube A. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Interactions with the Host Immune System: Opportunities for Nanoparticle Based Immunotherapeutics and Vaccines. Pharm Res 2018; 36:8. [PMID: 30411187 PMCID: PMC6362825 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a deadly infectious disease. The thin pipeline of new drugs for TB, the ineffectiveness in adults of the only vaccine available, i.e. the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, and increasing global antimicrobial resistance, has reinvigorated interest in immunotherapies. Nanoparticles (NPs) potentiate the effect of immune modulating compounds (IMC), enabling cell targeting, improved transfection of antigens, enhanced compound stability and provide opportunities for synergistic action, via delivery of multiple IMCs. In this review we describe work performed in the application of NPs towards achieving immune modulation for TB treatment and vaccination. Firstly, we present a comprehensive review of M. tuberculosis and how the bacterium modulates the host immune system. We find that current work suggest great promise of NP based immunotherapeutics as novel treatments and vaccination systems. There is need to intensify research efforts in this field, and rationally design novel NP immunotherapeutics based on current knowledge of the mycobacteriology and immune escape mechanisms employed by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymonde B Bekale
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Su-Mari Du Plessis
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyoti R Sharma
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gene D Morse
- AIDS Clinical Trials Group Pharmacology Specialty Laboratory, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Admire Dube
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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